Quick Search
Succinic acid is also used in the manufacture of medicines for sedatives, antispasmers, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoers, contraceptives, and cancer-curing.
Succinic acid is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
Succinic acid is also used as a food additive (E363) and in various pharmaceutical products.
CAS Number: 110-15-6
EC Number: 203-740-4
MDL Number: MFCD00002789
Linear Formula: HOOCCH2CH2COOH
Molecular Formula: C4H6O4
SYNONYMS:
succinic acid, butanedioic acid, 110-15-6, Amber acid, Asuccin, Dihydrofumaric acid, Wormwood acid, Katasuccin, Bernsteinsaure, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, ethylenesuccinic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, Wormwood, Succinicum acidum, Butandisaeure, Acidum succinicum, Butanedionic acid, Kyselina jantarova, Butane diacid, Ethylene dicarboxylic acid, acide succinique, Bernsteinsaure [German], Bernsteinsaeure, Kyselina jantarova [Czech], HSDB 791, acide butanedioique, NSC 106449, UNII-AB6MNQ6J6L, AB6MNQ6J6L, AI3-06297, EINECS 203-740-4, MFCD00002789, succ, NSC-106449, BRN 1754069, DTXSID6023602, E363, FEMA NO. 4719, CHEBI:15741, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, DTXCID303602, EC 203-740-4, 4-02-00-01908 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), NSC25949, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic Acid, NCGC00159372-02, NCGC00159372-04, Succinellite, Sal succini, WLN: QV2VQ, SUCCINIC ACID (II), SUCCINIC ACID [II], SIN, SUCCINIC ACID (MART.), SUCCINIC ACID [MART.], Succinic Acid; Butanedioic acid, Ethylene succinic acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, butandisaure, succinic-acid, sodium succinate (anhydrous), SUCCINIC ACID (USP IMPURITY), SUCCINIC ACID [USP IMPURITY], succinate, 9, CAS-110-15-6, ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY), ADIPIC ACID IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], Succinic acid [NF], Succinic acid (8CI), 1,4 Butanedioic Acid, Butanedioic acid (9CI), Dihydrofumarate, Succinicate, Butanedioic acid diammonium salt, 1cze, 1,4-Butanedioate, Succinic acid, 6, Succinic acid, FCC, Succinic Acide,(S), SuccinicAcid(IndustrialGrade&FoodGrade), Succinic acid, 99%, Succinic acid, natural, 4lh2, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate, suc, Succinic acid, ACS grade, bmse000183, bmse000968, CHEMBL576, SUCCINIC ACID [MI], SUCCINIC ACID [FCC], A 12084, SUCCINIC ACID [HSDB], SUCCINIC ACID [VANDF], GTPL3637, SUCCINIC ACID [USP-RS], SUCCINIC ACID [WHO-DD], SUCCINICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], BDBM26121, Succinic acid (Butanedioic acid), HMS3885O04, HY-N0420, STR02803, Tox21_111612, Tox21_201918, Tox21_303247, BBL002473, LMFA01170043, Succinic acid, Amber acid, Asuccin, Bernsteinsaure, Dihydrofumaric acid, Katasuccin, Wormwood acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, Ethanedicarboxylic acid, Wormwood, Kyselina jantarova, Acid of amber, Ethylene succinic acid, Sal succini, Salt of amber, Succinellite, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, NSC 106449, Succinate, Butanedioic acid, Butanedioate, Dihydrofumaric acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, amber acid, asuccin, dihydrofumaric acid, bernsteinsaure, katasuccin, wormwood acid, succinate, ethylenesuccinic acid, 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid, Butanedioic Acid-13C2, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic Acid-13C2, 1,4-Butanedioic Acid-13C2, A 12084-13C2, Amber Acid-13C2, Asuccin-13C2, Dihydrofumaric Acid-13C2, Katasuccin-13C2, Wormwood Acid-13C2, Yantar-antitox-13C2, Butanedioic-1,4-13C2 acid, Succinic-1,4-13C2 acid, SA,Butanedioic acid,AMBER ACID,Wormwood,008008-93-3,Succnic acid,Succinic acid（N）,SUCCINIC ACID FCC,Succinic acid ACS,Succinic acid, 99%, NSC-25949, NSC106449, s3791, STK387105, Succinic acid, >=99%, FCC, FG, Succinic acid, BioXtra, >=99.0%, AKOS000118899, Tox21_111612_1, CCG-266069, DB00139, NCGC00159372-03, NCGC00159372-05, NCGC00159372-06, NCGC00257092-01, NCGC00259467-01, Succinic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, BP-21128, Succinic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, CS-0008946, NS00002272, S0100, Succinic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, Succinic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, EN300-17990, Succinic acid, purum p.a., >=99.0% (T), Succinic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%, 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID), C00042, D85169, Succinic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, AB01332192-02, Q213050, SR-01000944556, J-002386, SR-01000944556-2, Z57127453, F2191-0239, 37E8FFFB-70DA-4399-B724-476BD8715EF0, Succinic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Succinic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (T), matrix substance for MALDI-MS, Y99.5%(T), Succinic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8, Succinic acid, matrix substance for MALDI-MS, >=99.5% (T), Ultra pure, Succinic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Succinic acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, Succinic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 26776-24-9, Butanedioic acid, Succinic acid, Butanedioic acid, Succinic acid, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylate, 1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4 Butanedioic acid, 1,4-Butanedioate, 1,4-Butanedioic acid, 1,4-BUTANEDIOIC ACID (SUCCINIC ACID), 1cze, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxy D glucose, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxyglucose, Amber acid, Asuccin, butanedioic acid, ion(2-), Dihydrofumarate, Dihydrofumaric acid, Katasuccin, Succinate, Wormwood acid, Acide butanedioique, Acide succinique, Acidum succinicum, Bernsteinsaeure, Butandisaeure, Butanedionic acid, e363, Ethylenesuccinic acid, HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH, Spirit OF amber, Butanedionate, Ethylenesuccinate, 1,2 Ethanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4 Butanedioic acid, Ammonium succinate, Butanedioic acid, Potassium succinate, Succinate, ammonium, Succinate, potassium, 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-GlcNAc, N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-Acetylchitosamine, N Acetyl D glucosamine, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxy D glucose, 2 Acetamido 2 deoxyglucose, 2-Acetamido-2-deoxyglucose, Acetylglucosamine
Succinic acid, also known butanedioic acid, is a crystalline, colorless, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid that is a metabolic intermediate in both the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle.
