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Sodium pyrithones derivative product, zinc pyrithione, is also a commonly used fungicide for daily chemicals.
Sodium pyrithione is an organosulfur antimicrobial compound widely used as a preservative and biocide.
Sodium pyrithone is the sodium salt of pyrithione, with the chemical formula C₅H₄NOSNa.
CAS Number: 3811-73-2
Molecular Formula: C5H6NNaOS
Molecular Weight: 151.16
EINECS Number: 223-296-5
Synonyms: 3811-73-2, Omadine sodium, Sodium (2-pyridylthio)-N-oxide, sodium (1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-2-yl)sulfanide, 2-Mercaptopyridinen-oxide sodium salt, MFCD01941547, 2-Mercaptopyridine 1-oxide sodium salt, DTXSID3042390, 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide (sodium), 2-Mercaptopyridine n-oxide sodium, 2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxide, sodium salt (1:1), 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium salt anhydrous, 2-Pyridinethiol 1-Oxide Sodium Salt, Sodium omadine (VAN), Sodium pyrithione (VAN), 1-Hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione, sodium salt, Prestwick_78, NSC 4483, EINECS 223-296-5, Sodium, (2-pyridylthio)-, N-oxide, Sodium, (2-pyridinylthio)-, N-oxide, 2-Pyridinethiol, N-oxide, sodium salt, (1-Hydroxy-2-pyridinethione), sodium salt, AI3-22596, SCHEMBL3101261, CHEMBL2364542, DTXCID1022390, WNGMMIYXPIAYOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M, UNII-6L3991491R, N-Hydroxypyridinethione Sodium Salt, PYRITHIONE SODIUM [WHO-DD], STR00395, Tox21_300128, AKOS000121187, 1-Hydroxy-2-pyridinethione sodium salt, AC-1079, EBC-280050, HY-125785A, Pyridine-2-thiol 1-oxide, sodium salt, NCGC00254107-01, SY061676, CAS-3811-73-2, CS-0129647, M0632, M2841, NS00075665, 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium salt, 95%, 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium salt, 98%, 2-PYRIDINETHIOL-1-OXIDE, SODIUM SALT, EN300-18847, Sodium 1-oxo-1lambda~5~-pyridine-2-thiolate, EC 223-296-5, 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium salt, >=96%, (1-Hydroxy-2-pyridinethione), sodium salt, tech., Q27265081, Z90667629, 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium salt, >=96.0% (NT), SODIUM SALT OF 1-HYDROXY 2(1H)-PYRIDINE THIONE, SODIUM-2-PYRIDINETHIOL-1-OXIDE;SODIUM PYRIDINE-2-THIOLATE 1-OXIDE HYDRATE;SODIUM PYRITHIONE;SODIUM OMADINE;PYRITHIONE SODIUM;PYRITHIONE SODIUM SALT;N-Hydroxy-2-pyridinethione sodium salt;N-HYDROXYPYRIDINETHIONE SODIUM SALT
Sodium pyrithone is mainly used for anti-mildew and antibacterial products in the fields of daily chemicals (shampoo and hair care products), architectural coatings, adhesives, sealants, pesticides, textiles, leather products, metal working fluids, etc.
Sodium pyrithone can also be formulated for disinfection agents, detergents and medical broad-spectrum antifungal dermatological products.
At the same time, it is also an effective fungicide and an excellent common disinfectant for fruit trees, peanuts, wheat, vegetables and other crops.
Sodium pyrithone is closely related to zinc pyrithione and shares similar biological activity.
Chemically, sodium pyrithione contains a pyridine ring with sulfur and oxygen donor atoms.
This structure allows it to chelate metal ions and disrupt microbial metabolism.
Its antimicrobial activity is based on interference with membrane transport and enzyme systems.
Physically, sodium pyrithione appears as a white to pale yellow crystalline powder.
Sodium pyrithone is soluble in water, forming clear solutions.
This water solubility distinguishes it from zinc pyrithione and enables use in aqueous systems.
Sodium pyrithione exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.
