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Sodium Persulfate, also known as Sodium Peroxydisulfate, Sodium Peroxodisulfate, Disodium Peroxydisulfate, Sodium Persulphate, Peroxydisulfuric Acid Disodium Salt and CAS No. 7775-27-1, is an inorganic peroxide salt with the formula Na₂S₂O₈ that has a white crystalline structure, is highly soluble in water and has a strong oxidizing character. Sodium Persulfate is used in particular as a radical initiator in emulsion polymerization, in microetching and metal surface preparation in printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, in hair lightening products, in soil and groundwater remediation, in wastewater treatment, in textile desizing and bleaching, in starch and paper processing, as a gel breaker in oil wells, and as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry.
Sodium Persulfate contains the peroxydisulfate anion, one of the strongest oxidants among peroxygen compounds, and forms strong sulfate radicals when activated by heat, reducing agents, Fe²⁺, high pH or hydrogen peroxide. About 73 g of Sodium Persulfate dissolves in 100 g of water at 25 °C; it is almost non-hygroscopic and decomposes at about 180 °C when dry, although moisture markedly lowers this decomposition temperature.
Sodium Persulfate is used at about 80 °C in thermally initiated emulsion polymerizations and at about 24–35 °C in PCB microetching, helping to initiate polymer chains and to prepare copper surfaces in a controlled manner. Sodium Persulfate is also used to break down petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents in contaminated soil and groundwater, and because it contains no ammonium, it can be evaluated as an alternative to ammonium persulfate in processes where ammonia and ammonium nitrogen are undesirable.
The active oxygen content, purity, moisture and trace impurities such as iron of Sodium Persulfate should be checked on the COA for each batch; for transport, the product is classified as an oxidizing substance under UN 1505, class 5.1, packing group III. Since Sodium Persulfate may intensify fire, is harmful if swallowed and can cause respiratory and skin sensitization, it should be stored in its original packaging in a dry place, preferably below 30 °C, away from combustible and reducing materials, and its solutions should not be kept in closed containers.
WHAT IS SODIUM PERSULFATE?
Sodium Persulfate is the disodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid (H₂S₂O₈), an oxidizing acid. Sodium Persulfate is an inorganic peroxide compound consisting of two sodium cations and a peroxydisulfate anion in which two sulfate groups are linked by a peroxide bridge.
Sodium Persulfate is a white, odourless, crystalline solid. It dissolves easily in water, is almost non-hygroscopic and has a good shelf life when stored in dry, cool conditions.
Industrially, Sodium Persulfate is produced by electrolytic oxidation of sodium hydrogen sulfate (sodium bisulfate) at a platinum anode. According to the literature, about 165,000 tonnes of sodium persulfate were produced by this method in 2005.
Sodium Persulfate can also be obtained by reacting ammonium persulfate with sodium hydroxide, removing the released ammonia, then concentrating under reduced pressure, crystallizing and drying.
Sodium Persulfate is offered in different grades suitable for technical, reagent and cosmetic use. The differences between grades lie mainly in purity, active oxygen content, moisture, the limits of trace impurities such as iron, copper and heavy metals, and particle structure.
Sodium Persulfate should not be confused with substances that have similar names or are also oxygen-based, such as sodium sulfate, sodium thiosulfate, sodium dithionite or sodium percarbonate. Potassium monopersulfate is also a separate substance with a different chemical structure and different fields of use from sodium persulfate.
Not every Sodium Persulfate product on the market has the same technical properties. Since purity, active oxygen, moisture, impurity profile and particle size may vary by manufacturer and quality grade, product selection should be based on the TDS, SDS and COA documents.
COMMON PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL NAMES:
Sodium Persulfate
Sodyum Persülfat
Sodium Persulphate
Sodium Peroxydisulfate
Sodium Peroxodisulfate
Sodyum Peroksidisülfat
Sodyum Peroksodisülfat
Disodium Peroxydisulfate
Disodium Peroxodisulfate
Disodium Peroxodisulphate
Disodium Persulfate
Peroxydisulfuric Acid, Disodium Salt
Persulfate de Sodium
Natriumperoxodisulfat
Peroxodisulfato de Disodio
NaPS
SPS
Na₂S₂O₈
Sodium Persulfate (INCI)
Sodium Persulfate Technical Grade
Sodium Persulfate Reagent Grade
Cosmetic Grade Sodium Persulfate
Some of these names express the chemical identity of Sodium Persulfate, some are its French, German and Spanish equivalents, and others are its abbreviations and quality grades. The terms "persulfate" and "peroxydisulfate" describe the same peroxydisulfate anion.
Since the term "persulfate" also covers other salts such as ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate, it should be verified by CAS number when purchasing Sodium Persulfate that the product is the sodium salt.
CAS NO, EC / EINECS NO AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
Product name: Sodium Persulfate / Sodyum Persülfat
Common abbreviations: NaPS, SPS
Chemical name: Disodium peroxydisulfate
INCI name: Sodium Persulfate
CAS No: 7775-27-1
EC / EINECS No: 231-892-1
UN No: 1505
Molecular formula: Na₂S₂O₈
Molecular weight: 238.10 g/mol
MDL No: MFCD00003501
HS code: 2833.40 (peroxosulfates)
Chemical class: Inorganic peroxide salt / persulfate
Main functions: Radical polymerization initiator, oxidizing agent, microetching agent, metal surface cleaning agent, hair lightening booster, desizing agent, bleach activator, gel breaker, environmental oxidation agent
Sodium Persulfate consists of a single inorganic salt of defined composition and is therefore identified by an exact chemical formula and molecular weight. CAS No 7775-27-1 and EC No 231-892-1 are listed for Sodium Persulfate in various official sources, including ECHA.
Although ammonium persulfate (CAS No 7727-54-0) and potassium persulfate (CAS No 7727-21-1) carry the same anion, they are different products with separate identifiers.
