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Sodium Metabisulfite=Sodium pyrosulfite=Sodium disulfite
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
E number: E223
DESCRIPTION:
Sodium metabisulfite or sodium pyrosulfite (IUPAC spelling; Br. E. sodium metabisulphite or sodium pyrosulphite) is an inorganic compound of chemical formula Na2S2O5.
The substance is sometimes referred to as disodium metabisulfite.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a disinfectant, antioxidant, and preservative agent.
Preparation of Sodium Metabisulfite:
Sodium disulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of sodium hydroxide with sulfur dioxide.
When conducted in warm water, Na2SO3 initially precipitates as a yellow solid.
With more SO2, the solid dissolves to give the disulfite, which crystallises upon cooling.
SO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO3 + H2O
SO2 + Na2SO3 → Na2S2O5
which yields a residue of colourless solid Na2S2O5.
There are a number of methods available to synthesize sodium metabisulphite.
One of them is by using Sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite solution.
Sulfur Dioxide is added to this solution.
It maintains the pH of the solution.
NaOH is added to the above solution.
In the solution, There is an equilibrium between the ions as shown below:
2HSO32- ⇌ S2O2-5 + H2O
When NaOH is added to the above solution, free Na+ ions form with bisulfite ions and Sodium metabisulfite is achieved.
It enhances the crystallization process per cycle and more yield of Sodium Metabisulfite is achieved.
Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) is a white/creamy water soluble chemical.
Its chemical formula is Na2S2O5, an inorganic compound made up of sodium, sulfur and oxygen. Sodium metabisulfite is used in many industries, such as food, textiles, mining, wastewater treatment, and paper.
Sodium metabisulfite appears as a white crystalline or powder solid with a slight sulfur odor.
Sodium metabisulfite is Toxic by inhalation .
Sodium metabisulfite Strongly irritates skin and tissue.
Sodium metabisulfite is Noncombustible, but may decompose to emit toxic oxide fumes of sulfur and sodium when heated to high temperature.
Sodium metabisulfite is A corrosive acid when mixed with water.
Sodium metabisulfite is used as a food preservative and as a laboratory reagent.
Slowly oxidized to the sulfate on exposure to air and moisture.
Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS), one of the sulfites that can be used as a preservative, antioxidant and bleaching agent in food with the European food additive number E223.
Sodium metabisulfite is a reducing agent that commonly used for the preservation of fresh & dried fruits, vegetables and wines.
Sodium metabisulfite is a chemical compound with the formula Na2S2O5.
Sodium metabisulfite is also known as sodium pyrosulfite and sodium disulfite.
Na2S2O5 is an ionic compound containing the sodium cation (Na+) and the metabisulfite anion (S2O52-).
In its standard state, sodium metabisulfite exists as a white or yellowish-white powder, as shown below.
Sodium metabisulfite has a faintly pungent odour similar to that of sulfur dioxide.
It is important to note that sodium metabisulfite may induce allergic reactions in humans who are sensitive to sulfites.
Sodium metabisulfite, or simply SMS, is a reducing agent commonly added to cracker and tortilla doughs that use stronger wheat flours.
SMS is also used as a preservative for baked goods, wine, dried fruit, and jams due to its antioxidant capacity.
Sodium Metabisulfite (sodium bisulfite anhydrous, sodium pyrosulfate, SMBS, MBS) is a white inorganic crystalline compound with the chemical formula Na2S2O5.
Sodium metabisulfite is an inorganic compound used as an antioxidant, a preservative in food, or for dichlorination in a broad range of industrial applications.
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
Applications of Sodium metabisulfite:
• Cyanide destruction and leaching in the mining industry (Manganese, Gold, Cobalt, Iodine, Nickel and Silver)
• Dechlorination in municipal wastewater, pulp & paper, power, and textile water treatment plants
• Disinfectant
• Water treatment in leather tanning process
• Oxygen scavenger
• Cherry brining process
• Preservative in photo developer solutions
• Antioxidant
• Used in production of cleaning agents, detergents, and soaps
Chemical Composition of Sodium metabisulfite:
Sodium Metabisulfite, wt%: 98.7% min.
