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EC / List no.: 204-498-2
CAS no.: 121-79-9
Mol. formula: C10H12O5
Propyl gallate, or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol.
Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation.
As a food additive, it is used under the E number E310.
Description
Propyl gallate is an antioxidant.
Propyl gallate protects against oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals.
Uses
Propyl gallate is used to protect oils and fats in products from oxidation; it is used in foods, cosmetics, hair products, adhesives, and lubricants.
Propyl gallate is used as a triplet state quencher and an antioxidant in fluorescence microscopy.
Biological effects
A 1993 study in fat rodents found little or no effect on carcinogenesis by propyl gallate.
A 2009 study found that propyl gallate acts as an estrogen antagonist.
Description
Propyl gallate (also known as propyl 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenoate) is a kind of ester formed through the condensation of gallic acid and propanol.
Propyl gallate appears as a fine white to creamy-white crystalline powder.
Propyl gallate has long been used as a kind of antioxidants to be supplied to foods especially animal fats and vegetable oil, being especially effective with polyunsaturated fats.
Propyl gallate, as an anti-oxidant, can protect the food and oils from the attack of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals, having an effect similar to the superoxide dismutase.
Propyl gallate can also be applied to ethers, emulsion, waxes, and transformer oil as the antioxidants.
Description
Propyl gallate caused contact dermatitis in a baker and in a female confectioner who fried doughnuts, primarily sensitized by her night cream; the margarine probably contained gallates.
Description
Propyl gallate is an antioxidant with antimicrobial activity.
Propyl gallate is hepatoprotective in vitro and in vivo, preventing CCl4 induced lipoperoxidation and reduction in polysomes in rat liver.
Propyl gallate in combination with potassium sorbate is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against S. aureus strains known to produce enterotoxins in food. Propyl gallate is commonly added to foods to prevent autoxidation and microbial growth.
Chemical Properties
Propyl gallate is an odorless powder having a slightly bitter taste.
Propyl gallate functions particularly well in stabilizing animal fats and vegetable oils.
With a melting point of 148°C, propyl gallate loses its effectiveness during heat processing and is therefore not suitable in frying applications that involve temperatures exceeding 190°C.
Propyl gallate chelates iron ions and forms an unappealing, blue–black complex.
Hence, it is always used with chelators such as citric acid to eliminate the pro-oxidative iron and copper catalysts.
Good synergism is obtained with BHA and BHT; however, application with TBHQ is not permitted.
For additional details, refer to Burdock (1997).
Pharmaceutical Applications
Propyl gallate has become widely used as an antioxidant in cosmetics, perfumes, foods, and pharmaceuticals since its use in preventing autoxidation of oils was first described in 1943.
Propyl gallate is primarily used, in concentrations up to 0.1% w/v, to prevent the rancidity of oils and fats;it may also be used at concentrations of 0.002% w/v to prevent peroxide formation in ether, and at 0.01% w/v to prevent the oxidation of paraldehyde.
Synergistic effects with other antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene have been reported.
Propyl gallate is also said to possess some antimicrobial properties;
Studies have shown that, when added to powder blends containing ketorolac, propyl gallate significantly increases the drug stability in the preparation.
Other alkyl gallates are also used as antioxidants and have approximately equivalent antioxidant properties when used in equimolar concentration, however, solubilities vary.
Storage
Propyl gallate is unstable at high temperatures and is rapidly destroyed in oils that are used for frying purposes.
The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed, nonmetallic container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place.
Propyl gallate appears as fine white to creamy-white crystalline powder.
Odorless or with a faint odor.
Melting point 150°C.
Insoluble in water.
Slightly bitter taste.
Propyl gallate is used as an antioxidant for foods and cosmetics; especially fats, oils, emulsions, and waxes.
Propyl gallate is also used in transformer oils and as a stabilizer for synthetic vitamin A.
Reactive peroxides in povidone often lead to degradation of oxidation-labile drugs.
The antioxidants ascorbic acid, propyl gallate, and sodium sulfite reduced the peroxide concentration in povidone.
Synthetic antioxidants commonly used in food include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG), and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ).
Industry Uses
Oxidizing/reducing agents
Consumer Uses
Cleaning and furnishing care products
Application
Propyl gallate is used as an anti-fade reagent in fluorescence microscopy to reduce photobleaching of fluorescent probes.
Used as an anti-fade reagent in fluorescence microscopy to reduce photobleaching of fluorescent probes such as rhodamine and fluorescein.
Biochem/physiol Actions
An antioxidant that exhibits antimicrobial activity.
Propyl gallate has been reported to be an effective antioxidant-based hepatoprotector, both in vitro and in vivo.
Propyl gallate has also been shown to prevent neuronal apoptosis and block the death of neurons exposed to FeSO4/GA as well as partially protect endothelial cells against TNF-induced apoptosis.
An antioxidant that exhibits antimicrobial activity.
Propyl gallate has been reported to be an effective antioxidant-based hepatoprotector, both in vitro and in vivo.
Propyl gallate has also been shown to prevent neuronal apoptosis and block the death of neurons exposed to FeSO4/GA as well as partially protect endothelial cells against TNF-induced apoptosis.
However, propyl gallate induced single strand breaks in DNA at concentrations higher than 0.25 μM when it was combined with copper concentrations at 5 μM and above.
Propyl gallate (Gallic acid propyl esterZ, n-Propyl gallate) is an antioxidant used in foods especially animal fats and vegetable oils, also in a wide variety of cosmetics and beauty care products.
Propyl gallate (PG) could modulate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activation and decrease lung cancer cell survival.
Propyl gallate also induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells and HeLa cells by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glutathione (GSH) depletion.
