SODIUM BENZOATE

Sodium Benzoate, also known as Sodyum Benzoat, Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt, Sodium Benzenecarboxylate, Benzoate of Soda, E211, INS 211 and CAS No. 532-32-1, is the sodium salt of benzoic acid with the formula C₇H₅NaO₂; it is a white crystalline powder or granular solid that is highly soluble in water and exhibits strong antimicrobial activity in acidic media, and it is used particularly as a preservative (E211) in foods and beverages, as a preservative (INCI: Sodium Benzoate) in cosmetics and personal care products, as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations, as a corrosion inhibitor in engine coolants and aqueous systems, as a nucleating agent in polypropylene production, and in various chemical processes.
Sodium Benzoate, or E211 by its food additive code, is regarded as one of the most widely preferred preservatives in the world for acidic foods, beverages and water-based cosmetic products, thanks to its high water solubility, easy dosing, effectiveness at low use levels, marked inhibition of yeasts and molds, and long history of widespread use.
Food, beverage, cosmetic and pharmaceutical systems containing Sodium Benzoate in their formulations benefit from the fact that, at low pH values, the molecule converts into undissociated benzoic acid, which passes through the microbial cell membrane and disrupts intracellular pH balance and energy metabolism; this helps achieve critical quality targets such as suppressing the growth of yeasts, molds and certain bacteria, protecting the product against microbiological spoilage and reliably extending shelf life.
The use of this Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt–based raw material in formulations can provide functional benefits such as preventing fermentation and yeast-related spoilage in soft drinks and fruit juices, delaying mold growth in sauces, pickles and marmalades, protecting shampoos and shower gels against microbial contamination throughout the life of the opened package, ensuring microbial stability of liquid medicines throughout multi-dose use, protecting metal surfaces from corrosion in coolants, and improving clarity and rigidity in polypropylene.
Sodium benzoate exhibits antimicrobial activity especially in media below pH 4.5, owing to its structure in which a carboxylate group attached to a benzene ring forms a salt with a sodium ion, the pKa of benzoic acid of approximately 4.2, and the pH-dependent proportion of undissociated acid; for this reason, its effectiveness is directly dependent on the pH of the formulation.
In the cosmetics and personal care sector, grades of suitable purity may be included under the INCI name Sodium Benzoate as part of the preservative system in shampoos, hair conditioners, shower gels, liquid soaps, oral care products and certain leave-on products; in formulations using Sodium Benzoate, selection of the correct grade is decisive for the microbiological safety of the final product, user safety and regulatory compliance.

Sodium Benzoate is a functional raw material used to help reduce problems such as yeast- and mold-related spoilage, fermentation, gas formation and short shelf life in foods and beverages, microbial contamination occurring during use in cosmetic products, microbial risk during multi-dose use of liquid medicines, metal corrosion in coolants, and low clarity and long mold cycle times in polypropylene products.
In acidic media, Sodium Benzoate converts to benzoic acid and penetrates microbial cells, limits enzyme activity and energy production through intracellular acidification, contributes to the formation of a protective film on metal surfaces, and forms crystallization nuclei in the polymer melt.
It is a functional and reliable ingredient that helps keep product quality at the desired level throughout shelf life in food, beverage, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and industrial formulations, thanks to its high solubility, low use level and well-known safety profile.
Systems containing Sodium Benzoate support the delivery to end users of beverages and sauces with longer shelf life, cosmetic products that can be used safely after opening, microbiologically stable liquid medicines, longer-lasting engine cooling systems, and clearer and more durable plastic products.

Sodium Benzenecarboxylate is an effective organic salt raw material that can simultaneously support multiple performance properties in different processes, thanks to its high water solubility, strong antimicrobial effect at acidic pH, corrosion-inhibiting character and nucleating behavior in polymers.
Compared with single-function alternatives, Sodium Benzoate helps meet multiple needs such as food preservation, cosmetic preservation, pharmaceutical preservation, corrosion inhibition, polymer nucleation and chemical synthesis, thanks to its easy storage in solid form, rapid dissolution in aqueous systems and effectiveness across a wide range of applications.
It can be considered for carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks, fruit juice drinks, syrups, sauces, ketchup and mayonnaise, pickles, brines, jams and marmalades, margarine, shampoos, hair conditioners, shower gels, liquid soaps, toothpastes and mouthwashes, liquid medicines, syrups, tablet formulations, engine coolants, industrial water systems, polypropylene and chemical intermediate synthesis, while grades of suitable purity can be used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
While Sodium Benzoate helps the formulator develop microbiologically reliable and reproducible products, it can offer the manufacturer practical benefits such as free-flowing granular or powder form, high solubility, easy dosing, low use level, long shelf life and compatibility with other preservatives.

WHAT IS SODIUM BENZOATE?

Sodium Benzoate, also known in the food and chemical sectors as Sodyum Benzoat or Benzoik Asit Sodyum Tuzu (Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt), is the sodium salt of benzoic acid with the molecular formula C₇H₅NaO₂. Sodium Benzoate is also referred to by names such as Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt, Sodium Salt of Benzoic Acid, Sodium Benzenecarboxylate, Benzoate of Soda, Natrium Benzoat and, by its food additive number, E211. Commercially, it is generally offered as white crystalline powder, granules, extruded granules or dust-free spherical form, in different purity grades and different particle size distributions.
In particular, it may show different process behavior in different applications depending on purity (assay), loss on drying (moisture), acidity or alkalinity, chlorinated compounds, phthalic acid, readily oxidizable substances, lead, arsenic, mercury and other heavy metal impurities, and particle size. Expressions such as Sodium Benzoate Food Grade, Sodium Benzoate E211, Sodium Benzoate FCC, Sodium Benzoate USP, Sodium Benzoate EP / BP, Sodium Benzoate Technical Grade and Sodium Benzoate Granular are terms encountered in technical and commercial searches. However, not all of these expressions describe the same product in every case. For example, a technical grade sodium benzoate and a pharmacopoeia grade sodium benzoate share the same chemical structure but are two separate commercial grades with very different impurity limits, documentation requirements and intended uses.
In commercial language, the term "sodium benzoate" is sometimes confused with benzoic acid, potassium benzoate or ready-made preservative blends containing benzoate. Benzoic acid (E210) is the acid form of sodium benzoate and has much lower water solubility; potassium benzoate (E212) and calcium benzoate (E213) are separate benzoate salts containing different cations. Similarly, ready-made preservative blends containing potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate, although related to Sodium Benzoate, are separate products. The product discussed on this page is pure sodium benzoate. For this reason, the intended product must always be clarified during ordering and quotation processes.
However, not all Sodium Benzoate products on the market have the same technical properties or the same process behavior. The product's actual purity, moisture content, heavy metal content, impurity profile, particle size and tendency to form dust can significantly change its performance and processability in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical or industrial applications. Therefore, it should not be assumed that products from different manufacturers are technically interchangeable based solely on the product name "Sodium Benzoate" or "Sodyum Benzoat".
Sodium benzoate is a single defined organic salt and is quite stable in the solid state under normal storage conditions; its aqueous solution shows a slightly alkaline character. The antimicrobially active species is not sodium benzoate itself but the undissociated benzoic acid formed in acidic media. This structural feature is the fundamental reason why Sodium Benzoate is preferred especially in acidic foods, beverages and cosmetic formulations kept at low pH.
Sodium Benzoate can be used particularly as a preservative in foods and beverages, as a preservative in cosmetic products, as a preservative and excipient in pharmaceutical formulations, as a corrosion inhibitor in coolants and as a nucleating agent in polypropylene. Depending on the application, more specific product definitions such as food grade, cosmetic grade, pharmacopoeia grade or technical grade may be used.
The performance of Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt does not depend solely on its chemical identity. Purity, moisture, impurity profile, particle size and the pH of the formulation can determine product behavior and preservative efficacy. Therefore, two sodium benzoate products sold under the same name may not have the same dissolution rate, dusting tendency, flow properties or behavior in sensitive formulations.

