SOKALAN CP 5

From a macromolecular architecture standpoint, Sokalan CP 5 is synthesized via controlled free-radical aqueous copolymerization of 2-propenoic acid (acrylic acid) and cis-butenedioic acid (maleic acid or maleic anhydride) followed by complete alkaline neutralization with sodium hydroxide, yielding a linear polycarboxylate backbone of formula (C4H2O4.C3H4O2)x.xNa with a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of approximately 70,000 g/mol. The alternating and block incorporation of vicinal dicarboxylic sodium maleate units alongside mono-carboxylic sodium acrylate units creates an exceptionally high linear anionic carboxylate charge density along the polymer chain, enabling simultaneous multidentate chelation of divalent calcium and magnesium hardness ions and strong electrosteric adsorption onto positively charged crystal growth nuclei.

Compared with legacy sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) builders that cause aquatic eutrophication or standalone aluminosilicate Zeolite A builders that suffer from slow magnesium ion-exchange kinetics and insoluble carbonate-silicate ash deposition on fabrics, Sokalan CP 5 acts as an environmentally benign, non-eutrophying carrier polymer that accelerates calcium transfer from hard water into the zeolite lattice while distorting residual calcite crystal growth at substoichiometric threshold dosages. Furthermore, Sokalan CP 5 outperforms homopolymeric sodium polyacrylate dispersants of lower charge density by providing markedly higher calcium-binding capacity, superior clay and iron-oxide dispersion stability in hard water, enhanced slurry crutcher homogenization prior to spray-tower drying, and complete thermal and hydrolytic stability across alkaline and oxidative bleaching environments.

CAS Number: 52255-49-9 / 68479-09-4 (Maleic acid/acrylic acid copolymer, sodium salt; Acid Form CAS Number: 29132-58-9; Aqueous Solution Water Phase CAS Number: 7732-18-5)
EC Number: 610-802-6 (Polymer Exempt under EU REACH Regulation EC 1907/2006; Monomer Precursors Registered)
Molecular Formula: (C4H2O4.C3H4O2)x.xNa / Repeating Structural Unit: [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n-[-CH(COONa)-CH(COONa)-]m
Molecular Weight: Approx. 70,000 g/mol (Weight-Average Molecular Weight Mw determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography GPC)
INCI Name: SODIUM MA/AA COPOLYMER (and SODIUM ACRYLATE/MALEATE COPOLYMER)
E Number: Not Applicable (Industrial Detergent Co-Builder, Anti-Redeposition Dispersant, Textile Auxiliary, and Water-Treatment Scale Inhibitor; Not a Direct Food Additive)
Melting Point: > 250 °C thermal decomposition onset for anhydrous Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules (Glass Transition Temperature Tg approx. 140 °C to 160 °C; decomposes without melting into a neat liquid); approx. -5 °C to -10 °C solidification/freezing point for commercial 40.0% w/w Sokalan CP 5 Liquid aqueous solution
Boiling Point: Approx. 100 °C to 105 °C at 101.3 kPa for commercial 40.0% w/w Sokalan CP 5 Liquid aqueous solution (governed by the continuous water phase); Not Applicable for anhydrous Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules
Viscosity: 300 to 1,000 mPa.s (cP) at 23 °C (typically 450 to 700 mPa.s by Brookfield RV Viscometer at 20 rpm and 23 °C; ISO 2555 / DIN EN ISO 2555) for commercial 40.0% w/w Sokalan CP 5 Liquid solution; approx. 15 to 40 mPa.s at 25 °C for a 20.0% w/w aqueous solution reconstituted from Sokalan CP 5 Powder or Sokalan CP 5 Granules; Not Applicable for dry solid powder or granular forms
Density: Approx. 1.28 to 1.33 g/cm3 (typically 1.30 g/cm3 or 1,300 kg/m3; DIN 51757) at 20 °C for commercial 40.0% w/w Sokalan CP 5 Liquid solution; apparent loose bulk density of 0.45 to 0.65 g/cm3 (450 to 650 g/L or kg/m3; ISO 697) for Sokalan CP 5 Powder and 0.60 to 0.78 g/cm3 (600 to 780 g/L or kg/m3; ISO 697) for dust-free compacted Sokalan CP 5 Granules

Most Frequently Encountered Synonyms:
Sokalan CP 5
Sokalan CP5
Sokalan CP-5
Sokalan CP 5 Liquid
Sokalan CP 5 Powder
Sokalan CP 5 Granules
Sokalan CP 5 Granular
Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt
Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt
Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer
Sodium Salt of Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer
Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt
Poly(maleic acid-co-acrylic acid) Sodium Salt
CAS 52255-49-9
CAS 68479-09-4
EC 610-802-6

PRODUCT OVERVIEW, CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND MACROMOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE

Sokalan CP 5 is a premier industrial-grade synthetic polycarboxylate copolymer engineered specifically to address the complex colloidal, crystal-growth, and water-hardness challenges encountered in modern household detergents, institutional laundry systems, automatic dishwashing formulations, industrial water circuits, textile wet-processing baths, and high-solids mineral slurries. Supplied by Ataman Kimya as a foundational polymeric raw material, Sokalan CP 5 is chemically defined under Chemical Abstracts Service nomenclature as 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, polymer with 2-propenoic acid, sodium salt (CAS Number 52255-49-9; EC Number 610-802-6), corresponding to the fully neutralized sodium form of the parent acid copolymer registered under CAS Number 29132-58-9. Throughout international formulation literature and raw-material specifications, formulators refer to Sokalan CP 5 interchangeably as Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt, Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer, Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt, MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt, and Sodium Acrylate/Maleate Copolymer.

The macromolecular design of Sokalan CP 5 is centered on the synergistic copolymerization of two unsaturated carboxylic monomers: acrylic acid (CH2=CH-COOH, molecular weight 72.06 g/mol), which contributes one ionizable carboxylate group per two backbone carbon atoms, and maleic acid or maleic anhydride (HOOC-CH=CH-COOH, molecular weight 116.07 g/mol as the diacid or 98.06 g/mol as the anhydride), which contributes two adjacent (vicinal) ionizable carboxylate groups per two backbone carbon atoms. Because 1,2-disubstituted maleic acid does not readily homopolymerize via standard aqueous free-radical mechanisms due to steric hindrance and resonance-stabilized radical intermediates, its controlled copolymerization with the highly reactive vinyl bond of acrylic acid produces a linear carbon-carbon backbone enriched with alternating and short-sequence acrylate and maleate structural repeats of general formula [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n-[-CH(COONa)-CH(COONa)-]m. Following complete neutralization with high-purity aqueous sodium hydroxide, every monomeric repeat carries dissociated sodium carboxylate (-COO- Na+) functionalities, giving Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt an exceptionally high linear anionic charge density and theoretical carboxylate exchange capacity compared with conventional homopolymeric sodium polyacrylates.

A defining physicochemical parameter of Sokalan CP 5 is its carefully controlled weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of approximately 70,000 g/mol, as measured by aqueous Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) calibrated against defined polyacrylate standards. In polycarboxylate detergent science, molecular weight governs the balance between low-molecular-weight threshold crystal distortion and high-molecular-weight steric stabilization and soil bridging. Homopolymers with very low molecular weights (Mw 2,000 to 5,000 g/mol) excel at sub-stoichiometric scale inhibition in cooling towers but exhibit weaker steric stabilization of coarse clay and soot particles on fabrics and lower sequestration per polymer chain. Conversely, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyacrylates (Mw > 250,000 g/mol) can induce flocculation bridging and elevate liquid detergent viscosity excessively. By optimizing the chain length of Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt at Mw ~ 70,000 g/mol while packing the chain with vicinal dicarboxylate maleate groups, Sokalan CP 5 achieves the ideal hydrodynamic radius and electrostatic charge density required for three simultaneous detergent functions: high calcium and magnesium sequestration capacity, rapid carrier-mediated ion transport to insoluble aluminosilicate zeolites, and robust electrosteric dispersion of particulate soils and sparingly soluble calcium salts.