In calculations, it should be noted that the theoretical active oxygen content of Sodium Persulfate is about 6.72% by weight. In commercial products, active oxygen content is generally specified above 6.65%.
Sodium Persulfate products may contain sodium sulfate originating from the production process, as well as trace amounts of iron, copper, manganese, chromium, chloride and heavy metals. Products with the same CAS number may therefore differ in impurity profile.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF SODIUM PERSULFATE
Sodium Persulfate is an ionic salt consisting of two sodium cations (Na⁺) and one peroxydisulfate anion (S₂O₈²⁻). In the peroxydisulfate anion, two tetrahedral sulfate groups are linked to each other by a peroxide (–O–O–) bridge.
According to X-ray crystallography, the solid-state structure of Sodium Persulfate is very similar to that of the potassium salt. The O–O distance is 1.476 Å; each sulfate group has three short S–O bonds of about 1.44 Å and one long S–O bond of 1.64 Å.
The SMILES notation of Sodium Persulfate is [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+] and its InChIKey is CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L. Its calculated topological polar surface area is 150 Ų.
Sodium Persulfate crystallizes in the monoclinic system.
The peroxydisulfate anion is the strongest oxidant in the peroxygen family of compounds. The standard potential for the reduction of peroxydisulfate to hydrogen sulfate is reported as about 2.01–2.12 V; this value is higher than that of hydrogen peroxide (about 1.77–1.8 V) and slightly lower than that of ozone (about 2.1–2.2 V).
The oxidation potential of the sulfate radical anion (SO₄•⁻) formed by activation of Sodium Persulfate is in the range of about 2.5–3.1 V. This high potential explains why Sodium Persulfate, once activated, can break down many recalcitrant organic compounds.
The behaviour of Sodium Persulfate in aqueous solutions depends on pH. In neutral and slightly acidic media (pH 3–7), persulfate reacts slowly with water to form bisulfate and oxygen; hydrogen peroxide is formed in dilute acidic media and peroxymonosulfate in strongly acidic media.
In strongly alkaline media (pH > 13), Sodium Persulfate reacts with hydroxide ions and is converted into bisulfate, sulfate and oxygen.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM PERSULFATE
Sodium Persulfate is generally a white, odourless solid in the form of crystalline powder or granules. The appearance of Sodium Persulfate may vary depending on crystallization conditions, particle size and storage conditions.
General technical properties:
Physical appearance: White crystalline powder or granules
Odour: Odourless
Crystal system: Monoclinic
Molecular formula: Na₂S₂O₈
Molecular weight: 238.10 g/mol
CAS No: 7775-27-1
EC / EINECS No: 231-892-1
Crystal density: About 2.5–2.6 g/cm³
Loose bulk density: About 1.1–1.25 g/cm³
Decomposition temperature: About 180 °C (decomposes without melting)
Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT, 25 kg bag): About 180 °C for dry product; about 60 °C for product containing 5% moisture
Flash point: Non-combustible (intensifies combustion)
Solubility in water: 55.6 g/100 mL (20 °C); 73 g/100 g water (25 °C); 86 g/100 g water (50 °C)
pH: About 5.0–6.0 (1% solution); about 4.0 (10% solution)
Theoretical active oxygen: About 6.72%
Hygroscopicity: Almost non-hygroscopic
Stability: Stable under dry and cool conditions; moisture and heat accelerate decomposition
Materials to avoid: Combustible materials, reducing agents, organic materials, acids, bases, halide salt solutions, ammoniacal solutions, alkaline cleaners, other oxidizers, powdered metals
The water solubility of Sodium Persulfate is lower than that of ammonium persulfate and much higher than that of potassium persulfate. According to manufacturer technical data, at 25 °C, 85 g of ammonium persulfate, 73 g of Sodium Persulfate and only 6 g of potassium persulfate dissolve in 100 g of water.
This high solubility makes it easier to prepare Sodium Persulfate as concentrated solutions and to dose it as a liquid in PCB etching, polymerization and environmental remediation applications.
Aqueous solutions of Sodium Persulfate are much more prone to decomposition than the solid product. Decomposition accelerates in solutions stored above 25 °C, and oxygen gas is released during decomposition.
Moisture markedly lowers the decomposition temperature of Sodium Persulfate. The self-accelerating decomposition temperature, about 180 °C for the dry product, can drop to about 60 °C for product containing 5% moisture.
Sodium Persulfate is not combustible, but it releases oxygen as it decomposes and thus intensifies the combustion of other materials. When heated, it decomposes, forming toxic and corrosive fumes, including sulfur oxides.
The values above are general information compiled from the literature, safety data sheets and manufacturer technical information and are not binding specifications. The exact values of the Sodium Persulfate product to be used should be checked against the TDS and COA documents.
HOW DOES SODIUM PERSULFATE WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?
Sodium Persulfate acts in two different ways: direct oxidation and free radical formation. Which pathway dominates depends on temperature, pH and the activators present in the medium.
Direct oxidation:
Thanks to its high oxidation potential, Sodium Persulfate directly oxidizes many metals and converts them into water-soluble metal sulfates. Copper, for example, reacts with persulfate to form copper(II) sulfate; PCB microetching and metal surface cleaning are based on this reaction.
Direct oxidation is also seen in the oxidation by Sodium Persulfate of ions such as chromium(III) and manganese(II) to higher oxidation states; these reactions are accelerated in the presence of silver ions.
Radical formation by thermal activation:
When Sodium Persulfate solutions are heated, the peroxide (O–O) bond breaks homolytically and two sulfate radical anions (SO₄•⁻) are formed. In the presence of suitable monomers, these radicals add to the double bond of the monomer and initiate the polymer chain.
The lifetime of persulfates shortens markedly at temperatures above 50 °C. Thermally initiated emulsion polymerizations are therefore generally carried out at around 80 °C.