Sodium Benzoate can be considered, depending on grade, in applications such as soft drinks, fruit juice drinks, sauces, pickles, jams, margarine, cosmetic and personal care products, oral care products, liquid medicines, tablet formulations, engine coolants, industrial water systems, polypropylene and chemical synthesis. Its most common uses are as a preservative in acidic foods and beverages and as a component of the preservative system in water-based cosmetic products.

Thanks to this pH-dependent antimicrobial behavior in its chemical structure, Sodium Benzoate converts to benzoic acid in acidic media and suppresses the metabolism of yeast and mold cells, thereby delaying the microbiological spoilage of products. Defined in industry by various functional names such as preservative, antimicrobial agent, corrosion inhibitor and nucleating agent, this compound makes possible the safe shelf life and functional performance of many products. This structure supports the shelf life of beverages and foods, the in-use safety of cosmetic products, the microbiological stability of medicines and the durability of metal systems.
Commercially available sodium benzoate products come in different purities and particle sizes depending on the purification, drying and granulation processes applied during production. Industrial sodium benzoate is generally produced by neutralizing benzoic acid, obtained by the catalytic oxidation of toluene, with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate; the resulting solution is purified, dried and converted into powder, granules or spherical particles depending on the desired form. This white crystalline solid raw material may vary in terms of process performance and final product quality depending on technical parameters such as purity, moisture, impurity profile and particle size. In conclusion, Sodium Benzoate is one of the fundamental preservative chemicals of industry, used across a wide range from soft drink filling lines to cosmetic production facilities.

COMMON PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL NAMES:

Sodium Benzoate

Sodyum Benzoat

Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt

Benzoic Acid, Sodium Salt

Sodium Salt of Benzoic Acid

Sodium Benzenecarboxylate

Sodium Phenylformate

Benzoate of Soda

Natrium Benzoat

Benzoik Asit Sodyum Tuzu

Sodyum Benzenkarboksilat

C₇H₅NaO₂

C₆H₅COONa

E211

INS 211

Sodium Benzoate (INCI)

Sodium Benzoate Food Grade

Sodium Benzoate FCC

Sodium Benzoate USP / NF

Sodium Benzoate EP / BP

Sodium Benzoate Technical Grade

Sodium Benzoate Granular

Some of these names refer to the chemical identity, some to the formula, and others to the field of use or commercial grade. For example, Sodium Benzenecarboxylate and Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt are names based on systematic chemical nomenclature, while C₇H₅NaO₂ and C₆H₅COONa are chemical formulas. Benzoate of Soda is a name derived from older commercial usage; Natrium Benzoat is the spelling used especially in German and some other European languages. Food Grade, FCC, USP / NF, EP / BP and Technical Grade are commercial designations referring to the product's quality class and the standard it complies with. Sodium Benzoate is also the INCI name used in cosmetic products. The E211 number identifies sodium benzoate as an approved food additive under European Union legislation and the Turkish Food Codex, while INS 211 is its equivalent in the Codex Alimentarius system.
It is important to evaluate the CAS number used for Sodium Benzoate together with the actual definition of the product. CAS No 532-32-1 and EC No 208-534-8 are listed in sources for sodium benzoate. Benzoic acid, potassium benzoate and calcium benzoate are separate substances with different CAS numbers. Therefore, during purchasing, it should be verified through documentation whether the product is pure sodium benzoate, a different benzoate salt, benzoic acid or a ready-made preservative blend.

CAS NO, EC / EINECS NO AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

Product name: Sodium Benzoate / Sodyum Benzoat

Common abbreviation / code: E211

Chemical name: Sodium benzoate (benzoic acid sodium salt)

INCI name: Sodium Benzoate

Food additive number: E211 (INS 211)

CAS No: 532-32-1

EC / EINECS No: 208-534-8

Molecular formula: C₇H₅NaO₂

Molecular weight: Approximately 144.1 g/mol

Chemical class: Aromatic carboxylic acid salt / benzoate

Main functions: Food preservative, cosmetic preservative, pharmaceutical preservative and excipient, antimicrobial agent, corrosion inhibitor, polymer nucleating agent, chemical intermediate

Sodium Benzoate is a product consisting of a single organic salt of defined composition. Therefore, unlike natural mixtures, it is defined by an exact chemical formula and molecular weight; differences between commercial products arise from purity, moisture, impurity profile, particle size and product form.
CAS No 532-32-1 and EC No 208-534-8 are listed for sodium benzoate in various official and technical sources. This registration is the general chemical identification describing solid sodium benzoate.
However, using a single CAS number for Sodium Benzoate may not be sufficient for every commercial product. Since ready-made preservative blends containing sodium benzoate, products in solution form and sorbate–benzoate combinations have different chemical definitions and different active substance ratios, the full product definition and relevant technical documents should be checked during purchasing.

In measurement and dosage calculations, it should be taken into account that the benzoic acid equivalent of Sodium Benzoate is approximately 84.7% by weight. This value is calculated from the ratio of the molecular weight of benzoic acid (approximately 122.1 g/mol) to the molecular weight of sodium benzoate. In other words, approximately 1.18 g of sodium benzoate is equivalent to 1 g of benzoic acid. Since maximum permitted levels in food and cosmetic legislation are mostly expressed as benzoic acid, this ratio is important especially when checking compliance with legal limits and when switching between benzoic acid and sodium benzoate.
Although Sodium Benzoate is defined as a single main component, commercial grades may contain trace amounts of moisture, chlorinated organic compounds, phthalic acid, readily oxidizable substances and heavy metals. Therefore, even among products with the same CAS number, the impurity profile can change suitability for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications and performance in certain sensitive applications.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF SODIUM BENZOATE

Sodium Benzoate is an ionic salt consisting of a sodium cation (Na⁺) and a benzoate anion (C₆H₅COO⁻). In the benzoate anion, the carboxylate group is bonded directly to the aromatic benzene ring; this aromatic structure is the key element determining both the lipophilic character of the molecule and its interaction with microbial cell membranes.
The structural properties of the molecule and its solution can be summarized as follows: sodium benzoate dissociates completely into its ions in water to form the benzoate anion; since the pKa of benzoic acid is approximately 4.2, as the pH of the medium decreases an increasingly larger portion of the benzoate anion converts to the undissociated benzoic acid form; it is this undissociated form that is responsible for the antimicrobial effect; at pH 4.2 approximately half of the species are in the undissociated acid form, while above pH 6 this ratio falls to very low levels.
Sodium Benzoate solutions are slightly alkaline in character and chemically stable under normal conditions. On contact with strong acids, sparingly water-soluble benzoic acid may be released and precipitation may occur in concentrated systems. For this reason, sodium benzoate is generally dissolved in the aqueous phase before the acidification step.

The technical performance of Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt cannot be understood from its chemical structure alone. Purity, moisture, impurity profile, particle size and especially the pH of the medium in which it is applied are important parameters determining product behavior.
Undissociated benzoic acid, owing to its uncharged and relatively lipophilic structure, can readily pass through the cell membrane of microorganisms. Inside the cell, at higher pH, it dissociates again and releases protons; this leads to a drop in intracellular pH, inhibition of certain glycolytic enzymes and disruption of the cell's energy balance. This property forms the basis of food preservation, cosmetic preservation and pharmaceutical preservation applications.
Its character of interaction with metal surfaces enables sodium benzoate to contribute to the formation of a protective layer on steel and cast iron surfaces in neutral and slightly alkaline aqueous systems; this property makes it one of the classic corrosion inhibitors used in coolants and industrial water systems. In the polymer melt, finely dispersed sodium benzoate particles act as crystallization nuclei, helping polypropylene crystallize faster and more uniformly.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM BENZOATE

Sodium Benzoate is generally a white, odorless or faintly benzoin-scented solid in the form of crystalline powder, granules or spherical particles. Physical appearance may vary depending on the production method, drying and granulation conditions, particle size and storage conditions.