To support every manufacturing process architecture in the global detergent and chemical auxiliary sectors, Ataman Kimya supplies Sokalan CP 5 across three distinct physical formats that share the exact same underlying Mw ~ 70,000 g/mol Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt macromolecule:

1. Sokalan CP 5 Liquid: A clear to slightly yellowish, moderately viscous aqueous solution containing approximately 40.0% w/w active Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer and 60.0% w/w water, engineered for direct metering into detergent slurry crutchers prior to spray-drying, liquid laundry detergents, industrial institutional cleaners, textile auxiliaries, and water-treatment blends.
2. Sokalan CP 5 Powder: A fine, white to slightly off-white, free-flowing spray-dried powder containing approximately 92.0% w/w active MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt (with <= 8.0% residual moisture), designed for dry-blending into conventional and compact laundry powders, institutional cleaning powders, ceramic dry mixes, and cementitious or gypsum additives.
3. Sokalan CP 5 Granules: A white to slightly yellowish, dust-free compacted and agglomerated granular grade containing approximately 91.0% to 92.0% w/w active Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt, specifically engineered with a higher apparent bulk density (600 to 780 g/L) and narrow particle size distribution (typically 400 to 800 microns) for post-addition dry-blending into heavy-duty compact laundry powders, non-segregating industrial blends, and high-speed rotary tableting of automatic dishwashing detergents (ADW) and laundry tablets.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND QUANTITATIVE SPECIFICATIONS

Understanding the quantitative physical and chemical properties of Sokalan CP 5 across its liquid, spray-dried powder, and compacted granular deliveries is essential for chemical process engineers, detergent formulators, and quality control laboratories. Because Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt is a strong anionic polyelectrolyte with a weight-average molecular weight of 70,000 g/mol, its solution rheology, bulk density, hygroscopicity, and multivalent cation binding behavior follow well-defined quantitative relationships that are rigorously verified on every batch supplied by Ataman Kimya.
Quantitative Master Specification Comparison Across Commercial Grades of Sokalan CP 5:

Parameter 1 - Chemical Composition: Sodium salt of a copolymer of maleic acid and acrylic acid / Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt (CAS 52255-49-9; EC 610-802-6) across Sokalan CP 5 Liquid, Sokalan CP 5 Powder, and Sokalan CP 5 Granules.

Parameter 2 - Weight-Average Molecular Weight (Mw, EN ISO 13885 / Aqueous GPC): Approx. 70,000 g/mol (typical specification range 60,000 to 80,000 g/mol) across all three physical grades of Sokalan CP 5.

Parameter 3 - Physical Appearance at 20 °C: Sokalan CP 5 Liquid is a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale yellowish liquid; Sokalan CP 5 Powder is a white to slightly yellowish, free-flowing fine spray-dried powder; Sokalan CP 5 Granules is a white to slightly yellowish, free-flowing, low-dust compacted granular solid.

Parameter 4 - Solids Content / Active Polymer Content (ISO 3251, 2 hours at 120 °C to 140 °C): Sokalan CP 5 Liquid has a solids content of 39.0% to 41.0% w/w (nominal 40.0% w/w); Sokalan CP 5 Powder has a solids content of >= 91.0% w/w (typical 92.0% w/w, range 90.0% to 94.0% w/w); Sokalan CP 5 Granules has a solids content of >= 91.0% w/w (typical 92.0% w/w, range 90.0% to 94.0% w/w).

Parameter 5 - Water Content / Volatile Moisture Content (DIN EN 13267 / Karl Fischer or Halogen Moisture Analyzer): Sokalan CP 5 Liquid contains 59.0% to 61.0% w/w water (nominal 60.0% w/w); Sokalan CP 5 Powder contains <= 8.0% w/w moisture (typical 6.0% to 8.0% w/w); Sokalan CP 5 Granules contains <= 8.0% w/w moisture (typical 6.0% to 8.0% w/w).

Parameter 6 - pH Value in Aqueous Solution (DIN 19268 / ISO 976 at 20 °C to 25 °C): Sokalan CP 5 Liquid exhibits a pH of 7.5 to 9.0 (typically 8.0 to 8.5 as supplied or as a 10% w/w aqueous dilution); Sokalan CP 5 Powder exhibits a pH of 7.5 to 9.0 (typically 8.0 to 8.5 measured as a 10% w/w aqueous solution in distilled water); Sokalan CP 5 Granules exhibits a pH of 7.5 to 9.0 (typically 8.0 to 8.5 measured as a 10% w/w aqueous solution).

Parameter 7 - Dynamic Viscosity (DIN EN ISO 2555, Brookfield RV Viscometer at 23 °C, 20 rpm): Sokalan CP 5 Liquid exhibits a dynamic viscosity of 300 to 1,000 mPa.s (cP), with typical production batches measuring 450 to 700 mPa.s at 23 °C; a 20% w/w aqueous solution prepared from Sokalan CP 5 Powder or Sokalan CP 5 Granules exhibits a low viscosity of approximately 15 to 40 mPa.s at 25 °C.

Parameter 8 - Density and Apparent Bulk Density: Sokalan CP 5 Liquid has a liquid density (DIN 51757 at 20 °C) of 1.28 to 1.33 g/cm3 (typical 1.30 g/cm3 or 1,300 kg/m3) and 1.26 to 1.30 g/cm3 at 40 °C; Sokalan CP 5 Powder has an apparent loose bulk density (ISO 697) of 450 to 650 g/L (0.45 to 0.65 g/cm3, typical ~550 g/L); Sokalan CP 5 Granules has an apparent loose bulk density (ISO 697) of 600 to 780 g/L (0.60 to 0.78 g/cm3, typical ~680 g/L).

Parameter 9 - Particle Size Distribution and Granulometry (ISO 3310-1 Sieve Analysis): Not applicable for Sokalan CP 5 Liquid; Sokalan CP 5 Powder typically features a mean particle diameter (d50) of 80 to 180 microns with < 5.0% retained on a 400-micron sieve; Sokalan CP 5 Granules features a controlled mean particle diameter (d50) of 450 to 750 microns, with < 5.0% coarse fraction above 1,000 microns and < 5.0% fine dust fraction below 125 microns.

Parameter 10 - Angle of Repose and Flowability (ISO 4324): Sokalan CP 5 Powder displays an angle of repose of approximately 34 to 38 degrees (good flowability in dry hoppers); Sokalan CP 5 Granules displays a superior angle of repose of approximately 28 to 33 degrees (excellent free-flowing behavior for high-speed tableting dies and post-tower dosing feeders).

Parameter 11 - Color Index (DIN EN 1557): Sokalan CP 5 Liquid exhibits an iodine color number (Iodine Scale) of <= 5 mg I2/100 mL (typically <= 2 mg I2/100 mL, APHA/Hazen color <= 150); a 10% w/w aqueous solution of Sokalan CP 5 Powder or Sokalan CP 5 Granules exhibits an APHA/Hazen color of <= 50 and an iodine color number of <= 2.

Parameter 12 - Calcium Binding Capacity / Sequestering Power: On a 100% active anhydrous polymer basis at pH 11 and 20 °C, Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt (Mw 70,000 g/mol) provides a theoretical carboxylate content of approximately 11.5 to 12.5 milliequivalents per gram (meq/g) and a practical calcium-binding capacity of approximately 280 to 350 mg CaCO3 per gram of active polymer (equivalent to roughly 480 to 530 mg CaO per gram of active polymer in alkaline carbonate/hydroxide titration tests, or 110 to 140 mg CaCO3 per gram of commercial 40% Sokalan CP 5 Liquid as supplied).

Parameter 13 - Residual Monomer Content (HPLC Analysis): Free residual acrylic acid monomer is strictly controlled to < 500 ppm (typically < 100 to 200 ppm) and free residual maleic acid is controlled to < 1,000 ppm (typically < 300 ppm), ensuring high polymer purity, low odor, and full compliance with global eco-labeling and safety standards.

Parameter 14 - Thermal Stability and Decomposition Behavior: Anhydrous Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules exhibit no true melting point; the polymer undergoes glass transition (Tg) between 140 °C and 160 °C (depending on residual moisture) and remains thermally stable against backbone decarboxylation up to 240 °C to 250 °C, allowing safe passage through high-temperature counter-current detergent spray-drying towers where hot inlet air reaches 280 °C to 350 °C and droplet surface temperatures remain moderated by evaporative cooling.