The formation of succinic acid is due to the oxidation of succinyl-CoA, which in turn results from the metabolic process of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Succinic acid can be further metabolized in the process to either generate energy or be converted into other compounds such as glucose or amino acids.
As can be seen from its name, succinic acid owes its name to amber, which is a so-called gemstone containing succinic acid.
In addition to butanedioic acid occurring in the organism, the acid can also be found in nature.
Succinic acid is found in a variety of plant juices as well as in fungi and algae.
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic acid is an important component of the citric acid or TCA cycle and is capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain.
Succinic acid is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to mammals.
In eukaryotes, Succinic acid is generated in the mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).
Succinic acid can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylSuccinic acid-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e. g. malate (PMID 16143825 ).
Succinic acid can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space.
Succinic acid has multiple biological roles including roles as a metabolic intermediate and roles as a cell signalling molecule.
Succinic acid can alter gene expression patterns, thereby modulating the epigenetic landscape or it can exhibit hormone-like signaling functions (PMID: 26971832 ).
As such, Succinic acid links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function.
Succinic acid can be broken down or metabolized into fumarate by the enzyme Succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH), which is part of the electron transport chain involved in making ATP.
Dysregulation of Succinic acid synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, can happen in a number of genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome.
Succinic acid has been found to be associated with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Succinic acid has recently been identified as an oncometabolite or an endogenous, cancer causing metabolite.
High levels of Succinic acid can be found in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors.
Its oncogenic action appears to due to Succinic acid's ability to inhibit prolyl hydroxylase-containing enzymes.
In many tumours, oxygen availability becomes limited (hypoxia) very quickly due to rapid cell proliferation and limited blood vessel growth.
The major regulator of the response to hypoxia is the HIF transcription factor (HIF-alpha).
Under normal oxygen levels, protein levels of HIF-alpha are very low due to constant degradation, mediated by a series of post-translational modification events catalyzed by the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing enzymes PHD1, 2 and 3, (also known as EglN2, 1 and 3) that hydroxylate
HIF-alpha and lead to its degradation.
All three of the PHD enzymes are inhibited by Succinic acid.
In humans, urinary succinic acid is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter,
Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis.
Succinic acid is also found in Actinobacillus, Anaerobiospirillum, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium and Basfia
Succinic acid is a diprotic, dicarboxylic acid that readily ionizes in aqueous solutions to form Succinic acid.
In living organisms, Succinic acid plays a key role as a metabolic intermediate that links cellular metabolism to the regulation of cellular function.
Succinic Acid is a dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic acid (butanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that occurs naturally in plant and animal tissues.
Succinic acid is also known as “Spirit of Amber.”
When it was first discovered, Succinic acid was extracted from amber by pulverizing and distilling it using a sand bath.
Succinic acid, also known as butanedioic acid, is a naturally occurring organic acid found in many living organisms, including plants, animals and some micro-organisms.
Succinic acid plays a key role in cellular metabolism, where it is involved in the Krebs cycle, an essential energy production process.
The world of facial care is constantly evolving, and succinic acid is one of the latest active ingredients that have come along to improve the health of our skin.
Succinic acid is a multifunctional compound that is naturally found in sugarcane and amber, but thanks to biotechnology it can now be obtained more easily in an artificial way in laboratories.
Although Succinic acid is widely used on acne-prone skin, it is an acid that works more like a moisturiser than an exfoliant, so it is not aggressive with the skin and has more similar properties to those of the well-known hyaluronic acid.
Succinic acid (C₄H₆O₄), also known as butanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid naturally found in fossil amber.
