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RIBOFLAVIN

RIBOFLAVIN

CAS NO: 83-88-5
EC/LIST NO: 201-507-1


Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a vitamin found in food and sold as a dietary supplement.
Riboflavin is essential to the formation of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. 
These coenzymes are involved in energy metabolism, cellular respiration, and antibody production, as well as normal growth and development. 
The coenzymes are also required for the metabolism of niacin, vitamin B6, and folate. 
Riboflavin is prescribed to treat corneal thinning, and taken orally, may reduce the incidence of migraine headaches in adults.

Riboflavin deficiency is rare and is usually accompanied by deficiencies of other vitamins and nutrients. 
Riboflavin may be prevented or treated by oral supplements or by injections.
As a water-soluble vitamin, any riboflavin consumed in excess of nutritional requirements is not stored; it is either not absorbed or is absorbed and quickly excreted in urine, causing the urine to have a bright yellow tint. 
Natural sources of riboflavin include meat, fish and fowl, eggs, dairy products, green vegetables, mushrooms, and almonds. 
Some countries require its addition to grains.

Riboflavin was discovered in 1920, isolated in 1933, and first synthesized in 1935. 
In its purified, solid form, it is a water-soluble yellow-orange crystalline powder. 
In addition to its function as a vitamin, it is used as a food coloring agent.
Biosynthesis takes place in bacteria, fungi and plants, but not animals. 
Industrial synthesis of riboflavin was initially achieved using a chemical process, but current commercial manufacturing relies on fermentation methods using strains of fungi and genetically modified bacteria.

Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin. 
Since vitamin B2 is not stored in the body, it must be taken from foods consumed daily. 
Riboflavin is a necessary vitamin for the body's energy production and healthy functioning of the nervous system.

Vitamin B2 has an important role in the healthy functioning of many functions of the body. 
Vitamin B2, which is involved in the production of energy from food, is also a necessary vitamin for the regular functioning of the nervous system. 
Riboflavin also supports the use of oxygen by tissues such as skin, hair and nails.

Vitamin B2 plays an important role in growth and development, reduces the aging process and provides protection against the risk of cancer. 
Riboflavin is also a vitamin that is beneficial for asthma and bronchitis disease.

Vitamin B2 should also be taken for antibody and red blood cell production. 
Riboflavin is an effective vitamin in the prevention of many diseases such as thyroid, headache, cataract, eczema, dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis.

In Vitamin B2 Deficiency…

Problems occur in protein, fat and carbohydrate absorption.
Digestive problems may occur.
Dullness in hair color, wrinkles on the skin may occur.
Sores may occur in the mouth and tongue.
Loss of appetite can be seen.
Riboflavin can cause complaints such as eye fatigue, bloodshot eyes, and visual disturbances.
Increases the risk of cataracts.
Riboflavin can lead to mental depression and forgetfulness.


Vitamin B2 is also known as riboflavin. 
Vitamin B2, one of the water-soluble vitamins, is carried through the bloodstream and is excreted through the urine when the body is not needed. 
Vitamin B2 can be stored in the body in small amounts. 
Therefore, vitamin B2 can be consumed every day if needed.

FMN (riboflavin monophosphate) and FAD coenzymes such as flavin adenine dinucleotide riboflavin, a component important in oxidoreduction reactions has a role.
Some key enzymes containing riboflavin (flavoproteins) for metabolic pathways is necessary.
Daily minimal requirement metabolism based on speed and daily calorie intake changes. 
1-2 mg daily is sufficient.

Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency:
cheilosis/cheilitis: 
in the area where the lips meet mucosal inflammation), seborrheic dermatitis (Candida on tongue and buccal mucosa white called perles due to infection mottled lesions, corneal inflammation.
Riboflavin avitaminosis is usually associated with other B accompanied by a lack of vitamins
B-complex is preferred for treatment.
Deficiency esophageal lesions and esophageal cancer may also occur.