General technical properties:

Physical appearance: White crystalline powder, granules or spherical particles

Chemical character: Aromatic carboxylic acid salt, pH-dependent antimicrobial agent

Molecular formula: C₇H₅NaO₂

Molecular weight: Approximately 144.1 g/mol

CAS No: 532-32-1

EC / EINECS No: 208-534-8

Purity: In food and pharmacopoeia grades, generally specified in the range of 99.0–100.5% on a dried basis

Benzoic acid equivalent: Theoretically approximately 84.7% by weight

Density: Approximately 1.44–1.50 g/cm³ (crystal)

Bulk density: Varies depending on product form and particle size; the current value should be checked from the TDS

Water solubility: Very high; reported to be approximately 60–65 g/100 mL at 20 °C, and several hundred times higher than that of benzoic acid

Solubility in ethanol: Low

pH (aqueous solution): Slightly alkaline in character; the value generally lies in the range of approximately 7.5–8.5 depending on concentration

Melting / decomposition: Decomposes before melting at high temperatures, above approximately 300 °C

Loss on drying (moisture): Generally specified with a low upper limit

Acidity / alkalinity: Defined within specified limits in pharmacopoeia and food standards

Chlorinated compounds and phthalic acid: Specified with low limits, especially in food and pharmacopoeia grades

Heavy metals (Pb, As, Hg, etc.): Specified with low limits in food, cosmetic and pharmacopoeia grades

Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions; releases benzoic acid with strong acids; incompatible with strong oxidizers; as a fine powder may form combustible dust mixtures with air; when heated, fumes containing carbon oxides and sodium oxide may be released

The physical properties of Sodium Benzoate may vary depending on product form, particle size and moisture content. Fine powder forms dissolve faster, while granular and spherical forms generate less dust, show better flow properties and are easier to handle in automatic dosing systems. Due to its slightly hygroscopic character, caking may occur in products left exposed for long periods in humid environments.
Purity is one of the most important quality parameters of Sodium Benzoate in terms of technical performance. Purity is generally determined on a dried basis by the titration methods described in pharmacopoeia and food standards and is directly taken into account in calculations of the product's preservative efficacy.
Heavy metal and organic impurity content is of critical importance, especially in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. In addition to metals such as lead, arsenic and mercury, impurities such as chlorinated compounds and phthalic acid directly determine the product's compliance with relevant legislation and pharmacopoeia monographs. For this reason, impurity limits are widely used to monitor batch-to-batch quality consistency.
These values are for general technical introduction; they should not be used as the binding specification of the product to be purchased. In particular, parameters such as purity, moisture, pH, acidity or alkalinity, chlorinated compounds, heavy metals, solution clarity and particle size should be checked against the supplier's current TDS and COA documents.

HOW DOES SODIUM BENZOATE WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?

The main effect of Sodium Benzoate in formulations arises from its conversion to the undissociated benzoic acid form in acidic media, the passage of this form through the microbial cell membrane disrupting intracellular pH and energy metabolism, its contribution under suitable conditions to the formation of a protective film on metal surfaces, and its behavior as a crystallization nucleus in the polymer melt.
In foods and beverages, Sodium Benzoate dissolves readily in the aqueous phase and, depending on the product's pH, a certain proportion converts to benzoic acid. Preservative efficacy is highest in the pH 2.5–4.0 range and decreases rapidly above pH 4.5. Sodium benzoate is particularly effective against yeasts and molds; its efficacy against bacteria is more limited and species-dependent. For this reason, in many formulations it is used together with potassium sorbate to achieve a broader antimicrobial spectrum. This mechanism is the basis for the widespread use of Sodium Benzoate as a preservative in acidic products such as soft drinks, sauces and pickles.
In cosmetic systems, Sodium Benzoate is dissolved in the water phase and functions as an effective component of the preservative system when the formulation pH is generally kept below 5.5. Since it does not provide broad-spectrum protection on its own, it is often used together with potassium sorbate, organic acids, glycols or other preservatives.
In corrosion inhibition, sodium benzoate adsorbs onto iron and steel surfaces in neutral and slightly alkaline aqueous media and limits anodic reactions; for this reason, it is considered as a component of inhibitor packages in glycol-based engine coolants and closed-loop water systems.
In polypropylene production, sodium benzoate acts as a heterogeneous nucleating agent that enables many small crystals to form simultaneously as the melt cools; this raises the crystallization temperature, can shorten mold cycle time and can improve rigidity and clarity.

The molecular- and surface-level functions of Sodium Benzoate may differ by application:

Suppressing yeast and mold growth in acidic foods and beverages

Delaying fermentation and gas formation

Supporting the efficacy of the preservative system in cosmetic products

Ensuring microbial stability of liquid medicines throughout multi-dose use

Acting as a water-soluble lubricant in tablet formulations

Reducing metal corrosion in coolants and water systems

Accelerating crystallization and increasing clarity in polypropylene

Serving as a benzoate source and intermediate in chemical synthesis

Forming synergistic preservative systems with potassium sorbate and other preservatives

The antimicrobial efficacy of Sodium Benzenecarboxylate and the pH of the medium are directly linked. The same amount of sodium benzoate may provide strong protection at pH 3 while failing to show the expected effect at pH 6.
The level of preservative efficacy is directly related to sodium benzoate concentration, pH, water activity, initial microbial load, type of microorganism, the proportion of the product's oil phase, packaging and storage temperature. Therefore, Sodium Benzoate should not be evaluated on its own but together with the acidulants, other preservatives, surfactants and emulsifiers it is used with, and with process hygiene.
It is known that in some beverages in which ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and sodium benzoate are present together, trace amounts of benzene may form, especially in the presence of metal ions such as copper and iron and under the effect of heat or light. Therefore, if ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate are to be used together in beverage formulations, the formulation, packaging, storage conditions and use of chelating agents should be carefully evaluated and, if necessary, verified by analytical controls.
However, it should not be assumed that Sodium Benzoate will give the same performance in every system. The product grade used, dosage, formulation chemistry, pH, other additives and packaging conditions should be evaluated through laboratory trials, shelf-life tests and microbiological efficacy (challenge) tests.

IN WHICH SECTORS IS SODIUM BENZOATE USED?

Sodium Benzoate is a versatile raw material used in various industrial fields, primarily the food, beverage and cosmetics sectors, thanks to its strong antimicrobial effect in acidic media, high water solubility and long history of use. The purpose of use may vary depending on the product's grade, purity and formulation system.

Main areas of use:

Carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks, fruit juice drinks and syrups (E211)

Sauces, ketchup, mayonnaise, salad dressings and mustard

Pickles, brines and marinades

Jams, marmalades, fruit fillings and fruit preparations

Margarine and certain fat-based emulsions

Shampoos, hair conditioners, shower gels and liquid soaps (INCI: Sodium Benzoate)

Toothpastes, mouthwashes and oral care products

Wet wipes and certain water-based personal care products

Liquid medicines, syrups and oral solutions

Water-soluble lubricant in tablet formulations

Engine coolants and antifreezes

Closed-loop water systems and industrial corrosion inhibitors

Polypropylene nucleating agent

Benzoate source and intermediate raw material in chemical synthesis

The most common use of Sodium Benzoate is as a food preservative under the code E211 in the soft drink, sauce, pickle and fruit product sectors, and as a preservative in rinse-off products such as shampoos and shower gels in the cosmetics sector. These products are preferred particularly in the food, beverage, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and automotive chemicals sectors.
The performance expected from Sodium Benzoate differs from sector to sector. For example, a beverage manufacturer may prioritize high solubility, clear solution and neutrality to the taste profile; a cosmetics manufacturer may focus on regulatory documentation, pH compatibility and synergy with the preservative system; a pharmaceutical manufacturer on pharmacopoeia compliance and batch traceability; and a coolant manufacturer on corrosion inhibition performance and cost.