Assay as SO2: 66.5 min.
Insolubles, wt% : ≤ 0.005
Chloride, wt%: ≤ 0.05
Thiosulfate, wt%: ≤ 0.05
Arsenic, ppm: ≤ 1.0
Heavy metals, ppm: ≤ 10.0
Iron as (Fe), ppm: ≤ 2.0
Selenium, ppm : ≤ 5.0
Lead as (Pb), ppm. ≤ 2.0
Chemical structure of Sodium metabisulfite:
The anion metabisulfite consists of an SO2 group linked to an SO3 group, with the negative charge more localised on the SO3 end.
The S–S bond length is 2.22 Å, and the "thionate" and "thionite" S–O distances are 1.46 and 1.50 Å, respectively.
Sodium metabisulfite is a white, granular solid.
Sodium metabisulfite is used in the pulp and paper industry, in the photographic industry and in the various other industries as a bleach or dechlorinator.
Food Grade sodium metabisulfite may be used as a food preservative.
Sodium metabisulfite can also be used in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Solvay Chemicals, Inc. does not sell sodium metabisulfite directly to consumers.
Consumers may be exposed to sodium metabisulfite in many of the consumer product applications listed above or in situations where the sodium metabisulfite is not transformed or reacted.
Exposure to sodium metabisulfite can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
If inhaled, sodium metabisulfite may cause sensitization (develop an allergic reaction).
Breathing sodium metabisulfite dusts may aggravate asthma or other pulmonary (breathing) diseases and may cause headaches, breathing difficulties, or heart irregularity.
Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Sodium metabisulfite has a molecular formula of Na2O5S2 and is consider an antioxidant.
Sodium metabisulfite is used as a food preservative and in the commercial wine making industry.
In the paper and textile industry Sodium metabisulfite is used as a bleaching agent.
Sodium metabisulfite can be associated with serious allergic reactions.
Although primary exposure in children is through foods, serious reactions have also occurred after oral, inhalational, parenteral, and ophthalmic administration of sulfite-containing drugs.
Reactions to sulfites most often occur in patients with reactive airway disease like asthma.
Symptoms most frequently reported include wheezing, dyspnea, and chest tightness; anaplylaxis has also been reported.
Sulfites have been removed from metered-dose inhalers, including albuterol.
The diagnosis of a sulfite sensitivity is made by history and through a challenge testing with a qualified physician.
Read food package labels carefully to avoid sulfites in foods.
In addition, drug manufacturers are required to list the inclusion of sulfites in medicine product labeling.
Metabisulfites may be present in some intravenous preparations.
People who do not have a sensitivity to sulfites rarely show any reaction.
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
Reactivity of Sodium Metabisulfite:
Upon dissolution in water, bisulfite is generated:
Na2S2O5 + H2O → 2 Na+ + 2 HSO3−
Impurities: Sodium metabisulfite usually contains small amounts of sodium sulfite and sodium sulfate.
Sodium metabisulfite is an antioxidant reducing agent, with antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Gastric tissue studies report that sodium metabisulfite can augment lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.
Uses of Sodium Metabisulfite:
Sodium and potassium metabisulfite have many major and niche uses.
Sodium Metabisulfite is widely used for preserving food and beverages.
Sulfiting agents are used primarily to reduce or prevent spoilage and discoloration as well as to bleach food starches, condition dough for some baked goods, control fermentation of wine, and soften corn kernels during the wet-milling process.
Sodium metabisulfite is added as an excipient to medications which contain adrenaline (epinephrine), in order to prevent the oxidation of adrenaline.
For example, Sodium Metabisulfite is added to combination drug formulations which contain a local anaesthetic and adrenaline, and to the formulation in epinephrine autoinjectors, such as the EpiPen.
This lengthens the shelf life of the formulation,although the sodium metabisulphite reacts with adrenaline, causing it to degrade and form epinephrine sulphonate.
In combination with sodium hydrosulfite Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a rust-stain remover
Sodium Metabisulfite is used in photography.
Concentrated sodium metabisulfite can be used to remove tree stumps.
