Quick Search
EC / List no.: 202-307-7
CAS no.: 94-13-3
Mol. formula: C10H12O3
Propylparaben, the n-propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects, although it is manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods.
Propylparaben is a member of the class of parabens.
Propylparaben is a preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and bath products.
As a food additive, it has the E number E216.
Sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of propylparaben, a compound with formula Na(C3H7(C6H4COO)O), is also used similarly as a food additive and as an anti-fungal preservation agent.
In 2010 the European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety stated that it considered the use of butylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in finished cosmetic products as safe to the consumer, as long as the sum of their individual concentrations does not exceed 0.19%.
Propylparaben is the benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products.
Also used as a food additive.
Propylparaben has a role as an antifungal agent and an antimicrobial agent.
Propylparaben is a benzoate ester, a member of phenols and a paraben.
Propylparaben derives from a propan-1-ol and a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Propylparaben is the benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products.
Also used as a food additive.
Propylparaben has a role as an antifungal agent and an antimicrobial agent.
Propylparaben is a benzoate ester, a member of phenols and a paraben.
Propylparaben derives from a propan-1-ol and a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Propylparaben is used in allergenic testing.
Industry Uses
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Laboratory chemicals
Pharmaceutical additive
Consumer Uses
Adhesives and sealants
Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
Non-TSCA use
Personal care products
Produced by esterifying p-hydroxybenzoic acid with n-propanol, using an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid and an excess of propanol.
The materials are heated in a glass-lined reactor under reflux.
The acid is then neutralized with caustic soda and the product is crystallized by cooling.
The crystallized product is centrifuged, washed, dried under vacuum, milled and blended, all in corrosion-resistant equipment to avoid metallic contamination.
Propylparaben is produced by the n-propanol esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid, with subsequent distillation.
Parabens are prepared by esterifying PHBA /parahydroxybenzoic acid/ with the corresponding alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, and an excess of the specific alcohol.
The acid is then neutralized with caustic soda, and the product is crystallized by cooling, centrifuged, washed, dried under vacuum, milled, and blended.
General Manufacturing Information
Industry Processing Sectors
Adhesive manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Laboratory Use
Petrochemical manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
Chemical properties
Propylparaben is a colorless and fine crystalline or white crystalline powder, almost odorless and with slightly astringent.Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone and other organic solvents, slightly soluble in water.
White or almost white, crystalline powder.
Propylparaben occurs as a white, crystalline, odorless, and tasteless powder.
Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate is almost odorless.
Content Analysis
Same with Method 1 in "Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate (07002)".
In calculation, per mL of 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide corresponds to 180.2mg of this goods (C10Hl2O8).
Usage Limits
2760--2002 GB (calculate in p-hydroxybenzoic acid; g/kg):
fresh fruit and vegetable 0.012;
vinegar 0.10;
carbonated beverages 0.20;
fruit juice (fruit flavor) type beverages, jam (excluding canned), soy sauces 0.25;
pastry stuffing 0.5 (the total amount of single use or mixed use with ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate);
egg yolk filling 0.20.
Another provision that sodium methylparaben is also equivalent application.
FAO/WHO (1984):
Jam and jelly, 1000 mg/kg
FDA § 184.1670 (2000): 0.1%.
EEC(1990, mg/kg): Frozen drinks 160;
beet pickled vegetables, salad dressings, 250;
fragrance, fruit tarts, purees, concentrated soft drinks, 800;
Fruit canned, salted fish, 1000.
Japan (calculate in p-hydroxybenzoic acid, g/kg; Propylparaben, g):
soy sauce 0.25g/L (Propylparaben 0.32);
vinegarsoysoy 0.1g/L (Propylparaben 0.13);
soft drinks and syrup 0.1 (Propylparaben 0.13);
fruit sauce 0.2 (Propylparaben 0.26);
fruits and vegetables 0.012 (Propylparaben 0.015).
Production methods
Propylparaben can be derived from the esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and n-propanol.
First mix p-hydroxybenzoic acid with propanol and heat to dissolve.
Then add sulfuric acid slowly and continue to heat for 8h of refluxion.
After cooling, pour them into the 4% sodium carbonate solution for precipitation and crystallization.
Filtrate and wash to neutral to obtain the crude product.
After further ethanol recrystallization, the finished products are obtained.
In the preparation, the cation exchange resin can be used in place of the sulfuric acid catalyst.
Propylparaben can be derived from the esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and n-propanol in the presence of sulfuric acid.
Add p-hydroxybenzoic acid and n-propanol in turn to the esterification reactor, and heat to dissolve.
Add concentrated sulfuric acid slowly and heat for 8h of refluxion.
