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Quillaia extract is a secondary metabolite that facilitates the penetration of proteins through the cell membrane.
Studies indicate that saponins are amphipathic glycosides, which can act as hemolytic agents.
Research indicates that Quillaia extract displays antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, which may be due to its nonglycosidic moiety, sapogenin.
CAS: 8047-15-2
MF: C27H42O3
MW: 0
EINECS: 232-462-6
Synonyms
Saponin, Sapogenin 20-35 %;Saponin, BR,10~25%;Saponin, Sapogenin content 10-20%, from Camellia sinensis (L.)O.Kuntze;Saponin Quillaja sp.;sapogenins glycosides;SAPONIN;SAPONIN FOR HEMOLYSIS;SAPONIN Q
Quillaia extract can also be used in environmental research to recover chromium and other metals from sludge samples.
Additional studies indicate that Quillaia extract is useful in immunoassays since it can stimulate the Th1 immune response and the production of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in response to exogenous antigens.
A type of toxic glycosidethat forms a frothy colloidal solutionon shaking with water.
Quillaia extract occur in many plants (such as horsechestnut).
They break down redblood cells and have been used forpoisoning fish.
On hydrolysis theyyield a variety of sugars.
Quillaia is the milled inner bark or small stems and branches of the soapbark (Quillaja saponaria).
Other names include Murillo bark extract, Panama bark extract, Quillaia extract, Quillay bark extract, Soapbark extract, and Quillajae cortex.
Quillaia contains high concentrations of saponins that can be increased further by processing.
Highly purified saponins from quillaia bark are used as adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines.
Other compounds in the crude extract include tannins and other polyphenols, and calcium oxalate.
Quillaia extract is used in the manufacture of food additives.
The extract also is used as a humectant in baked goods, frozen dairy products, and puddings and as a foaming agent in soft drinks.
Quillaia extract is used in agriculture for some "natural" spray adjuvant formulations.
Saponin from the quillaja plant is a natural extract characterized by a significant sapogenin content of 25%-30%.
Quillaia extract is derived from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria tree, a native species of Chile.
The primary mode of action of these saponins involves the interaction with cell membranes due to their surfactant properties, which can lead to membrane permeabilization and subsequent cellular responses.
Quillaia extract is widely used across various scientific fields.
In biochemistry, they serve as adjuvants for vaccine formulations due to their ability to enhance the immune response.
In pharmaceuticals, Quillaia extract' properties are leveraged for their potential anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects.
Additionally, in agricultural sciences, they are utilized as natural pesticides or growth promoters.
Their amphiphilic nature also makes them useful in food and cosmetic formulations as emulsifiers.
Quillaia extract' diverse applications stem from their unique ability to modulate biological membranes, making them a valuable tool in a range of experimental and applied research contexts.
Quillaia extract is a diverse group of glycosides that occur naturally in several plant species, characterized by their ability to form stable foams in aqueous solutions.
CAS number 8047-15-2 specifically refers to a mixture of Quillaia extract derived from the soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria), commonly used in food and pharmaceutical applications.
Saponins typically consist of a hydrophobic aglycone (sapogenin) bonded to one or more hydrophilic sugar moieties, which contribute to their surfactant properties.
Quillaia extract exhibit a variety of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects, making them of interest in both traditional medicine and modern therapeutics.
Furthermore, Quillaia extract can enhance the absorption of certain drugs and nutrients, leading to their use as adjuvants in vaccine formulations.
However, they can also exhibit toxicity at high concentrations, requiring careful consideration of their dosage and application.
In general, Quillaia extract is valued for their multifunctional properties in various industries, including cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals.
Quillaia extract Chemical Properties
Melting point:158℃
Boiling point: 101.9℃[at 101 325 Pa]
density: 1.015-1.020 g/mL at 20 °C (5% in H2O)(lit.)
vapor pressure: 0.009Pa at 105℃
storage temp.: Store at RT.
solubility water: soluble
form: Tan solid
color: Yellow crystalline
Odor: Odorless
biological source: plant (Quillaya)
Water Solubility: Soluble in cold water.
Merck: 14,8365
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: SURFACTANT - EMULSIFYING
CLEANSING
SURFACTANT - CLEANSING
InChIKey: AXNVHPCVMSNXNP-ZELRDNAQSA-N
LogP: -0.24 at 20℃
EPA Substance Registry System: Quillaia extract (8047-15-2)
Structure and Hydrogen Bonding
The aglycone (glycoside-free) portions of the saponins are termed sapogenins.
The number of saccharide chains attached to the sapogenin/aglycone core can vary – giving rise to another dimension of nomenclature (monodesmosidic, bidesmosidic, etc.) – as can the length of each chain.
A somewhat dated compilation has the range of saccharide chain lengths being 1–11, with the numbers 2–5 being the most frequent, and with both linear and branched chain saccharides being represented.
Dietary monosaccharides such as D-glucose and D-galactose are among the most common components of the attached chains.
The lipophilic aglycone can be any one of a wide variety of polycyclic organic structures originating from the serial addition of 10-carbon (C10) terpene units to compose a C30 triterpene skeleton, often with subsequent alteration to produce a C27 steroidal skeleton.
The subset of saponins that are steroidal have been termed saraponins.
Aglycone derivatives can also incorporate nitrogen, so some Quillaia extract also present chemical and pharmacologic characteristics of alkaloid natural products.
