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TETRACHLOROETHYLENE

Tetrachloroethylene is an organic chemical introduced in the environment by human activity.
Specifically, Tetrachloroethylene is a widely used solvent, especially in dry cleaning activities.
Tetrachloroethylene is also used as a degreaser and in some consumer products (e.g., shoe polish, typewriter correction fluid).

CAS Number: 127-18-4
EC Number: 204-825-9
Molecular Weight: 165,82 g/mol
Chemical Formula: C2Cl4

Tetrachloroethylene, also known as perc, is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Tetrachloroethylene is primarily used in industrial settings and for dry cleaning fabrics and degreasing metals.

Tetrachloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or Tetrachloroethylene, and abbreviations such as "perc" (or "PERC"), and "PCE", is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2.
Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence Tetrachloroethylene is sometimes called "dry-cleaning fluid".

Tetrachloroethylene also uses as an effective automotive brake cleaner.
Tetrachloroethylene has a sweet odor, similar to the smell of chloroform, detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).
Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.

Tetrachloroethylene is a man-made chemical that can be a liquid or a gas.
At room temperature, Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless liquid.

Tetrachloroethylene (PERC) is a man-made, non-flammable, colorless chemical that easily evaporates into the air.
Tetrachloroethylene is often used in dry cleaning, but is also used in manufacturing and in auto repair shops.

If you live above or next to a dry cleaner, you may be exposed to Tetrachloroethylene.
There are no readily available medical tests to find out if you have been exposed to PERC.
The best way to check is to measure the air in your home for PERC.

Tetrachloroethylene is a very versatile, volatile, very stable and non-flammable solvent for organic materials, which is used in various industries, especially in dry cleaning.
Tetrachloroethylene is also used in the automotive and metallurgical industries as an excellent degreaser, as well as in the production of stain removers, degreasers and paint strippers.

Tetrachloroethylene is also used as a multipurpose solvent because Tetrachloroethylene is more inert and stable than many other chlorinated solvents.
Tetrachloroethylene is safer than petroleum solvents because Tetrachloroethylene has no flash point.

Tetrachloroethylene is a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature.
Tetrachloroethylene is volatile, has a sweet odor, and is completely miscible with most organic liquids.

Tetrachloroethylene is a versatile, chlorinated solvent used in many industries and extensively by dry cleaning facilities.
Tetrachloroethylene is a non-flammable, multipurpose solvent that is relatively inert and inherently more stable than other chlorinated solvents.

Tetrachloroethylene has no flash or fire point, lending Tetrachloroethylene important safety strengths over petroleum distillates.
As a result, combined with Tetrachloroethylene other desirable chemical and physical properties, Tetrachloroethylene offers many advantages over other solvents.

Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, volatile, nonflammable, liquid, chlorinated hydrocarbon with an ether-like odor that may emit toxic fumes of phosgene when exposed to sunlight or flames.
Tetrachloroethylene is mainly used as a cleaning solvent in dry cleaning and textile processing and in the manufacture of fluorocarbons.

Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene irritates the upper respiratory tract and eyes and causes neurological effects as well as kidney and liver damage.
Tetrachloroethylene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and may be linked to an increased risk of developing skin, colon, lung, esophageal, and urogenital tract cancer as well as lymphosarcoma and leukemia.

Tetrachloroethylene is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2.
Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless liquid widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics, hence Tetrachloroethylene is sometimes called 'dry-cleaning fluid.

Tetrachloroethylene has a sweet odor detectable by most people at a concentration of 1 part per million (1 ppm).
Worldwide production was about one million metric tons in 1985.

Animal studies and a study of 99 twins by Dr. Samuel Goldman and researchers at the Parkinson's Institute in Sunnyvale, California determined there is a 'lot of circumstantial evidence that exposure to tetrachloroethene increases the risk of developing Parkinson's disease ninefold.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified tetrachloroethene as a Group 2A carcinogen, which means that Tetrachloroethylene is probably carcinogenic to humans.
Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons, tetrachloroethene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure.

