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SULFURIC ACID

CAS NUMBER: 7664-93-9

EC NUMBER: 231-639-5

MOLECULAR FORMULA: H2SO4

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 98.08

Sulfuric acid is a colorless oily liquid. 
Sulfuric acid is soluble in water with release of heat. 
Sulfuric acid is corrosive to metals and tissue. 

Sulfuric acid will char wood and most other organic matter on contact, but is unlikely to cause a fire. 
Density 15 lb / gal. 
Long term exposure to low concentrations or short term exposure to high concentrations can result in adverse health effects from inhalation. 

Sulfuric acid is used to make fertilizers and other chemicals, in petroleum refining, in iron and steel production, and for many other uses. 
Rate of onset: Immediate Persistence: Hours, days Odor threshold: Source/use/other hazard: Battery/dyes/paper/glue/metals industries; volcanic gas; toxic fumes when heated.

Sulfuric acid is a sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom. 
Sulfuric acid has a role as a catalyst. 

Sulfuric acid is a conjugate acid of a hydrogensulfate.
Sulfuric acid (American spelling) or sulphuric acid, also known as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with the molecular formula H2SO4. 

Sulfuric acid is a colorless, odorless and viscous liquid that is miscible with water.
Pure sulfuric acid does not exist naturally on Earth due to its strong affinity to water vapor; for this reason, it is hygroscopic and readily absorbs water vapor from the air. 

Concentrated sulfuric acid is highly corrosive towards other materials, from rocks to metals, since it is an oxidant with powerful dehydrating properties. 
Phosphorus pentoxide is a notable exception of not being affected by the acid's dehydrating property, which reversely dehydrates sulfuric acid to sulfur trioxide. 

Upon addition of sulfuric acid to water, a considerable amount of heat is released; thus the reverse procedure of adding water to the acid should not be performed since the heat released may boil the solution, spraying droplets of hot acid during the process. 
Upon contact with body tissue, sulfuric acid can cause severe acidic chemical burns and even secondary thermal burns due to dehydration.

Dilute sulfuric acid is substantially less hazardous as without the oxidative and dehydrating properties; however, it should still be handled with care for its acidity.
Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and a nation's sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. 

Sulfuric acid is widely produced with different methods, such as contact process, wet sulfuric acid process, lead chamber process and some other methods. 
Sulfuric acid is also a key substance in the chemical industry. 
Sulfuric acid is most commonly used in fertilizer manufacture, but is also important in mineral processing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis. 

Sulfuric acid has a wide range of end applications including in domestic acidic drain cleaners, as an electrolyte in lead-acid batteries, in dehydrating a compound, and in various cleaning agents. 
Sulfuric acid can be obtained by dissolving sulfur trioxide in water.
Sulfuric acid, spent appears as a black oily liquid. 
Corrosive to metals and tissue. 

Sulfuric acid, sulfuric also spelled sulphuric (H2SO4), also called oil of vitriol, or hydrogen sulfate, dense, colourless, oily, corrosive liquid; one of the most commercially important of all chemicals. 

Sulfuric acid is prepared industrially by the reaction of water with sulfur trioxide (see sulfur oxide), which in turn is made by chemical combination of sulfur dioxide and oxygen either by the contact process or the chamber process.
Sulphuric acid may be prepared by catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide. 

Sulfuric acid is a very strong electrolyte and has high affinity to water.
Sulfuric acid (H2S04) is a corrosive substance, destructive to the skin, eyes, teeth, and lungs. 
Severe exposure can result in death. 
Workers may be harmed from exposure to sulfuric acid. 

The level of exposure depends on dose, duration, and type of work being done.
Sulfuric acid is very reactive and dissolves most metals, it is a concentrated acid that oxidizes, dehydrates, or sulfonates most organic compounds, often causes charring.

Sulfuric acid reacts violently with alcohol and water to release heat. 
Sulfuric acid reacts with most metals, particularly when diluted with water, to form flammable hydrogen gas, which may create an explosion hazard. 