Some brands contain 98% sodium metabisulfite, and cause degradation of lignin in the stumps, facilitating removal.
Sodium Metabisulfite is also used as an excipient in some tablets, such as paracetamol.
A very important health related aspect of Sodium Metabisulfite is that it can be added to a blood smear in a test for sickle cell anaemia (and other similar forms of haemoglobin mutation).
The substance causes defunct cells to sickle (through a complex polymerisation) hence confirming disease.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a bleaching agent in the production of coconut cream
Sodium Metabisulfite (or liquid SO2) is commonly used as an antimicrobial and antioxidant in winemaking; bottled wine indicates its use with the label "Contains Sulfites" in the US.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a reducing agent to break sulfide bonds in shrunken items of clothing made of natural fibres, thus allowing the garment to go back to its original shape after washing
Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a SO2 source (mixed with air or oxygen) for the destruction of cyanide in commercial gold cyanidation processes.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a SO2 source (mixed with air or oxygen) for the precipitation of elemental gold in chloroauric solutions.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used in the water treatment industry to quench residual chlorine.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used in tint etching iron-based metal samples for microstructural analysis.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a fungicide for anti-microbe and mould prevention during shipping of consumer goods such as shoes and clothing.
Plastic stickers and packaging (such as Micro-Pak™) containing the anhydrous, sodium metabisulfite solid active ingredient are added prior to shipping. The devices absorb moisture from the atmosphere during shipping and release low levels of sulfur dioxide.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used for preserving fruit during shipping.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a solvent in the extraction of starch from tubers,fruit, and cereal crops.
Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a pickling agent to treat high pressure reverse osmosis water desalination membranes for extended storage periods between uses.
Sodium disulfite is an inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.
Sodium disulfite has a role as a food antioxidant.
Sodium disulfite contains a disulfite.
Sodium metabisulfite is a strong reducing agent that can react with oxidizing agents as the sulfur atom in it with a positive valence of 4, the maximum valence of which is 6.
That is the mechanism why sodium metabisulfite is a multifunctional ingredient that can be used as a preservative, antioxidant and bleaching agent in agricultural food products, wine and other applications.
• Sodium metabisulfite is the most commonly used preservative for baked goods, wines, jams, cookies.
• Sodium metabisulfite acts as a reducing agent in the dough, Sodium metabisulfite helps in making batter softer, easier to knead.
• Sodium metabisulfite is a well-known antioxidant used in pharmaceuticals.
• Sodium metabisulfite is helpful in tests of sickle cell anemia.
• Sodium metabisulfite is used in industries as a corrosion inhibitor because Sodium metabisulfite is an oxygen scavenger.
• Sodium metabisulfite is used in wastewater treatment as Sodium metabisulfite is a good reducing agent.
• Sodium metabisulfite is used as a sanitizing ingredient, to clean the tools of winemaking.
• Sodium metabisulfite is present in many dilutable squashes.
• Sodium metabisulfite is commonly used in home brewing preparations to sanitize equipment.
• Sodium metabisulfite is used as a cleaning agent for potable water reverse osmosis membranes in desalination systems.
• Sodium metabisulfite is also used to remove chloramine from drinking water after treatment.
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
Preservative:
SMBS is a sulfur-containing preservative that inhibits the oxidase in the food, and also can block the normal physiological oxidation process of microorganisms and thus inhibit the reproduction of microorganisms in food preservation.
Antioxidant:
Since sulfite is a strong reducing agent, it reacts with oxygen from fruits and vegetables and also inhibits oxidase activity, so it prevents food spoilage caused by oxidation and protects vitamin C in them.
Bleaching agent:
Reduce the colored material to a bright and fresh color or prevent/slow oxidative browning.
The following are its main purposes in food:
Wine:
You may have seen sulfur dioxide in the ingredients list of wine, but not like other ingredients you notice in the label, sulfur dioxide is not directly added to wine, it is formed by the adding of sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite. The following are the reaction equation of Na2S2O5 in wine:
Na2S2O5 + H2O <===> 2Na+ + 2(HSO3)-
HSO3- + H+ <===> H2O + SO2
Sulfur dioxide plays an important role in almost every manufacturing process of winemaking, from grape picking to bottling.