Succinic acid has historically been used in the pharmaceutical and food industries, but its interest has recently skyrocketed in the field of cosmetics due to its multiple benefits for the skin.
Succinic acid, with molecular formulation C₄H₆O₄, is a water-soluble, odorless, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic acid is a normal intermediary metabolite and a constituent of the citric acid cycle, and found naturally in human urine.
Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.
Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling.
As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function.
Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury.
Succinic acid is marketed as food additive E363.
The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber.
Succinic acid appears as white crystals or shiny white odorless crystalline powder.
pH of 0.1 molar solution of Succinic acid is 2.7.
Succinic acid has very acid taste.
Succinic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group.
Succinic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.
Succinic acid has a role as a nutraceutical, a radiation protective agent, an anti-ulcer drug, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite.
Succinic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid and a C4-dicarboxylic acid.
Succinic acid is a conjugate acid of a succinate(1-).
Succinic acid is a water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli
Succinic Acid has been reported in Camellia sinensis, Phomopsis velata, and other organisms with data available.
Succinic acid is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of III and has 1 investigational indication.
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid.
The anion, succinate, is a component of the citric acid cycle capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain.
Succinic acid is created as a byproduct of the fermentation of sugar.
Succinic acid lends to fermented beverages such as wine and beer a common taste that is a combination of saltiness, bitterness and acidity.
Succinic acid is a water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
USES and APPLICATIONS of SUCCINIC ACID:
Succinic acid is used in several areas.
On the one hand, Succinic acid is used as a food additive (E363) and, on the other hand, as a flavor enhancer for dishes such as desserts or dried soups due to its mildly sour and at the same time salty taste.
Succinic acid is also used as a solvent and plasticizer for plastics and waxes, and is also becoming increasingly popular in the cosmetics industry.
Until deep into the 20th century, Succinic acid was likewise utilized as a medicine, which was utilized to treat catarrh and syphilis.
In cosmetics, Succinic acid is valued for its antioxidant, purifying and moisturizing properties, and is often used in skin care products to regulate sebum and reduce imperfections.
Succinic acid is used as a flavoring agent for food and beverages.
Producing five heterocyclic compounds, Succinic acid is used as an intermediate for dyes, perfumes, lacquers, photographic chemicals, alkyd resins, plasticizers, metal treatment chemicals, and coatings.
Succinic acid is also used in the manufacture of medicines for sedatives, antispasmers, antiplegm, antiphogistic, anrhoers, contraceptives, and cancer-curing.
Succinic acid is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
Succinic acid is also used as a food additive (E363) and in various pharmaceutical products.
A new generation of acid not only tested to be more effective than salicylic acid on acne, but also ideal for sensitive skin as Succinic acid works in the direction of the skin’s microbiota, strengthening and rebalancing it, without stripping the skin.
Succinic acid can help to gently exfoliate dead skin cells, leaving skin softer and smoother.
Succinic acid can help hydrate the skin by retaining water in the skin cells.
Succinic acid also has anti-inflammatory properties; helping to reduce skin inflammation, which can be beneficial for those suffering from skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis.
This new-generation acid, Succinic acid, is not only more effective than salicylic acid on acne, but also ideal for sensitive skin, as it works in the direction of the cutaneous microbiota, strengthening and rebalancing it, without stripping the skin.
Succinic acid can help to gently exfoliate dead skin cells, leaving skin softer and smoother.
Succinic acid can help hydrate skin by retaining water in skin cells.
Succinic acid also has anti-inflammatory properties; it helps reduce skin inflammation, which can be beneficial for people suffering from skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis.
Succinic acid was primarily used externally for rheumatic aches and pains.
Almost infinite esters can be obtained from carboxylic acids.
Esters are produced by combining an acid with an alcohol and removal of a water molecule.
Carboxylic acid esters are used in a variety of direct and indirect applications.
Lower chain esters are used as flavoring base materials, plasticizers, solvent carriers and coupling agents.
Higher chain compounds are used as components in metalworking fluids, surfactants, lubricants, detergents, oiling agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, textile treatments and emollients.
Esters are also used as intermediates for the manufacture of a variety of target compounds.
The almost infinite esters provide a wide range of viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other physical and chemical properties for the proper application selections.
Succinic acid is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
Succinic acid is commonly used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic acid is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
Succinic acid plays a role in the citric acid cycle, an energy-yielding process and is metabolized by succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate.
Succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH) plays an important role in the mitochondria, being both part of the respiratory chain and the Krebs cycle.
SDH with a covalently attached FAD prosthetic group, binds enzyme substrates (succinate and fumarate) and physiological regulators (oxaloacetate and ATP).
Oxidizing succinate links SDH to the fast-cycling Krebs cycle portion where it participates in the breakdown of acetyl-CoA throughout the whole Krebs cycle.
Succinic acid can readily be imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the n-butylmalonate- (or phenylsuccinate-) sensitive dicarboxylate carrier in exchange with inorganic phosphate or another organic acid, e.g. malate.
Succinic acid also acts as an oncometabolite.