Sulfuric acid is not combustible, but it is a strong oxidizer that enhances the combustion of other substances, does not burn itself.
Sulfuric acid is a colorless oily liquid. 
Sulfuric acid is soluble in water with release of heat. 

Sulfuric acid is corrosive to metals and tissue. 
Sulfuric acid will char wood and most other organic matter on contact, but is unlikely to cause a fire. Density 15 lb / gal. 

Long term exposure to low concentrations or short term exposure to high concentrations can result in adverse health effects from inhalation. 
Sulfuric acid is used to make fertilizers and other chemicals, in petroleum refining, in iron and steel production, and for many other uses.

Sulfuric acid is the world's largest volume industrial chemical. 
The main use is in the production of phosphate fertilizers. 
Sulfuric acid is used to manufacture explosives, other acids, dyes, glue, wood preservatives, and automobile batteries. 
Sulfuric acid is used in the purification of petroleum, the pickling of metal, copper smelting, electroplating, metal work, and the production of rayon and film.

Sulfuric acid is one of the most powerful mineral acids. 
Sulfuric acid is an oily, heavy and colourless liquid with extremely strong hygroscopic properties. 
In its concentrated form it also has strong oxidizing properties. 
Sulfuric acid dissolves extremely well in water in all proportions, giving off a lot of heat. 
For this reason, when diluting it is absolutely important to pour the acid into the water, not the other way around. 

Sulfuric acid is possible to produce sulfuric acid even at a concentration of 99%, however, the loss of sulfur oxide around the boiling point causes that an azeotrope with 98.3% water is produced. 
For this reason, concentrated sulfuric acid is usually stored in the form of a 98% solution. 
Of course, H2SO4 can exist in many concentrations. 

Sulfuric Acid is a strong acid in terms of chemical ionization and solutions of it can be assayed using a strong base, such as Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide. 
The endpoint can be determined potentiometrically or by using a pH indicator. 
The selection of the indicator used depends on the initial concentration of the Sulfuric Acid and the strength of the alkali used. 
This is due to the fact that the Normalities of the acid and the base affect the shape of the neutralization curve that results during the titration.

Sulfuric acid is a colorless and oily liquid with the chemical formula H2SO4. 
Sulfuric acid is a strong acid, which is very important in industry. 
Sulfuric acid is water soluble and the most used product in the chemical industry. 
Battery acid is also known as zac oil or zac acid. 

In its pure state, its density at 25 degrees is 1.834. 
Sulfuric acid freezes at 10.5 degrees and boils at 315-318 degrees. 
When mixed with water, a high temperature is released. 
Acid should be added to the water instead of adding the water to the acid when mixing with water, as it can cause dangerous splashes. 

Since it is dangerous to human health, all necessary precautions should be taken and intervened in case of skin contact. 
Since the interventions for acids are different, the skin to be applied for sulfuric acid should be immediately dried and washed with water. 
Initially, it should not be attempted to wash with water.

Sulfuric acid, which is not found pure in nature, is produced in the industrial field by contact method or through lead chambers. 
Here, sulfur dioxide is oxidized with oxygen by different catalysts and converted to sulfur trioxide, and sulfur dioxide is reacted with water and sulfuric acid is obtained. This acid is used in various concentrations in the fields of dyestuff, fertilizer, explosive material, pigment, pesticide, petroleum refining, inorganic salt and metallurgy. It is also used in the making of some batteries. It has the ability to conduct electricity. Sulfuric acids in the market are generally 78.93 - 98% concentrated.

Sulfuric acid contains 96-98% H2SO 4 in concentrated sulfuric acid content and its properties are close to water. 
On contact, it draws water from a large number of organic materials and creates an exothermic reaction. 
Therefore, it harms the skin. 
Care should be taken when diluting sulfuric acid. Water causes an exothermic reaction, creating bubbles on the surface of the acid and boiling suddenly. 

Sulfuric acid reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide, but this happens slowly. 
Any concentration of sulfuric acid is harmful to the eyes. 

Sulfuric acid causes itching on the skin and causes severe burns.
Sulfuric acid is a colorless, high-density, strong mineral acid with the chemical formula H2SO4. 
Commercially available sulfuric acid has a concentration of 96-98%.