Vitamin B2, also known as Riboflavin, is a water-soluble, yellow-colored vitamin found naturally in some foods. 
Riboflavin plays an important role in energy production, cellular functions, growth and development. 
Riboflavin also aids in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. 
As a result of long-term exposure to light and moisture, it becomes ineffective and loses its effectiveness - solubility.

Vitamin B2 is one of the most important vitamins for the body. 
Each vitamin has a different importance for the body. 
For this reason, all vitamins must be taken into the body in a balanced way. 
Vitamin B2 is also a very important vitamin. 
Vitamin B2 is also called riboflavin and this vitamin is water soluble. 
This vitamin is not stored by the body and therefore must be consumed every day.

Riboflavin is an essential vitamin for health in various areas of the body. 
A balanced diet means getting a balanced intake of all vitamins. 
For this reason, it is necessary to research which vitamins are in which foods and consume them.

Thanks to vitamin B2, the foods taken are converted into energy necessary for the body. 
In addition, this vitamin has a calming and restorative effect on the nervous system. 
Riboflavin is necessary for the smooth functioning of the circulatory system. 
In addition, this vitamin is needed for the skin to be young and healthy. 
Riboflavin helps to maintain the elasticity of the skin.

Vitamin B2 consumption is needed for stronger hair structure and less shedding. 
In the deficiency of vitamin B2, destruction is observed around the mouth. 
In addition, people constantly feel tired and exhausted. 
In addition, an anxious mood can be seen. 
People experience loss of appetite and inflammation of the tongue. 
Vitamin B2 is needed for healthy growth of nails. 
In case of deficiency, fractures are seen in the nail.

In growth and development period, B2 deficiency during puberty slows growth. 
The development of the person lags behind. 
With the regular use of vitamin B2, the aging process is slowed down. 
In addition, various types of cancer can occur due to the deficiency of vitamin B2. 
In those with asthma, the symptoms of the disease can be alleviated as a result of consuming vitamin B2.

A doctor must be consulted before taking vitamins. 
Vitamin intake should be carried out under the supervision of a doctor and should be used regularly. 
Vitamin B2 is needed for antibody production. 
With a deficiency of vitamin B2, there may be a risk of thyroid disease. 
B2 deficiency can trigger headaches. 
In addition, various eye diseases can cause cataract formation.

Riboflavin is vitamin B2. 
Riboflavin is widely found in both plant- and animal-based foods, including milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, and green vegetables.

Riboflavin is involved in many body processes. 
Riboflavin required for the proper development of the skin, lining of the digestive tract, blood cells, and brain function.

People most commonly use riboflavin to prevent riboflavin deficiency, for migraine, and for high levels of homocysteine in the blood. 
Riboflavin also used for acne, muscle cramps, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, which is found in many foods, especially honey and allspice, has numerous benefits to the body.

Vitamin B2, which is one of the indispensable vitamins for the body, has the property of being water-soluble like other B group vitamins. 
Thanks to this feature, if it is taken more than the daily need, it can be removed from the body by mixing with the urine. 
In other words, it is unnecessary to take vitamin B2 above the daily requirement. 
In addition, riboflavin is involved in numerous tasks in body metabolism.

The main task of riboflavin is to take part in the functioning of energy metabolism in the body. 
In addition to this basic task, we can say that vitamin B2 has many functions in the body.

Riboflavin features such as controlling and regulating cellular functions in the body, contributing to the harmony between the building blocks of the organism, triggering growth and development also explain how valuable riboflavin is for our body.

Riboflavin plays an extremely active role in circulatory health. 
Homocysteine, an amino acid that can cause cardiovascular diseases depending on the amount in the body, is kept at normal levels in the blood thanks to vitamin B2. 
At the same time, vitamin B2 is also used in the treatment of a condition known as lactic acidosis in the literature, which seriously affects the oxygenation of organs as a result of the decrease in blood pH.