Pour the reaction solution into 4% sodium carbonate solution before it is cooled.
Constantly stir for precipitation and crystallization.
Then the crude product can be obtained after centrifugal filtration and washed to neutral.
Finally the finished product is acquired after activated carbon decolorization and ethanol recrystallization.
The method of preparing ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate can also be used as a reference.
HOC6H4COOH + C3H7OH [H2SO4] → HOC6H4COOC3H7 + H2O
Propylparaben is prepared by the esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with n-propanol.
Uses:
1. Propylparaben Used as preservatives and antioxidants, and also used in the pharmaceutical industry
2. Used as the antimicrobial preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics
3. According to ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (17007)
4. Used as antiseptic and antimicrobial.
5. Used as the preservatives of food, cosmetics and medicines.
propylparaben is one of the most frequently used preservatives against bacteria and mold.
Propylparaben has a low sensitizing and low toxicity factor, is reputed to be very safe, and considered to be a noncomedogenic raw material.
An antimicrobial
Pharmaceutic aid (antifungal).
Antimicrobial preservative in foods and cosmetics.
Propylparaben has antifungal and antimicrobial properties and is typically used in a variety of water-based cosmetics and personal-care products.
Propylparaben is also used as a food additive, and is designated with E number E216.
Propylparaben is also a Standardized Chemical Allergen and is used in allergenic testing.
Definition
ChEBI: The benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products.
Also used as a food additive.
Preparation
Produced by esterfying p-hydroxybenzoic acid with n-propanol, using an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid and an excess of propanol.
The materials are heated in a glass-lined reactor under reflux.
The acid is then neutralized with caustic soda and the product is crystallized by cooling.
The crystallized product is centrifuged, washed, dried under vacuum, milled and blended, all in corrosion-resistant equipment to avoid metallic contamination.
Aroma threshold values
Detection: 20 ppb
General Description
Colorless crystals or white powder or chunky white solid.
Melting point 95-98°C.
Odorless or faint aromatic odor.
Low toxicity, Tasteless (numbs the tongue). pH: 6.5-7.0 (slightly acidic) in solution.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Propylparaben is the benzoate ester, widely used as a preservative in personal care products.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Propylparaben is widely used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical formulations.
Propylparaben may be used alone, in combination with other paraben esters, or with other antimicrobial agents.
Propylparaben is one of the most frequently used preservatives in cosmetics.
The parabens are effective over a wide pH range and have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, although they are most effective against yeasts and molds.
Owing to the poor solubility of the parabens, the paraben salts, particularly the sodium salt, are frequently used in formulations.
This may cause the pH of poorly buffered formulations to become more alkaline.
Propylparaben (0.02% w/v) together with methylparaben (0.18% w/v) has been used for the preservation of various parenteral pharmaceutical formulations.
Applications:
These Secondary Standards are qualified as Certified Reference Materials.
These are suitable for use in several analytical applications including but not limited to pharma release testing, pharma method development for qualitative and quantitative analyses, food and beverage quality control testing, and other calibration requirements.
Propylparaben is a preservative used in skincare and cosmetic formulations.
Propylparaben is classed as a paraben, a group of preservatives with slightly different functions and anti-microbial activity based on their size.
Other common parabens include methylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, and ethylparaben.
Propylparaben is used to extend the shelf-life of a product life by preventing microbial contamination.
Microbial contamination can occur from exposure to bacteria and molds in the air and general use of the product from your hands.
Preservatives like parabens are designed to reduce the likelihood that bacteria and molds can grow in your product.
This is important for ensuring the safety of a product.
Propylparaben naturally occurs in some fruit and vegetable products, such as barley, flaxseed, and grapes.
Parabens are found in plants in the form of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a chemical that breaks down to become parabens to protect the plant.
The parabens used in cosmetics are identical to those found in nature.
If parabens are absorbed through the skin, the human body can quickly metabolize them to PHBA and eliminate them.
Parabens have up until recently been the most widely used group of preservatives in skincare and cosmetic products.
Parabens were so popular because of their gentle, non-sensitizing, and highly effective in comparison to other preservatives.
However, the use of parabens is now controversial due to their alleged relation to health concerns.
Why Is Propylparaben Used?
Propylparaben functions as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products.
In most formulations, parabens are used at very low levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.3%.
The use of preservatives is necessary to prevent microbial contamination, as well as to prevent degradation by environmental factors such as heat, light, and air.
Antimicrobial
Skincare are highly susceptible to microbial contamination and growth.
The most susceptible products are creams and lotions that are packaged in jars, opened frequently, and applied to the skin with the fingers.