Sulfuric acid is produced by the contact method or the lead chamber method in the industry. 
Oxidation of sulfur dioxide with oxygen with the help of various catalysts forms sulfur trioxide. 

Sulfuric acid is obtained as a result of the reaction of sulfur trioxide with water.
Sulfuric acid attracts water from many organic materials and creates strong exothermic 
For this, the work of diluting sulfuric acid is very difficult and dangerous. 

Sulfuric acid is popularly known as battery acid. 
Sulfuric acid is used in making batteries and accumulators. 
In addition, Sulfuric acid is also used in sectors such as fertilizer, pesticides, explosives, petroleum refining in different concentrations. 
Sulfuric acid is sold in 30 – 60 Lt drums and 1000 Lt IBC tanks.

Sulfuric acid is a strong acid with the chemical formula H2SO4, also known as battery acid or zac oil in the market. 
In the market, its pure form is generally at a concentration of 96-98% and its density is around 1.85 gr/cm3. 
Sulfuric acid is obtained by converting SO2, which is obtained as a result of burning sulfur or roasting metal sulfides, to SO3. 
Factors affecting this process are temperature, oxygen concentration, pressure, catalyst type and reaction time.

Sulfuric acid, which is an extremely strong and corrosive acid, should be stored in non-reactive dark colored containers. 
In case of inhalation, it causes serious damage to the respiratory system and causes serious health problems with its irritant feature. 
Sulfuric acid should not be forgotten that it reacts with water on contact, so washing with water should not be chosen. 
Since Sulfuric acid is dangerous to human health, all necessary precautions should be taken and intervened in case of skin contact. 

Since the interventions for acids are different, the skin to be applied for sulfuric acid should be immediately dried and washed with water. 
Initially, it should not be attempted to wash with water. Dilute base is suitable for washing the contact area.

Sulfuric acid,H2S04, also known as oil of vitriol and dipping acid,is a colorless, toxic,oily liquid.
A great deal of heat is released when concentrated sulfuric acid and water are mixed;therefore, acid should always be added to water with sufficient stirring to prevent splattering and boiling. 

Sulfuric acid has a strong attraction for water and forms four crystalline hydrates. 
This affinity for water makes sulfuric acid an efficient drying agent for gases such as hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen, and carbon dioxide,but results in the charring of organic compounds containing carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen such as cellulose, sugar,paper, and wood. 
Sulfuric acid participates in two types of oxidation reactions.

One is the typical reaction of a strong acid that depends on the oxidizing power of the hydrogen ion, for example, the reaction of an active metal with the dilute acid to produce hydrogen. 
Sulfuric acid is a strong electrolyte and is used in electroplating baths,for pickling, and for other operations in the production of iron and steel. 

In the second type of oxidation reaction, the sulfate portion of the molecule reacts to form acid sulfates or bisulfates and the normal sulfates. 
Sulfuric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, organic pigments, explosives, rayon, and film, Sulfuric acid has low volatility, a feature utilized in the manufacture of volatile acids such as nitric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric, where the volatile acid is vaporized when one of its salts is heated with the sulfuric acid.

USES:

Sulfuric acid is a very important commodity chemical, and indeed, a nation's sulfuric acid production is a good indicator of its industrial strength. 
World production in the year 2004 was about 180 million tonnes, with the following geographic distribution: Asia 35%, North America (including Mexico) 24%, Africa 11%, Western Europe 10%, Eastern Europe and Russia 10%, Australia and Oceania 7%, South America 7%. 
Most of this amount (≈60%) is consumed for fertilizers, particularly superphosphates, ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfates. 

About 20% is used in chemical industry for production of detergents, synthetic resins, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, petroleum catalysts, insecticides and antifreeze, as well as in various processes such as oil well acidicizing, aluminium reduction, paper sizing, and water treatment. About 6% of uses are related to pigments and include paints, enamels, printing inks, coated fabrics and paper, while the rest is dispersed into a multitude of applications such as production of explosives, cellophane, acetate and viscose textiles, lubricants, non-ferrous metals, and batteries.