Some clinical studies reveal that riboflavin may play an important protective role against migraine and cancer. 
Moreover, its presence in many foodstuffs in nature makes vitamin B2 even more important.

Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is one of the eight essential B vitamins necessary for life. 
B vitamins; It is found in cereals, mushrooms, vegetables, meat, eggs and dairy products. 
Vitamin B2 is water soluble. 
Our body uses the amount of water-soluble vitamins we need, removes the excess from the body, and stores a small part of it. 
Therefore, vitamin B2 should be taken regularly.

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is found naturally in some foods, added to some foods, or taken as a supplement.

Riboflavin vitamin B2 is included in the World Health Organization Essential Medicines List, which ranks the world's most reliable and effective drugs.

Riboflavin is a type of B vitamin. 
Riboflavin is water soluble, which means it is not stored in the body. 
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water. 
Leftover amounts of the vitamin leave the body through the urine. 
The body keeps a small reserve of these vitamins. 
They have to be taken on a regular basis to maintain the reserve.

Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin, is one of 8 B vitamins. 
All B vitamins help the body to convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is used to produce energy. 
These B vitamins, often referred to as B-complex vitamins, also help the body metabolize fats and protein. 
B complex vitamins are necessary for a healthy liver, skin, hair, and eyes. 
They also help the nervous system function properly.

All B vitamins are water soluble, meaning the body does not store them.

In addition to producing energy for the body, riboflavin works as an antioxidant, fighting damaging particles in the body known as free radicals. 
Free radicals can damage cells and DNA, and may contribute to the aging process, as well as the development of a number of health conditions, such as heart disease and cancer. 
Antioxidants, such as riboflavin, can fight free radicals and may reduce or help prevent some of the damage they cause.

Riboflavin is also needed to help the body change vitamin B6 and folate into forms it can use. 
Riboflavin is also important for growth and red blood cell production.

Most healthy people who eat a well-balanced diet get enough riboflavin. 
However, elderly people and alcoholics may be at risk for riboflavin deficiency because of poor diet. 
Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency include:

Fatigue
Slowed growth
Digestive problems
Cracks and sores around the corners of the mouth
Swollen magenta-colored tongue
Eye fatigue
Swelling and soreness of the throat
Sensitivity to light

Riboflavin (B2) is a vitamin, which is a vital component of mitochondrial energy production. 
Riboflavin can be used in the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction and also for the prophylactic treatment of migraine in adults. 
Riboflavin is a part of the coenzyme flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), involved in a number of oxidation and reduction reactions.

Riboflavin is a dinuceotide and phosphate ester. 
Riboflavin is a colored pigment consisting of a heterocyclic isoalkoxazine ring attached to ribotol. 
Aqueous solutions show yellow-green fluorescent properties.
The solution will exceed the pH when exceeding the pH. 
Alkaline for application in water is very soluble and these solutions are optically active. 
Riboflavin finishes its thermal process. 
They immediately decompose to reach their targets against the light. 
Their stability against food processing processes is very high. 
Riboflavin affects the reaction of riboflavin with methionine and milk flavors occur.

Plants, yeasts and molds can synthesize riboflavin. 
Animal organisms cannot synthesize riboflavin, they can synthesize riboflavin in living things. 
Survivors must take the synthesized riboflavin for their use in large part, as it is preferred for this purpose. 
In animal and plant organisms, riboflavins are in free form or bound to phosphoric acid and adenine nucleotide. 
Liver and cheese are good sources of riboflavin. Here are the dark tools and the egg is also effective in a good welcome for riboflav.

The nucleotide forms of riboflavin work by helping some enzymes. 
Riboflavins form the prosthetic groups of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinuleotide oxidoreductase (FAD) enzymes. 
Riboflavin is needed for protein and amino acid metabolism. 
Coenzymes of riboflavins act as a hydrogen carrier in the cell. 
Riboflavin absorbed in the body is converted into coenzyme form with the help of FAD synthease and flovakinase enzymes.