USE OF SODIUM BENZOATE AS A FOOD AND BEVERAGE PRESERVATIVE

In food and beverage formulations, Sodium Benzoate is generally used at low levels relative to product weight, either alone or together with other preservatives such as potassium sorbate. The combination of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate is commonly referred to in the sector as the "sorbate–benzoate preservative system".

Possible functions of Sodium Benzoate in food and beverage applications include:

Suppressing yeast and mold growth in acidic products

Helping prevent fermentation, gas formation and package swelling

Extending the product's shelf life and its usable period after opening

Reducing the microbially induced portion of taste and aroma deterioration

Providing a broader antimicrobial spectrum together with potassium sorbate

Supporting the microbiological safety margin in processes where heat treatment intensity can be reduced

Enabling easy dosing via concentrated stock solutions thanks to its high solubility

Sodium benzoate–based preservation programs can be considered especially in carbonated beverages, fruit-flavored beverages, beverage syrups and concentrates, ketchup and sauces, pickles and brines, fruit preparations, jams and marmalades, and certain ready-made salad and meze products.
In food applications, Sodium Benzoate is generally used by dissolving it in water and adding it to the aqueous phase before the acidification step. Adding it at high concentration after acid addition may cause local precipitation of benzoic acid, so the order of dosing is important. Although use levels are generally considered to be around 0.05–0.1% of the product, what is binding are the maximum levels specified in legislation for the relevant food category, expressed as benzoic acid.
In Türkiye, the Turkish Food Codex Regulation on Food Additives, and in the European Union, the relevant food additive legislation, determine in which food categories and at what maximum levels E211 may be used. Maximum levels for benzoic acid and its salts (E210–E213) are generally defined as a group and expressed as benzoic acid; therefore, sodium benzoate dosage should be calculated on the basis of benzoic acid equivalent. In addition, the labels of products containing E211 must state the functional class of the additive and its name or E number.
It should not be inferred from the name "Sodium Benzoate" alone that a sodium benzoate product will give the same result in every food formulation. Shelf-life and microbiological tests should be carried out based on product pH, water activity, raw material microbial load, process hygiene and packaging conditions.

CORROSION INHIBITION, POLYMER, PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS APPLICATIONS OF SODIUM BENZOATE

Sodium Benzoate, in the appropriate grade, can be considered as a functional component in engine coolants, industrial water systems, polypropylene production, pharmaceutical formulations and chemical synthesis processes.

Functions for which Sodium Benzoate may be considered in these applications include:

Reducing steel and cast iron corrosion in glycol-based coolants

Serving as a component of the inhibitor package in closed-loop heating and cooling systems

Providing protection in multi-metal systems together with other inhibitors

Raising the crystallization temperature and shortening cycle time in polypropylene

Increasing rigidity and clarity in polypropylene products

Acting as a preservative in liquid medicines and syrups

Being used as a water-soluble lubricant in tablet production

Being considered as a benzoate source or intermediate in chemical synthesis

When purchasing Sodium Benzoate for corrosion inhibition, polymer, pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis applications, the following points should be checked:

Purity and quality class

Moisture content

Heavy metal and impurity content

Chloride and sulfate content (especially in corrosion applications)

Particle size and distribution properties (especially in polymer applications)

Solution clarity

Current technical specification

Certificate of analysis (COA)

Safety data sheet (SDS)

Manufacturer and batch traceability

Pharmacopoeia compliance and certificate documents where required

In coolant applications, the efficacy of sodium benzoate depends on the glycol ratio, pH, the types of metals present in the system and the other inhibitors used with it. Since it may not provide sufficient protection on its own in systems containing aluminum, copper and solder, it is generally considered as part of multi-component inhibitor packages.
In polypropylene applications, nucleation efficiency depends largely on the particle size of the sodium benzoate and how homogeneously it is dispersed in the polymer; for this reason, micronized or specially prepared grades may be preferred.
Likewise, it cannot be said that a sodium benzoate product suitable for industrial applications is automatically suitable for food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical applications. The relevant quality requirements and manufacturer documents should be checked for each application.

IS SODIUM BENZOATE USED IN COSMETIC, FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS?

Sodium benzoate, in grades with appropriate purity and documentation, is an ingredient used in cosmetic and personal care products under the INCI name Sodium Benzoate. In CosIng, the European Commission's cosmetic ingredient database, Sodium Benzoate is listed with a preservative function, and benzoic acid and its sodium salt are included in the list of permitted preservatives (Annex V) of the European Union Cosmetics Regulation. Under this regulation, maximum permitted concentrations differ by product type (rinse-off products, oral care products and leave-on products) and are expressed as benzoic acid. In Türkiye, similar rules for cosmetic products are applied under the Cosmetics Regulation. For this reason, sodium benzoate may be included as part of the preservative system especially in shampoos, hair conditioners, shower gels, liquid soaps, oral care products and certain leave-on products.
In cosmetic products, Sodium Benzoate is dissolved in the water phase, and for it to be effective the pH of the formulation generally needs to be kept below 5.5. Since it does not provide broad-spectrum protection on its own, it is often used together with potassium sorbate, organic acids, glycols or other permitted preservatives. It is one of the preservatives frequently preferred in products positioned as natural or "paraben-free".
Although sodium benzoate is generally regarded as a well-tolerated ingredient, it has been associated with skin reactions and urticaria-like pseudo-allergic reactions in some sensitive individuals. Therefore, if Sodium Benzoate is to be used in cosmetic formulations, the safety assessment, preservative efficacy (challenge) test, appropriate label statements and limits in current cosmetics legislation should be taken into account.
However, technical grade Sodium Benzoate produced for industrial purposes should not be used directly as a raw material in cosmetic, personal care, food or pharmaceutical products. Technical grades are not designed to meet the heavy metal limits, impurity profile and documentation required for these fields. For cosmetic applications, cosmetic or food grade, relevant documents and heavy metal analyses should be requested.
In the food field, sodium benzoate is an approved preservative food additive under the code E211 within the European Union and the Turkish Food Codex; in the Codex Alimentarius system it is identified by the number INS 211. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) have established a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) for benzoic acid and its salts of 5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day (expressed as benzoic acid). Since permitted food categories and maximum levels may differ from country to country, the current food legislation of the target market must always be checked before any food use.
In pharmaceutical applications, Sodium Benzoate is an excipient included in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) and United States Pharmacopeia (USP–NF) monographs; it is used as a preservative in oral liquids and syrups and as a water-soluble lubricant in certain tablet formulations. In addition, it may also be present as an active substance in certain special medical products. In these fields, only grades that meet the relevant pharmacopoeia requirements and are documented accordingly should be used.
In applications with possible indirect food contact, such as food packaging or food contact materials, if polymers or coatings containing sodium benzoate are planned to be used, the compliance of the final material with the relevant food contact legislation should be evaluated separately.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF SODIUM BENZOATE

Sodium Benzoate is an important functional raw material used in numerous industrial systems because of its strong antimicrobial effect in acidic media, high water solubility, corrosion-inhibiting character and polymer nucleation capacity.

The following functions may stand out in industrial sodium benzoate applications:

Food and beverage preservation

Cosmetic and personal care product preservation

Preservation and lubrication in pharmaceutical formulations

Sorbate–benzoate synergistic preservative systems

Corrosion inhibition in coolants

Metal protection in industrial water systems

Polypropylene nucleation

Benzoate source in chemical synthesis

In the food and beverage sector, Sodium Benzoate is one of the key chemicals of the preservative systems that determine the shelf life of acidic foods such as soft drinks, sauces, pickles and fruit products. For this reason, it is among the critical raw materials for beverage filling plants and acidic food manufacturers.
In the cosmetics sector, sodium benzoate is one of the cost-effective and widely accepted components of the preservative system, especially for manufacturers of shampoos, shower gels and liquid soaps. For this sector, pH compatibility, regulatory documentation and batch consistency are priority quality parameters.
In automotive chemicals, water treatment, plastics, pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis applications, Sodium Benzoate can be considered for different functions such as corrosion inhibition, nucleation, microbial preservation and intermediate synthesis.