Parameter 15 - Solubility and Miscibility Profile: All three grades of Sokalan CP 5 are completely miscible and infinitely soluble in water across all proportions from pH 3.5 to pH 14.0, forming clear aqueous solutions even in the presence of moderate levels of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and sodium silicate; the sodium polycarboxylate salt is insoluble in non-polar organic solvents (aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic solvents, chlorinated solvents, ketones, and esters) and has very limited solubility in anhydrous lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol.

Rheological and Polyelectrolyte Solution Behavior of Sokalan CP 5:
In aqueous solution, Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt behaves as a classic flexible polyelectrolyte whose hydrodynamic coil volume is governed by electrostatic repulsion between adjacent ionized carboxylate (-COO-) groups along the carbon backbone and by the ionic strength of the surrounding medium. In deionized water at neutral to mildly alkaline pH (pH 7.5 to 9.0), practically 100% of the carboxylic acid groups along the Sokalan CP 5 chain are dissociated into negatively charged carboxylate anions. Strong intramolecular coulombic repulsion between the closely spaced acrylate and vicinal maleate carboxylates forces the 70,000 g/mol macromolecule to adopt an extended, rod-like or stiffened coil conformation. When electrolyte salts (such as sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, or sodium chloride) are added to the aqueous phase—as occurs inside a detergent crutcher slurry—the mobile Na+ counterions screen the intramolecular carboxylate charges, causing the extended polycarboxylate chain to contract into a compact random coil and dramatically lowering the bulk slurry viscosity.
Furthermore, the dynamic viscosity of commercial 40.0% w/w Sokalan CP 5 Liquid exhibits predictable temperature dependence: from a typical value of 550 mPa.s at 23 °C, viscosity increases to approximately 1,200 to 1,600 mPa.s at 10 °C and approximately 2,800 to 3,500 mPa.s at 0 °C, while decreasing to approximately 220 to 280 mPa.s at 40 °C and 110 to 150 mPa.s at 60 °C. Below -5 °C to -10 °C, Sokalan CP 5 Liquid gradually solidifies into a frozen aqueous gel or crystalline ice-polymer matrix; however, the copolymer does not undergo irreversible phase separation or molecular weight degradation upon freezing, and gentle warming to 20 °C to 30 °C followed by mild mechanical circulation completely restores the original homogeneous, clear 40% liquid specification.

Chemical and Oxidative Stability in Aggressive Environments:
Because the main polymer backbone of Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer consists exclusively of saturated carbon-carbon single bonds (-C-C-) devoid of hydrolyzable ester, amide, or glycosidic linkages, Sokalan CP 5 is impervious to alkaline hydrolysis even in concentrated caustic soda (NaOH) solutions at boiling temperatures (100 °C). Simultaneously, the absence of oxidizable unsaturated double bonds or ether linkages in the finished polymer backbone grants Sokalan CP 5 outstanding stability against strong oxidizing bleaching agents, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate activated with tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) or nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (NOBS), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions. This dual alkaline and oxidative resilience differentiates MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt from biodegradable polysaccharide derivatives or polyethers that depolymerize rapidly in hot alkaline bleach baths.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION IN DETERGENCY AND DISPERSION

The widespread adoption of Sokalan CP 5 as the benchmark polycarboxylate co-builder in phosphate-free detergents and water-treatment formulations stems from five interrelated physicochemical mechanisms driven by its Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt structure and 70,000 g/mol molecular weight:

High-Capacity Multidentate Chelation and Sequestration of Water-Hardness Ions:
In hard wash waters containing dissolved calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) bicarbonates, sulfates, and chlorides, free divalent cations react rapidly with anionic surfactants (such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate LAS, alpha-olefin sulfonate AOS, or fatty acid soaps) to precipitate insoluble calcium soaps and lime scum, while also cross-linking negatively charged soil particles directly onto negatively charged cotton or cellulosic textile fibers via divalent cation bridges (Fiber-O- ... Ca2+ ... -O-Soil). Because Sokalan CP 5 incorporates both mono-carboxylic sodium acrylate units and vicinal dicarboxylic sodium maleate units in high stoichiometric density, adjacent carboxylate oxygens form stable 5-membered, 6-membered, and 7-membered chelate rings around Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. At alkaline wash pH (pH 9.5 to 11.0), 1 gram of active Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt binds approximately 280 to 350 mg of CaCO3, stripping free Ca2+ from soil-fiber bridges, releasing trapped anionic surfactant molecules back into active micellar detersive form, and destabilizing encrusted dirt matrices.

Carrier Effect (Shuttle Mechanism) in Synergistic Zeolite A Co-Builder Systems:
When sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) was phased out of household laundry detergents due to freshwater eutrophication, synthetic sodium aluminosilicate Zeolite A (Zeolite 4A) became the primary insoluble ion-exchange builder. However, Zeolite A suffers from two fundamental kinetic limitations: first, because Zeolite A is an insoluble crystalline solid, its ion-exchange rate is diffusion-controlled and relatively slow at low-to-moderate washing temperatures (20 °C to 40 °C); second, dissolved calcium ions react rapidly with carbonate ions (from sodium carbonate ash in the detergent) to precipitate insoluble calcite (CaCO3) crystals in bulk solution before the calcium can diffuse into the microscopic pore channels of Zeolite A. Sokalan CP 5 resolves both limitations via the classic polymeric carrier or shuttle mechanism. Dissolved MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt chains diffuse rapidly through the aqueous phase, chelate Ca2+ ions on contact (including stripping Ca2+ from nascent CaCO3 clusters and soil surfaces), and transport the bound calcium to the surface of Zeolite A particles. Because Zeolite A possesses a slightly higher thermodynamic affinity for Ca2+ than the reversible polycarboxylate complex, the Sokalan CP 5 macromolecule transfers the Ca2+ ion into the zeolite crystal cage in exchange for Na+ ions, regenerating the free Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer chain to repeat the catalytic shuttle cycle throughout the wash program.

Sub-Stoichiometric Threshold Inhibition and Crystal Growth Modification (Anti-Incrustation):
Even when the total water hardness exceeds the stoichiometric ion-exchange capacity of the builder system—or during the dilution shock of the rinse cycle—Sokalan CP 5 prevents the precipitation of hard, adherent calcium carbonate (calcite/aragonite), calcium sulfate (gypsum), and calcium phosphate scales through threshold inhibition. Negatively charged Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt chains adsorb selectively onto the active growth steps, kinks, and positively charged crystal faces of embryonic sub-micron CaCO3 nuclei. This adsorption blocks further lattice incorporation of Ca2+ and CO3(2-) ions, retards nucleation induction times, and induces severe morphological lattice distortion—transforming sharp, adherent rhombohedral calcite crystals into highly rounded, amorphous, fractured micro-crystallites that cannot interlock or cement onto textile weaves, washing machine heating elements, or glass surfaces. Instead, these distorted micro-crystals remain suspended in the water phase and are flushed away cleanly during drainage.

Electrosteric Stabilization and Anti-Redeposition of Particulate Soils:
Once particulate soils such as kaolinite clay, montmorillonite, illite, iron oxide (rust), carbon black, diesel soot, and street dust are detached from fabric surfaces by surfactants and mechanical agitation, they face a high risk of re-agglomerating and redepositing onto the fabric (causing progressive fabric graying or "wet graying"). The 70,000 g/mol chains of Sokalan CP 5 adsorb strongly onto the edges and surfaces of clay platelets and oxide particles via multipoint electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions. While one segment of the Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt anchors to the particle surface, the remaining highly hydrated, negatively charged carboxylate loops and tails extend outward into the aqueous wash liquor. This creates a dual barrier—an electrostatic barrier (raising the negative zeta potential of both the soil particles and the textile fibers to > -40 mV so they repel each other) and a steric hydration barrier (preventing close Van der Waals approach even at high electrolyte ionic strengths typical of heavy-duty detergent liquors).