Riboflavin deficiency causes symptoms that are not life-threatening. 
Other symptoms of the failure, which causes skin wounds and inflammation in the genital area, are disorders in the nervous system and difficulty in seeing.

Microbiological method or fluorometric method is used to determine the amount of riboflavin. 
Lactobacillus Casei is used in the microbiological method. 
The amount of lactic acid produced by the bacteria grown in the environment with riboflavin is compared with the amount of lactic acid produced by the bacteria grown in the environment without riboflavin, and the amount of riboflavin is determined. 
In the fluorometric method, the fluorescence intensity in the sample is compared with the standard and the amount of riboflavin is determined.

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), consisting of five-carbon sugars, is used in the treatment and prevention of cataracts and many diseases.
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), which is involved in carbohydrate metabolism like Vitamin B1, also plays an important role in fat metabolism.

Although riboflavin, which is first obtained from milk, is synthesized by many plants, it cannot be produced in animals. 
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), which is rapidly deformed (deteriorated) in sunlight (in visible and UV wavelengths), also helps the absorption of iron and vitamin B6.

Riboflavin is a B vitamin. 
Riboflavin can be found in certain foods such as milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, and green vegetables. 
Riboflavin is frequently used in combination with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex products. 
Vitamin B complex generally includes vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin/niacinamide), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), and folic acid. 
However, some products do not contain all of these ingredients and some may include others, such as biotin, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), choline bitartrate, and inositol.

Riboflavin is used for preventing low levels of riboflavin (riboflavin deficiency), cervical cancer, and migraine headaches. 
Riboflavin is also used for treating riboflavin deficiency, acne, muscle cramps, burning feet syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, and blood disorders such as congenital methemoglobinemia and red blood cell aplasia. 
Some people use riboflavin for eye conditions including eye fatigue, cataracts, and glaucoma.

Riboflavin is one of a group of vitamins called "B vitamins." 
Another name for riboflavin is vitamin B2. 
Riboflavin works with other B vitamins to help your body use the energy you get from food. 
Riboflavin also helps the body to use protein in food to build new cells and tissues.

Animal products, like milk, cheese, yogurt, beef and poultry, are good sources of riboflavin. 
Some green vegetables such as broccoli, turnip greens and spinach are good too. 
"Enriched" breads, rice, cereals and other baked products are also sources of riboflavin.

Like other B vitamins, riboflavin is easily lost when foods are cooked or processed. 
When you cook rice or pasta, some of the riboflavin goes into the water. 
When you rinse rice or pastas you rinse off some of this vitamin. 
So to keep the riboflavin you need from these foods, it is important not to rinse the rice or pasta after you have cooked it.
When you cook vegetables, use only a small amount of water and keep the lid on the pan so that riboflavin and the other B vitamins are not lost. 
When you shop, look for breads, cereals and other baked products that are "enriched" with B vitamins like riboflavin.

Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is naturally present in foods, added to foods, and available as a supplement. 
Bacteria in the gut can produce small amounts of riboflavin, but not enough to meet dietary needs. 
Riboflavin is a key component of coenzymes involved with the growth of cells, energy production, and the breakdown of fats, steroids, and medications. 
Most riboflavin is used immediately and not stored in the body, so excess amounts are excreted in the urine. 
An excess of dietary riboflavin, usually from supplements, can cause urine to become bright yellow.

Riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) is one of the B vitamins that is completely water-soluble. 
Riboflavin occurs naturally in some foods, is added to some foods, and is available as a dietary supplement. 
This vitamin is an essential component of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN; also known as riboflavin-5'-phosphate) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

Riboflavin is the precursor of the coenzymes, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). 
They act as electron carriers in a number of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involved in energy production and in numerous metabolic pathways. 
Riboflavin deficiency can affect multiple pathways in the metabolism of vitamin B6, folate, niacin, and iron. 
Riboflavin deficiency has been linked to preeclampsia in pregnant women. 
This condition may progress to eclampsia and cause severe bleeding and death. 
The risk of preeclampsia has recently been associated with the presence of a genetic variant (C677T) in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. 
This gene codes for the MTHFR enzyme, which is FAD-dependent.  
Oxidative stress can cause opacification of the eye lens, leading to cataracts in older individuals. 
While the results of some observational studies are promising, intervention studies are needed to assess a potential benefit of riboflavin in the prevention of cataracts.  


Riboflavin (in the form, FAD) is required as a cofactor for the key folate-metabolizing enzyme, MTHFR. 
A low status of riboflavin status may interfere with the metabolism of folate, particularly in individuals homozygous for the MTHFR C677T gene variant; these individuals exhibit a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). 
Emerging evidence from intervention trials supports a protective role for riboflavin against hypertension in individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype. 
Riboflavin has been evaluated as a prophylactic agent in studies with children and adults suffering from migraine headache. 
Riboflavin supplementation has been shown to decrease the frequency and severity of headache attacks in adults but not in children.   
Case reports have shown that patients with autosomal recessive disorders of riboflavin metabolism may benefit from riboflavin supplementation.  
Riboflavin has been evaluated as a potential adjunct therapy in cancer and certain eye disorders.  

Riboflavin is a water-soluble B vitamin, also known as vitamin B2. 
In the body, riboflavin is primarily found as an integral component of the coenzymes, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) 
Coenzymes derived from riboflavin are termed flavocoenzymes, and enzymes that use a flavocoenzyme are called flavoproteins 

Riboflavin is an often-overlooked compound that plays a vital role in our bodies. 
This compound, also known as the B2 vitamin, is responsible for most of the metabolic processes that occur inside of you. 
Without the right amount of riboflavin, your metabolism could slow down and you could end up with a metabolism that does not perform as quickly as it might have when you were younger. 
With the Amazing Formulas Riboflavin Dietary Supplement, all that is needed is totake one of these riboflavin vitamins daily with your meals to begin reaping the benefits. 
Amazing Formulas Riboflavin Dietary Supplement is a powerful 400 mg riboflavin supplement packed full of this important vitamin. 
Introducing more of this vitamin into the body means that your system may work more efficiently in the creation and transportation of red blood cells throughout your body, helping each organ it flows through to become better oxygenated. 
Our Riboflavin capsules also worksto help your nervous system become healthier. 
Riboflavindoes so by producing neurotransmitters that are responsible for the proper communication between cells in the nervous system itself, allowing it to function more smoothly. 
The 400 mg riboflavin capsules also help to ensure that your protein and fat metabolic processes are running at their best capacities.

Riboflavin exists in three forms in nature. 
The forms are free dinucleotide riboflavin and the two coenzyme derivatives, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). 
Riboflavin is an odorless, bitter, orange-yellow compound that melts at about 280°C. 
The molecular structure of riboflavin is shown in Illus. 8-1. 
Riboflavin is only slightly soluble in water, but readily soluble in dilute basic or strong acidic solutions. 
Riboflavinis heat stable in neutral and acidic solutions but not alkaline solutions. Very little is lost in cooking. 
Aqueous solutions are unstable to visible and ultraviolet light. Instability is increased by heat and alkalinity. 
Riboflavin plays a key role in problems related to light sensitivity and photodegradation of milk and dairy products. 
Both light and oxygen have been found to induce riboflavin degradation  
When dry, riboflavin is appreciably less affected by light.