Succinic acid inhibits 2-oxoglutarate-dependent histone and DNA demethylase enzymes, resulting in epigenetic silencing that affects neuroendocrine differentiation.
Succinic acid is a water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters.
Succinic acid is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
In 2004, succinate was placed on the US Department of Energy's list of top 12 platform chemicals from biomass.
Precursor to polymers, resins, and solvents.
Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic acid as a precursor.
The automotive and electronics industries heavily rely on BDO to produce connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs and reinforcing beams.
Succinic acid also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications.
Acylation with succinic acid is called succination.
Oversuccination occurs when more than one succinate adds to a substrate.
Succinic acid is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent.
-Food and dietary supplement
As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry.
Succinic acid is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste.
As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, Succinic acid is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion.
Drugs involving Succinic acid include metoprolol Succinic acid, sumatriptan Succinic acid, doxylamine Succinic acid or solifenacin Succinic acid.
-Succinic acid in cosmetics.
In the cosmetics and skin care industry, succinic acid is used as a natural ingredient in various products such as moisturizers, face creams and serums.
Succinic acid is a natural compound that finds use in cosmetics as a humectant as well as moisturizer.
A humectant describes a substance that helps retain moisture in the skin by absorbing water molecules from the air.
This phenomenon is known as the hygroscopic effect and makes the skin’s appearance fresh and young.
Succinic acid also exhibits anti-inflammatory as well as antimicrobial properties, which makes it a useful ingredient in skin care products for people with inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema and especially acne conditions.
In addition, some studies suggest that due to its support of cell renewal as well as its antioxidant effects, succinic acid can help soften fine lines and wrinkles.
As a result, the face appears firmer and younger.
Succinic acid can also be used as a natural exfoliant as it helps remove dead skin cells.
Succinic acid is also used in hair care products to improve scalp and hair health.
Succinic acid is considered a safe and effective ingredient in cosmetics and skin care products.
People with sensitive skin can also rely on the raw material, as Succinic acid is particularly well tolerated by the skin due to its endogenous production.
HOW IS SUCCINIC ACID USED?
Succinic acid is used in a variety of cosmetic and skincare products due to its balancing and purifying properties.
Here are the main applications:
*Anti-blemish products:
Succinic acid is commonly found in serums, creams and gels targeting acne and blemishes, where it helps purify skin and reduce redness.
*Anti-aging skin care:
Succinic acid is used in anti-aging creams and serums, it protects skin from premature aging thanks to its antioxidant and moisturizing action.
*Products for oily and combination skin:
Its ability to regulate sebum makes Succinic acid a choice ingredient in skincare products for oily skin.
Succinic acid is often added to cleansers and toners for deep cleansing.
*Hair care:
In shampoos and scalp care products, succinic acid helps control sebum production and purify roots, providing a refreshing, balancing effect.
SKIN BENEFITS of SUCCINIC ACID:
Succinic acid offers a wide variety of benefits that can help us to achieve radiant skin.
*Succinic acid combats acne
For acne-prone skin and blackheads, succinic acid is an excellent treatment for controlling sebum production and bacterial levels due to its antibacterial effect.
Succinic acid is even useful against cystic acne thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties.
Compared with other acids, Succinic acid acts without causing irritation, so it can even be used on sensitive skin and in combination with other more aggressive acne treatments, such as retinoids and acetylsalicylic acid.
*Succinic acid improves hydration
Despite its ability to control the amount of sebum in the skin, Succinic acid is an excellent moisturiser.
This is because Succinic acid's structure is very similar to that of the skin's own natural oils.
*Anti-ageing and antioxidant effect
The antioxidant properties of succinic acid, together with its ability to promote cell renewal, protect the skin against the damage of free radicals and oxidative stress1, slowing down the onset of signs of ageing such as fine lines and wrinkles, spots2 and a dull complexion.
*Skin types for which it is recommended
Although succinic acid is suitable for all skin types due to its softness, it is ideal for oily, mixed or acne-prone skin, as it helps balance them in a healthy way without damaging the skin barrier.
Succinic acid is also an excellent choice for people with mature and sensitive skin who are looking for a product that can improve the appearance of wrinkles without causing irritation or dryness.
PROPERTIES AND ACTIVE INGREDIENTS of SUCCINIC ACID:
Succinic acid has unique properties that make it useful in cosmetics and health care.
Here are its main effects and properties:
*Antioxidant properties:
Succinic acid helps neutralize free radicals and protect skin cells against oxidative stress, thus helping to slow skin aging.
*Purifying and antibacterial effect:
Succinic acid is known for its antimicrobial effects, making it a good choice for products targeting blemish- and acne-prone skin.
*Sebum regulation:
Succinic acid helps reduce excess sebum, balancing the skin and reducing the risk of clogged pores and blemishes.
*Skin hydration and protection:
Succinic acid acts as a natural moisturizing agent, helping the skin to retain moisture and maintain its water balance.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of SUCCINIC ACID:
Succinic acid is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste.
In an aqueous solution, succinic acid readily ionizes to form its conjugate base, succinate (/ˈsʌksɪneɪt/).