The figure at right above presents the structure of the alkaloid phytotoxin solanine, a monodesmosidic, branched-saccharide steroidal saponin.
(The lipophilic steroidal structure is the series of connected six- and five-membered rings at the right of the structure, while the three oxygen-rich sugar rings are at left and below.
Note the nitrogen atom inserted into the steroid skeleton at right.)
Uses
Quillaia extract is steroid or triterpenoid glycosides found in wild or cultivated plants, lower marine animals and some bacteria.
Notably, Quillaia extract can also activate the mammalian immune system, which have led to significant interest in their potential as vaccine adjuvants.
Their unique capacity to stimulate both the Th1 immune response and the production of cytotoxic Tlymphocytes (CTLs) against exogenous antigens makes them ideal for use in subunit vaccines and vaccines directed against intracellular pathogens as well as for therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Quillaia extract is used in permeabilization of cell membranes and separation of low molecular weight contaminants and as an adjuvant in vaccine development.
Glycoside widely distributed in plants.
Nonionic sufactant that forms oil-in-water emulsions and acts as protective colloid.
Used for the direct determination of metals in milk by flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry.
Also used in permeabilization of cell membranes and separation of low molecular weight contaminants, and as an adjuvant in vaccine development.
Saponin is an amphipathic glycoside and surfactant.
The saponins from Quillaia extract is used in several approved veterinary vaccines (e.g., foot-and-mouth disease vaccines).
Initially a crude preparation was used, but more recently purified products have been developed.
Two of these (Quil A and Matrix-M) have been shown to be more effective and cause less local irritation.
Quil A is still a mixture of more than 25 different saponin molecules.
One of them, the saponin QS21, has been investigated for as an adjuvant for human vaccines.
Novavax uses a highly purified quillaja extract as an adjuvant in its veterinary and human vaccines.
The adjuvant, Matrix-M, is made at facilities in Sweden and Denmark.
Health Benefits
Quillaia extract have many health benefits. Studies have illustrated the beneficial effects on blood cholesterol levels, cancer, bone health and stimulation of the immune system.
Most scientific studies investigate the effect of saponins from specific plant sources and the results cannot be applied to other saponins.
Cholesterol reduction
Quillaia extract bind with bile salt and cholesterol in the intestinal tract.
Bile salts form small micelles with cholesterol facilitating its absorption.
Saponins cause a reduction of blood cholesterol by preventing its re-absorption.
Reduce cancer risk
Studies have shown that saponins have antitumor and anti-mutagenic activities and can lower the risk of human cancers, by preventing cancer cells from growing.
Quillaia extract seem to react with the cholesterol rich membranes of cancer cells, thereby limiting their growth and viability.
Immunity booster
Plants produce saponins to fight infections by parasites.
When ingested by humans, Quillaia extract also seem to help our immune system and to protect against viruses and bacteria.
Reduce bone loss
Studies with ovariectomized induced rats have shown that some Quillaia extract, such as the steroidal saponins from Anemarrhena asphodeloides, a Chinese herb, have a protective role on bone loss.
Antioxidant
The non-sugar part of Quillaia extract have also a direct antioxidant acitivity, which may results in other benefits such as reduced risk of cancer and heart diseases.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Quillaia extract solubilize the low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction of cholesterol in micelles, thus lowering their concentration.
Saponin from Quillaja bark is used as a flavoring agent in food and beverages.
This saponin has been shown to enhance immune-cell proliferation in vitro.
Synthesis
A process method for the clean production of saponin using ginger, realized by the following process steps:
(1) raw material pretreatment: cleaning ginger, crushing with a crusher, crushing and then grinding into a pulp with a mill, so that the particles in the pulp reaches 30 mesh, the concentration of mass percentage of 30%;
(2) extraction of Quillaia extract slurry: with a variable frequency differential speed horizontal spiral discharge sedimentation centrifuge Separation, separation of starch, saponin pulp;
(3) Quillaia extract pulp placed at room temperature, natural fermentation for 36 hours;
(4) acid hydrolysis: the fermented saponin pulp into the hydrolysis tank, sulfuric acid acid acid hydrolysis, pressure control at 0.2MPa, after the hydrolysis of the saponin pulp;
(5) acid washing and de-watering: filter press on the Acid washing and de-watering: in the filter press, to get the slag; at the same time, produced sewage;
(6) drying: put the slag into the sandwich through the steam vacuum dryer for drying, control the water content of the slag in the 3 ~ 5%;
(7) put the dried slag into the extraction tank, add No. 120 gasoline, Quillaia extract pulp and gasoline mass ratio of 5:6, heating to 90 degrees Celsius, the extraction time is 2 hours, to get the saponin slurry after hydrolysis.
Time is 2 hours, get saponin gasoline mixture; at the same time, the fiber can not be dissolved to separate out;
(8) the saponin gasoline mixture after concentration, crystallization to get the finished product;
(9) the step (5) produced by the sewage discharge to the neutralization pool and lime neutralization and reaction, into the electrolysis device for electrolysis, and then into the hydrolysis of anaerobic pool for anaerobic biological treatment, and then Into the three tandem use of push-flow aeration pool for biological reaction treatment, and finally into the sedimentation tank for precipitation, after treatment of water fully meets the standards, and recycling for step (1) and step (5).