Redox activation:
When Sodium Persulfate reacts with reducing agents such as the bisulfite anion, transition metal ions such as Fe²⁺, or mercaptans, it produces radicals at lower temperatures as well. These redox systems allow polymerization to be initiated at low temperature and persulfate to be activated in environmental applications.
Alkaline and peroxide activation:
In soil and groundwater remediation, Sodium Persulfate is activated not only by heat and Fe²⁺ but also by high pH (pH > 12) or hydrogen peroxide. In alkaline media, sulfate radicals react with hydroxide ions and are converted into hydroxyl radicals (•OH).
The reactivity of the sulfate radical is less affected by pH than that of the hydroxyl radical. This property allows oxidation systems based on Sodium Persulfate to work over a wide pH range.
Main functions of Sodium Persulfate:
Free radical initiation in emulsion and solution polymerization
Controlled oxidation and dissolution of copper and other metals
Breakdown of organic contaminants by sulfate and hydroxyl radicals
Oxidative depolymerization of starch and other polymers
Boosting melanin oxidation in hair lighteners
Oxidizing agent in organic synthesis
Oxidation of organic carbon in analytical methods
IN WHICH INDUSTRIES IS SODIUM PERSULFATE USED?
Sodium Persulfate is a versatile oxidant used in many sectors, from polymer production to electronics and from environmental technologies to cosmetics. The most important use of Sodium Persulfate is as a radical initiator in emulsion polymerization.
Main fields of use:
Plastics, latex and synthetic rubber production
Paint, coating and adhesive production
Electronics and printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing
Metal surface treatment, plating and pickling
Soil and groundwater remediation
Industrial wastewater treatment
Cosmetic and hair care products
Textile finishing
Paper and pulp production
Starch modification
Oil and gas production
Mining and metal separation
Organic synthesis and pharmaceutical raw material production
Analytical chemistry and laboratories
Photography
Polymer manufacturers expect high purity, consistent active oxygen content and low metal impurities from Sodium Persulfate. In the electronics sector, low chloride, iron and insolubles content come to the fore.
In the cosmetic sector, reduced dusting, purity and regulatory compliance of Sodium Persulfate are important; in environmental applications, the ability to prepare concentrated solutions and cost-effectiveness matter.
USE OF SODIUM PERSULFATE AS A POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR
The most common field of use of Sodium Persulfate is emulsion polymerization. Sodium Persulfate is used as a radical initiator especially in the emulsion polymerization of styrene-based polymers such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS).
Persulfates act as initiators in the production of acrylics, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and neoprene, in the production of styrene-butadiene and isoprene-based synthetic rubbers for car and truck tyres, and in the preparation of latex polymers used in paints, coatings and carpet backing.
Thermal initiation:
In thermally initiated processes, Sodium Persulfate solution is fed into the reactor and decomposes with temperature to form sulfate radicals. Such main polymerization processes are typically carried out at about 80 °C.
According to the literature, the 10-hour half-life temperature of persulfates in water is about 60 °C (value reported for potassium persulfate); at 80 °C the half-life drops to about 3 hours. These data show that the feed rate of Sodium Persulfate and the reactor temperature must be planned together.
Redox initiation:
In systems requiring polymerization at lower temperatures, Sodium Persulfate is used as a redox initiator system together with reducing components such as sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, ascorbic acid or iron(II) salts.
Redox systems are also evaluated in post-polymerization steps applied after the main polymerization to reduce the amount of residual monomer.
Advantages of Sodium Persulfate in polymerization:
Concentrated feed solutions can be prepared thanks to high water solubility
No ammonia formation and no ammonium nitrogen in wastewater, since it contains no ammonium
Can be used in both thermal and redox systems
Long-term stability in the solid state
Sodium Persulfate is also used as an initiator in polymer concrete formulations, in the polymeric coating of graphite filaments and to accelerate the curing of low-formaldehyde adhesives. Persulfates also serve in grafting substrates such as carbon black to polymers and in preparing dispersants for ink and toner formulations.
The amount of Sodium Persulfate to be used in polymerization should be determined by laboratory trials according to the monomer system, target molecular weight, particle size and process temperature.
ELECTRONICS, METAL SURFACE TREATMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL AND OIL APPLICATIONS OF SODIUM PERSULFATE
PCB microetching:
Sodium Persulfate is regarded as an efficient microetchant in printed circuit board manufacturing. Microetching cleans and roughens the copper surface before plating, lamination or solder mask, improving the adhesion of subsequent layers.
In the patent literature, the preferred ranges for microetching solutions based on Sodium Persulfate are defined as 0.25–1.0 M persulfate and 0.2–0.4 M sulfuric acid, with an operating temperature of about 24–35 °C.
According to the same source, persulfate-based microetchants work at a lower temperature than hydrogen peroxide-sulfuric acid systems, which require about 46–54 °C, and provide good surface topography. On the other hand, persulfate solutions can decompose faster as copper builds up, and the etch rate can become irregular.
It is recommended that sulfuric acid be added to the solution at the point of use rather than to concentrated persulfate mixtures; caroate compositions with explosive potential can form in concentrated mixtures.
Metal surface treatment and pickling:
Sodium Persulfate replaces ammonium persulfate in etching mixtures for zinc and PCBs and is used for pickling copper and some other metals. Persulfates are also used to etch nickel, titanium and zinc alloys.
Persulfates are also evaluated for cleaning aluminium, brass, copper and many other metal surfaces before plating or adhesive bonding, in plating and electroplating processes, and for cleaning and activating activated carbon before and after its use as an adsorbent.
Soil and groundwater remediation (ISCO):
Sodium Persulfate is used in the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater by in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO). In this application, Sodium Persulfate is activated by heat, Fe²⁺ or chelated iron, high pH or hydrogen peroxide, forming sulfate and hydroxyl radicals.