As a diprotic acid, succinic acid undergoes two successive deprotonation reactions:
(CH2)2 (CO2H)2 →(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2) +H + (CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2)−
→(CH2)2(CO2)22− +H+
The pKa of these processes are 4.3 and 5.6, respectively.
Both anions are colorless and can be isolated as the salts, e.g., Na(CH2)2(CO2H)(CO2) and Na2(CH2)2(CO2)2.
In living organisms, primarily succinate, not succinic acid, is found.
As a radical group it is called a succinyl (/ˈsʌksɪnəl/) group.
Like most simple mono- and dicarboxylic acids, it is not harmful but can be an irritant to skin and eyes.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND HISTORICAL FACTS of SUCCINIC ACID:
Succinic acid is composed of four carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms (C₄H₆O₄).
Succinic acid appears as colorless crystals, highly soluble in water.
The first isolation of succinic acid dates back to the 19th century, where it was extracted from fossil amber, hence its name derived from the Latin term "succinum", meaning amber.
Over the centuries, succinic acid's applications have diversified, ranging from pharmacology to cosmetics.
HOW IS SUCCINIC ACID OBTAINED?
Traditionally, succinic acid was extracted by distilling amber.
Today, production methods have modernized and diversified.
Succinic acid is primarily produced through fermentation, using bacteria or yeast to convert sugars or starches into succinic acid.
Another method involves producing it chemically from petrochemical raw materials.
However, due to increasing demand and environmental concerns, the biosynthetic fermentation methods are gaining popularity, offering more sustainable alternatives for the cosmetic industry.
THE CUTANEOUS AND HAIR PROPERTIES of SUCCINIC ACID:
The succinic acid has several beneficial properties for the skin and hair, which justifies its increasing use in cosmetic formulations:
*Succinic acid is antimicrobial:
The succinic acid inhibits the growth of bacteria, particularly Cutibacterium acnes, which is responsible for pimples and skin blemishes.
By regulating the microbial flora, Succinic acid helps to reduce inflammation and the formation of comedones.
*Succinic acid is a gentle exfoliant:
Due to its chemical structure, succinic acid acts as a gentle exfoliant.
Succinic acid promotes the shedding of dead cells on the skin's surface, which helps to improve skin texture and even out the complexion.
This mechanism helps to reduce the buildup of dead cells that can clog pores.
*Succinic acid has a sebum-regulating effect:
Succinic acid helps to normalize the production of sebum by the sebaceous glands, which reduces shine and the appearance of enlarged pores.
By balancing sebum secretion, Succinic acid helps to prevent skin breakouts associated with oily skin.
*Succinic acid has anti-inflammatory properties:
Succinic acid reduces skin inflammation, soothing irritated or blemish-prone skin.
Additionally, scientific research has revealed that there is no evidence that succinic acid can be released from amber beads into the skin, nor that it has anti-inflammatory properties, which calls into question its direct use for these effects.
These properties make succinic acid a sought-after ingredient for skincare, particularly for those looking to enhance the clarity and texture of their epidermis.
WHERE DOES SUCCINIC ACID COME FROM?
Succinic acid is occurs naturally in plant and animal tissues, but is often extracted from natural amber, hence its other name: “amber acid”.
Succinic acid can also be produced by fermenting sugars and starches with micro-organisms, resulting in a bio-sourced version used in the cosmetics and food industries.
This method is more respectful of the environment and enables sustainable production of Succinic acid.
Succinic acid is now produced and used worldwide in many industries for its varied properties.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS of SUCCINIC ACID:
Succinic acid can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2.
This diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation.
Dehydration of succinic acid gives succinic anhydride.
Succinate can be used to derive 1,4-butanediol, maleic anhydride, succinimide, 2-pyrrolidinone and tetrahydrofuran.
ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of SUCCINIC ACID:
*Fatty acids and conjugates
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds
SUBSTITUENTS of SUCCINIC ACID:
*Fatty acid
*Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound
RELATED COMPOUNDS of SUCCINIC ACID:
-Other anions
*sodium succinate
-Related carboxylic acids
*propionic acid
*malonic acid
*butyric acid
*malic acid
*tartaric acid
*fumaric acid
*valeric acid
*glutaric acid
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION of SUCCINIC ACID:
Historically, succinic acid was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been known as spirit of amber (Latin: spiritus succini).
Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol.
Succinate is also produced from butane via maleic anhydride.
Global production is estimated at 16,000 to 30,000 tons a year, with an annual growth rate of 10%.
Genetically engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are proposed for the commercial production via fermentation of glucose.
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SUCCINIC ACID ?
Succinic acid has many benefits, particularly for skin care and the fight against signs of aging and imperfections.
Here are Succinic acid's main benefits:
*Reducing skin imperfections:
Thanks to its purifying and antibacterial properties, Succinic acid helps fight acne-causing bacteria, reducing blemishes and redness.
*Anti-aging support:
Succinic acid's antioxidant action protects the skin from free radicals and slows down cutaneous aging, helping to preserve skin firmness and elasticity.