The following issues should be evaluated when using Sodium Benzoate in industrial systems:

Product quality and purity

Quality class appropriate for the field of use

Heavy metals and organic impurities

Moisture, particle size and dusting tendency

Stock solution preparation method and shelf life of the solution

Target benzoic acid equivalent concentration

pH of the formulation or process

Compatibility with acidulants, ascorbic acid and other additives

Material compatibility (tanks, piping and dosing equipment)

Dust control and exposure measures

Wastewater and discharge limits

WHICH PROBLEMS CAN SODIUM BENZOATE HELP SOLVE?

Sodium Benzoate can help solve various problems in food, beverage, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and industrial systems related to yeast- and mold-induced spoilage, short shelf life, microbial contamination occurring during use, metal corrosion and polymer processing efficiency. However, its effect depends on the product grade used, dosage, pH and system conditions.

Yeast-induced fermentation and gas formation in soft drinks and beverages

The growth of yeasts in acidic beverages can lead to deterioration of the product's taste, cloudiness, gas formation and package swelling. Sodium Benzoate used at the correct level and in the correct dosing order can help delay this type of spoilage.
However, simply increasing the amount of preservative does not solve the problem under all conditions, and legal limits must not be exceeded. Raw material microbial load, filling hygiene, product pH and packaging conditions should be evaluated together.

Mold growth in sauces, pickles and fruit products

In sauces, pickles and fruit preparations that are used repeatedly after opening, mold and yeast growth can shorten shelf life. Using sodium benzoate alone or together with potassium sorbate can help increase the microbiological stability of the product.

Microbial contamination during use in cosmetic products

Water-based shampoos, shower gels and liquid soaps are exposed to microorganisms during use through contact with water and hands. Used as part of the preservative system in formulations whose pH is kept at a suitable level, Sodium Benzoate can help ensure the microbiological safety of the product throughout its period of use after opening.
However, it is not sufficient on its own; formulation pH, other preservatives, packaging type and preservative efficacy test results should be evaluated together.

Metal corrosion in cooling systems

Corrosion forming over time in glycol-based coolants and closed-loop water systems can lead to metal loss, deposit formation and reduced heat transfer efficiency. As a component of the inhibitor package, sodium benzoate can help protect steel and cast iron surfaces.

Low clarity and long cycle time in polypropylene

Polypropylene without a nucleating agent crystallizes slowly and irregularly and may therefore show a hazier appearance and a longer mold cycle time. The use of sodium benzoate as a nucleating agent can help accelerate crystallization and increase rigidity and clarity.

Microbial risk during multi-dose use of liquid medicines

In multi-dose pharmaceutical forms such as syrups and oral solutions, a risk of microbial contamination may arise after the package is opened. Pharmacopoeia grade sodium benzoate, as a preservative in formulations at a suitable pH, can help reduce this risk.
It should not be assumed that every Sodium Benzoate product will show the same process and performance behavior; the use level should be verified through laboratory trials, shelf-life tests and microbiological efficacy tests.

POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN USING SODIUM BENZOATE

One of the most common mistakes in using Sodium Benzoate is using the product as a preservative in high-pH formulations and expecting the same efficacy. However, the antimicrobial effect of sodium benzoate depends on the undissociated benzoic acid form, and efficacy decreases rapidly above pH 4.5. Another common mistake is calculating the dosage on the basis of sodium benzoate weight while overlooking the fact that legal limits are defined as benzoic acid; when switching between sodium benzoate and benzoic acid and when checking regulatory compliance, the benzoic acid equivalent should be taken as the basis.

The following points should be considered when using Sodium Benzoate:

A sodium benzoate grade appropriate for the intended use should be selected.

It should be verified that the product is pure sodium benzoate and not benzoic acid, potassium benzoate or a ready-made blend.

The benzoic acid equivalent should be used as the basis for dosage calculations and regulatory checks.

The pH of the formulation should be checked in terms of preservative efficacy.

Purity, moisture and impurity values should be checked.

Sodium benzoate should be dissolved in the aqueous phase before the acidification step.

The risk of benzoic acid precipitation in concentrated acidic media should be taken into account.

The risk of benzene formation should be evaluated when used together with ascorbic acid in beverages.

Category-specific maximum levels in food and cosmetics legislation must not be exceeded.

Labeling requirements (E211 or INCI name) should be fulfilled.

Compatibility and hygiene of tanks, piping and dosing equipment should be ensured.

Dust formation and respiratory exposure should be minimized.

Dosage and formulation should be determined through laboratory, shelf-life and microbiological efficacy tests.

Wastewater and discharge requirements should be evaluated.

The manufacturer's TDS and SDS documents should be reviewed.

Batch-specific analysis results should be verified through the COA.

Although Sodium Benzoate is generally regarded as a substance with a low hazard profile, it may cause eye irritation and its fine dust may irritate the respiratory tract. To prevent dust formation during weighing, transfer, dissolution and dosing stages, a suitable dust mask, protective gloves, eye protection, suitable work clothing and adequate ventilation or local exhaust should be used. Since it may form combustible dust mixtures with air in fine powder form, dust accumulation and ignition sources should be kept under control. Safe working procedures should be determined according to the product's current SDS.
Exposure to and conditions of use of citric acid, phosphoric acid, potassium sorbate, ascorbic acid, glycols and other auxiliary raw materials used together in processes should also be evaluated separately.

STARTING FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR SODIUM BENZOATE

The following examples are starting approaches prepared to show how Sodium Benzoate can be evaluated in the formulation and process development process. They are not validated commercial recipes, production instructions or regulatory-compliant final formulas.
The ratios given are example starting levels for preliminary laboratory trials. The purity of the sodium benzoate used, the pH of the formulation and the other raw materials can significantly change performance. In each application, laboratory trials, shelf-life and microbiological tests, occupational safety and relevant regulatory checks should be carried out.

EXAMPLE 1: SODIUM BENZOATE PRESERVATIVE LEVEL SCREENING IN AN ACIDIC FRUIT-FLAVORED BEVERAGE

Objective: To determine the effect of the amount of sodium benzoate and its combination with potassium sorbate on yeast and mold growth, shelf life and sensory properties in an acidic, non-carbonated fruit-flavored beverage.

Starting ingredients:

Sodium Benzoate: several stepwise levels expressed as benzoic acid equivalent, remaining below the legal maximum (e.g. approximately 50%, 75% and 100% of the legal limit)

Potassium sorbate: held at a fixed level, or zero for comparison

Sugar or sweetener system: held constant

Citric acid: held constant so that pH is approximately 3.0–3.5

Flavor and colorant: held constant

Ascorbic acid: included or excluded in a controlled manner to assess benzene formation risk

The amount of sodium benzoate is increased stepwise and the change in microbiological stability is compared. If a comparison with benzoic acid is to be made, the two products should be used not at the same weight but on the basis of benzoic acid equivalent.

Application approach:

A stock solution is prepared by completely dissolving sodium benzoate in demineralized water in a separate vessel.
Sugar or sweetener, water and the sodium benzoate solution are mixed.
If potassium sorbate is used, it is added at this stage.
Citric acid is added last to reach the target pH, and flavor and colorant are added.
Samples are bottled and any heat treatment to be applied is kept standard.
Some of the samples are subjected to controlled contamination (challenge) with known yeast and mold cultures.
In samples stored at different temperatures, microbial counts, pH, turbidity, gas formation and sensory evaluation are performed at set intervals.
In variations containing ascorbic acid, benzene analysis is carried out as needed.
The preservative level giving the most balanced result is determined.
During the study, hygiene rules should be followed, dust formation should be kept under control and microbiological work should be carried out under appropriate laboratory conditions.

EXAMPLE 2: EVALUATION OF A SODIUM BENZOATE PRESERVATIVE SYSTEM IN A SHAMPOO FORMULATION

Objective: To examine the effect of the sodium benzoate level and formulation pH on preservative efficacy in a rinse-off shampoo formulation.