Sulfuric acid is used in many industries. 
Sulfuric acid’s used to produce other chemicals, explosives and glue; to refine petroleum; to cure metal; and in lead-based car batteries.

Sulfuric acid is used in almost all industrial sectors. 
Typical areas of application are in the production of fertilizers and pigments as well as metal ore leaching. 
In addition, sulfuric acid is used extensively in the chemical industry, whether in fiber production, hydrofluoric acid production, chlorine drying or one of many other applications.

Sulfuric acid is of great importance in many industries. 
The highest consumption of H2SO4 is observed in the fertilizer industry. 
This is mainly related to the production of superphosphates and ammonium phosphate and sulphate. 

Sulfuric acid is also of great importance for the production of other acids, e.g. hydrochloric, nitric and phosphoric acid. 
Sulfuric acid is also used in the production of explosives as one of the raw materials for the production of TNT. 
In turn, in the petrochemical industry, H2SO4 is mainly used for drying oils, kerosene and paraffin. 
Sulfuric acid also acts as a catalyst in the reaction of obtaining isooctane, which is one of the main components of gasoline.

Sulfuric acid is also used in mining and metallurgy, where it is used in copper ore enrichment processes. 
H2SO4 is also an electrolyte in popular lead-acid batteries. 
In addition, sulfuric acid is widely used in the detergent industry (e.g. in the production of sodium lauryl sulfate) and in the cosmetics industry, where it is used for the production of raw materials and semi-finished products (e.g. silver nitrate), as well as hydrogen peroxide or fragrances.
Such a wide application means that in the absence of sulfuric acid it would be impossible or simply unprofitable to carry out many basic and extremely important industrial processes.

Sulfuric acid is used in large quantities by the iron and steelmaking industry to remove oxidation, rust and scaling from rolled sheet and billets prior to sale to the automobile and major appliances industry. 
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can be added to sulfuric acid to produce piranha solution, a powerful but very toxic cleaning solution with which substrate surfaces can be cleaned. 
Piranha solution is typically used in the microelectronics industry, and also in laboratory settings to clean glassware.
In particular, sulfuric acid mists may be produced during the manufacture or use of sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, or oleum. 

Sulfur trioxide is primarily used to make sulfuric acid, but it is also used as a sulfonating or oxidizing agent. 
Oleum is used as a sulfonating or dehydrating agent, in petroleum refining, and as a laboratory reagent. 

Sulfuric acid is one of the most widely used industrial chemicals; however, most of it is used as a reagent rather than an ingredient. 
Therefore, most of the sulfuric acid used ends up as a spent acid or a sulfate waste. 
Exacting purity grades are required for use in storage batteries and for the rayon, dye, and pharmaceutical industries. 

Sulfuric acids used in the steel, chemical, and fertilizer industries have less exacting standards.
Sulfuric acid is used in the following industries: fertilizer, petroleum refining, mining and metallurgy, ore processing, inorganic and organic chemicals, synthetic rubber and plastics, pulp and paper, soap and detergents, water treatment, cellulose fibers and films, and inorganic pigments and paints. 

Between 60% and 70% of the sulfuric acid used in the United States is used by the fertilizer industry to convert phosphate rock to phosphoric acid. 
All other individual uses account for less than 1% to less than 10% of the total consumption. Sulfuric acid use is declining in some industries. 

There is a trend in the steel industry to use hydrochloric acid instead of sulfuric acid in pickling, and hydrofluoric acid has replaced sulfuric acid for some uses in the petroleum industry. 
The primary consumer product that contains sulfuric acid is the lead-acid battery; however, this accounts for a small fraction of the overall use. 

Sulfuric acid is also used as a generalpurpose food additive.
Sulfuric Acid is an acidulant that is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid with great affinity for water. 
Sulfuric acid is prepared by reacting sulfur dioxide with oxygen and mixing the resulting sulfur trioxide with water, or by reacting nitric oxide with sulfur dioxide in water. 