Detergent Slurry Crutcher Rheology Modification and Spray-Dried Bead Structuring:
In the manufacture of conventional spray-dried laundry powders, all water-soluble and insoluble builder components (anionic surfactants, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium silicate, Zeolite A, and water) are mixed in a heated crutcher vessel at 60 °C to 80 °C before high-pressure atomization into the spray-drying tower. Adding Sokalan CP 5 Liquid (or Sokalan CP 5 Powder) directly into the crutcher deflocculates the suspended Zeolite A and inorganic salt crystals, reducing crutcher slurry viscosity by 25% to 50% at constant water content. Consequently, plant engineers can increase total crutcher slurry solids from ~55% up to 65%–70% w/w without exceeding pump pressure limits, reducing spray-tower natural gas energy consumption per ton of finished detergent powder by 15% to 30%. Simultaneously, as water evaporates from the atomized droplets in the tower, the 70,000 g/mol MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt forms a cohesive, elastic polymeric film throughout the porous detergent bead matrix, increasing bead crushing strength, eliminating friable dusty fines (< 125 microns), preventing caking during humid silo storage, and accelerating bead disintegration upon contact with cold wash water.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND FORMULATION ENGINEERING

Thanks to its balanced 70,000 g/mol molecular weight, dense acrylate-maleate carboxylate architecture, and availability in liquid (40%), spray-dried powder (92%), and compacted granular (92%) forms, Sokalan CP 5 supplied by Ataman Kimya is deployed across a broad spectrum of industrial and consumer chemical formulations:

 Heavy-Duty Spray-Dried and Compact Laundry Detergents:
In phosphate-free zeolite-built and carbonate-built laundry detergent powders, Sokalan CP 5 is the industry-standard polycarboxylate co-builder. Typically dosed at 2.0% to 6.0% w/w active polymer (corresponding to 5.0% to 15.0% w/w of Sokalan CP 5 Liquid added to the crutcher slurry, or 2.2% to 6.5% w/w of Sokalan CP 5 Powder / Sokalan CP 5 Granules post-dosed or dry-blended), Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt works in concert with 15% to 30% Zeolite A and 10% to 20% sodium carbonate. Over 25 to 50 consecutive wash cycles in hard water (e.g., 15 to 25 °dH or 270 to 450 ppm CaCO3), unbuilt or poorly built carbonate detergents leave up to 5.0% to 10.0% w/w inorganic ash incrustation on cotton terry towels, making the fabric stiff, harsh, and gray while dulling colored garments. Incorporating 3.0% to 5.0% active Sokalan CP 5 reduces cumulative fabric ash content to < 0.5% to 1.0% w/w after 25 wash cycles and boosts primary particulate soil detergency on clay, pigment, and sebum-soot stains by 8 to 15 reflectance units. In high-density compact powders and laundry tablets, dust-free Sokalan CP 5 Granules (bulk density ~680 g/L) is post-blended with granulated surfactants, sodium percarbonate, TAED, and enzymes, preventing powder segregation during transport and acting as an osmotic wick that ruptures tablet bonds rapidly upon immersion in the washing machine dispenser drawer.

 Phosphate-Free Automatic Dishwashing Detergents (ADW Tablets, Powders, and Gels):
Modern phosphate-free automatic dishwashing formulations rely heavily on citrate, carbonate, silicate, and aminocarboxylate builders (such as MGDA or GLDA) that require a high-charge-density polycarboxylate co-builder to prevent unsightly white calcium carbonate filming and discrete water-drop spotting on glassware, stainless-steel cutlery, and dark ceramic dishes. In multi-layer ADW tablets and unit-dose pods, Sokalan CP 5 Granules is incorporated at 3.0% to 10.0% w/w alongside sodium citrate (15% to 30%), sodium carbonate (20% to 35%), sodium percarbonate (10% to 15%), non-ionic low-foaming fatty alcohol alkoxylates (1.5% to 4.0%), and protease/amylase enzymes. During the heated main wash (45 °C to 65 °C) and final hot rinse, Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt inhibits calcium carbonate and calcium silicate nucleation on glass surfaces and disperses food-derived calcium proteinate and starch-mineral complexes. In liquid and gel ADW formulations, Sokalan CP 5 Liquid is dosed at 5.0% to 15.0% w/w to stabilize suspended builder particles and deliver crystal-clear shine.

 Structured and Unstructured Liquid Laundry Detergents and Hard-Surface Cleaners:
In heavy-duty liquid laundry detergents, institutional tunnel-washer liquid feeds, and alkaline hard-surface cleaners, Sokalan CP 5 Liquid is incorporated at 1.5% to 6.0% w/w (equivalent to 0.6% to 2.4% active polymer) to provide anti-redeposition of clay and carbon black soils, water softening, and builder synergy with sodium citrate, triethanolamine soaps, and fatty alcohol ethoxy sulfates (SLES). In structured liquid detergents containing high levels of electrolytes, Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer acts as a deflocculating electrolyte modifier that maintains low pour viscosity and prevents phase separation during prolonged warehouse storage.

 Textile Wet Processing: Pretreatment, Kier Boiling, Peroxide Bleaching, and Reactive Dyeing:
Throughout the textile finishing mill, polyvalent metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+) extracted from raw cotton, linen, and bast fibers—together with hard process water—cause severe processing defects. During alkaline scouring (kier boiling) with caustic soda, extracted pectinates, waxes, and calcium/magnesium salts can re-precipitate onto the yarn as insoluble lime soaps and silicate incrustations, producing uneven hydrophilicity and patchy dyeing. Dosing Sokalan CP 5 Liquid at 1.0 to 4.0 g/L (or Sokalan CP 5 Powder at 0.4 to 1.6 g/L) into desizing, alkaline scouring, and hydrogen peroxide bleaching baths chelates alkaline-earth hardness ions, disperses detached cotton seed husks, waxes, and oligomeric debris, and prevents silicate scale build-up on continuous steamer rollers and J-box walls when sodium silicate is used as a peroxide stabilizer. Furthermore, because Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt does not strip transition-metal ions aggressively from the porphyrin or phthalocyanine chromophores of metal-complex dyes (unlike EDTA or DTPA, which demetallize copper- and chromium-containing reactive and direct dyes, causing shade shifts and loss of lightfastness), Sokalan CP 5 is the preferred polymeric dispersing and soaping-off agent in post-dyeing wash-off baths (dosed at 1.0 to 3.0 g/L). In reactive and vat dye soaping-off, MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt keeps hydrolyzed unfixed dye molecules dispersed in the liquor and prevents back-staining onto white grounds in yarn-dyed stripes and printed textiles, improving wet-rub and wash fastness ratings by 0.5 to 1.5 grey-scale points.

 Industrial Water Treatment, Cooling Water Circuits, Boilers, and Oilfield Scale Control:
In open recirculating cooling water towers, evaporative condensers, sugar-mill evaporators, geothermal brines, and oilfield injection waters, Sokalan CP 5 functions as a high-temperature threshold scale inhibitor and particulate iron/silt dispersant. At continuous threshold dosages of 2.0 to 25.0 mg/L (ppm) as active polymer, Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt inhibits calcium carbonate (up to Langelier Saturation Index LSI +2.5), calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, and strontium sulfate scale formation while dispersing suspended colloidal clay, silt, and ferric hydroxide corrosion products so they do not bake onto high-heat-flux heat exchanger tubes. In low-to-medium pressure industrial boilers and sludge-conditioning programs, Sokalan CP 5 modifies hydroxyapatite and magnesium silicate precipitates into mobile, non-adherent sludges easily removed via routine blowdown.

 Mineral Slurry Dispersion, Ceramics, Kaolin, Calcium Carbonate, and Construction Additives:
Because of its high anionic carboxylate charge density and 70,000 g/mol chain length, Sokalan CP 5 is a potent deflocculant for concentrated aqueous mineral suspensions, including ground calcium carbonate (GCC), precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), kaolin clay, titanium dioxide (TiO2), talc, alumina, and ceramic body slips. Adding 0.1% to 0.6% w/w active Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer (on dry pigment/mineral weight) adsorbs onto positively charged mineral crystal edges, reverses edge-to-face flocculation structures ("house-of-cards" networks), and allows processors to prepare free-flowing, pumpable mineral slurries at 70% to 78% w/w solids with Brookfield viscosities below 500 mPa.s. In gypsum wallboard and specialty cementitious grouts, Sokalan CP 5 Powder is dry-blended at 0.05% to 0.30% w/w to plasticize the paste and regulate setting crystal morphology.