Target contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), BTEX, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), MTBE and 1,4-dioxane.
According to a 2023 review article, field applications report about 40 °C for thermal activation, a pH above 12 and a base/persulfate molar ratio of about 2:1 for alkaline activation, and an Fe²⁺/persulfate ratio of 1:1 to 1:2 for iron activation.
The same source describes field applications achieving 90.3% removal of PAHs/BTEX with 25–50 g/L Sodium Persulfate and about 20 g/L NaOH, and 97% TPH removal with 50–100 g/L persulfate and hydrogen peroxide.
Persulfate can break down a wider range of contaminants than permanganate and, being much more stable than hydrogen peroxide, can be transported over longer distances underground. However, since contamination levels rebound at a significant proportion of sites, long-term monitoring is necessary.
Wastewater treatment:
Thanks to the radicals formed upon activation, Sodium Persulfate is evaluated as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) oxidant for breaking down recalcitrant organic substances in industrial wastewater. A study published in 2026 showed that 30 mM Sodium Persulfate activated with glucose and visible light was effective at decolourizing methylene blue dye at pH 4.
Research studies are also investigating the effectiveness of persulfate solutions activated with heat and Fe²⁺ for the simultaneous removal of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from flue gas.
Oil and gas:
Sodium Persulfate is used as a gel breaker in hydraulic fracturing and enhanced oil recovery applications to reduce the viscosity of viscous guar-based gels after they have done their job. Persulfates serve in down-hole gel forming and gel breaking operations.
The patent literature defines a range of about 0.5–12 lb per 1,000 gallons of fluid (about 0.06–1.4 kg/m³) for persulfate breakers and states that activators such as triethanolamine are used in low-temperature wells of about 10–52 °C.
Mining:
Persulfates can be used in nickel and cobalt separation processes. The use of Sodium Persulfate as an oxidant in leaching copper sulfide ores (chalcopyrite) is also being investigated.
IS SODIUM PERSULFATE USED IN COSMETIC, FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS?
Cosmetics:
In the cosmetic sector, Sodium Persulfate is used under its INCI name as an oxidizing agent in hair lightening and hair colouring products. Sodium Persulfate acts as a booster in hair lightening powders, enhancing lightening performance together with hydrogen peroxide.
According to 2015 data reported to the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) panel, Sodium Persulfate is used at 0.67–33.4% in rinse-off hair colouring and lightening products; 2017 data reported its presence in 48 product formulations.
The CIR panel concluded that ammonium, potassium and Sodium Persulfate are safe as oxidizing agents in hair colourants and hair lighteners, provided that they are thoroughly rinsed from the hair and skin after brief, discontinuous use. The panel stated that the available data are insufficient to determine the safety of these uses in leave-on products and dentifrices.
According to the CIR report, these persulfates are not on the list of substances prohibited or restricted in cosmetic products in the EU. For cosmetic products in Türkiye, the current annexes of the Turkish Cosmetics Regulation should be taken as the basis.
According to the 2001 assessment by NICNAS, Australia's industrial chemicals assessment body, persulfate salts in hair lightening preparations are harmful if swallowed, irritate the skin and eyes and can cause allergic reactions such as dermatitis and asthma. The same assessment emphasized that many formulations are not designed to minimize exposure due to dust formation.
In hair lightening products containing Sodium Persulfate, dust-free formulations, appropriate labelling and good ventilation in hair salons are therefore important.
Food:
Sodium Persulfate is not a direct food additive and is not suitable for addition to foods. In the USA, Sodium Persulfate is listed under 21 CFR 176.170 among the components of paper and paperboard in contact with aqueous and fatty foods.
For Sodium Persulfate to be used in food-contact materials, the legislation of the relevant market should be checked separately.
Pharmaceuticals:
Sodium Persulfate is not an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Sodium Persulfate is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a reagent in the preparation of certain antibiotics and as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF SODIUM PERSULFATE
Textiles:
Sodium Persulfate is used in textile finishing for oxidative desizing and especially for low-temperature bleaching. Sodium Persulfate breaks down by oxidation the starch-based size applied to yarns before weaving; persulfates also serve in dyestuff development processes.
Starch modification:
Sodium Persulfate is used to oxidatively modify starch and reduce its viscosity. Starches obtained in this way are used in the production of adhesives and coatings.
Paper and pulp:
Persulfates are used in paper sizing, in the preparation of binders and coatings and in the production of special papers. Activated alkali metal persulfates are effective in repulping neutral and alkaline wet-strength paper broke and in decolourizing dyes and optical brighteners.
Detergents and bleaches:
Sodium Persulfate is used as a standalone bleach and as a detergent component. Sodium Persulfate also acts as an activator in bleaching systems.
Organic synthesis:
Sodium Persulfate is a specialized oxidizing agent classically used in organic chemistry in the Elbs persulfate oxidation and Boyland-Sims oxidation reactions. Persulfates act as oxidants in the preparation of compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and quinones.
Sodium Persulfate is also used in radical reactions; for example, in the synthesis of diapocynin from apocynin, iron(II) sulfate serves as the radical initiator and Sodium Persulfate as the oxidant.
Dyestuff production:
Sodium Persulfate is used in dyestuff production and as a colour developer in sulfur dyes.
Analytical chemistry:
Sodium Persulfate is used as a reagent in UV-persulfate oxidation methods for total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. In these methods, organic carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide by Sodium Persulfate and measured; one application of a standard method specifies a reagent mixture containing 10% persulfate and 5% phosphoric acid.
Photography:
Persulfates are used in photography in bleaching solutions, solution regeneration, equipment cleaning and wastewater treatment.
Other uses:
Sodium Persulfate is also evaluated as a soil conditioner and in disinfection applications. Persulfates can also be used as raw materials for the on-site production of peroxymonosulfate solutions.