Sulfuric acid is very cor- rosive. it is used as a modifier of food starch and is used in caramel production and in alcoholic beverages.
Sulfuric acid is also called oil of vitriol, this colorless oily liquid was made by roasting pyrites or sulfur in a lead furnace. 
Sulfuric acid was mixed with either nitric acid or potassium nitrate to treat cotton in the making of nitro cellulose. 
The nitro cellulose was then dissolved in ether and alcohol for making collodion.


– so called strongly diluted sulfuric acid, usually used as a dehydrating agent, pH regulator and laboratory reagent,

– used in popular lead-acid batteries,

– acts as the so-called fertilizer acid,

– used in the process of obtaining H2SO4 by the chamber method and used for the production of Glauber’s salt, i.e. sodium sulphate (Na2SO4),

– the previously mentioned concentrated sulfuric acid.


USAGE AREAS:

Sulfuric acid is possible to see that this acid, which is used in many areas in industry, is used especially in fertilizer production, ammonium sulfate production, paint industry, explosive production and petrochemical industry.
Sulfuric acid, with the formula H2SO4, is a very strong mineral acid. 
Sulfuric acid is possible to dissolve in water at any concentration. 

Sulfuric acid is possible to see that it is produced by using the contact method in the industry or by using the lead chamber method. 
Sulfuric acid in various concentrations is used in fertilizer, pigment, dyestuff, explosive material, pesticide, inorganic salt and petroleum refining and metallurgy processes. 
In addition to these, it is possible to see that sulfuric acid is used in the production of various batteries. 

We can say that this acid is known as battery acid among the people. 
Sulfuric acid is a substance that conducts electricity and produces very high heat when dissolved in water.
Sulfuric acid is used in the battery industry, in sectors such as fertilizer, pigment, dyestuff, spraying, explosives, metal, metallurgy.

Sulfuric acid is used in different concentrations in metallurgy, sulphate chemical production, explosives, petrochemical and paint industries. 
Sulfuric acid is also used in the manufacture of some batteries and in the battery industry.
Sulfuric acid is a very strong and corrosive acid. Causes serious damage in contact with skin. Sulfuric acid has a pungent odor. 

Sulfuric acid is popularly known as battery acid. 
Sulfuric acid was noticed and produced by Cabir Bin Hayyan in the 8th century. 
When dissolved in water, sulfuric acid produces high heat. 

Sulfuric acid is used in fertilizer production, wastewater treatment, oil refining, explosives and many industrial applications. 
The production of sulfuric acid is done by techniques called the contact method or the lead chamber method. 

When sulfuric acid is burned, sulfur dioxide is formed.
Sulfuric acid reacts exothermically with water. 
Therefore, one must be very careful when mixing with water and dilution. 

Since it will release high heat, Sulfuric acid can make strong splashes when mixed with water. 
The dilution should be done by introducing the acid into the water very slowly (dropwise). 
Absolutely no water should be added to the acid. 
In this context, sulfuric acid is not suitable for individual use. 

Sulfuric acid is important that an explanatory phrase is written on the packaging and that the dangerous symbols are indicated.
Sulfuric acid prices vary. 

Although it is produced in our country, sulfuric acid is mostly imported from abroad, since it is insufficient to meet the consumption.
Sulfuric acid has many uses in different industries, such as fertilizer production, metal production, mineral processing, petroleum refining, wastewater processing, etc. 

Sulfuric acid is also used in the production of cleaning agents, dyes, pigments, drugs, detergents, and explosives.
Sulfuric acid is commonly used as the electrolyte in lead-acid batteries.
By far the largest amount of sulfuric acid is used to make phosphoric acid, used, in turn, to make the phosphate fertilizers, calcium dihydrogenphosphate and the ammonium phosphates. 
Sulfuric acid is also used to make ammonium sulfate, which is a particularly important fertilizer in sulfur-deficient.

INDUSTRIAL USES:

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is the most widely used acid for pH control in mineral flotation. 
Sulfuric acid can be manufactured by several processes including the burning of pure sulfur, roasting of pyrite and from the recovery of SO2 stack gas from a smelter operation. 