Riboflavin is unique among the water-soluble vitamins in that milk and dairy products make the greatest contribution to its intake in Western diets. 
Meat and fish are also good sources of riboflavin, and certain fruit and vegetables, especially dark-green vegetables, contain reasonably high concentrations. 
Biochemical signs of depletion arise within only a few days of dietary deprivation.
Poor riboflavin status in Western countries seems to be of most concern for the elderly and adolescents, despite the diversity of riboflavin-rich foods available. 
However, discrepancies between dietary intake data and biochemical data suggest either that requirements are higher than hitherto thought or that biochemical thresholds for deficiency are inappropriate. 
This article reviews current evidence that diets low in riboflavin present specific health risks. 
There is reasonably good evidence that poor riboflavin status interferes with iron handling and contributes to the etiology of anemia when iron intakes are low. 
Various mechanisms for this have been proposed, including effects on the gastrointestinal tract that might compromise the handling of other nutrients. 
Riboflavin deficiency has been implicated as a risk factor for cancer, although this has not been satisfactorily established in humans. 
Current interest is focused on the role that riboflavin plays in determining circulating concentrations of homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. 
Other mechanisms have been proposed for a protective role of riboflavin in ischemia reperfusion injury; this requires further study. 
Riboflavin deficiency may exert some of its effects by reducing the metabolism of other B vitamins, notably folate and vitamin B-6.

Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is the key building block for its co-enzymatic forms Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and Flavin mononucleotide (FMN). 
These serve as electron carriers in various redox reactions in energy production and metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism; the electron transport chain and various antioxidant functions

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is the central component in two cofactors: flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). 
Riboflavin is required for other enzyme reactions including the activation of other vitamins. 
Riboflavin is important for red blood cell production and helps the body in releasing energy.

Riboflavin is a vitamin that you need to stay healthy. 
Like fellow B vitamins niacin and thiamin (also spelled “thiamine”), it helps your cells develop and function properly by keeping energy production running smoothly.

Your body doesn’t produce riboflavin on its own, so you can only get it from food or dietary supplements.

Riboflavin is vitamin B2. 
Vitamins are naturally occurring substances necessary for many processes in the body. 
Riboflavin is important in the maintenance of many tissues of the body.

Riboflavin is used to treat or prevent deficiencies of riboflavin.

Riboflavin may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Riboflavin is a B vitamin. 
Riboflavin can be found in certain foods such as milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, and green vegetables. 
Riboflavin is frequently used in combination with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex products.
Vitamin B complex generally includes vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin/niacinamide), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), and folic acid. 
However, some products do not contain all of these ingredients and some may include others, such as biotin, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), choline bitartrate, and inositol.

Riboflavin is used for preventing low levels of riboflavin (riboflavin deficiency), cervical cancer, and migraine headaches. 
Riboflavin is also used for treating riboflavin deficiency, acne, muscle cramps, burning feet syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, and blood disorders such as congenital methemoglobinemia and red blood cell aplasia. 
Some people use riboflavin for eye conditions including eye fatigue, cataracts, and glaucoma.

Other uses include increasing energy levels; 
boosting immune system function; 
maintaining healthy hair, skin, mucous membranes, and nails; 
slowing aging; 
boosting athletic performance; 
promoting healthy reproductive function; 
canker sores; 
memory loss, including Alzheimer's disease; 
ulcers; 
burns; 
alcoholism; 
liver disease; 
sickle cell anemia; 
and treating lactic acidosis brought on by treatment with a class of AIDS medications called NRTI drugs.


Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin and is one of the B vitamins
Unlike folate and vitamin B6, which occur in several chemically related forms known as vitamers, riboflavin is only one chemical compound. 
Riboflavinis a starting compound in the synthesis of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN, also known as riboflavin-5'-phosphate) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
FAD is the more abundant form of flavin, reported to bind to 75% of the number of flavin-dependent protein encoded genes in the all-species genome (the flavoproteome)  and serves as a co-enzyme for 84% of human-encoded flavoproteins. 