WHICH PROBLEMS CAN SODIUM PERSULFATE HELP SOLVE?
Insufficient initiation in emulsion polymerization:
Thanks to the sulfate radicals it forms through thermal or redox activation, Sodium Persulfate helps initiate polymer chains reliably.
Ammonia and ammonium nitrogen in polymer processes:
Because it contains no ammonium, Sodium Persulfate helps prevent the ammonia odour and ammonium nitrogen in wastewater associated with the use of ammonium persulfate.
Insufficient copper surface preparation in PCB manufacturing:
Sodium Persulfate helps improve the adhesion of subsequent plating and lamination layers by microetching the copper surface in a controlled manner at low temperature.
Oxides and contamination on metal surfaces:
Sodium Persulfate helps clean and pickle copper, aluminium, brass and other metals before plating or adhesive bonding.
Contaminated soil and groundwater:
Activated Sodium Persulfate helps break down recalcitrant contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents and PAHs in situ.
Recalcitrant organic substances and colour in wastewater:
Sodium Persulfate can contribute to breaking down recalcitrant organic substances, including dyes, in advanced oxidation processes.
Starch size residues in textiles:
Sodium Persulfate oxidatively breaks down starch-based size, helping to obtain a fabric surface suitable for subsequent dyeing and finishing processes.
Unbroken gel residues in wells:
Sodium Persulfate helps ensure that the guar-based gel in fracturing fluids breaks on time so that it can flow back.
Reprocessing of wet-strength paper broke:
Activated Sodium Persulfate makes it easier to repulp wet-strength paper broke.
POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN USING SODIUM PERSULFATE
Moisture and heat:
The decomposition temperature of Sodium Persulfate is markedly lowered by moisture. The product and its packaging should not be exposed to moisture and should be kept away from heat sources such as steam pipes, heaters, open flames and welding sparks.
Contamination:
Sodium Persulfate can undergo self-accelerating decomposition when it comes into contact with dirt, metal, moisture and other contaminants. Spilled or unused product must never be returned to the original packaging.
Only clean, dry plastic or stainless steel scoops and utensils dedicated to Sodium Persulfate should be used for transfer, and cross-contamination with equipment that has been in contact with other chemicals should be avoided.
Incompatible materials:
Sodium Persulfate should not be stored or mixed with reducing agents, acids, bases, halide salt solutions, organic materials, ammoniacal solutions, alkaline cleaners, other oxidizers, aluminium and powdered metals. Contact with combustible materials such as paper and sawdust creates a fire risk.
Milling and dry mixing:
Sodium Persulfate should not be milled or dry mixed in equipment that generates frictional heat.
Solution preparation and storage:
Sodium Persulfate solutions should not be stored in closed, sealed containers; oxygen released during normal decomposition can cause pressure build-up and rupture of the container. Solutions decompose faster above 25 °C and should therefore be prepared only as needed.
304 and 316 stainless steel, PVC, polyethylene, PTFE, acrylic and glass are recommended for solution tanks and lines. Metals such as copper, brass, iron and Monel can accelerate decomposition or be corroded by the solution.
Acid mixtures:
In etching solutions containing sulfuric acid, the acid should be added at the point of use and to a dilute solution. Concentrated persulfate-acid mixtures can form compositions with explosive potential.
Respiratory sensitization:
Inhalation of Sodium Persulfate dust can lead to asthma symptoms and respiratory sensitization. Asthma symptoms may often appear several hours after exposure and may be aggravated by physical effort; dust formation should therefore be avoided and suitable respiratory protection used.
Skin sensitization:
Repeated or prolonged contact with Sodium Persulfate can cause skin sensitization and dermatitis. Anyone showing asthma or allergy symptoms due to this substance should avoid further contact with it.
Contaminated clothing:
Clothing contaminated with Sodium Persulfate should be washed with plenty of water, as it can present a fire risk when dry. Work clothes should not be taken home.
STARTING FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR SODIUM PERSULFATE
The following examples are starting approaches prepared to show how Sodium Persulfate can be evaluated in formulation and process development. They are not validated commercial formulas or production instructions.
The ratios given are preliminary laboratory trial levels based on example values reported in the literature. Since the grade of Sodium Persulfate used, the other raw materials and the equipment can significantly change the results, final conditions should be determined through trials and a safety assessment.
EXAMPLE 1: SODIUM PERSULFATE INITIATOR LEVEL SCREENING IN EMULSION POLYMERIZATION
Objective: To determine the effect of the amount of Sodium Persulfate on monomer conversion, residual monomer, particle size and viscosity in acrylic or styrene-acrylic emulsion polymerization.
Starting approach:
Sodium Persulfate: About 0.06%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20% of total monomer weight (example range reported in the literature for persulfate initiators)
Monomer mixture: Kept constant
Emulsifier system: Kept constant
Reactor temperature: About 70–80 °C, kept constant
Feed time and stirring speed: Kept constant
Application approach:
Sodium Persulfate is dissolved in deionized water shortly before use to prepare the feed solution.
Part of the initiator solution is charged to the reactor at the start and the remainder during the monomer feed.
Conversion, residual monomer, particle size, viscosity and coagulum formation are measured for each level.
If the residual monomer target is not met, a redox post-polymerization step with Sodium Persulfate and a suitable reducing agent is evaluated separately.
The results are compared to determine the appropriate initiator level for the target properties.
EXAMPLE 2: PRELIMINARY TRIAL OF A SODIUM PERSULFATE MICROETCHING SOLUTION FOR PCB COPPER SURFACES
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Sodium Persulfate and sulfuric acid concentrations on copper etch rate, surface appearance and solution life.
Starting approach:
Sodium Persulfate: 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 M (about 60, 119 and 238 g/L)
Sulfuric acid: 0.2–0.4 M; added at the point of use to the dilute solution
Operating temperature: About 24–35 °C
Test specimen: Copper-clad laminate pieces with known surface area
Application approach:
Sodium Persulfate is dissolved in deionized water, then sulfuric acid is added slowly.