It is effective against bacteria, fungi, and some algae.
These properties make it valuable in preservation and hygiene-related applications.
Functionally, sodium pyrithione acts as a biocide and preservative.
It prevents microbial growth and biofilm formation in formulations.
Its activity is effective at relatively low concentrations.
Sodium pyrithione is chemically stable under neutral to mildly alkaline conditions.
Sodium pyrithone can degrade under strong acidic conditions or prolonged exposure to light.
Proper formulation and storage are important to maintain effectiveness.
Compared to zinc pyrithione, sodium pyrithione is more water-soluble but generally less persistent.
This affects how it is formulated and applied.
Both compounds are selected based on solubility and regulatory considerations.
Sodium pyrithone is best described as a water-soluble antimicrobial and preservative agent.
Its importance lies in microbial control, formulation stability, and hygiene protection.
Pyrithione zinc, or zinc pyrithione or zinc pyridinethione, is a coordination complex consisted of pyrithione ligands chelated to zinc (2+) ions via oxygen and sulfur centers.
In the crystalline state, it exists as a centrosymmetric dimer. Due to its dynamic fungistatic and bacteriostatic properties, pyrithione zinc is used to treat dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.
Dandruff is a common scalp disease affecting >40% of the world's adult population, and may be caused by fungi such as Malassezia globosa and M. restricta 3.
Pyrithione is the common name of an organosulfur compound with molecular formula C5H5NOS, chosen as an abbreviation of pyridinethione, and found in the Persian shallot.
Sodium pyrithone exists as a pair of tautomers, the major form being the thione 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione and the minor form being the thiol 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide; it crystallises in the thione form.
Sodium pyrithone is usually prepared from either 2-bromopyridine, 2-chloropyridine, or 2-chloropyridine N-oxide, and is commercially available as both the neutral compound and its sodium salt.
Sodium pyrithone is used to prepare zinc pyrithione, which is used primarily to treat dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis in medicated shampoos, though is also an anti-fouling agent in paints.
Sodium pyrithione is often selected for formulations that require strong antimicrobial performance in fully aqueous systems.
Its solubility allows easy incorporation without the need for special dispersion techniques.
This simplifies manufacturing and improves batch consistency.
The compound shows synergistic behavior with other preservatives and biocides.
When used in combination systems, it can enhance overall antimicrobial efficacy.
This allows lower use levels of individual preservatives.
Sodium pyrithione is effective at low concentrations, which helps minimize formulation impact.
Small additions can provide significant protection against microbial growth.
This efficiency is valuable in sensitive formulations.
In technical applications, sodium pyrithione helps control biofilm formation.
Biofilms can reduce product performance and cause hygiene issues.
By inhibiting microbial adhesion, it supports long-term stability.
Sodium pyrithione is sensitive to light and extreme pH conditions.
Exposure to strong acids or prolonged UV light can reduce its activity.
Formulations are therefore designed to maintain suitable pH and storage conditions.
The compound has a distinct sulfur-containing structure, which contributes to its biological activity.
This structure allows interaction with thiol-containing enzymes in microorganisms.
Such interactions disrupt essential metabolic pathways.
Molecular formula: C5H4NNaOS2
Molecular weight: 149.21 g/mol
Melting point: −25 °C
Boiling point: 109 °C
Density: 1.22 g/cm3
Vapor pressure: 0–0 Pa (25 °C)
Refractive index: 1.4825
Storage temperature: Hygroscopic; store at −20 °C under inert atmosphere
Solubility: H2O 0.1 M at 20 °C (clear, faintly yellow)
Water solubility: 54.7 g/100 mL
Form: Solution
Color: Very deep brown
Biological source: Synthetic
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax: 334 nm (H2O)
Merck index: 14,7994
BRN: 4026050
Surface tension: 65.013–72.6 mN/m (1–1.02 g/L, 20–20.1 °C)
InChI: 1S/C5H5NOS.Na/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5(6)8;/h1-4,8H;/q;+1/p-1
InChIKey: WNGMMIYXPIAYOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M
SMILES: O.[O-][n+]1ccccc1S[Na]
LogP: −2.38 (20 °C, pH 7)
Sodium pyrithione belongs to pyridine derivatives fungicide, appearance is yellow full light dumpling transparent liquid, melting point 250 ℃, slightly characteristic odor.