 Paint, Coating, Construction, Plastics, Rubber and Leather Auxiliary Applications:
In waterborne architectural paints, silicate masonry coatings, latex elastomers, and construction admixtures, Sokalan CP 5 Liquid and Sokalan CP 5 Powder serve as electrosteric pigment dispersants and viscosity stabilizers for inorganic extenders including titanium dioxide (TiO2), ground calcium carbonate (GCC), barium sulfate (barite), talcum, china clay, iron oxide pigments, and zinc oxide. Adding 0.15% to 0.50% w/w active Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt (based on total dry pigment weight) during high-speed cowles dissolver let-down prevents pigment flocculation, maximizes hiding power and tinting strength, inhibits hard pigment settling during extended storage in metal or plastic pails, and maintains thermal stability in exterior plaster and elastomeric roof coatings. In leather wet-processing and vegetable/chrome retanning drums, dosing 0.5% to 1.5% w/w of Sokalan CP 5 promotes uniform penetration of synthetic and vegetable tannins into the corium collagen fiber network while dispersing surface calcium and iron salts to prevent grain staining.

 Practical Guide Formulation Frameworks Using Sokalan CP 5:
- Guide Formulation A (Phosphate-Free Heavy-Duty Spray-Dried Laundry Detergent Powder): Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate Sodium Salt (LAS) 10.0% to 14.0% w/w, Alcohol Ethoxylate C12-15 EO7 Non-Ionic Surfactant 2.0% to 4.0% w/w, Detergent-Grade Aluminosilicate Zeolite 4A 20.0% to 25.0% w/w, Sokalan CP 5 Liquid 7.5% to 10.0% w/w (delivering 3.0% to 4.0% w/w active Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt directly in the crutcher slurry, or 3.3% to 4.3% w/w dry-blended Sokalan CP 5 Powder), Heavy/Light Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) 15.0% to 20.0% w/w, Sodium Disilicate 3.0% to 5.0% w/w, Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) 0.8% to 1.2% w/w, Post-Added Coated Sodium Percarbonate 10.0% to 14.0% w/w, TAED Bleach Activator 2.5% to 4.0% w/w, Protease/Lipase/Amylase/Cellulase Granulates 1.0% to 2.0% w/w, Optical Brightener 0.15% w/w, and Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate to 100.0% w/w.

- Guide Formulation B (Phosphate-Free Multi-Function Automatic Dishwashing ADW Tablet): Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate 22.0% to 28.0% w/w, MGDA Trisodium Salt (or GLDA Tetrasodium Salt) Granules 10.0% to 15.0% w/w, Sokalan CP 5 Granules 5.0% to 8.0% w/w (dust-free compacted Maleic Acid/Acrylic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt providing anti-spotting, calcium carbonate crystal distortion, and tablet disintegration), Dense Sodium Carbonate 25.0% to 30.0% w/w, Sodium Percarbonate 12.0% to 15.0% w/w, TAED 3.0% to 4.0% w/w, Low-Foaming Plurafac/Dehydol Fatty Alcohol Alkoxylate 2.0% to 3.5% w/w, Benzotriazole/Tolyltriazole Silver Protection Agent 0.2% w/w, Zinc Acetate/Sulfate Glass Corrosion Inhibitor 0.3% w/w, Thermostable Protease and Alpha-Amylase Granules 2.5% w/w, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 1500/6000) Binder 2.0% w/w, and Sodium Sulfate/Bicarbonate balance to 100.0% w/w.

- Guide Formulation C (Textile Alkaline Peroxide Bleaching and Reactive Dye Washing-Off Auxiliary Concentrate): Sokalan CP 5 Liquid 35.0% to 50.0% w/w (equivalent to 14.0% to 20.0% w/w active Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt), Sodium Gluconate or Heptagluconate 5.0% to 10.0% w/w (for high-alkali ferric iron chelation), Low-Foaming Non-Ionic Wetting Agent 5.0% to 8.0% w/w, and Deionized Water to 100.0% w/w, applied at 1.5 to 3.0 g/L in continuous pad-steam bleaching ranges or exhaust reactive dye after-soaping baths at 85 °C to 98 °C.

SYNTHESIS, MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL

The industrial production of Sokalan CP 5 requires tight control over monomer feed ratios, free-radical initiator kinetics, reaction temperature, and post-polymerization finishing so that the resulting Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt achieves complete monomer conversion, low residual monomer levels, and a narrow molecular weight distribution centered around Mw = 70,000 g/mol.

Step 1 - Monomer Preparation and Pre-Neutralization:
High-purity maleic anhydride (or maleic acid) is dissolved in deionized water inside a jacketed stainless-steel or glass-lined polymerization reactor equipped with variable-speed turbine agitation, reflux condensers, and automated multi-stream metering pumps. Upon dissolution in warm water (50 °C to 70 °C), maleic anhydride hydrolyzes exothermically into cis-butenedioic acid (maleic acid). Controlled pre-neutralization with a measured stoichiometric fraction of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) converts a defined proportion of the maleic acid into monosodium maleate, optimizing the reactivity ratio (r1 and r2) between the maleate double bond and the incoming acrylic acid monomer during free-radical chain propagation.

Step 2 - Semi-Batch Free-Radical Aqueous Copolymerization:
The reactor contents are purged with nitrogen and heated to the polymerization temperature window (typically 80 °C to 105 °C under atmospheric reflux or slight overpressure). Glacial acrylic acid (2-propenoic acid) and an aqueous free-radical initiator system—typically hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), or a redox initiator pair coupled with a water-soluble chain-transfer regulator (such as sodium hypophosphite or mercapto-alkanoates)—are metered continuously in parallel over 3 to 6 hours. Continuous semi-batch feeding of acrylic acid into the maleic acid/maleate heel prevents localized homopolymerization of the faster-reacting acrylic acid and forces uniform statistical incorporation of maleate units along the growing carbon-carbon chain, locking in the target weight-average molecular weight of approximately 70,000 g/mol and a polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) typically between 2.5 and 4.0.

Step 3 - Post-Polymerization Chasing, Neutralization, and Standardization (Sokalan CP 5 Liquid):
After monomer addition is completed, the reaction mixture is held at 90 °C to 100 °C for 1 to 2 hours with a secondary "chaser" initiator dose and hydrogen peroxide polishing treatment. This post-polymerization step reduces unreacted residual acrylic acid monomer below 200 ppm and residual maleic acid below 300 ppm while bleaching the solution to a pale APHA <= 150 / Iodine <= 2 color profile. The acidic copolymer solution is then cooled and fully neutralized to pH 8.0–8.5 using iron-free 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide, and the total solids content is adjusted with deionized water to exactly 40.0% +/- 1.0% w/w, yielding commercial Sokalan CP 5 Liquid (density ~1.30 g/cm3, viscosity 300 to 1,000 mPa.s at 23 °C).

Step 4 - Spray-Drying and Roll Compaction/Agglomeration (Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules):
To manufacture Sokalan CP 5 Powder, the 40% aqueous solution of Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt is preheated and atomized via high-pressure nozzles or a high-speed rotary atomizer wheel into a co-current or mixed-flow spray-drying tower operated with hot filtered air (inlet temperature 180 °C to 240 °C, outlet temperature 85 °C to 105 °C). Flash evaporation of water yields hollow to spherical fine powder particles with a solids content of ~92.0% w/w, residual moisture <= 8.0% w/w, and an apparent bulk density of 450 to 650 g/L. To produce dust-free Sokalan CP 5 Granules, the spray-dried powder (or concentrated polymer melt/slurry in a fluidized-bed spray granulator) undergoes mechanical roll compaction or fluid-bed agglomeration followed by precision milling and multi-deck vibratory screening between 125-micron and 1,000-micron meshes. Oversized particles (> 1,000 microns) are recycled to the crusher and undersized fines (< 125 microns) are returned to the compactor/granulator, producing dense, abrasion-resistant granules with an apparent bulk density of 600 to 780 g/L and virtually zero airborne dust.

Step 5 - Analytical Quality Control Protocol at Ataman Kimya:
Every production lot of Sokalan CP 5 supplied by Ataman Kimya undergoes comprehensive analytical verification prior to Certificate of Analysis (COA) issuance:
- Solids and Moisture Determination: Gravimetric oven drying at 120 °C–140 °C (ISO 3251) and Karl Fischer titration (DIN EN 13267).
- Molecular Weight Verification: Aqueous Gel Permeation Chromatography / Size-Exclusion Chromatography (GPC/SEC, EN ISO 13885) using hydroxylated polymethacrylate columns and refractive index detection against sodium polyacrylate calibration standards to confirm Mw ~ 70,000 g/mol.
- Rheology and Density: Brookfield RV viscometry at 23 °C and 20 rpm (ISO 2555), oscillating U-tube digital densitometry at 20 °C (DIN 51757) for Sokalan CP 5 Liquid, and ISO 697 cylinder bulk density plus sieve granulometry for Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules.
- Functional Chelation and Dispersion Testing: Calcium carbonate dispersion capacity (mg CaCO3/g) by nephelometric turbidity titration at pH 11 and Hampshire/oxalate calcium-binding titration.