*Sebum control:
By regulating sebum production, Succinic acid is particularly suited to oily and combination skin, contributing to a clearer complexion and reduced shine.
*Moisturizing and soothing effect:
Succinic acid helps skin retain its natural moisture, making it softer and more supple, while soothing inflammation and irritation.
*Use in hair care:
In hair care, succinic acid helps reduce excess sebum on the scalp and purify the roots.
It should be noted that succinic acid may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with very sensitive skin.
It’s important to do a skin test before using products containing succinic acid, and to consult a healthcare professional if you have any concerns about using this product.
BENEFITS of SUCCINIC ACID:
*Succinic acid has anti-inflammatory properties.
*Succinic acid strengthens and rebalances the skin’s microbiota.
*Ideal for sensitive skin.
BIOSYNTHESIS of SUCCINIC ACID:
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
See also: Tricarboxylic acid cycle and Succinic acid dehydrogenase.
Succinic acid is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a primary metabolic pathway used to produce chemical energy in the presence of O2.
Succinic acid is generated from succinyl-CoA by the enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase in a GTP/ATP-producing step:
Succinyl-CoA + NDP + Pi → Succinic acid + CoA + NTP.
Catalyzed by the enzyme Succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH), Succinic acid is subsequently oxidized to fumarate:
Succinic acid + FAD → Fumarate + FADH2.
SDH also participates in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, where it is known as respiratory complex II.
This enzyme complex is a 4 subunit membrane-bound lipoprotein which couples the oxidation of Succinic acid to the reduction of ubiquinone via
the intermediate electron carriers FAD and three 2Fe-2S clusters.
Succinic acid thus serves as a direct electron donor to the electron transport chain, and itself is converted into fumarate.
*Reductive branch of the TCA cycle
See also: Succinic acid fermentation.
Succinic acid can alternatively be formed by reverse activity of SDH.
Under anaerobic conditions certain bacteria such as Actinobacillus succinogenes, A. succiniciproducens and M. succiniciproducens, run the TCA cycle in reverse and convert glucose to Succinic acid through the intermediates of oxaloacetate, malate and fumarate.
This pathway is exploited in metabolic engineering to net generate Succinic acid for human use.
Additionally, succinic acid produced during the fermentation of sugar provides a combination of saltiness, bitterness and acidity to fermented alcohols.
Accumulation of fumarate can drive the reverse activity of SDH, thus enhancing Succinic acid generation.
Under pathological and physiological conditions, the malate-aspartate shuttle or the purine nucleotide shuttle can increase mitochondrial fumarate, which is then readily converted to Succinic acid.
*Glyoxylate cycle
See also: Glyoxylate cycle.
Succinic acid is also a product of the glyoxylate cycle, which converts two two-carbon acetyl units into the four-carbon Succinic acid.
The glyoxylate cycle is utilized by many bacteria, plants and fungi and allows these organisms to subsist on acetate or acetyl CoA yielding compounds.
The pathway avoids the decarboxylation steps of the TCA cycle via the enzyme isocitrate lyase which cleaves isocitrate into Succinic acid and glyoxylate.
Generated Succinic acid is then available for either energy production or biosynthesis.
*GABA shunt
Succinic acid is the re-entry point for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt into the TCA cycle, a closed cycle which synthesizes and recycles GABA.
The GABA shunt serves as an alternate route to convert alpha-ketoglutarate into Succinic acid, bypassing the TCA cycle intermediate succinyl-CoA and instead producing the intermediate GABA.
Transamination and subsequent decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate leads to the formation of GABA.
GABA is then metabolized by GABA transaminase to succinic semialdehyde.
Finally, succinic semialdehyde is oxidized by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) to form Succinic acid, re-entering the TCA cycle and closing the loop.
Enzymes required for the GABA shunt are expressed in neurons, glial cells, macrophages and pancreatic cells
*Cellular metabolism
Metabolic intermediate
Succinic acid is produced and concentrated in the mitochondria and its primary biological function is that of a metabolic intermediate.
All metabolic pathways that are interlinked with the TCA cycle, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and heme, rely on the temporary formation of Succinic acid.
The intermediate is made available for biosynthetic processes through multiple pathways, including the reductive branch of the TCA cycle or the glyoxylate cycle, which are able to drive net production of Succinic acid.
In rodents, mitochondrial concentrations are approximately ~0.5 mM while plasma concentration are only 2–20 μM.
*ROS production
See also: Reactive Oxygen Species
The activity of Succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH), which interconverts Succinic acid into fumarate participates in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by directing electron flow in the electron transport chain.
Under conditions of Succinic acid accumulation, rapid oxidation of Succinic acid by SDH can drive reverse electron transport (RET).
If mitochondrial respiratory complex III is unable to accommodate excess electrons supplied by Succinic acid oxidation, it forces electrons to flow backwards along the electron transport chain.
RET at mitochondrial respiratory complex 1, the complex normally preceding SDH in the electron transport chain, leads to ROS production and creates a pro-oxidant microenvironment.