It is mainly to inhibit the growth of yeast and bacteria, and therefore preserve the wine fresh and extend the shelf life.
Sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite is commonly added to wines, ciders, or maybe beers as an antioxidant, preservative and stabilizer.
Also, Sodium metabisulfite can be used to clean and sanitize wine equipment and wine bottles.
Bakery:
Like L-cysteine, sodium metabisulfite functions as a reducing agent in biscuit/pastry dough which loosens the dough, reduces the rest time and accelerates the kneading process by reacting with disulfide bonds and generating thiolsulfate esters in gluten protein after hydrolyzed to bisulfite (HSO3−) in water.
Processed fruit products:
Like other sulfites (e.g. sodium sulfite, sulfur dioxide), sodium metabisulfite can be used as both a preservative and antioxidant in processed fruit products to slow browning reactions, as well as inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms.
Industrial:
Industrial grade sodium metabisulfite is used in a wide range of applications:
Pharmaceuticals: used for the purification of chloroform, phenyl propyl sulfone and benzaldehyde.
Rubber: a coagulant.
Printing and dyeing: as a dechlorination agent for bleached cotton.
Leather: impart leather the properties of soft, waterproof, folding resistance in leather treatment.
Surfactants and polymerization: as a sulfonating agent and reducing agent.
Gold refining: as a reducing agent to precipitate gold out of an aqua regia solution by reducing the Au³⁺ to Au.
Is Sodium Metabisulfite Safe to Eat?
Yes, it almost has no side effects and the safety has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).
FDA:
Sodium metabisulfite is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used as a preservative except in meats, foods recognized as a source of vitamin B1 and fresh fruits or vegetables.
EFSA:
Sodium metabisulfite (E223) is listed in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 as an authorised food additive and categorized in “ additives other than colours and sweeteners”.
Safety re-evaluation in 2016:
EFSA concluded that the current group ADI of 0.7 mg expressed as SO2 equivalent/kg bw per day for E220-E228 was temporary and would be re-evaluated due to the uncertainties and limitations in the database.
Approved uses of Sodium metabisulfite:
Its application is listed together with sulfur dioxide (E220), sodium sulfite (E221), sodium bisulfite (E222), potassium metabisulfite (E 224), calcium sulfite (E226), calcium bisulfite (E227) and potassium bisulfite (E228) and with the maximum use levels “10-2000 mg/kg”.
Oxygen scavenging and chlorine removal:
Sodium metabisulfite is used in steam boiler water treatment to remove dissolved oxygen and to remove excess chlorine from wastewater.
Sodium metabisulfite is a white granular product that is readily soluble in water.
Additive, preservative, and leavening agent:
Sodium metabisulfite is used as an additive, preservative, antioxidant, anti-microbic agent, and leavening agent in the food industry.
Excipient:
Sodium metabisulfite is considered an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry where it is used as a preservative.
Component in developing baths and stabilizing agent for fixers:
Sodium metabisulfite is used as an essential component of developer baths (preserves developing agents from rapid oxidation) and fixers (stabilizes the thiosulfate ion) in the photographic industry.
Reducing and sulfonating agent:
Sodium metabisulfite is used as a sulfonating agent and reducing agent in chemical process with significant applications for surfactants and polymerization.
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
The following food may contain it:
• Fresh, Peeled, cut and shredded, Frozen, Dried fruit and vegetables: such as table grapes, peeled potatoes, frozen and deep-frozen potatoes, dried coconut, dried mushrooms, dried ginger, dried tomatoes, dried apples, pears and bananas.
• Jams, jellies and mermelades
• Dry biscuits
• Beer and malt beverages
• Cider and perry
• Fruit wine and made wine
•
Industry Uses of Sodium disulfite:
• Bleaching agents
• Fillers
• Functional fluids (open systems)
• Laboratory chemicals
• Oxidizing/reducing agents
• Plating agents and surface treating agents
• Process regulators
• Processing aids, not otherwise listed
• Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
• Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
• Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
• Surface active agents
• Water treatment.