Starting approach:

Sodium Benzoate: approximately 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.8% (checking the rinse-off product limits in legislation, expressed as benzoic acid)

Potassium sorbate: approximately 0.2–0.4%, held constant

Anionic and amphoteric surfactant system: held constant

Thickener (e.g. sodium chloride or polymeric thickener): held constant

Citric acid: adjusted so that pH is approximately 4.8, 5.2 and 5.8

Fragrance and other additives: held constant

Cosmetic grade raw materials should be used and the final formulation should be evaluated according to applicable cosmetics legislation.

Application approach:

Sodium benzoate is completely dissolved in the water phase.
Surfactants are added in sequence to obtain a homogeneous mixture.
Potassium sorbate and other water-soluble additives are added.
pH is adjusted to the target values with citric acid.
Fragrance and thickener are added and viscosity is adjusted.
Appearance, viscosity, pH and clarity are recorded.
Samples are subjected to a preservative efficacy (challenge) test according to ISO 11930 or an equivalent method.
Changes in pH, viscosity, appearance and odor are monitored under accelerated stability conditions.
Results obtained with different sodium benzoate levels and pH values are compared.
The regulatory compliance, safety assessment, label and INCI list of the final product are checked separately.
Appropriate eye and hand protection should be used during the study and dust formation should be kept under control.

EXAMPLE 3: PRELIMINARY TRIAL OF SODIUM BENZOATE CORROSION INHIBITION IN A GLYCOL-BASED COOLANT

Objective: To examine the effect of sodium benzoate concentration on steel and cast iron corrosion in a glycol-based coolant.

Starting approach:

Sodium Benzoate: approximately 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0% (based on the concentrated product)

Monoethylene glycol or monopropylene glycol: held constant

Buffering agent and pH adjuster: held constant

Other inhibitors (e.g. azole derivatives, silicate or organic acid inhibitors): held constant or evaluated in separate variations for combination

Test dilution: the concentrated product is diluted at the specified ratio with demineralized or standard hard water

These concentrations provide a starting point for corrosion inhibitor evaluations. Concentration and combination should be adjusted according to the metal types in the system, the target pH and the inhibitors used together.

Application approach:

Glycol and water are mixed.
Sodium benzoate and other inhibitors are completely dissolved under stirring.
pH and reserve alkalinity are adjusted and recorded.
The concentrated product is diluted at the specified ratio.
Cleaned and weighed steel, cast iron and, if necessary, other metal coupons are placed in the test solution.
Samples are held at a temperature and for a duration in accordance with ASTM D1384 or an equivalent glassware corrosion test method.
At the end of the test, the coupons are cleaned and weighed, weight losses are calculated and surface appearance is evaluated.
Results obtained with different sodium benzoate levels are compared.
Appropriate eye and hand protection should be used when working with glycol and inhibitors, and used test solutions should be disposed of in compliance with regulations.

PRODUCTS SIMILAR TO SODIUM BENZOATE AND ALTERNATIVES

An alternative to Sodium Benzoate is not merely a matter of choosing another benzoate salt. When determining an alternative, the target product, the pH of the formulation, antimicrobial spectrum, solubility, taste and odor impact, label declaration, regulatory limits and final product performance should be evaluated together.

SODIUM BENZOATE AND BENZOIC ACID

Benzoic acid (CAS No 65-85-0, E210) is the acid form of sodium benzoate and is itself the active species responsible for the antimicrobial effect. Therefore, the comparison between sodium benzoate and benzoic acid is an evaluation between the salt and acid forms of the same active structure.
Benzoic acid has very low water solubility; for this reason, it may be preferred in some systems containing an oil phase or where the acid form is directly desired. Sodium benzoate, on the other hand, is much easier to dose in beverages and water-based formulations thanks to its very high water solubility and is therefore more widely used commercially.
When switching between the two products, dosage should be calculated on the basis of benzoic acid equivalent.

SODIUM BENZOATE AND POTASSIUM BENZOATE

Potassium benzoate (CAS No 582-25-2, E212) is another benzoate salt that contains the same benzoate anion and is used in similar applications.
Potassium benzoate can be considered as an alternative to sodium benzoate especially in low-sodium beverages and foods where sodium reduction is targeted. In terms of antimicrobial efficacy, both salts behave similarly depending on benzoic acid equivalent.
Therefore, the choice should be made taking into account the sodium reduction target, cost, supply and labeling preferences.

SODIUM BENZOATE AND POTASSIUM SORBATE

Potassium sorbate (CAS No 24634-61-5, E202) is one of the preservatives most commonly used together with sodium benzoate in the food and cosmetics sectors.
Potassium sorbate can show a certain efficacy at higher pH values than sodium benzoate, generally up to pH 6, and is particularly strong against molds. Sodium benzoate, on the other hand, is effective at lower pH values and especially against yeasts. For this reason, the two preservatives are often not alternatives to each other but complementary components that together provide a broader spectrum.
Therefore, the decision to use potassium sorbate instead of sodium benzoate, or to combine them, should be evaluated taking into account product pH, target microorganisms and sensory effects.

SODIUM BENZOATE AND CALCIUM BENZOATE

Calcium benzoate (E213) is another, less commonly used salt of the benzoate family.
Although calcium benzoate is considered in some special applications, its water solubility is lower than that of sodium benzoate and its commercial availability is more limited. Since benzoic acid and its salts are generally regulated as a group in food legislation, maximum levels for all benzoates are evaluated as a total expressed as benzoic acid.
Therefore, the choice should be made taking into account solubility needs, mineral content preference and supply conditions.

SODIUM BENZOATE AND OTHER PRESERVATIVES USED IN COSMETICS

In addition to Sodium Benzoate, different preservative ingredients are also used in cosmetic products, such as Potassium Sorbate, Phenoxyethanol, Benzyl Alcohol, Dehydroacetic Acid, Sodium Dehydroacetate, parabens and various organic acids.
These compounds may differ in terms of effective pH range, antimicrobial spectrum, solubility, odor, skin compatibility and regulatory limits. For example, sodium benzoate provides cost-effective preservation in low-pH rinse-off products, while phenoxyethanol can show efficacy over a wider pH range.
In selecting an alternative, the target level of protection, formulation compatibility, regulatory limits and cost should be determined through comparative laboratory and preservative efficacy tests.

SODIUM BENZOATE AND NATURAL OR BIOLOGICAL PRESERVATIVES

Natamycin (E235), nisin (E234), fermentation products, plant extracts and certain organic acid salts are preservative approaches that can be considered as alternatives to sodium benzoate in food products with a "clean label" target.
Some of these alternatives show selective efficacy against specific groups of microorganisms, while others may carry higher cost or sensory effects; moreover, each can only be used in specific food categories permitted by legislation.
Therefore, preservative selection should be made by evaluating product type, target shelf life, labeling strategy, legislation and cost together.

QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR SODIUM BENZOATE

When purchasing Sodium Benzoate, deciding based only on the product name and price is not sufficient. In particular, different quality classes such as food, cosmetic, pharmacopoeia and technical, as well as products from different manufacturers, may have different technical properties.