Soluble in water and ethanol and other organic solvents, solubility (by mass fraction): water 53%, ethanol 19%, polyethylene glycol (PECG400) 12%.
Best use pH range 7 to 10, mass fraction of 2% aqueous solution pH 8.0. Unstable to light, oxidizing agents and strong reducing agents.
Non-ionic surfactants will deactivate it somewhat, and it can chelate with heavy metals.
Sodium pyrithione is one of the active components in paint, sealants, shampoo, adhesive and aerosol due to its anti-microbial activity.
In biochemistry studies, it is utilized to transport zinc into cells.
Sodium pyrithione is used to form bidentate oxothiolane chelates with transition metals.
Sodium pyrithione acts as a stabilizer and viscosity building provider in weak basic or neutral medium.
Sodium pyrithione has a well-established mechanism of antimicrobial action.
Sodium pyrithione disrupts microbial cell membranes and interferes with energy metabolism by inhibiting key enzymes.
This leads to loss of cellular function and growth inhibition.
Because of its ionic, water-soluble nature, sodium pyrithione distributes evenly in aqueous formulations.
This ensures uniform antimicrobial protection throughout the product.
It is particularly useful where clear, water-based systems are required.
Sodium pyrithione shows effectiveness over a wide range of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as yeasts and molds.
This broad activity reduces the need for multiple preservatives.
Sodium pyrithione is often part of preservative systems rather than used alone.
The compound demonstrates fast antimicrobial action compared with some traditional preservatives.
This rapid effect helps prevent early-stage contamination during manufacturing and storage.
It is especially valuable in products with frequent water exposure.
Sodium pyrithione can interact with metal ions and formulation components, which may influence its activity.
Chelators, surfactants, and pH conditions can affect performance.
Formulation optimization is therefore important.
In comparison to zinc pyrithione, sodium pyrithione is less insoluble and more mobile in solution.
This can result in different deposition and persistence behaviors.
The choice between sodium and zinc forms depends on application needs.
Sodium pyrithione is subject to regulatory controls in many regions.
Allowed concentrations and permitted uses vary depending on product category.
Compliance with local cosmetic, industrial, or biocidal regulations is essential.
Sodium pyrithione is regarded as a highly effective, water-soluble antimicrobial agent.
Its role is primarily to protect products from microbial spoilage and contamination.
Proper formulation and regulatory compliance are key to its safe and effective use.
Sodium pyrithione is primarily intended for industrial, technical, and regulated cosmetic uses.
It is not a general-purpose food preservative.
Use is governed by safety assessments and regulatory limits.
Sodium pyrithione is considered a potent, fast-acting, water-soluble antimicrobial agent.
Its value lies in reliable microbial control, formulation compatibility, and process efficiency.
Sodium pyrithione acts as labelling agent during indium-111 labelling of human platelets.
It acts as bioactive ligand and forms palladium and platinum complexes, which were tested as potential antitrypanosomal agents.
Uses Of Sodium pyrithione:
Sodium pyrithione is a preservative that is not commonly used because of some level of toxicity.
Sodium pyrithione is prohibited in Canada, and it is on the eu Annex II list of substances that must not form part of a cosmetic product composition.
Sodium pyrithione is used as a preservative in cosmetic and personal-care formulations.
It protects products from bacterial and fungal contamination.
This helps extend shelf life and maintain product safety.
In shampoos and scalp-care products, sodium pyrithione is used for its antimicrobial and anti-dandruff activity.
Sodium pyrithione helps control yeast and bacteria associated with scalp conditions.
Its water solubility allows uniform distribution in liquid formulations.
Sodium pyrithione is applied in industrial cleaning and hygiene products.
Sodium pyrithione prevents microbial growth in water-based cleaners and detergents.