In its purified, solid form, riboflavin is a yellow-orange crystalline powder with a slight odor and bitter taste. 
Riboflavin is soluble in polar solvents, such as water and aqueous sodium chloride solutions, and slightly soluble in alcohols. 
Riboflavin is not soluble in non-polar or weakly polar organic solvents such as chloroform, benzene or acetone.
In solution or during dry storage as a powder, riboflavin is heat stable if not exposed to light. 
When heated to decompose, it releases toxic fumes containing nitric oxide.

The name "riboflavin" comes from "ribose" (the sugar whose reduced form, ribitol, forms part of its structure) and "flavin", the ring-moiety which imparts the yellow color to the oxidized molecule (from Latin flavus, "yellow").
The reduced form, which occurs in metabolism along with the oxidized form, appears as orange-yellow needles or crystals.
The earliest reported identification, predating any concept of vitamins as essential nutrients, was by Alexander Wynter Blyth. 
In 1897, Blyth isolated a water-soluble component of cows' milk whey, which he named "lactochrome", that fluoresced yellow-green when exposed to light. 

In the early 1900s, several research laboratories were investigating constituents of foods, essential to maintain growth in rats. 
These constituents were initially divided into fat-soluble "vitamine" A and water-soluble "vitamine" B. (The "e" was dropped in 1920.
Vitamin B was further thought to have two components, a heat-labile substance called B1 and a heat-stable substance called B2.
Vitamin B2 was tentatively identified to be the factor necessary for preventing pellagra, but that was later confirmed to be due to niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency. 
The confusion was due to the fact that riboflavin (B2) deficiency causes stomatitis symptoms similar to those seen in pellagra, but without the widespread peripheral skin lesions. 
For this reason, early in the history of identifying riboflavin deficiency in humans the condition was sometimes called "pellagra sine pellagra" (pellagra without pellagra).  

In 1935, Paul Gyorgy, in collaboration with chemist Richard Kuhn and physician T. Wagner-Jauregg, reported that rats kept on a B2-free diet were unable to gain weight.
Isolation of B2 from yeast revealed the presence of a bright yellow-green fluorescent product that restored normal growth when fed to rats. 
The growth restored was directly proportional to the intensity of the fluorescence. 
This observation enabled the researchers to develop a rapid chemical bioassay in 1933, and then isolate the factor from egg white, calling it ovoflavin.
The same group then isolated the a similar preparation from whey and called it lactoflavin. 
In 1934, Kuhn's group identified the chemical structure of these flavins as identical, settled on "riboflavin" as a name, and were also able to synthesize the vitamin. 

Circa 1937, riboflavin was also referred to as "Vitamin  In 1938, Richard Kuhn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on vitamins, which had included B2 and B6.
In 1939, it was confirmed that riboflavin is essential for human health through a clinical trial conducted by William H. Sebrell and Roy E. Butler. Women fed a diet low in riboflavin developed stomatitis and other signs of deficiency, which were reversed when treated with synthetic riboflavin. 
The symptoms returned when the supplements were stopped. 

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. 
As a supplement Riboflavin is used to prevent and treat riboflavin deficiency and prevent migraines. 
Riboflavin may be given by mouth or injection.

Riboflavin is nearly always well tolerated. 
Normal doses are safe during pregnancy. 
Riboflavin is in the vitamin B group. 
Riboflavin is required by the body for cellular respiration. 
Food sources include eggs, green vegetables, milk, and meat.


Biosynthesis takes place in bacteria, fungi and plants, but not animals.
The biosynthetic precursors to riboflavin are ribulose 5-phosphate and guanosine triphosphate. 
The former is converted to L-3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate while the latter is transformed in a series of reactions that lead to 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil. 
These two compounds are then the substrates for the penultimate step in the pathway, catalysed by the enzyme lumazine synthase in reaction EC 2.5.1.78

In the final step of the biosynthesis, two molecules of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine are combined by the enzyme riboflavin synthase in a dismutation reaction. 
This generates one molecule of riboflavin and one of 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino) uracil. 
The latter is recycled to the previous reaction in the sequence

Conversions of riboflavin to the cofactors FMN and FAD are carried out by the enzymes riboflavin kinase and FAD synthetase acting sequentially.