COMPETITIVE COMPARISON WITH ALTERNATIVE DETERGENT BUILDERS AND POLYMERS

Formulators selecting a builder or dispersing polymer must evaluate how Sokalan CP 5 (Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt, Mw ~ 70,000 g/mol) compares functionally and economically against homopolymeric sodium polyacrylates, inorganic builders, and small-molecule chelating agents:

 Sokalan CP 5 vs. Homopolymeric Sodium Polyacrylate (PA, Mw 4,000 to 5,000 g/mol):
Low-molecular-weight sodium polyacrylate homopolymers (such as standard Mw 4,500 g/mol polyacrylates) contain only one carboxylate group per repeating C3 monomer unit and have short polymer chains. While Mw 4,500 homopolymers are effective threshold scale inhibitors in industrial water treatment, they possess a significantly lower stoichiometric calcium-binding capacity (~200 to 230 mg CaCO3/g active polymer) compared with Sokalan CP 5 (~280 to 350 mg CaCO3/g active polymer). Furthermore, because of its higher 70,000 g/mol chain length and dense vicinal maleate dicarboxylate groups, Sokalan CP 5 provides far superior steric stabilization of clay and soot particles in laundry liquors, stronger fabric anti-redeposition performance, and superior crutcher slurry viscosity reduction and spray-dried bead binding strength.

 Sokalan CP 5 vs. Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) and Inorganic Zeolite A Alone:
Sodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10) historically served as a single-component builder at 25% to 40% dosage in laundry powders, but phosphate bans across Europe, North America, Turkey, and Asia-Pacific due to algal blooms and freshwater eutrophication have eliminated STPP from household laundry and automatic dishwashing detergents. Replacing STPP with Zeolite A alone fails in cold and warm wash cycles because Zeolite A cannot prevent rapid calcium carbonate precipitation from sodium carbonate ash and cannot disperse negatively charged clay soils. Combining 15% to 25% Zeolite A with 2% to 5% active Sokalan CP 5 creates a phosphate-free binary builder system that matches or exceeds STPP across water softening, anti-incrustation, and particulate soil removal without contributing phosphorus to wastewater.

 Sokalan CP 5 vs. Small-Molecule Aminocarboxylates (EDTA, DTPA, NTA, MGDA, GLDA) and Sodium Citrate:
Small-molecule chelants such as EDTA, MGDA, GLDA, and sodium citrate bind calcium and magnesium ions exclusively on a strict 1:1 molar stoichiometric basis; once their stoichiometric capacity is saturated by water hardness, excess calcium immediately precipitates as scale, and these small molecules provide zero steric stabilization or anti-redeposition for suspended clay, pigment, or carbon black soils. Moreover, strong chelants like EDTA and DTPA strip copper, iron, and chromium ions out of metal-complex textile dyes, altering fabric shade. By contrast, Sokalan CP 5 combines high stoichiometric calcium binding with sub-stoichiometric threshold crystal distortion and macromolecular electrosteric soil dispersion, while leaving metal-complex textile dyestuffs intact. In modern ADW tablets, combining MGDA/GLDA or sodium citrate with Sokalan CP 5 Granules delivers optimal synergy: the small-molecule chelant dissolves macroscopic tea and protein-calcium stains while the Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt inhibits carbonate filming and disperses particulate food residues.

PACKAGING, STORAGE AND HANDLING GUIDELINES

To preserve the full chemical stability, free-flowing granulometry, and dispersing efficacy of Sokalan CP 5 (Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt, CAS 52255-49-9), industrial users should follow grade-specific packaging, storage, and material-handling protocols recommended by Ataman Kimya.
Commercial Packaging Configurations Supplied by Ataman Kimya:

- Sokalan CP 5 Liquid (40% w/w aqueous solution): Supplied in 25 kg and 60 kg high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tight-head jerrycans, 220 kg to 250 kg standard HDPE cylindrical drums, 1,100 kg to 1,250 kg intermediate bulk containers (IBCs / composite pallet tanks with bottom butterfly discharge valves), and 20 to 25 metric ton insulated stainless-steel road tank cars for high-volume detergent plants.
- Sokalan CP 5 Powder (92% w/w spray-dried powder): Supplied in 20 kg or 25 kg multi-wall moisture-barrier bags (kraft paper or woven polypropylene outer bags lined with sealed low-density polyethylene LDPE inner moisture liners), palletized and stretch-wrapped (typically 500 kg to 1,000 kg per pallet), as well as 500 kg to 1,000 kg flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBCs / Big Bags) with polyethylene moisture barriers.
- Sokalan CP 5 Granules (92% w/w compacted dust-free granules): Supplied in 20 kg or 25 kg moisture-proof PE-lined multi-wall bags and 500 kg to 1,000 kg lined FIBCs (Big Bags) engineered for automated pneumatic or screw dosing into compact detergent blenders and rotary tablet presses.

Storage Conditions and Shelf-Life Stability:
1. Storage of Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules: Because anhydrous Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt is strongly hygroscopic and readily absorbs atmospheric water vapor when exposed to humid air (which leads to surface tackiness, caking, and lumping), bags and Big Bags of Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules must be stored tightly sealed in a cool, dry, well-ventilated indoor warehouse at ambient temperatures below 35 °C and relative humidity below 60%. Partially used bags of Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer must be immediately re-sealed by twisting and tying the inner polyethylene liner immediately after weighing to exclude humid air. Do not double-stack heavy pallets of powder or granules for extended periods in warm climates to prevent pressure compaction. When stored unopened in original moisture-barrier packaging under dry conditions, Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules maintain a guaranteed shelf life of at least 24 months (2 years) from the date of manufacture.
2. Storage of Sokalan CP 5 Liquid: Containers and bulk storage tanks of Sokalan CP 5 Liquid should be stored indoors or in insulated tank farms at temperatures between 5 °C and 35 °C, protected from frost and direct solar radiation. Below -5 °C to -10 °C, the 40% aqueous solution of MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt becomes highly viscous and eventually freezes; if solidification or partial crystallization occurs during winter transit, the drum or IBC of Sokalan CP 5 Liquid should be conditioned in a warm room (20 °C to 35 °C) or heated gently with low-pressure warm water/steam coils (wall temperature not exceeding 60 °C) and homogenized thoroughly by mechanical circulation or drum rolling before use. In tightly closed containers, Sokalan CP 5 Liquid has a shelf life of at least 12 to 24 months.

Materials of Construction and Engineering Compatibility:
For bulk storage tanks, transfer pumps, valves, and dosing pipelines handling Sokalan CP 5 Liquid (pH 7.5 to 9.0), approved corrosion-resistant materials include austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304 / 1.4301, AISI 316L / 1.4404, and AISI 316Ti / 1.4571), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GRP/FRP), and EPDM or Viton (FKM) elastomer seals. Because the polycarboxylate copolymer exhibits strong chelation affinity toward polyvalent metal ions, unlined carbon steel, cast iron, copper, brass, bronze, zinc, and galvanized steel must not be used in permanent contact with Sokalan CP 5 Liquid, as slow surface complexation can cause metal ion pickup and slight discoloration of the polymer solution.

Industrial Hygiene and Spill Management:
When transferring Sokalan CP 5 Powder, local exhaust ventilation should be operated at bag-dumping stations to keep airborne respirable dust below occupational exposure limits (general inhalable dust limit < 10 mg/m3 and respirable dust < 3 mg/m3). A major advantage of Sokalan CP 5 Granules is its compacted, low-attrition structure, which virtually eliminates airborne dust during handling. Importantly, liquid spills of Sokalan CP 5 Liquid—or dry spills of Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules that come into contact with water—form an extremely slippery, viscous polymeric film on concrete and tiled floors. Liquid spills of Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt must be diked and absorbed immediately with dry inert mineral absorbents (diatomaceous earth, sand, vermiculite, or universal binder) before flushing the residual surface thoroughly with plenty of water. Dry spills of Sokalan CP 5 Powder or Sokalan CP 5 Granules should always be swept or vacuumed up dry using an industrial HEPA-filtered vacuum prior to any wet floor washing.