This maintains product stability during storage and use.
In coatings, paints, and polymer dispersions, sodium pyrithione is used as an in-can preservative.
Sodium pyrithione protects formulations from spoilage caused by bacteria and fungi.
This is important for long-term storage of water-based coatings.
Sodium pyrithione is used in metalworking fluids and process waters.
Sodium pyrithione controls microbial contamination and biofilm formation.
This helps prevent odor, corrosion, and performance loss.
In textile and paper processing, sodium pyrithione is used to control microbial growth in aqueous systems.
It helps prevent slime formation and material degradation.
This improves process hygiene.
Sodium pyrithione is applied in laboratory and technical biocidal formulations.
Sodium pyrithione serves as a reference or active ingredient in antimicrobial systems.
These uses support research and industrial hygiene.
Sodium pyrithione is used wherever water-soluble, fast-acting antimicrobial protection is required.
Sodium pyrithione is a bactericide for use in cooling fluids and short-term in-can preservation of vinyl acetate latex, paints, and synthetic-fiber lubricants; preservative for cosmetic rinse-off products.
Sodium pyrithione is used in water-based industrial preservatives systems to protect formulations during storage and repeated use.
It is effective in preventing microbial spoilage in products that are frequently opened or exposed to moisture.
In cooling-water systems and industrial water circuits, sodium pyrithione is used to control microbial growth.
Sodium pyrithione helps prevent slime formation and biofouling.
This supports efficient heat transfer and system hygiene.
Sodium pyrithione is applied in adhesives, sealants, and latex emulsions as an in-can preservative.
Sodium pyrithione prevents bacterial degradation that can affect viscosity and bonding performance.
This improves product shelf life and consistency.
In household cleaning products, sodium pyrithione helps maintain microbiological stability.
Sodium pyrithione is used in surface cleaners, bathroom products, and disinfectant formulations.
Its fast action supports hygiene performance.
Sodium pyrithione is used in industrial detergents and alkaline cleaners.
It controls microbial contamination without significantly affecting cleaning power.
This is important in high-water-content systems.
In plastic, rubber, and polymer processing, sodium pyrithione is used to protect water-based dispersions.
Sodium pyrithione prevents mold and bacterial growth during storage and processing.
This maintains material quality.
Sodium pyrithione is applied in marine and industrial anti-biofouling research.
It is studied for its ability to inhibit algae and microbial growth.
These applications are regulated and controlled.
In quality-control and antimicrobial testing, sodium pyrithione is used as a reference biocide.
Sodium pyrithione supports evaluation of preservative systems and microbial resistance.
This helps optimize formulation safety and effectiveness.
Sodium pyrithione is selected in applications requiring rapid, water-soluble, broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection across cosmetic, industrial, and technical formulations.
Safety Profile Of Sodium pyrithione:
Poison by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion, subcutaneous and parenteral routes.
Used in preservation of cosmetics, when heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Na2O, NOx, and SOx.
Sodium pyrithione presents moderate to significant hazard potential due to its biocidal activity and toxicity profile.
Sodium pyrithione must be handled carefully, especially in concentrated or raw-material form.
Use is subject to strict regulatory controls.
Skin contact may cause irritation or sensitization.
Prolonged or repeated exposure can lead to redness, itching, or allergic reactions.
Protective gloves and appropriate protective clothing are recommended during handling.
Eye contact can cause serious irritation or damage.
Symptoms may include pain, redness, and watering.
Immediate and thorough rinsing with plenty of water is required, and medical attention may be necessary.
Inhalation of dusts or aerosols may cause respiratory tract irritation.
Symptoms can include coughing, throat irritation, and breathing discomfort.
Adequate ventilation and dust-control measures should be used.
Ingestion is harmful or toxic.
Sodium pyrithione may cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and systemic effects.
Immediate medical attention is required if swallowed.
Sodium pyrithione is toxic to aquatic organisms, with long-lasting environmental effects.
Even low concentrations can be harmful to aquatic life.
Release into the environment should be strictly avoided.