Propyl gallate inhibits the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and exerts an antimigration effect on TMZ-treated U87MG cells.
Propyl gallate also possesses anti-inflammatory activity via downregulation of the NF-κB pathway.
Propyl gallate could reduce the proliferation and augment the chemosensitivity of a THP-1 leukemia cell line via extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
In brain ischemia, Propyl gallate inhibits the activity of NF-κB, reduces COX-2 and TNF-alpha G expression, and decreases ischemic-reperfusion injury.
Propyl Gallate is the n-propyl ester of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid).
Propyl gallate is soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, oil, lard, and aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of cetyl alcohol, but only slightly soluble in water.
Propyl Gallate currently is used as an antioxidant in a reported 167 cosmetic products at maximum concentrations of 0.1%.
Propyl Gallate is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) antioxidant to protect fats, oils, and fat-containing food from rancidity that results from the formation of peroxides.
The biological activity of Propyl Gallate is consistent with its free-radical scavenging ability, with effects that include antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition, inhibition of biosynthetic processes, inhibition of the formation of nitrosamines, anesthesia, inhibition of neuromuscular response to chemicals, ionizing/ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection, chemoprotection, antimutagenesis, anticarcinogenesis and antitumorigenesis, antiteratogenesis, and anticariogenesis.
Propyl gallate has being shown to be a hepatoprotector in vitro and in vivo.
Propyl gallate is an anti-fade reagent in fluorescence microscopy to reduce photobleaching of fluorescent probes such as rhodamine and fluorescein.
An antioxidant which exhibits antimicrobial activity.
Has been reported to be an effective antioxidant-based hepatop
Propyl gallate is an antioxidant with antimicrobial activity.
Propyl gallate is hepatoprotective in vitro and in vivo, preventing CCl4 induced lipoperoxidation and reduction in polysomes in rat liver.
1,2 Propyl gallate (100 mg/kg, i.p.) increases expression of HIF-1α, EPO, and VEGF mRNA levels and the number of normal neurons in rat brains after 8 minutes of forebrain ischemia.
Propyl gallate in combination with potassium sorbate is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against S. aureus strains known to produce enterotoxins in food.4 Propyl gallate is commonly added to foods to prevent autoxidation and microbial growth.
Propyl gallate, C10H12O5, is an ester formed from gallic acid and propanol.
Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation.
As a food additive, it is used under the E number E310.
Propyl gallate is an important antioxidant for the prevention of rancidity in edible oils and fats. Gallic acid is 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid and has the formula (HO)3C6H2·CO2H.
Where is propyl gallate found?
Propyl gallate is found in foods, cosmetics, hair products, adhesives, and lubricants.
Propyl gallate is used to protect oils and fats from oxidation.
What are some products that may contain propyl gallate?
Cosmetics
Foods
Hair Care Products
Household Products
• Glues
About Propyl gallate
Helpful information
Propyl gallate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Propyl gallate is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
Consumer Uses
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Propyl gallate is most likely to be released to the environment.
Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Propyl gallate is most likely to be released to the environment. ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.
Widespread uses by professional workers
Propyl gallate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Propyl gallate is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of Propyl gallate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Formulation or re-packing
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. Release to the environment of Propyl gallate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites
Propyl gallate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Propyl gallate is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Propyl gallate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Propyl gallate can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Manufacture
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Propyl gallate is most likely to be released to the environment.
IUPAC NAMES:
3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-propyl-benzoate
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, Propyl gallate, Gallic acid propyl ester
n-Propilo 3,4,5 Trihidroxi Benzoato
n-Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
n-Propylgallate
Propyl 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoate
Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
Propyl Gallate
Propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoat
propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
IUPAC NAMES:
Gallic acid propyl ester , PG
Propyl gallate, 98% 100GR
Propyl gallat
Propyl gallate,3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, Tenox PG
Propyl gallate 3g [121-79-9]
Propyl Gallate (200 mg)G2D2031.000mg/mg(dr)
Propyl Gallate (200 mg)
Propyl Gallate, USP
Propyl gallate SynonyMs: Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
proply gallate
Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester Tenox PG
Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate for synthesis
3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZENE-1-PROPYLCARBOXYLATE
3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID N-PROPYL ESTER
3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID PROPYL ESTER
n-propylesterof3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoicacid
Propyl galiate
propyl3,4,5-
Propylester kyseliny gallove
propylesterkyselinygallove
Sustane PG
Tenox PG
tenoxpg
GALLIC ACID N-PROPYL ESTER
GALLIC ACID PROPYL ESTER
FEMA 2947
FEMA 2974
n-Propyl Gallate (Ph. Eur.) pure, pharma grade
Propyl gallate 121-79-9 Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 121-79-9 Propyl gallate
PROGALLIN P
PROPYL GALLATE
N-PROPYL GALLATE
N-PROPYL 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOATE
3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoicacipropylester
Benzoicacid,3,4,5-trihydroxy-,propylester
NCI-C50588
nci-c505888
Nipa 49
nipa49
Nipagallin P
nipagallinp
n-Propyl ester of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
L-A-PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE, B-OLEOYL,*GAMMA -MYRISTOYL
PROPYL GALLATE, FOR MICROSCOPY
PROPYL GALLATE 98+% FCC
PropylGallate(Antioxidant)
PropylGallate-(N-Propyl-3,4,5-Trihydroxybezoate)
Propyl gallate ,99%
Ethyl carbamate Solution, 1000ppm
Propyl gailate
Propyl gallate ,98%
Gallic acid propyl
Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-Benzoic
PROPYL GALLATE USP/NF/FCC
PROPYLGALLATE,FCC
PROPYLGALLATE,NF