Further, by limiting the growth of bacteria and fungi, preservatives like isobutylparaben help keep us safe from infection and other diseases.
It’s true that skin already acts as a barrier, but if contaminated creams are applied to the skin, an inflammatory response can be elicited, and lead to skin damage in the long term.
In addition, bacteria can easily invade our bodies if contaminated product is applied to broken skin, or if small amounts of contaminated lipstick or lip balm are accidentally ingested through the mouth.
Increased shelf-life
Parabens help to stabilize the formulation of a product, increasing its shelf-life.
Without preservatives, most skincare or cosmetic products would only last 2-4 weeks before going rancid.
Inexpensive
In many ways, the inclusion of such preservatives is indispensable in our day and age.
We often take for granted how cheaply some skin care products can be purchased, and the fact that we don’t have to waste money throwing away too many expired products in the trash.
In many ways, this is achieved through the use of parabens and other preservatives.
Why Are Preservatives Needed?
Preservative
In most formulations, parabens are used at very low levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.3%.
The use of preservatives is necessary to prevent microbial contamination, as well as to prevent degradation by environmental factors such as heat, light, and air.
Contamination
Cosmetics have a high potential for microbial contamination and growth.
The most susceptible products are creams and lotions that are packaged in jars, opened frequently, and applied to the skin with the fingers.
Inadvertent contamination may also occur after the use of makeup brushes around the eyes or other parts of the face that touch the skin and the cosmetic repeatedly.
Each use increases the chance of contamination. Furthermore, contamination may occur if the consumer leaves a product container open for an extended period.
Storage conditions
Another major cause of product contamination is storage conditions.
Since the majority of products are stored at room temperature, the warm temperature can stimulate the growth of microorganisms.
Plus, the ingredients used in cosmetic formulations, such as water, oils, peptides, and carbohydrates, create the perfect environment for microorganism growth.
Microbial contamination can lead to significant health problems, from skin irritation to infections.
To avoid these problems, a strong yet non-irritating preservative must be added to the formulation.
What is Propylparaben?
Propylparaben has been used as an antimicrobial preservative in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries for over 50 years.
The chemical formula for propylparaben is C10H12O3.
Propylparaben is the propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects, although Propylparaben is manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods.
Propylparaben is used as a preservative for its anti-fungal and anti-microbial properties to extend the shelf life of beauty and cosmetic products.
Propylparaben is considered non-toxic, non-sensitizing and non-irritating at .05 to 1% concentrations.
Propylparaben is easily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and skin, and metabolites are rapidly excreted in the urine.
Propylparaben does not appear to accumulate in the body.
Propylparaben is on the FDA generally regarded as safe list.
Propylparaben (Propyl parahydroxybenzoate) is an antimicrobial preservative which can be produced naturally by plants and bacteria.
Propylparaben is prevalently used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods.
Propylparaben disrupts antral follicle growth and steroidogenic function by altering the cell-cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis pathways.
PROPYLPARABEN is classified as :
Preservative
Perfuming
CAS Number: 94-13-3
EINECS/ELINCS No: 202-307-7
About Propylparaben
Helpful information
Propylparaben is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Propylparaben is used by consumers and in formulation or re-packing.
Consumer Uses
Propylparaben is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products and perfumes and fragrances.
Other release to the environment of Propylparaben is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid.
Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Propylparaben is most likely to be released to the environment.
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.
Widespread uses by professional workers
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Propylparaben.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Propylparaben is most likely to be released to the environment.
Formulation or re-packing
Propylparaben is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, pharmaceuticals, perfumes and fragrances and photo-chemicals.
Release to the environment of Propylparaben can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used.
ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Propylparaben.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Propylparaben is most likely to be released to the environment.
Manufacture
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Propylparaben is most likely to be released to the environment.
Parabens are a group of controversial preservatives that include butylparaben, isobutylparaben, propylparaben, methylparaben, and ethylparaben.
All of these were at one time the most widely used group of preservatives used in cosmetics.
Parabens were so popular because of their gentle, non-sensitizing, and highly effective profile in comparison to other preservatives but also because they were derived naturally from plants, a rare phenomenon for a preservative.
Parabens are found in plants in the form of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a chemical that breaks down to become parabens for a plants own protection.
Over the past 10 years parabens have become criticized and condemned for use in cosmetics due to their alleged relation to health concerns affecting women and men.
The research about parabens is conflicting and polarizing.
Some research indicates they are safe as used in cosmetics and are preferred over other preservatives to keep a formula stable.
These studies also showed parabens did not have any effect when compared to natural hormones in the body.