Information recommended for review before purchasing:

Product name and manufacturer

Product form (powder, granules, extruded granules, dust-free spherical form)

Whether it is pure sodium benzoate or a blend

Confirmation that it is not mixed with benzoic acid or other benzoate salts

CAS number

EC / EINECS number

Purity (assay, dried basis)

Loss on drying (moisture)

pH and acidity / alkalinity

Chlorinated compounds

Phthalic acid

Readily oxidizable substances

Lead, arsenic, mercury and other heavy metals

Solution clarity and color

Particle size distribution and dusting tendency

Quality class (food, cosmetic, pharmacopoeia, technical)

Standard complied with (E211 specification, FCC, USP–NF, Ph. Eur., BP)

E211 compliance documents for food applications

INCI name and related documents for cosmetic applications

Halal, kosher and allergen declarations (where required)

Technical data sheet (TDS)

Safety data sheet (SDS)

Certificate of analysis (COA)

Production and batch information

Origin information

Packaging type and net quantity

Storage conditions

Shelf life or retest information

REACH and relevant regulatory compliance information

The COA shows the analysis results of a specific batch of Sodium Benzoate. The TDS describes the general technical properties of the product and its recommended areas of use. The SDS contains information on safe use, transport, storage and emergencies.
These documents are not substitutes for one another; they should be evaluated together.
In particular, when purchasing Sodium Benzoate, the supplier should be asked about the product's purity, moisture, heavy metal content, product form, standard complied with and quality class. This is because products with different purity, form and level of documentation may be found under the same Sodium Benzoate name.

STORAGE AND HANDLING OF SODIUM BENZOATE

Sodium Benzoate should be stored under the conditions recommended by the manufacturer, in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight and heat sources, in its tightly closed original packaging.
Although sodium benzoate is a stable product in the solid state, due to its slightly hygroscopic character it may cake in humid environments and lose its flow properties; therefore, it is important to protect the packaging from moisture. Paper bags with polyethylene inner liners, big bags and suitable plastic containers are common packaging options.
Sodium benzoate should be stored separately from strong acids, strong oxidizers and incompatible chemicals. Grades to be used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications should be kept separately from industrial chemicals and under hygienic conditions to prevent contamination.
After the package is opened, it is important to protect the product from contamination and moisture. Clean, dry and compatible equipment should be used during handling, unused product should not be returned to the package, and the package should be properly reclosed.
Sodium benzoate is generally not classified as dangerous goods in international transport. The current transport classification should be checked from the supplier's SDS.
In the event of a spill, the product should be collected by sweeping without generating dust or by suitable vacuuming, placed into clean and dry containers, prevented from reaching drains and surface waters in large quantities, and the cleanup procedures specified in the SDS should be followed.
Products that have been stored for a long time, have caked or have changed in appearance should be evaluated in line with the manufacturer's specifications by performing purity and moisture analysis before use.

SODIUM BENZOATE SAFETY INFORMATION

The safe use of Sodium Benzoate depends on the current SDS of the supplied product and the implementation of appropriate occupational safety measures.
Sodium benzoate is generally regarded as a substance with low acute toxicity; however, contact with the eyes may cause serious eye irritation and inhalation of its fine dust may cause respiratory tract irritation. Supplier SDSs may include classifications such as eye irritation; some suppliers, however, may not classify the product as hazardous. Current hazard and precautionary statements should be checked from the supplier's SDS.
Sodium benzoate is a substance registered under the European Union REACH Regulation. Its food and cosmetic uses are additionally regulated by the relevant food additive and cosmetics legislation. Companies that use and place the product on the market should follow their applicable obligations and the current regulatory status from the relevant official sources.
In particular, inhalation of dust and contact with the eyes should be prevented. During weighing, transfer, dissolution and dosing operations, a suitable dust mask, protective gloves, eye protection, suitable work clothing and adequate ventilation should be used. Local exhaust should be provided in dusty areas and the accumulation of combustible dust should be prevented.
In case of eye contact, the eyes should be rinsed with plenty of water for at least several minutes, contact lenses should be removed if present, and medical attention should be sought if irritation persists. In case of skin contact, the area should be washed with water; if respiratory symptoms occur, the person should be moved to fresh air. Keeping an eyewash station in the work area is recommended.
In case of fire, extinguishing media suitable for the surroundings, such as water spray, foam, dry chemical powder or carbon dioxide, can be used. Fumes containing carbon oxides and sodium oxide may be generated during a fire. The appropriate extinguishing method should be checked from the SDS.
The product and wastewater containing sodium benzoate should be prevented from reaching drains, soil or surface waters in an uncontrolled manner. Waste disposal should be carried out in accordance with local legislation and the methods specified in the SDS.
It should not be assumed that the safety information for different manufacturers or different grades is the same. The current SDS and the manufacturer's technical documentation should be taken as the basis.

WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN PURCHASING SODIUM BENZOATE?

The first step in sourcing Sodium Benzoate is to clarify for what purpose and in which system the product will be used. The quality criteria sought for food applications such as beverages, sauces and pickles, for cosmetic products, pharmaceutical formulations, coolants or polymer applications may not be the same.
Therefore, rather than writing only "Sodium Benzoate" or "Sodyum Benzoat" in the purchase request, specifying the field of use, required purity, quality class, standard complied with and targeted technical performance enables a more accurate product evaluation.

The following information should be clarified before purchasing:

Sector of use and final application

That the product is pure sodium benzoate, not benzoic acid or a blend

Required product form and particle size

Required minimum purity

Moisture limit

Heavy metal and impurity limits

Required quality class and standard (E211, FCC, USP–NF, Ph. Eur., BP)

E211 compliance documents for food applications

INCI and regulatory documents for cosmetic applications

Need for halal, kosher and allergen declarations

Requirement for manufacturer and origin information

Required packaging type and quantity (bag, big bag, drum)

TDS, SDS and COA requirements

REACH and other regulatory compliance documents

Technical properties of the current product if a substitution is to be made

The price of Sodium Benzoate may vary depending on purity, quality class, product form, particle size, origin, the cost of raw materials such as toluene and benzoic acid, energy costs, order quantity, packaging, logistics and current market conditions. Therefore, the current Sodium Benzoate price should be evaluated through a quotation together with the product specification and delivery terms.

SODIUM BENZOATE SUPPLY FROM ATAMAN KIMYA

Sodium Benzoate is an important benzoate chemical evaluated for different technical functions such as preservation, corrosion inhibition, nucleation and intermediate synthesis in food, beverage, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, automotive chemicals, plastics and chemical synthesis applications. It is important for manufacturers planning to purchase the product to clarify, before ordering, the grade appropriate for their field of use, the technical properties and the required documents.
Companies wishing to obtain information about Sodium Benzoate supply from Ataman Kimya can request information on product suitability, current supply status, packaging options and a price quotation by sharing their fields of use and technical requirements.
The current stock status, origin, quality class, technical properties, packaging and specifications of the product should be confirmed with Ataman Kimya before ordering.

Sharing the following information in a quotation request facilitates the evaluation of the right Sodium Benzoate product:

Sector of use and final application

Requested product form and particle size

Requested minimum purity

Heavy metal and impurity limits

Formulation or process information used

Requested quality standard (E211, FCC, USP–NF, Ph. Eur., BP)

Estimated order quantity

Desired packaging type

Requested technical documents

TDS or COA information of the current product, if available

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT SODIUM BENZOATE

What is Sodium Benzoate?
Sodium Benzoate is the sodium salt of benzoic acid with the formula C₇H₅NaO₂; it is a white crystalline powder or granular solid that is highly soluble in water. It is also called Sodyum Benzoat, Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt or E211 and is used particularly as a preservative in food, beverage and cosmetic products.

What does sodyum benzoat mean?
Sodyum benzoat is the Turkish name for sodium benzoate, the sodium salt of benzoic acid. In English it is referred to as Sodium Benzoate, Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt, Sodium Benzenecarboxylate or Benzoate of Soda.

What is the CAS number of Sodium Benzoate?
The CAS number of sodium benzoate is 532-32-1.

What is the EC / EINECS number of Sodium Benzoate?
The EC / EINECS number of sodium benzoate is listed as 208-534-8.

What is the chemical formula of sodium benzoate?
The chemical formula of sodium benzoate is C₇H₅NaO₂ (C₆H₅COONa), and its molecular weight is approximately 144.1 g/mol.

What is the E number of Sodium Benzoate?
The food additive code of sodium benzoate is E211; its equivalent in the Codex Alimentarius system is INS 211.