• chemical distribution
Consumer Uses :
• Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
• Cleaning and furnishing care products
• Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere
• Laundry and dishwashing products
• Metal products not covered elsewhere
• Non-TSCA use
• Photographic supplies, film, and photo chemicals
• Water treatment products
• chemical distribution
Household & Commercial/Institutional Products:
Information on 69 consumer products that contain Sodium metabisulfite in the following categories is provided:
• Inside the Home
• Landscaping/Yard
• Personal Care
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
Methods of Manufacturing:
Sodium disulfite is produced by treating 50-70% sodium hydroxide or a suspension of sodium carbonate with sulfur-dioxide-containing gases in saturated sodium hydrogen sulfite solution.
The sodium disulfite is removed by centrifugation and then dried.
Production of Sodium metabisulfite:
Sodium metabisulfite can be made from the reaction between sulfur dioxide with sodium carbonate. The following is the reaction equation: SO2 + Na2SO3 → Na2S2O5
Here is the manufacturing process came up by Solvay (1): Reaction between sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) solution to form the mixed solution of sodium bisulfite and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3).
Reaction equation: Na2CO3+2NaHSO3 = Na2SO3+H2O+CO2
Add excess sulfur dioxide (SO2) to the above solution to convert sodium sulfite to sodium bisulfite and also obtain the dissolved sulfur dioxide.
Reaction equation: Na2SO3+H2O+SO2=2NaHSO3
Convert the dissolved sulfur dioxide to sodium bisulfite by adding an alkali ingredient, e,g, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, or sodium sulfite, or the mixtures. Reaction equation: Na2CO3+H2O+SO2=2NaHSO3+CO2
Obtaining sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) through two sodium bisulfite molecules reacts itself by cooling the above sodium bisulfite solution, and follows purification and drying processes to produce crystals or powder.
Reaction equation: 2NaHSO3 = Na2S2O5+H2O
Appearance of sodium metabisulfite:
White crystals or crystalline powder.
Slowly oxidized to Na2SO4 (sodium sulfate) and release sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas if exposed to air and moisture.
SO2 is also released by the reaction with acid.
Solubility of sodium metabisulfite:
Soluble in water and its water solubility increases with temperature, 54g/100ml at 20°C and 81.7g/100ml at 100°C.
It produces sodium bisulfite (HSO3−) when dissolved in water and the aqueous solution is acidic with the PH 4.0-5.5 (10 % aqueous solution).
Na2S2O5 + H2O = 2 NaHSO3
Soluble in glycerin, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in benzene.
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
Properties of Sodium Metabisulfite:
Chemical formula: Na2S2O5
Molar mass: 190.107 g/mol
Appearance: White to yellow powder
Odor: Faint SO2
Density: 1.48 g/cm3
Melting point: 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K) decomposition begins at 150 °C
Solubility in water:
45.1 g/100 mL (0 °C)
65.3 g/100 mL (20 °C)
81.7 g 100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility: Very soluble in glycerol
Slightly soluble in ethanol
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 189.89825401 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 189.89825401
Topological Polar Surface Area: 125 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 136
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
pH: 4,0-5,5 (10 % aqueous solution)
Arsenic (As): 0.0 – 1.0 ppm
Sodium Metabisulfite (Na2S2O5): 98.6 – 99.8 %
Chloride (Cl): 0.0 – 0.02 %
Heavy Metals (as Pb): 0.0 – 10.0 ppm
Iron (Fe): 0.0 – 5.0 ppm
Lead (Pb): 0.0– 0.5 ppm
Selenium (Se): 0.0 – 5.0 ppm
Sodium Sulfite (Na2SO3): 0.0 – 0.6 %
Sodium Thiosulfate (Na2S2O3): 0.0 – 0.04 %
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): 66.4 – 67.2 %
Screen Size (U.S. Sieve) % by Weight:
Through 20 Mesh: 99.0 – 100.0 %
On 40 Mesh: 0.0 – 20.0 %
Through 100 Mesh: 0.0 – 35.0 %
Stability/Shelf Life: On exposure to air and moisture is slowly oxidized to sulfate.