FIRST AID MEASURES, TOXICOLOGY AND SAFETY INFORMATION

Sokalan CP 5 (Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer, CAS 52255-49-9) exhibits a highly favorable toxicological and occupational safety profile and is not classified as a hazardous substance or hazardous mixture under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP) or the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). Nevertheless, standard industrial chemical hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) protocols must be observed when handling Sokalan CP 5 Liquid, Sokalan CP 5 Powder, and Sokalan CP 5 Granules in manufacturing environments.

First Aid Measures for Exposure to Sokalan CP 5:
- Eye Contact with Sokalan CP 5: If Sokalan CP 5 Liquid splashes into the eyes, or if particulates of Sokalan CP 5 Powder or Sokalan CP 5 Granules enter the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with plenty of clean, lukewarm running water or sterile eyewash solution for at least 15 minutes while holding both upper and lower eyelids wide open. Remove contact lenses after the first 1 to 2 minutes if present and easy to do, then continue rinsing thoroughly to ensure no viscous polycarboxylate film or dry granules remain trapped beneath the eyelids. Although Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt is non-corrosive and causes at most mild, transient mechanical or osmotic eye irritation (classified as non-irritating in OECD 405 rabbit eye studies), seek medical attention from an ophthalmologist if redness, watering, or discomfort persists.

- Skin Contact with Sokalan CP 5: If Sokalan CP 5 Liquid, Sokalan CP 5 Powder, or Sokalan CP 5 Granules contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected skin area thoroughly with plenty of water and mild soap. Because Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt dries into a tacky film on skin if left unwashed, rinsing promptly with warm water prevents dry-film tightness. Sokalan CP 5 is non-irritating to skin (OECD 404) and is not a skin sensitizer (OECD 406); seek medical advice only in the unlikely event of persistent skin irritation.

- Inhalation of Sokalan CP 5 Dust or Mist: In the event of inhaling airborne dust generated from Sokalan CP 5 Powder or aerosol mists from spraying Sokalan CP 5 Liquid, move the affected person immediately into fresh air and keep them warm and at rest in a comfortable breathing position. Blow the nose gently and rinse the nasal passages and throat with water to clear any adhered hygroscopic Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer particles. Seek medical attention if coughing, shortness of breath, or upper respiratory tract discomfort develops.

- Ingestion of Sokalan CP 5: If Sokalan CP 5 Liquid, Sokalan CP 5 Powder, or Sokalan CP 5 Granules is accidentally swallowed, immediately rinse the mouth thoroughly with water and give the conscious person 1 to 2 glasses (200 to 300 mL) of water to drink in order to dilute the MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt in the stomach. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious or convulsing person, and do not induce vomiting unless explicitly directed to do so by a physician or poison control center. Because Sokalan CP 5 has very low acute oral toxicity (LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg), small accidental ingestions rarely cause systemic toxicity, though large quantities may cause mild gastrointestinal osmotic discomfort; consult a physician if symptoms occur.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Fire-Fighting Measures:
Operators handling Sokalan CP 5 should wear tightly fitting chemical safety glasses with side shields (EN 166), impervious protective gloves made of nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, chloroprene, or PVC (breakthrough time > 480 minutes, layer thickness >= 0.4 mm, EN 374), and standard long-sleeved industrial workwear with slip-resistant safety footwear. When scooping or dumping Sokalan CP 5 Powder in areas without local exhaust capture, wear a half-mask particle filter respirator (EN 149 FFP2).

In terms of fire safety, Sokalan CP 5 Liquid (containing 60% water) is completely non-flammable and will not support combustion until all water has boiled away. Anhydrous Sokalan CP 5 Powder and Sokalan CP 5 Granules have an auto-ignition temperature > 400 °C and are not classified as flammable solids, though fine airborne dust clouds of organic sodium polycarboxylates should be kept away from open ignition sources and static sparks. Suitable extinguishing media for surrounding fires include water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical powder, and carbon dioxide (CO2). Thermal decomposition above 250 °C in a fire may release carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), sodium carbonate ash, and trace irritating organic fumes; firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Toxicological, Ecotoxicological and Environmental Profile:
- Acute Oral Toxicity (OECD 401): LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg body weight (rat) for Sokalan CP 5, confirming practically non-toxic acute oral classification.
- Acute Dermal Toxicity: LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg body weight (rat/rabbit).
- Skin and Eye Irritation (OECD 404 / OECD 405): Non-irritating to rabbit skin and non-irritating to rabbit eyes.
- Genotoxicity and Chronic Toxicity: Negative in Ames bacterial reverse mutation assays (OECD 471); not classified as mutagenic, carcinogenic, or toxic to reproduction (non-CMR).
- Aquatic Ecotoxicity: Acute fish toxicity LC50 (96 h, Danio rerio / Leuciscus idus, OECD 203) > 100 mg/L (typically > 500 mg/L); acute daphnia immobilization EC50 (48 h, Daphnia magna, OECD 202) > 100 mg/L; algal growth inhibition EC50 (72 h, Scenedesmus subspicatus, OECD 201) > 100 mg/L; activated sludge respiration inhibition EC20 (OECD 209) > 1,000 mg/L, confirming that Sokalan CP 5 does not inhibit biological municipal wastewater treatment bacteria.
- Environmental Fate in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Because high-molecular-weight carbon-chain polycarboxylates (Mw 70,000 g/mol) possess a stable C-C backbone, Sokalan CP 5 is poorly mineralizable (< 10% to 20% CO2 evolution in OECD 301/302 tests) but achieves > 90% to 95% elimination from the aqueous phase in municipal biological wastewater treatment plants (OECD 303A Coupled Units Test) via calcium-mediated precipitation and irreversible adsorption onto excess sewage sludge flocs, preventing release into surface waters and causing zero remobilization of heavy metals from river sediments.

REGULATORY STATUS, COMPLIANCE AND INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS

Sokalan CP 5 (Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt, CAS 52255-49-9, EC 610-802-6) complies with major international chemical inventories, detergent regulations, and transport standards, enabling global distribution of finished laundry, dishwashing, textile, and water-treatment products formulated with raw materials from Ataman Kimya:

Global Chemical Inventory Registrations:
The polymer CAS 52255-49-9 (and/or its parent acid form CAS 29132-58-9) is listed and compliant on all major global chemical inventories, including the United States TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act, active commercial status), the European Union REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (exempt as a polymer under Article 2(9), with both acrylic acid and maleic anhydride/maleic acid monomer precursors fully REACH-registered), the Turkish KKDIK Regulation (Kimyasalların Kaydı, Değerlendirilmesi, İzni ve Kısıtlanması), Canada DSL (Domestic Substances List), Australia AIIC (Australian Inventory of Industrial Chemicals), Japan ENCS (Existing and New Chemical Substances, Reference No. 6-898 / 6-901), Korea KECI (Korea Existing Chemicals Inventory, KE-04125), China IECSC (Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances in China), Philippines PICCS, New Zealand NZIoC, and Taiwan TCSI.

European Union Detergent Regulation and Eco-Labeling Compliance:
Under Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 on detergents, biodegradability criteria apply strictly to surfactants (surface-active agents); as a non-surfactant polymeric polycarboxylate co-builder and anti-redeposition agent that achieves > 90% sludge elimination in wastewater treatment plants and contains zero phosphorus, Sokalan CP 5 is fully permitted in household and institutional laundry and automatic dishwashing detergents across the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Turkey. Its low residual monomer profile (< 500 ppm) also supports formulation compliance within strict phosphate-free regulatory frameworks.

Textile Ecological Standards (OEKO-TEX and ZDHC):
Because Sokalan CP 5 is completely free of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO/NPEO), adsorbable organic halides (AOX), heavy metals, formaldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and restricted aromatic amines, textile pretreatment, bleaching, and reactive dyeing auxiliaries formulated with Sokalan CP 5 Liquid or Sokalan CP 5 Powder conform to OEKO-TEX Standard 100 and Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals (ZDHC) Manufacturing Restricted Substances List (MRSL) requirements.