The industrial-scale production of riboflavin uses various microorganisms, including filamentous fungi such as Ashbya gossypii, Candida famata and Candida flaveri, as well as the bacteria Corynebacterium ammoniagenes and Bacillus subtilis. 
B. subtilis that has been genetically modified to both increase the production of riboflavin and to introduce an antibiotic (ampicillin) resistance marker, is employed at a commercial scale to produce riboflavin for feed and food fortification. 

In the presence of high concentrations of hydrocarbons or aromatic compounds, some bacteria overproduce riboflavin, possibly as a protective mechanism. 
One such organism is Micrococcus luteus (American Type Culture Collection strain number ATCC 49442), which develops a yellow color due to production of riboflavin while growing on pyridine, but not when grown on other substrates, such as succinic acid. 

Laboratory synthesis

The first total synthesis of riboflavin was carried out by Richard Kuhn's group.
A substituted aniline, produced by reductive amination using D-ribose, was condensed with alloxan in the final step:

CAS number    : 83-88-5
EC number    : 201-507-1
Grade    : E 101 (i)
Hill Formula    : C₁₇H₂₀N₄O₆
Molar Mass    : 376.36 g/mol
HS Code    : 2936 23 00

Melting Point    : 290 °C (decomposition)
pH value    : 5.5 - 7.2 (0.07 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density    : 100 kg/m3
Solubility    : 0.07 g/l

RTECS    : VJ 1400000
Storage class    : 10 - 13 Other liquids and solids
WGK    :WGK 1 slightly hazardous to water


Treatment of corneal thinning
Keratoconus is the most common form of Corneal ectasia, a progressive thinning of the cornea. 
The condition is treated by corneal collagen cross-linking, which increases corneal stiffness. 
Cross-linking is achieved by applying a topical riboflavin solution to the cornea, which is then exposed to ultraviolet A light. 

Migraine prevention

In its 2012 guidelines, the American Academy of Neurology stated that high-dose riboflavin (400 mg) is "probably effective and should be considered for migraine prevention,"  a recommendation also provided by the UK National Migraine Centre.
A 2017 review reported that daily riboflavin taken at 400 mg per day for at least three months may reduce the frequency of migraine headaches in adults.
Research on high-dose riboflavin for migraine prevention or treatment in children and adolescents is inconclusive, and so supplements are not recommended. 

Food coloring

Riboflavin is used as a food coloring (yellow-orange crystalline powder), and is designated with the E number, E101, in Europe for use as a food additive

Coloring agent, vitamin component, strengthens hair and nails, nourishes skin and hair roots.

Refer to the product′s Certificate of Analysis for more information on a suitable instrument technique. 
Contact Technical Service for further support.
Riboflavin (B2) may be used as an analytical reference standard for the quantification of the analyte in neutraceutical products and food products using high-performance liquid chromatography technique.


IUPAC NAME :

1-deoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol
 
7,8-dimethyl- 10-((2R,3R,4S)- 2,3,4,5- tetrahydroxypentyl) benzo [g] pteridine- 2,4 (3H,10H)- dione
 
7,8-dimethyl-10- ((2R,3R,4S)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl) benzo[g]pteridine-2,4 (3H,10H)-dione
 
7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)isoalloxazine
 
7,8-dimethyl-10-[(2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione

SYNONYMS:

(−)-Riboflavin
(-)-Riboflavin
(-)-Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) solution
1217461-14-7  
1-Deoxy-1-(3,4-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol
1-Deoxy-1-(4-hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-2-oxobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol   
1-Deoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol   
1-Desoxy-1-(4-hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-2-oxobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol    
1-Désoxy-1-(4-hydroxy-7,8-diméthyl-2-oxobenzo[g]ptéridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol   
1-Desoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol    

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