Storage Conditions: Controlled indoor environment that is cool, dry, and well ventilated.
Decomposition : Sodium metabisulfite decomposes on heating with ultimate formation of sodium sulfate.
Physical Properties of sodium metabisulfite:
• Sodium metabisulfite is white in color, solid, and in powder form.
• Sodium metabisulfite has a similar odor to Sulfur dioxide.
• The molar mass of sodium metabisulfite is 190.107 g/mol.
• Sodium metabisulfite has a melting point of 1800C, but sodium metabisulfite decomposes around 1500C.
• On boiling, sodium metabisulfite decomposes readily.
Chemical Properties of sodium metabisulfite:
Sodium metabisulfite pH is maintained at 4.6 while preparing the solution.
So, sodium metabisulfite is acidic in nature.
Sodium metabisulfite is non-combustible in nature.
When heated at high temperature, sodium metabisulfite releases toxic flames of oxides of sulfur
When sodium metabisulfite is mixed in water, sodium metabisulfite releases sulfur dioxide.
Sodium metabisulfite is very harmful to the lungs.
Sodium metabisulfite has a pungent strong smell.
When sodium metabisulfite is treated with strong acids, sodium metabisulfite releases SO2.
The reaction is shown below:
2HCL + Na2S2O5 ⇌ 2SO2 + 2NaCl + H2O
Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Sodium metabisulfite:
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion:
A method to estimate the total and regional deposition of disodium disulfite after aerosol inhalation was developed.
Original particle sizes between 0.1 and 10 um were used.
The particle size changes with the humidity of the environment because of the hygroscopic properties of the disulfite.
It shows high deposition values of about 1/1000 of the inhaled particle mass/sq cm in the nasal region, values of about 1/100,000/sq cm in the tracheobronchial airways and a mean surface deposition in the pulmonary region which is a factor of 10,000 smaller than in the nose.
The findings correspond to pathological effects found in animal inhalation studies.
Metabolism/Metabolites of Sodium metabisulfite:
Sulfites are generated in the human body by processing of the sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine.
Endogenous sulfite is maintained at a low, steady-state concentration by a mitochondrial enzyme, sulfite oxidase, that promotes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate that is excreted in the urine.
Sulfites can also be metabolized to thiosulfates (enzymatic reaction of sulfite with 3-mercaptopyruvate) or S-sulfonate compounds (nonenzymatic reaction with disulfide bonds). Thiosulfate and S-sulfonate were detected at very low concentrations in the urine of normal humans or rats, but were excreted in large amounts by those deficient in sulfite oxidase.
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
Mechanism of Action:
Sulfite is a potentially toxic molecule that might enter the body via ingestion, inhalation, or injection. For cellular detoxification, mammalians rely on sulfite oxidase to convert sulfite to sulfate.
The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of sulfite on zinc, iron, and copper levels in rat liver and kidney tissues.
Forty normal and sulfite oxidase-deficient male albino rats were divided into four groups that included untreated controls (group C), a sulfite-supplemented group that received 70 mg sodium metabisulfite per kilogram per day (group S), a sulfite oxidase-deficient group (group D), and a sulfite oxidase-deficient group that was also given 70 mg sodium metabisulfite per kilogram per day (group DS).
The iron and zinc levels in the liver and kidney in groups S and DS were not affected by sulfite treatment compared to their respective controls (groups C and D).
Sulfite exposure led to an increase of kidney copper content in the S group when compared to untreated controls.
The kidney copper levels were significantly increased in the unexposed deficient rats, but it was not different than that of the deficient rats that were given oral sulfite treatment.
These results suggest that kidney copper levels might be affected by exogenous or endogenous sulfite.
Structure of Sodium Metabisulfite:
We know that the chemical formula of Sodium Metabisulfite is Na2S2O5.
Sodium Metabisulfite has two sodium atoms, two sulfur, and five oxygen atoms.
Na+ is balancing the charge in the structure.
Two sulfur atoms are directly attached to each other through a single bond.
A sulfur atom which has 3 Oxygen atoms, has an oxidation state of +5.
Another sulfur atom has an oxidation number of +3.