Copper specimens are immersed in the solution for a fixed time and the etch rate is calculated from weight loss.
Surface appearance and roughness are compared for each solution.
Successive specimens are placed in the same solution to monitor the change in etch rate with copper build-up.
Used solutions are not kept in closed containers and are sent to the waste treatment system appropriately.
EXAMPLE 3: COMPARISON OF SODIUM PERSULFATE ACTIVATION METHODS IN A CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
Objective: To compare the effect of different activation methods on target contaminant removal and persulfate consumption at laboratory scale.
Starting approach:
Sodium Persulfate: 25 and 50 g/L (example range reported in field applications)
Alkaline activation: pH above 12 with NaOH; base/persulfate molar ratio about 2:1
Iron activation: Fe²⁺/persulfate molar ratio 1:1 and 1:2
Thermal activation: About 40 °C
Control: Sodium Persulfate without activator
Application approach:
The same contaminated water or soil-water mixture samples are placed in separate reactors for each activation method.
Sodium Persulfate and activator are added, and the reactors are left to stand vented to prevent pressure build-up.
Target contaminant, residual persulfate, pH and temperature are measured at set intervals.
For iron activation, dosing Fe²⁺ all at once versus in split doses is also compared.
The results are used to select the appropriate activation method for a field pilot study.
PRODUCTS SIMILAR TO SODIUM PERSULFATE AND ALTERNATIVES
When choosing an alternative to Sodium Persulfate, the target process, solubility, active oxygen content, effect of the cation on the process, stability and cost should be evaluated together.
SODIUM PERSULFATE AND AMMONIUM PERSULFATE
Ammonium persulfate (CAS No 7727-54-0) is a persulfate salt containing the same peroxydisulfate anion and used in similar applications such as polymerization, hair lighteners and PCB etching. It is more soluble in water than Sodium Persulfate (about 85 g per 100 g water at 25 °C) and has a higher typical active oxygen content.
Since ammonium persulfate contains the ammonium ion, Sodium Persulfate may be preferred in applications where ammonia odour, ammonium nitrogen in wastewater or the effect of ammonium on process chemistry is undesirable. In some laboratory applications such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, however, ammonium persulfate is generally used.
SODIUM PERSULFATE AND POTASSIUM PERSULFATE
Potassium persulfate (CAS No 7727-21-1) is a persulfate salt whose water solubility is much lower than that of Sodium Persulfate (about 6 g per 100 g water at 25 °C). Its typical active oxygen content is also lower than that of the sodium salt.
While its low solubility makes potassium persulfate advantageous in some solid formulations and special polymerization processes, Sodium Persulfate is a more practical option in applications requiring concentrated solutions.
SODIUM PERSULFATE AND POTASSIUM MONOPERSULFATE
Potassium monopersulfate is an oxidant containing the peroxymonosulfate anion, with a structure different from that of Sodium Persulfate. Potassium monopersulfate is the active ingredient in most non-chlorine pool and spa shock oxidizers.
The standard potential of peroxymonosulfate (about 1.44 V) is lower than that of persulfate. Persulfates can also be used as raw materials for the on-site production of peroxymonosulfate solutions.
SODIUM PERSULFATE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidant used as an alternative to Sodium Persulfate in PCB etching, bleaching and environmental oxidation. Its standard potential (about 1.77 V) is lower than that of persulfate.
In PCB microetching, hydrogen peroxide-sulfuric acid systems require a higher operating temperature than persulfate systems. In groundwater remediation, hydrogen peroxide cannot be transported as far as persulfate because it decomposes much faster; on the other hand, hydrogen peroxide can also be used together with persulfate to activate it.
SODIUM PERSULFATE AND POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Potassium permanganate is the other common oxidant used in in situ chemical oxidation. According to the literature, the effectiveness of permanganate is limited mainly to alkenes and benzene derivatives, and the manganese dioxide formed can reduce soil permeability.
Activated Sodium Persulfate, on the other hand, acts on a wider range of contaminants.
SODIUM PERSULFATE AND SODIUM PERCARBONATE
Sodium percarbonate is a substance that releases hydrogen peroxide in solution and is used especially in oxygen-based laundry and bleaching powders. As a milder oxidant, it is not a direct replacement for Sodium Persulfate in applications requiring strong oxidation or radical initiation.
QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR SODIUM PERSULFATE
When purchasing Sodium Persulfate, deciding only on the basis of product name and price is not sufficient. Technical, reagent and cosmetic grade Sodium Persulfate products may differ in purity, active oxygen and trace impurity limits.
Information recommended for review before purchase:
Product name and manufacturer
Quality grade (technical, reagent or cosmetic)
CAS number (7775-27-1) and EC number (231-892-1)
Purity (assay)
Active oxygen content
Moisture content
Sodium sulfate content
pH (in 1% or 10% solution)
Iron, copper, manganese and chromium content
Heavy metal content
Chloride content
Insolubles content
Particle size and bulk density
Whether it contains a flow additive
Shelf life and storage conditions
Typical analysis values for Sodium Persulfate reported in manufacturer technical information:
Purity: 99.0–99.9%
Active oxygen: 6.65–6.70%
Moisture: < 0.03%
Sodium sulfate: About 0.70%
pH (1% solution): 5.0–6.0
pH (10% solution): About 4.0
Iron (Fe): 0.5–5 ppm
Copper (Cu): < 0.2 ppm
Manganese (Mn): < 0.2–0.5 ppm
Chromium (Cr): < 0.1–0.5 ppm
Chloride (Cl): < 3–10 ppm
Heavy metals (as Pb): < 1 ppm
Insolubles: < 10–29 ppm
Example specification values for reagent grade Sodium Persulfate:
Appearance: White powder, crystals or granules
Infrared spectrum: Conforms to structure
Purity (titration with Na₂S₂O₃): 98.0–102.0%
These values are example values. The exact specification of the Sodium Persulfate product to be used should be checked against the manufacturer's TDS and COA documents.