ADDITIONAL BIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS of SUCCINIC ACID:
In addition to Succinic acid's metabolic roles, Succinic acid serves as an intracellular and extracellular signaling molecule.
Extra-mitochondrial Succinic acid alters the epigenetic landscape by inhibiting the family of 2-oxogluterate-dependent dioxygenases.
Alternative, Succinic acid can be released into the extracellular milieu and the blood stream where it is recognized by target receptors.
In general, leakage from the mitochondria requires Succinic acid overproduction or underconsumption and occurs due to reduced, reverse or completely absent activity of SDH or alternative changes in metabolic state.
Mutations in SDH, hypoxia or energetic misbalance are all linked to an alteration of flux through the TCA cycle and Succinic acid accumulation.
Upon exiting the mitochondria, Succinic acid serves as a signal of metabolic state, communicating to neighboring cells how metabolically active the originating cell population is.
As such, Succinic acid links TCA cycle dysfunction or metabolic changes to cell-cell communication and to oxidative stress-related responses.
*Transporters
Succinic acid requires specific transporters to move through both the mitochondrial and plasma membrane.
Succinic acid exits the mitochondrial matrix and passes through the inner mitochondrial membrane via dicarboxylate transporters, primarily SLC25A10, a Succinic acid-fumarate/malate transporter.
In the second step of mitochondrial export, Succinic acid readily crosses the outer mitochondrial membrane through porins, nonspecific protein channels that facilitate the diffusion of molecules less than 1.5 kDa.
Transport across the plasma membrane is likely tissue specific.
A key candidate transporter is INDY (I'm not dead yet), a sodium-independent anion exchanger, which moves both dicarboxylate and citrate into the bloodstream
INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING of SUCCINIC ACID:
Accumulation of either fumarate or Succinic acid reduces the activity of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, including histone and DNA demethylases, prolyl hydroxylases and collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylases, through competitive inhibition.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases require an iron cofactor to catalyze hydroxylations, desaturations and ring closures.
Simultaneous to substrate oxidation, they convert 2-oxoglutarate, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, into Succinic acid and CO2.
2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases bind substrates in a sequential, ordered manner.
First, 2-oxoglutarate coordinates with an Fe(II) ion bound to a conserved 2-histidinyl–1-aspartyl/glutamyl triad of residues present in the enzymatic center.
Subsequently, the primary substrate enters the binding pocket and lastly dioxygen binds to the enzyme-substrate complex.
Oxidative decarboxylation then generates a ferryl intermediate coordinated to Succinic acid, which serves to oxidize the bound primary substrate.
Succinic acid may interfere with the enzymatic process by attaching to the Fe(II) center first, prohibiting the binding of 2-oxoglutarate.
Thus, via enzymatic inhibition, increased Succinic acid load can lead to changes in transcription factor activity and genome-wide alterations in histone and DNA methylation.
EXTRACELLULAR SIGNALING of SUCCINIC ACID:
Extracellular Succinic acid can act as a signaling molecule with hormone-like functions in stimulating a variety of cells such as those in the blood, adipose tissues, immune tissues, liver, heart, retina and kidney.
Extracellular Succinic acid works by binding to and thereby activating the GPR91 (also termed SUCNR1) receptor on the cells that express this receptor.
Most studies have reported that the GPR91 protein consists of 330 amino acids although a few studies have detected a 334 amino acid product of GPR91 gene.
Arg99, His103, Arg252, and Arg281 near the center of the GPR91 protein generate a positively charged binding site for Succinic acid.
GPR91 resides on its target cells' surface membranes with its binding site facing the extracellular space.
It is a G protein-coupled receptor sub-type of receptor that, depending on the cell type bearing it, interacts with multiple G proteins subtypes including Gs, Gi and Gq.
This enables GPR91 to regulate a multitude of signaling outcomes.
Succinic acid has a high affinity for GPR91, with an EC50 (i.e., concentration that induces a half maximal response) for stimulating GPR91 in the 20–50 μM range.
Succinic acid's activation of the GPR91 receptor simulates a wide range of cell types and physiological responses (see Functions regulated by SUCNR1).
*Effect on adipocytes
In adipocytes, the Succinic acid-activated GPR91 signaling cascade inhibits lipolysis.
*Effect on the liver and retina
Succinic acid signaling often occurs in response to hypoxic conditions.
In the liver, Succinic acid serves as a paracrine signal, released by anoxic hepatocytes, and targets stellate cells via GPR91.
This leads to stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis.
Thus, Succinic acid is thought to play a role in liver homeostasis.
In the retina, Succinic acid accumulates in retinal ganglion cells in response to ischemic conditions.
Autocrine Succinic acid signaling promotes retinal neovascularization, triggering the activation of angiogenic factors such as endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
*Effect on the heart
Extracellular Succinic acid regulates cardiomyocyte viability through GPR91 activation; long-term Succinic acid exposure leads to pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
Stimulation of GPR91 triggers at least two signaling pathways in the heart: a MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 pathway that activates hypertrophic gene expression and a phospholipase C pathway which changes the pattern of Ca2+ uptake and distribution and triggers CaM-dependent hypertrophic gene activation.