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT SODIUM METABISULFITE:
Environmental Information:
Sodium metabisulfite is not considered to be environmentally hazardous or toxic.
Health Information:
Sodium metabisulfite typically found in consumer products should pose little a risk of symptoms due to skin or inhalation exposure since sodium metabisulfite is used in very low concentrations.
Sodium metabisulfite can produce the following adverse health affects:
Contact - Skin exposures can cause symptoms ranging from minor skin irritation or itching to redness and swelling.
Eye exposure to sodium metabisulfite may result in redness, tearing or moderate eye irritation.
Inhalation - The inhalation of sodium metabisulfite dusts can cause nose and throat irritation or coughing.
Repeated or prolonged exposures may cause sore throat or nosebleeds.
Inhalation may also cause severe respiratory reactions and aggravate asthma or other breathing diseases.
Ingestion - The ingestion of sodium metabisulfite may cause irritation of the mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Other Effects - The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has not classified sodium metabisulfite as a carcinogen (cancer causing).
Exposure Potential:
Workplace exposure - When sodium metabisulfite gets wet or moist, it liberates sulfur dioxide (SO2), a toxic gas.
Proper care should be taken to prevent exposure to this toxic gas by using proper personal protective equipment of ensuring proper ventilation.
Exposures can occur at a sodium metabisulfite manufacturing facility or a manufacturing, packaging or storage facility that handles sodium metabisulfite.
Exposure may also occur in the event of a transportation incident.
Persons involved in maintenance, sampling and testing activities, or in the loading and unloading of sodium metabisulfite containers are at greater risk of exposure.
Following good industrial hygiene practices will minimize the likelihood of sodium metabisulfite exposure; however, persons involved in higher risk activities should always wear proper personal protective equipment such as protective gloves and goggles.
In instances where the potential for dusting is high, proper respiratory protection should also be worn.
Environmental releases - Spills of sodium metabisulfite should be contained and isolated from waterways and sewers or drains.
When contacted by water, sodium metabisulfite releases sulfur dioxide, a poisonous gas.
Spills should be swept up and placed in a compatible container.
Dispose of waste or residues in accordance with applicable local, state or federal regulations.
Persons attempting to clean up sodium metabisulfite spills should wear proper personal protective equipment.
CAS Number: 7681-57-4
EC Number :231-673-0
Molecular Weight: 190.11 g /mol
Synonyms:
MeSH Entry Terms:
Na(2)S(2)O(5)
sodium disulfite
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite, 35S2-labeled cpd
sodium pyrosulfite
Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
Sodium metabisulfite
7681-57-4
Sodium pyrosulfite
Sodium disulfite
Disodium disulphite
Disodium pyrosulfite
Sodium metabisulphite
Disodium disulfite
Disodium metabisulfite
Sodium bisulfite anhydrous
UNII-4VON5FNS3C
sodium pyrosulphite
MFCD00167602
4VON5FNS3C
Na2S2O5
Sodium metabisulfite [NF]
Disulfurous acid, sodium salt (1:2)
Natrii disulfis
Campden Tablets
Sodium metabisulfite (NF)
Natrium pyrosulfit
Natriummetabisulfit
Natrium metabisulfurosum
CCRIS 3951
HSDB 378
Sodium pyrosulfite (Na2S2O5)
Sodium metabisulfite (Na2-S2O5)
EINECS 231-673-0
AI3-51684
Disodiumdisulphite
Sodium metasulfite
sodiummetabisulphite
sodium metabisuifite
sodium metabisuiphite
sodium meta bisulfite
sodium meta-bisulfite
Disodium pentaoxodisulfate
Na2O5S2
EC 231-673-0
Sodium pyrosulfite (JP17)
INS NO.223
Sodium metabisulfite (e 223)
CHEMBL2016976
DTXSID0029684
INS-223
CHEBI:114786
Sodium metabisulfite, SO2 58.5%
Sodium metabisulfite A.C.S. reagent
AKOS015950722
NSC 158277
NSC 227243
E223
K325
E-223
FT-0645096
disodium oxido(oxo)-kappa(4)-sulfanesulfonate
D02054
Q284549