International Transport Classification (ADR / RID / IMDG / IATA):
Sokalan CP 5 Liquid, Sokalan CP 5 Powder, and Sokalan CP 5 Granules are not regulated as dangerous goods under land (ADR/RID), sea (IMDG Code), or air (ICAO-TI / IATA-DGR) transport regulations (UN Number: Not Regulated; Transport Hazard Class: None; Packing Group: None; Marine Pollutant: No). In Germany, Sokalan CP 5 is assigned the lowest water hazard class: WGK 1 (schwach wassergefährdend / slightly hazardous to water, AwSV Identification No. 1463).

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)

1. What is Sokalan CP 5 and what is its exact chemical identity?
Sokalan CP 5 is the fully neutralized sodium salt of an acrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer, also known chemically as Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt or 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, polymer with 2-propenoic acid, sodium salt (CAS Number 52255-49-9, EC Number 610-802-6). Supplied by Ataman Kimya with a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of approximately 70,000 g/mol, Sokalan CP 5 functions as a high-charge-density anionic polycarboxylate co-builder, anti-redeposition dispersant, anti-incrustation polymer, and scale inhibitor.

2. What are the differences between Sokalan CP 5 Liquid, Sokalan CP 5 Powder, and Sokalan CP 5 Granules?
All three grades contain the exact same Mw ~ 70,000 g/mol Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt macromolecule but differ in physical delivery form and concentration. Sokalan CP 5 Liquid is an aqueous solution containing 40.0% w/w active polymer (density ~1.30 g/cm3, viscosity 300 to 1,000 mPa.s at 23 °C) used for detergent crutcher slurries, liquid detergents, and textile baths; Sokalan CP 5 Powder is a fine spray-dried powder containing ~92.0% w/w active polymer (bulk density 450 to 650 g/L) used for dry powder blends; and Sokalan CP 5 Granules is a dust-free compacted granular solid containing ~92.0% w/w active polymer (bulk density 600 to 780 g/L, mean particle size 450 to 750 microns) engineered for compact laundry powders and automatic dishwashing (ADW) tablets.

3. How do I convert dosage levels between Sokalan CP 5 Liquid (40%) and Sokalan CP 5 Powder or Granules (92%)?
To convert a formulation from Sokalan CP 5 Liquid (40.0% active solids) to Sokalan CP 5 Powder or Sokalan CP 5 Granules (92.0% active solids), multiply the weight of Sokalan CP 5 Liquid by 0.435 (i.e., 40 / 92 = 0.4348). Conversely, 1.00 kg of Sokalan CP 5 Powder or Sokalan CP 5 Granules supplies the same active amount of Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt as 2.30 kg of Sokalan CP 5 Liquid.

4. Why is Sokalan CP 5 superior to homopolymeric sodium polyacrylate (Mw 4,500) in laundry detergents?
Whereas standard homopolymeric sodium polyacrylate contains only one carboxylate group per repeating monomer unit and has a short chain length, Sokalan CP 5 incorporates vicinal dicarboxylic sodium maleate units alongside sodium acrylate units across a 70,000 g/mol chain. This provides roughly 30% to 50% higher calcium-binding capacity (~280 to 350 mg CaCO3/g vs. ~200 mg CaCO3/g), superior steric stabilization of clay and soot particles against fabric redeposition, stronger crutcher slurry viscosity reduction, and higher spray-dried detergent bead strength.

5. How does the carrier effect of Sokalan CP 5 work with Zeolite A in phosphate-free detergents?
Because insoluble Zeolite A exchanges calcium ions relatively slowly at low-to-moderate wash temperatures, free Ca2+ in hard water would otherwise precipitate rapidly with sodium carbonate to form hard calcite ash on fabrics. Sokalan CP 5 chelates dissolved Ca2+ rapidly in bulk water and shuttles the calcium ions to the surface of Zeolite A particles, transferring Ca2+ into the zeolite pores and regenerating the free MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt chain to continue the catalytic transfer cycle.

6. Is Sokalan CP 5 stable in formulations containing hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate, or chlorine bleach?
Yes, because the macromolecular backbone of Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt consists strictly of saturated carbon-carbon single bonds (-C-C-) without hydrolyzable ester linkages or oxidizable double bonds, Sokalan CP 5 is completely stable across pH 3.5 to 14.0 and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate/TAED bleach systems, and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions.

7. Why is Sokalan CP 5 preferred over EDTA or DTPA in textile reactive dyeing and soaping-off baths?
Strong aminocarboxylate chelants such as EDTA and DTPA aggressively strip copper, chromium, iron, and nickel atoms out of the chromophore structure of metal-complex reactive and direct dyestuffs, causing shade changes and reduced lightfastness. Sokalan CP 5 strongly binds calcium and magnesium hardness ions and disperses hydrolyzed unfixed dye to prevent back-staining, without demetallizing copper- or chromium-complex textile dyes.

8. How does Sokalan CP 5 Liquid reduce energy consumption during spray-drying of laundry powders?
When added directly to the aqueous detergent crutcher slurry at 60 °C to 80 °C, Sokalan CP 5 deflocculates suspended Zeolite A and inorganic salt crystals, dropping slurry viscosity by 25% to 50%. This allows plant operators to raise crutcher slurry dry solids from ~55% to 65%–70% w/w at the same pump pressure, reducing the volume of water that must be evaporated in the spray-drying tower and cutting natural gas consumption by 15% to 30%.

9. What happens if Sokalan CP 5 Liquid freezes during winter transport or cold storage?
Commercial 40.0% w/w Sokalan CP 5 Liquid begins to solidify between -5 °C and -10 °C. Freezing does not degrade the molecular weight or chemical functionality of the Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer; warming the container slowly to 20 °C–30 °C followed by gentle mechanical stirring or circulation completely restores the homogeneous, clear liquid.

10. How can industrial buyers procure Sokalan CP 5 and request technical documentation in Turkey and international markets?
Industrial formulators and procurement teams can source Sokalan CP 5 Liquid (40%), Sokalan CP 5 Powder (92%), and Sokalan CP 5 Granules (92%) directly from Ataman Kimya with full batch-specific Certificates of Analysis (COA), Technical Data Sheets (TDS), and Safety Data Sheets (SDS) by contacting Ataman Chemicals at +90 216 577 10 10 or emailing info@atamankimya.com.

TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Sokalan CP 5—chemically recognized as Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt, Poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) Sodium Salt, Sodium Salt of Maleic Acid-Acrylic Acid Copolymer, and MA/AA Copolymer Sodium Salt (CAS Number 52255-49-9, EC Number 610-802-6)—stands as the definitive 70,000 g/mol polycarboxylate co-builder, anti-redeposition polymer, anti-incrustation agent, and mineral dispersant for modern industrial chemistry. By uniting mono-carboxylic sodium acrylate units and vicinal dicarboxylic sodium maleate units along a non-hydrolyzable, oxidation-resistant carbon backbone, Sokalan CP 5 delivers unmatched calcium-binding capacity (280 to 350 mg CaCO3/g active polymer), rapid calcium shuttle kinetics with Zeolite A, sub-stoichiometric threshold scale distortion, and electrosteric soil dispersion across phosphate-free laundry powders, compact detergents, automatic dishwashing tablets, textile pretreatment and soaping-off baths, industrial water treatment systems, and high-solids ceramic and mineral slurries.

Whether your production line requires bulk or drum deliveries of 40.0% w/w Sokalan CP 5 Liquid for detergent crutcher slurries and liquid formulations, free-flowing 92.0% w/w Sokalan CP 5 Powder for dry mixes, or dust-free compacted 92.0% w/w Sokalan CP 5 Granules for compact powders and high-speed ADW tableting, Ataman Kimya provides reliable inventory availability, rigorous batch-to-batch quality assurance, and fast logistics across Turkey and international export destinations. To request a commercial quotation, bulk pricing, laboratory evaluation samples, Technical Data Sheets (TDS), Safety Data Sheets (SDS), or a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) for Sokalan CP 5 (Acrylic Acid-Maleic Acid Copolymer Sodium Salt, CAS 52255-49-9), please contact the technical sales team at Ataman Kimya using the contact details below.

Ataman Chemicals
Phone: +90 216 577 10 10
Email: info@atamankimya.com