IUPAC NAMES:
-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propylester
BENZOIC ACID, 4-HYDROXY-, PROPYL ESTER
hydroxybenzoate 4 propylique
Hydroxybenzoic acid propylester, 4-
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester
Propyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
PROPYL PARABEN
Propyl Paraben
Propyl Paraben
propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate
Propylparaben
SYNONYMS:
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 99+% 500GR
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 99+% 5GR
4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID PROPYL ESTER
4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID N-PROPYL ESTER
PROPYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE, PH EUR
PROPYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE, 99+%
N-PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE SIGMAULTRA
PropylParabenPropylParabenBp/Usp/Ep
Propyl-4-HydroxybenzoateExtraPure
n-Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 99+%
FEMA 2951
PROPYLPARABEN,FCC
PROPYLPARABEN,NF,EP,BP,JP
PROPYL4-HYDROXYBENZOATE(PROPYLPARABEN)
Propyl Paraben or Nipasol
PARA-HYDROXYBENZOICACIDN-PROPYLESTER
PARABEN,PROPYL
N-PROPYL-PARA-HYDROXY-BENZOATE
PROPYLPARABENE
NIPASOL M (HYDROXYBENZOESAEURE-PROPYLESTER-PARA)
Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoat
Propylpsaben
4-hydroxy-benzoicacipropylester
Aseptoform P
aseptoformp
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester
Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, propyl ester
Benzoicacid,4-hydroxy-,propylester
Betacide P
betacidep
betacinep
Bonomold OP
bonomoldop
Chemacide pk
Chemocide PK
chemocidepk
Chemoside PK
femanumber2951
Lexgard P
Nipagin P
nipaginp
Nipasol
Nipasol M
Nipasol P
NipasolM
nipasolp
Nipazol
N-Propylparaben
Parabens
Paseptol
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester
p-Hydroxybenzoic propyl ester
p-hydroxy-benzoicacipropylester
p-hydroxybenzoicpropylester
p-Hydroxypropyl benzoate
p-hydroxypropylbenzoate
p-oxybenzoesaurepropylester
Preserval P
PROPYLPARABEN
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
94-13-3
Propyl paraben
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester
Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Propyl parahydroxybenzoate
n-Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Nipasol
Nipazol
Propyl Butex
Betacide P
Propylparasept
Propagin
Chemacide pk
Chemocide pk
N-Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Propyl Parasept
Aseptoform P
p-Hydroxypropyl benzoate
Propyl Chemosept
Protaben P
Tegosept P
Propyl aseptoform
Nipagin P
Nipasol P
Solbrol P
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester
Paseptol
Preserval P
Betacine P
Bonomold OP
Nipasol M
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester
p-Hydroxybenzoic propyl ester
Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate
Parasept
N-Propylparaben
Propyl chemsept
Propyl-paraben
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester
n-propyl paraben
Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, propyl ester
UNII-Z8IX2SC1OH
Chemoside PK
Lexgard P
Pulvis conservans
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester
n-PROPYL-p-HYDROXYBENZOATE
propyl 4-oxidanylbenzoate
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester
Propyl parahydroxybenzoate;Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Caswell No. 714
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, >=99%
Bayer D 206
FEMA Number 2951
Pulvis conservans (VAN)
CAS-94-13-3
FEMA No. 2951
HSDB 203
p-Oxybenzoesaurepropylester [German]
EINECS 202-307-7
NSC 23515
p-Oxybenzoesaurepropylester
Propylparaben [USAN:NF]
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 061203
BRN 1103245
AI3-01341
Propylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove [Czech]
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propylester
36M
Propylparaben (NF)
Propylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove
Propylparaben-[d7]
Propylparaben, USAN
ACMC-209rqc
85403-59-4
Propylis parahydroxybenzoas
propyl para-hydroxybenzoate
SCHEMBL977
p-Oxybenzoesaeurepropylester
EC 202-307-7
n-propyl-p-hydroxy-benzoate
4-10-00-00374 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Propyl-4-Hydroxybenzoate,(S)
Propyl parahydroxybenzoate (TN)
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester
HMS2268K21
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, BioXtra
Propyl parahydroxybenzoate (JP17)
HY-N2026
NSC-8511
PROPYL PARA HYDROXY BENZOATE
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, n-propyl ester
component of Heb-Cort MC (Salt/Mix)
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, p.a., 99.0-100.5%
Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate 0.01 mg/ml in Methanol
Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate 1.0 mg/ml in Methanol
4-Arm PEG-OMs, 95%, average M.W. 20,000
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, tested according to Ph.Eur.
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%
Propylparaben, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
UNII-AZF98361GV component QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
Propylparaben, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Propyl parahydroxybenzoate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Propylparaben, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