Sulfuric acid is a colorless to amber, slightly cloudy and oily liquid with a specific gravity of 1.84 at 95% strength.
In mineral flotation, sulfuric acid is used in almost all applications involving acid pH control. 
Sulfuric acid is also used as a pulp pretreatment chemical during flotation of oxidic and industrial minerals. 
Pulp pretreatment with sulfuric acid improves flotation of ilmenite, perovskite, phenacite, beryl and other minerals.

DOMESTIC USES:

Sulfuric acid at high concentrations is frequently the major ingredient in acidic drain cleaners which are used to remove grease, hair, tissue paper, etc. 
Similar to their alkaline versions, such drain openers can dissolve fats and proteins via hydrolysis. 
Moreover, as concentrated sulfuric acid has a strong dehydrating property, it can remove tissue paper via dehydrating process as well. 
Since the acid may react with water vigorously, such acidic drain openers should be added slowly into the pipe to be cleaned.

APPLICATION:

Sulfuric acid can be used as a dehydrating agent, catalyst, and active reactant in the chemical industry. 
Sulfuric acid is also used to prepare silica-sulfuric acid composite, which is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis.

APPLICATION AREAS:

-To produce fertilizers, ammonium phosphates and ammonium sulphates 
-In the production of detergents, synthetic resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, petroleum catalysts, insecticides and antifreeze
-As a cleaning agent in the iron industry or for domestic purposes
-In medical applications to treat necrotic tissues 

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION:

Sulfuric acid is used as an acidifying agent in a variety of pharmaceutical and food preparations. 
Sulfuric acid may also be used to prepare dilute sulfuric acid, which, in addition to its use as an excipient, has some therapeutic use for the treatment of gastric hypoacidity, as an astringent in diarrhea, or to stimulate appetite. 
Sulfuric acid has been used in parenteral, oral, topical, and ophthalmic pharmaceutical formulations.

PROPERTIES:

-vapor density: <0.3 (25 °C, vs air)

-Quality Level: 200

-vapor pressure: 1 mmHg ( 146 °C)

-descriptioni: Nominally 95-98% H2SO4

-assay: 99.999%

-form: viscous liquid

-color: clear

-pH: 1.2 (5  g/L)

-bp: ~290 °C (lit.)

-density: 1.840 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

Although nearly 100% sulfuric acid solutions can be made, the subsequent loss of SO3 at the boiling point brings the concentration to 98.3% acid. 
The 98.3% grade is more stable in storage, and is the usual form of what is described as "concentrated sulfuric acid". 
Other concentrations are used for different purposes. 
Sulfuric acid is a colorless or slightly yellow viscous liquid with a pungent odor. 
Sulfuric acid has a density of 1.84 g/mL, boiling point of 337 °C, and melting point of 10 °C. 
"Concentrated" sulfuric acid is 98% in water, and is the most stable form. Many other concentrations, with different names, are available for various purposes. 
Battery acid is 29–32%, chamber acid is 62-70%, and tower acid is 78-80%.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

Because the hydration reaction of sulfuric acid is highly exothermic, dilution should always be performed by adding the acid to the water rather than the water to the acid. 
Because the reaction is in an equilibrium that favors the rapid protonation of water, addition of acid to the water ensures that the acid is the limiting reagent. 
Sulfuric acid is the bisulfate anion and S2O4 is the sulfate anion. 
Ka1 and Ka2 are the acid dissociation constants.

Because the hydration of sulfuric acid is thermodynamically favorable, its affinity for water is quite strong; therefore, sulfuric acid is an excellent dehydrating agent. 
Concentrated sulfuric acid has a very powerful dehydrating property, removing water (H2O) from other chemical compounds including sugar and other carbohydrates and producing carbon, heat, and steam.

In the laboratory, this is often demonstrated by mixing table sugar (sucrose) into sulfuric acid. 
The sugar changes from white to dark brown and then to black as carbon is formed. 
A rigid column of black, porous carbon will emerge as well. 
The carbon will smell strongly of caramel due to the heat generated.