Analytical method:
Sodium Persulfate and its solutions can be determined by reacting them with a standardized iron(II) ammonium sulfate solution and then back-titrating the excess iron(II) with potassium permanganate or cerium(IV) sulfate. With this method, both the Sodium Persulfate content and the active oxygen content are calculated.
Difference between TDS, SDS and COA:
The TDS (Technical Data Sheet) defines the quality grade, specification limits and typical values of Sodium Persulfate. The SDS (Safety Data Sheet) contains the hazards of Sodium Persulfate and information on safe handling, storage, transport and disposal.
The COA (Certificate of Analysis) shows the actual values measured in a specific batch. Active oxygen, moisture and iron values in particular should be checked on the COA for each batch.
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF SODIUM PERSULFATE
Sodium Persulfate should be stored in its original, tightly closed packaging in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area. According to manufacturer technical information, it is recommended that the product be stored preferably below 30 °C, that temperatures above 35 °C be avoided and that it never be stored at ambient temperatures above 45 °C.
Sodium Persulfate falls under class 5.1B (oxidizing hazardous materials) of the German storage classification and should be stored locked up or in an area accessible only to authorized persons.
Sodium Persulfate should be kept away from combustible materials, reducing agents, acids, bases, organic materials and powdered metals. If the product gets wet or is spilled, it should be isolated and disposed of properly.
It is recommended that space be left between pallets or big bags and that the storage layout be planned to suit the fire suppression capacity of the building.
Sodium Persulfate is generally supplied in 25 kg polyethylene bags and in big bags of about 1,000 kg. The packaging type and shelf life of the product to be used should be confirmed with the supplier.
Sodium Persulfate is classified as an oxidizing substance for transport:
UN No: 1505
Proper shipping name: Sodium persulfate
Transport hazard class: 5.1
Packing group: III
Sodium Persulfate must be packaged, marked and labelled in accordance with ADR (road), IMDG (sea) and IATA (air) rules.
SODIUM PERSULFATE SAFETY INFORMATION
Sodium Persulfate is classified as follows under the CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008:
Oxidizing solids, Category 3 – H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer
Acute toxicity (oral), Category 4 – H302: Harmful if swallowed
Skin irritation, Category 2 – H315: Causes skin irritation
Skin sensitization, Category 1 – H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction
Respiratory sensitization, Category 1 – H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled
Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure), Category 3 – H335: May cause respiratory irritation
Signal word: Danger
Main precautionary statements: P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources; P220 Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials; P261 Avoid breathing dust; P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection; P284 Wear respiratory protection; P302+P352 If on skin: wash with plenty of water.
Toxicological data: For Sodium Persulfate, the oral LD50 (rat, male) is reported as 1,200 mg/kg, the dermal LD50 (rat) as > 2,000 mg/kg and the inhalation LC50 (rat, 4 hours) as > 5.1 mg/L.
Occupational exposure limit: TLV 0.1 mg/m³ (TWA)
When working with Sodium Persulfate, dust formation should be avoided, local exhaust ventilation or respiratory protection with a P2 filter should be used, and protective goggles, gloves and long-sleeved work clothing should be worn. Neoprene gloves and neoprene-soled shoes are listed among suitable protective equipment.
In case of eye contact, rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes; if inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention if breathing is difficult.
Decomposition and fire:
Overheating or contamination can lead to self-accelerating decomposition of Sodium Persulfate. The decomposing product effervesces with an acid-like odour, emits noxious fumes containing sulfur and nitrogen oxides and can form a hot melt that may ignite nearby combustible materials.
The only effective way to halt decomposition is to apply large quantities of water; 8 kg of water is recommended per 1 kg of decomposing product, and no less than 2 kg should be used. Carbon dioxide or other gas-filled extinguishers have no effect on decomposing persulfate.
Disposal:
Sodium Persulfate crystals must never be discarded in trash bins. Spilled or contaminated product should be dissolved in plenty of water, and spent solutions should be diluted with plenty of water and sent to a treatment system; waste should be disposed of in accordance with Directive 2008/98/EC, the Turkish Waste Management Regulation and other national and local regulations.
Spilled product must not be cleaned up with sawdust or other combustible absorbents.
For detailed safety, first aid and firefighting information, the current SDS of the Sodium Persulfate product to be used should be taken as the basis.
WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN PURCHASING SODIUM PERSULFATE?
When purchasing Sodium Persulfate, it should be checked that the CAS number of the product is 7775-27-1. This check is important to confirm that the product is not ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, potassium monopersulfate or a ready-made mixture containing persulfate.
A quality grade suitable for the field of use should be selected. Low iron, copper and chloride come to the fore in polymerization and electronics applications; purity and regulatory compliance in cosmetic applications; and cost and solubility in environmental applications.
Since active oxygen content and purity directly determine the oxidizing power of Sodium Persulfate, they should be checked on the COA. Dosage calculations should be made on the basis of active oxygen or molar equivalents.
Moisture content is a critical parameter for the storage stability of the product. It should be checked on delivery that the packaging is moisture-proof and undamaged.
Particle size, bulk density and whether the product contains a flow additive can affect product behaviour, especially in dosing systems and powder formulations.
Since Sodium Persulfate is transported and stored as an oxidizing substance, the storage conditions and fire safety measures of the facility must be appropriate to the requirements of the product.
It is important to obtain the COA, current SDS and TDS for each batch.
SUPPLY OF SODIUM PERSULFATE FROM ATAMAN KİMYA
Sodium Persulfate is a raw material used for different technical functions such as polymerization initiation, microetching, oxidative breakdown, desizing and gel breaking in polymer, electronics, metal surface treatment, environmental technology, cosmetic, textile, paper, oil and chemical synthesis applications.