*Effect on immune cells
SUCNR1 is highly expressed on immature dendritic cells, where Succinic acid binding stimulates chemotaxis.
Furthermore, SUCNR1 synergizes with toll-like receptors to increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha and interleukin-1beta.
Succinic acid may enhance adaptive immunity by triggering the activity of antigen-presenting cells that, in turn, activate T-cells.
*Effect on platelets
SUCNR1 is one of the highest expressed G protein-coupled receptors on human platelets, present at levels similar to P2Y12, though the role of Succinic acid signaling in platelet aggregation is debated.
Multiple studies have demonstrated Succinic acid-induced aggregation, but the effect has high inter-individual variability.
*Effect on the kidneys
Succinic acid serves as a modulator of blood pressure by stimulating renin release in macula densa and juxtaglomerular apparatus cells via GPR91.
Therapies targeting Succinic acid to reduce cardiovascular risk and hypertension are currently under investigation.
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SUCCINIC ACID:
pKa: 4.16 (at 25°C)
Form: Powder/Solid
Color: White to off-white
pH: 3.65 (1 mM solution); 3.12 (10 mM solution); 2.61 (100 mM solution)
Odor: Wormwood at 100%
Odor Type: Herbal
Water Solubility: 80 g/L (20°C)
Merck: 14,8869
BRN: 1754069
Dielectric Constant: 2.4 (26°C)
Stability: Stable.
InChIKey: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.59
CAS DataBase Reference: 110-15-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
FDA 21 CFR: 184.1091; 582.1091
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): SUCCINIC ACID
SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances): Succinic acid
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: AB6MNQ6J6L
NIST Chemistry Reference: Butanedioic acid(110-15-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: Succinic acid (110-15-6)
Molecular Weight: 118.09 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.6
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 118.02660867 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 118.02660867 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 92.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS Number: 110-15-6
Molecular Weight: 118.09
EC Number: 203-740-4
Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
Molar Mass: 118.088 g·mol−1
Density: 1.56 g/cm3
Melting Point: 184–190 °C (363–374 °F; 457–463 K)
Boiling Point: 235 °C (455 °F; 508 K)
Solubility in Water: 58 g/L (20 °C) or 100 mg/mL
Solubility in Methanol: 158 mg/mL
Solubility in Ethanol: 54 mg/mL
Solubility in Acetone: 27 mg/mL
Solubility in Glycerol: 50 mg/mL
Solubility in Ether: 8.8 mg/mL
Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 4.2, pKa2 = 5.6
Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): -57.9·10−6 cm3/mol
Physical State: Crystalline
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: Succinic acid
Formula: C4H6O4
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 118.088
Exact Mass: 118.02660868
SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
CAS Number: 110-15-6
Molecular Formula: C4H6O4
Molecular Weight: 118.09 g/mol
MDL Number: MFCD00002789
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID: 1110
ChEBI: CHEBI:15741
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
Melting Point: 185°C
Color: White
pH: 2.7
Boiling Point: 235°C
Formula Weight: 118.09 g/mol
Physical Form: Powder
Water Solubility: 211 g/L
logP: -0.53
logP: -0.4
logS: 0.25
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.55
Physiological Charge: -2
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 4
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Refractivity: 23.54 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 10.14 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: Yes
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: No
Veber's Rule: No
MDDR-like Rule: No
Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
Average Molecular Weight: 118.088
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 118.02660868
CAS Number: 110-15-6
EC Number: 203-740-4
Hill Formula: C₄H₆O₄
Chemical Formula: HOOCCH₂CH₂COOH
Molar Mass: 118.09 g/mol
HS Code: 2917 19 80
Boiling Point: 235 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.57 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Ignition Temperature: 470 °C
Melting Point: 188 °C
pH Value: 2.7 (10 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk Density: 940 kg/m3
Solubility: 58 g/l
CAS Number: 110-15-6
Weight: Average: 118.088
Monoisotopic: 118.02660868
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
IUPAC Name: Butanedioic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name: Succinic acid
Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
SMILES: [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H]
CBNumber: CB9852802
Molecular Formula: C4H6O4 Lewis structure
Molecular Weight: 118.09
MDL Number: MFCD00002789
MOL File: 110-15-6.mol
Melting Point: 185 °C
Boiling Point: 235 °C
Density: 1.19 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor Pressure: 0-0 Pa at 25℃
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.4002 (lit.)
FEMA: 4719 | SUCCINIC ACID
Flash Point: >230 °F
Storage Temperature: 2-8°C
Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, and methanol.
Insoluble in toluene, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether
Chemical Formula: C4H6O4
Average Molecular Weight: 118.088
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 118.02660868
IUPAC Name: butanedioic acid
Traditional Name: succinic acid
CAS Registry Number: 110-15-6
SMILES: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
InChI Key: KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
FIRST AID MEASURES of SUCCINIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of SUCCINIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of SUCCINIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of SUCCINIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.
HANDLING and STORAGE of SUCCINIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
STABILITY and REACTIVITY of SUCCINIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available