Sulfuric acid is very reactive and corrosive. 
Sulfuric acid is soluble in water and ethyl alcohol. 
Sulfuric acids strong reactivity may ignite organic material (light paper, or other combustible materials) if mixed together.
Sulfuric acid is a very strong, diprotic acid. 

Sulfuric acid is hygroscopic and readily absorbs moisture from air. 
Sulfuric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent and reacts with many metals at high temperatures. 
Concentrated H2SO4 is also a strong dehydrating agent. 
Addition of water to concentrated sulfuric acid is a very exothermic reaction and can lead to explosions.

STRUCTURE:

The chemical formula of sulfuric acid is H2SO4 and its molecular weight is 98.079g/mol. 
Sulfuric acids chemical structure is shown above. 
The sulfur atom is bound to two oxygen atoms through double bonds, and two hydroxyl groups (OH) through single bonds. 
Sulfuric acid is a diprotic acid, as it can release two protons.

PREPARATION:

Industrially, sulfuric acid is obtained by the contact method by oxidation of sulfur dioxide, which comes mainly from the combustion of sulfur or metal sulphides (e.g. pyrite). 
The sulfuric acid production process using sulfur can be divided into three stages. 
The first of these involves the production of sulfur dioxide. Then sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide. 
The last stage involves the conversion of sulfur oxide (VI) into sulfuric acid.

OCCURENCE:

Pure sulfuric acid is not encountered naturally on Earth in anhydrous form, due to its great affinity for water. 
Dilute sulfuric acid is a constituent of acid rain, which is formed by atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the presence of water, oxidation of sulfurous acid.

When sulfur-containing fuels such as coal or oil are burned, sulfur dioxide is the main byproduct (besides the chief products carbon oxides and water).
Sulfuric acid is formed naturally by the oxidation of sulfide minerals, such as iron sulfide. 
The resulting water can be highly acidic and is called acid mine drainage (AMD) or acid rock drainage (ARD). 
This acidic water is capable of dissolving metals present in sulfide ores, which results in brightly colored, toxic solutions. 
    


STORAGE:

Sulfuric acid is stable but very corrosive and hygroscopic. 
Sulfuric acid will draw moisture from the atmosphere. Sulfuric acid should be stored in a tightly closed container in an explosion-proof area. 
Containers should be stored out of direct sunlight and away from heat. 
Avoid heat and moisture. 
Isolate from incompatible materials.

Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide by either the contact process or the lead-chamber process,although the contact process is now the primary process used to manufacture sulfuric acid. 
Acid produced by the conversion of sulfur trioxide by the contact process is concentrated (98 to 99%) and pure. 

Because anhydrous sulfuric acid is difficult to ship on account of its high freezing point,10.5°C(50 OF), sulfuric acid is ordinarily shipped at the 93.19% concentration, which is designated as oil of vitriol. 
This concentration has a low freezing point of -34°C (-29 OF) and does not corrode steel containers at ordinary temperatures.

In the lead-chamber process,sulfur dioxide,oxygen,water vapor, and oxides of nitrogen are mixed in large,lead-lined chambers, and the liquid products as run off from the floor of the chambers is called chamber acid. 
Chamber acid has a concentration of 60 to 70% sulfuric acid by weight and contains considerable impurities. 
Sulfuric acid reacts with steel shipping containers and is rarely shipped in quantity. 

Although more dilute acids are prepared, they must be shipped in expensive glass bottles. 
Chamber acid maybe concentrated to 77% by evaporation in lead-lined pans and shipped in areas where its freezing point of -lO.8 °C(12.6 °F) is acceptable. 

In cold climates, the concentration may be diluted to 76% to lower the freezing point. 
Sulfuric acid at the 76 to 78% concentration level is not seriously corrosive to steel tank cars and is an economical supply for the production of superphosphate by the fertilizer industry.

SYNONYM:

Oil of vitriol
Dihydrogen sulfate
Mattling acid
Battery acid
Dipping acid
Electrolyte acid
Acidum sulfuricum
Vitriol Brown Oil
Acido solforico
Acido sulfurico
Schwefelsaeureloesungen
H2SO4
Zwavelzuuroplossingen
Sulfuric acid 

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