Is E211 harmful?
E211 is an approved preservative within the European Union and the Turkish Food Codex, and EFSA and JECFA have established an acceptable daily intake for benzoic acid and its salts of 5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day (expressed as benzoic acid). It is considered safe when used in accordance with the maximum levels specified in legislation; however, it has been associated with pseudo-allergic reactions in some sensitive individuals.

What is the INCI name of Sodium Benzoate?
The INCI name of sodium benzoate used in cosmetic products is Sodium Benzoate.

Is Sodium Benzoate used in cosmetics?
Yes. Grades of suitable purity can be used as a preservative under the INCI name Sodium Benzoate, especially in shampoos, shower gels, liquid soaps, hair conditioners and oral care products. Maximum permitted concentrations vary by product type and should be checked against current cosmetics legislation. Technical grade products should not be used in cosmetics.

At what pH is sodium benzoate effective?
The antimicrobial effect of sodium benzoate depends on the undissociated benzoic acid formed in acidic media. Efficacy is highest in the pH 2.5–4.0 range and decreases markedly above pH 4.5.

How much benzoic acid does Sodium Benzoate contain?
The benzoic acid equivalent of sodium benzoate is approximately 84.7% by weight. Approximately 1.18 g of sodium benzoate corresponds to 1 g of benzoic acid. Since maximum levels in legislation are generally expressed as benzoic acid, this ratio is important in dosage calculations.

What is the difference between sodium benzoate and benzoic acid?
Benzoic acid (E210) is the acid form responsible for the antimicrobial effect and is only slightly soluble in water. Sodium benzoate (E211) is the sodium salt of this acid; it is highly soluble in water and acts by converting to benzoic acid in acidic media.

What is the difference between sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate?
Both are common food and cosmetic preservatives. Sodium benzoate is effective at lower pH values and especially against yeasts, while potassium sorbate can also show efficacy at somewhat higher pH values and is particularly strong against molds. For this reason, they are frequently used together.

What is Sodium Benzoate used for?
Sodium Benzoate is used as a preservative in foods and beverages, as a preservative in cosmetic products, as a preservative and excipient in medicines, as a corrosion inhibitor in coolants and as a nucleating agent in polypropylene.

In which sectors is Sodium Benzoate used?
Sodium benzoate can be used in the food, beverage, cosmetics, personal care, pharmaceutical, automotive chemicals, water treatment, plastics and chemical sectors.

Which products contain sodium benzoate?
Sodium benzoate may be found particularly in carbonated beverages, fruit-flavored beverages, syrups, ketchup and sauces, pickles, jams and marmalades, margarine, shampoos, shower gels, liquid soaps, oral care products and certain liquid medicines.

Can sodium benzoate and vitamin C be used together?
They can; however, it is known that in some beverages in which ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate are present together, trace amounts of benzene may form under the effect of metal ions, heat and light. Therefore, formulation, packaging and storage conditions should be carefully evaluated and analytical control should be carried out where necessary.

Is Sodium Benzoate soluble in water?
Yes, it is highly soluble; its solubility at 20 °C is approximately 60–65 g/100 mL. This high solubility makes it much easier to use in water-based systems than benzoic acid.

How much Sodium Benzoate is used in foods?
The amount used varies according to the food category, product pH and target shelf life. Although it is generally considered to be around 0.05–0.1% of the product, what is binding are the maximum levels specified in legislation for the relevant food category, expressed as benzoic acid. The correct dosage should be determined through shelf-life and microbiological tests.

Is Sodium Benzoate a hazardous substance?
Sodium benzoate generally has low acute toxicity; however, it may cause eye irritation and its fine dust may irritate the respiratory tract. Therefore, appropriate protective equipment should be used and the current SDS should be taken as the basis.

Is Sodium Benzoate registered under REACH?
Sodium benzoate is a substance registered under REACH. The current regulatory status and related obligations should be followed through official sources.

What is the physical appearance of Sodium Benzoate?
Sodium Benzoate is generally a white, odorless or faintly scented solid in the form of crystalline powder, granules or spherical particles.

Is Sodium Benzoate transported as dangerous goods?
Sodium benzoate is generally not classified as dangerous goods in international transport. The current classification should be checked from the supplier's SDS.

Is Sodium Benzoate used in pharmaceuticals?
Yes. Sodium benzoate is an excipient with monographs in the European and United States pharmacopoeias; it can be used as a preservative in syrups and oral solutions and as a lubricant in certain tablet formulations. Pharmacopoeia grade product should be used in these applications.

Why are heavy metal and impurity contents important in sodium benzoate?
Heavy metals such as lead, arsenic and mercury, and impurities such as chlorinated compounds and phthalic acid, directly determine the product's compliance with food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical legislation and pharmacopoeia monographs. Current values should be checked from the supplier's TDS and COA documents.

What does the price of Sodium Benzoate depend on?
The price of sodium benzoate may vary depending on purity, quality class, product form, particle size, origin, raw material and energy costs, packaging, order quantity, logistics and market conditions.

Are there alternatives to Sodium Benzoate?
Benzoic acid, potassium benzoate, calcium benzoate, potassium sorbate, phenoxyethanol and certain natural or biological preservatives may be considered as alternatives in specific applications. However, the choice of alternative should be made according to product pH, target performance and legislation.

How should Sodium Benzoate be stored?
Sodium benzoate should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area, in its tightly closed original packaging, away from heat sources, moisture, strong acids and strong oxidizers.

Which documents should be requested when purchasing Sodium Benzoate?
TDS, SDS and COA are the basic documents. In addition, origin information, REACH and relevant regulatory compliance information, E211 compliance documents for food applications, and relevant quality and pharmacopoeia documents for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications may be requested.

Which technical properties are important when purchasing Sodium Benzoate?
Purity, moisture, pH and acidity / alkalinity, heavy metals, chlorinated compounds, phthalic acid, solution clarity, product form, particle size and quality class may be important depending on the intended use.

SODIUM BENZOATE – TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Sodium Benzoate, known in Turkish as Sodyum Benzoat, is the sodium salt of benzoic acid with the formula C₇H₅NaO₂; it is a white crystalline powder or granular solid that is highly soluble in water and exhibits strong antimicrobial activity in acidic media. It may be searched under different names such as Benzoic Acid Sodium Salt, Sodium Benzenecarboxylate, Benzoate of Soda and Natrium Benzoat; it is used in cosmetic products under the INCI name Sodium Benzoate and is identified as a food additive by the code E211 (INS 211).
Sodium Benzoate is not a single commercial product type. Although food, cosmetic, pharmacopoeia and technical grades are based on the same chemical structure, their impurity limits, documentation and fields of use differ. Purity, moisture, heavy metal content, product form and particle size are also important parameters affecting performance and processability.
CAS No 532-32-1 and EC No 208-534-8 are used for sodium benzoate. Since the term "benzoate" may evoke different products such as benzoic acid, potassium benzoate, calcium benzoate and ready-made preservative blends containing benzoate, the full definition and quality class of the product should be checked during purchasing.
Sodium Benzoate is mainly used in acidic foods and beverages, cosmetic products such as shampoos and shower gels, liquid medicines, engine coolants, polypropylene production and chemical synthesis. It contributes to product safety and quality through functions such as suppressing yeast and mold growth, extending shelf life, reducing corrosion and accelerating polymer crystallization; its high water solubility and low use level make it stand out in water-based formulations. Performance depends on product grade, dosage, the pH of the formulation, other preservatives and system conditions.
When handling Sodium Benzoate, which may cause eye irritation and whose fine dust may irritate the respiratory tract, appropriate occupational safety measures must be taken and the current SDS must be taken as the basis. Selecting the correct grade of Sodium Benzoate, which can be evaluated in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and industrial applications, and complying with the maximum levels in legislation are important for final product performance and safety.
Companies planning to source Sodium Benzoate from Ataman Kimya are advised to confirm current product, stock, origin, packaging and quotation information by sharing their field of use, requested product form and quality class, minimum purity, impurity limits, quality standard, quantity and technical document requirements.