You can obtain Sodium Persulfate from Ataman Kimya as follows: by sharing your field of use and technical requirements, you can contact Ataman Kimya regarding product suitability, current supply status and a quotation.
The current stock status, origin, quality grade, technical properties, packaging and specifications of the product should be confirmed with Ataman Kimya before ordering.
Sharing the following information in a quotation request makes it easier to evaluate the right Sodium Persulfate product:
Industry and end application
Requested quality grade
Requested minimum purity and active oxygen content
Iron, copper, chloride and heavy metal limits
Preferred particle size or product form
Formulation or process information
Estimated order quantity
Requested packaging type
Requested technical documents (TDS, SDS, COA)
TDS or COA information of the current product, if available
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT SODIUM PERSULFATE
What is Sodium Persulfate?
Sodium Persulfate is a strong oxidizing salt with the formula Na₂S₂O₈ that has a white crystalline structure and is highly soluble in water. Sodium Persulfate is also called Sodium Peroxydisulfate or Sodium Peroxodisulfate and is used especially in emulsion polymerization, PCB microetching and environmental remediation.
What does the name sodium persulfate mean?
Sodium persulfate is the disodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid (H₂S₂O₈). The prefix "per" in its name indicates that the molecule contains a peroxide (O–O) bridge.
What is the CAS number of Sodium Persulfate?
The CAS number of Sodium Persulfate is 7775-27-1, its EC number is 231-892-1 and its UN number is 1505.
Is Sodium Persulfate soluble in water?
Yes. Sodium Persulfate is highly soluble in water; its solubility is 55.6 g/100 mL at 20 °C and about 73 g per 100 g of water at 25 °C.
What is the difference between Sodium Persulfate and ammonium persulfate?
Both products contain the same peroxydisulfate anion. Since Sodium Persulfate contains no ammonium, it may be preferred in applications where ammonia formation and ammonium nitrogen in wastewater are undesirable; ammonium persulfate, on the other hand, is more soluble in water.
What is the difference between Sodium Persulfate and potassium persulfate?
The water solubility of potassium persulfate is much lower than that of Sodium Persulfate (about 6 g per 100 g of water at 25 °C). Sodium Persulfate is therefore more practical in applications requiring concentrated solutions.
Is Sodium Persulfate combustible?
Sodium Persulfate is not combustible, but as a strong oxidizer it can intensify the combustion of other materials. Contact with combustible and reducing materials creates a risk of fire and explosion.
At what temperature does Sodium Persulfate decompose?
Dry Sodium Persulfate decomposes at about 180 °C. Moisture lowers this temperature markedly; for product containing 5% moisture, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature can drop to about 60 °C.
How is Sodium Persulfate activated?
Sodium Persulfate is activated by heat, reducing agents such as bisulfite, transition metal ions such as Fe²⁺, high pH or hydrogen peroxide to form sulfate radicals. The activation method is chosen according to the application.
Is Sodium Persulfate used in cosmetics?
Yes. Sodium Persulfate is used as an oxidizing agent in hair lightening and hair colouring products. The CIR panel concluded that it is safe in these products provided that use is brief and followed by thorough rinsing.
Is Sodium Persulfate used in foods?
No. Sodium Persulfate is not a direct food additive. In the USA, it is listed only among the components of paper and paperboard in contact with food.
Is Sodium Persulfate hazardous to health?
Sodium Persulfate is harmful if swallowed, irritates the skin and can cause allergic skin reactions and, if inhaled, asthma symptoms. Dust formation should be avoided during handling and suitable personal protective equipment should be used.
Can Sodium Persulfate solution be stored in a closed container?
No. Since Sodium Persulfate solutions release oxygen as they decompose, they can cause pressure build-up and rupture in closed containers. Solutions should be prepared only as needed and kept in vented containers.
How should Sodium Persulfate be stored?
Sodium Persulfate should be stored in its original, tightly closed packaging in a cool, dry place, preferably below 30 °C, and kept away from combustible and reducing materials.
SODIUM PERSULFATE – TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Sodium Persulfate, known in Turkish as Sodyum Persülfat, is an inorganic peroxide salt with the formula Na₂S₂O₈ that has a white crystalline structure, is highly soluble in water and has a strong oxidizing character. Also known as Sodium Peroxydisulfate, Sodium Peroxodisulfate and Disodium Peroxydisulfate, Sodium Persulfate forms strong sulfate radicals when activated by heat, reducing agents or transition metals.
Sodium Persulfate is not a single commercial product type. Although technical, reagent and cosmetic grades are based on the same chemical structure, they may differ in purity, active oxygen, moisture, impurity limits such as iron and heavy metals, and particle structure.
CAS No 7775-27-1, EC No 231-892-1 and UN No 1505 are used for Sodium Persulfate. Since the term "persulfate" can also suggest ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate and persulfate-containing mixtures, it should be verified by CAS number during purchasing that the product is the sodium salt.
Sodium Persulfate is mainly used as a radical initiator in emulsion polymerization, in PCB microetching and metal surface preparation, in soil and groundwater remediation, in wastewater treatment, in hair lightening products, in textile desizing and bleaching, in starch and paper processing, as a gel breaker in oil wells, in organic synthesis and in TOC analysis.
Since Sodium Persulfate may intensify fire, is harmful if swallowed, irritates the skin and can cause respiratory and skin sensitization, appropriate occupational safety measures must be taken during handling, the product must be stored protected from moisture, heat and contamination, and the current SDS must be taken as the basis.
Companies planning to source Sodium Persulfate from Ataman Kimya are advised to confirm product suitability with Ataman Kimya by sharing their field of use, requested quality grade, minimum purity and active oxygen content, impurity limits, quantity and technical documentation needs.