Tetrachloroethene dissolves fats from the skin, potentially resulting in skin irritation.
This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.

Tetrachloroethylene is a manufactured chemical that is widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing.
Tetrachloroethylene is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products.

Tetrachloroethylene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations to help dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.
Tetrachloroethylene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants because of Tetrachloroethylene durability and ability to adhere to plastics, metal, rubber and leather.

The low levels of Tetrachloroethylene that most people are exposed to are not reported to cause symptoms, according.
People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to Tetrachloroethylene levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are also not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health.

People who live or work near dry cleaning facilities may be exposed to higher levels of Tetrachloroethylene than the general population.
To help limit any potential health risks, the EPA ruled that dry cleaners located in residential buildings had to phase out dry cleaning machines that use Tetrachloroethylene by December 21, 2020.

Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Tetrachloroethylene is primarly used as a chemical intermediate in Tetrachloroethylene of several fluroinated compounds and is also utilized in end uses which include industrial and commercial cleaning, automotive aerosols, wool scouring and paper coatings.

Tetrachloroethylene is an organic chemical introduced in the environment by human activity.
Specifically, Tetrachloroethylene is a widely used solvent, especially in dry cleaning activities.

Tetrachloroethylene is also used as a degreaser and in some consumer products (e.g., shoe polish, typewriter correction fluid).
Although not theoretically impossible, there is no evidence that Tetrachloroethylene forms or occurs naturally in the environment.
Thus, Tetrachloroethylene detection in an environmental sample (e.g., groundwater, surface water, soil, indoor, or ambient air) is associated with Tetrachloroethylene spills or accidental release.

Tetrachloroethylene is toxic to humans at very low concentrations.
The Environmental Protection Agency has established a Maximum Contaminant Level for Tetrachloroethylene in water of 5 parts per billion (or micrograms per Liter).

At this low amount, practically Tetrachloroethylene cannot be perceived by smell or taste.
For example, people may smell Tetrachloroethylene in air at concentrations above 1 ppm (parts per million).

Tetrachloroethylene is a halogenated organic compound composed of 2 atoms of carbon and 4 atoms of chlorine (two chlorine atoms linked to each carbon).
The two carbons are linked with each other by a double chemical bond.
Thus, Tetrachloroethylene does not contain any hydrogen atoms.

Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless liquid with a sweetish smell which is not flammable under normal temperature and pressure.
Tetrachloroethylene is part of a class of chemicals also known as halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs).
This means that Tetrachloroethylene evaporates (goes from liquid into gaseous form when in contact with air).

Tetrachloroethylene is also part of a class of chemicals referred to as “chlorinated solvents”.
Due to the presence of one or more chlorine atoms in their structure chlorinated solvents are heavier than water.
Chlorinated solvents are also referred to as Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs).

Tetrachloroethylene is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 to < 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Tetrachloroethylene is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Tetrachloroethylene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive ether-like odor.
Tetrachloroethylene is nonflammable, non-explosive, and extremely stable.

Tetrachloroethylene is decomposed by light and metals when in the presence of moisture, open flame, electric arc, ultraviolet radiation or hot metallic surfaces.
Decomposition products include hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and phosgene gas (a suffocating and highly poisonous, colorless gas or volatile liquid with an odor of new mowed hay or green corn).

Tetrachloroethylene is a strong oxidizer and very corrosive to metals such as lithium, beryllium, and barium.
Tetrachloroethylene is also chemically reactive with alkaline (basic) solutions such as caustic soda, sodium hydroxide, and potash.

Tetrachloroethylene is miscible with ethanol, alcohol, ethyl ether, chloroform, and benzene.
Additionally, like many other organic solvents, Tetrachloroethylene is volatile and slightly soluble in water (0.02%).

Commercially, Tetrachloroethylene is used as a dry cleaning agent, vapor-degreasing solvent, print type cleaner, heat transfer medium, chemical synthesis agent, and rug and upholstery cleaner.
Tetrachloroethylene is also used as a drying agent for rubber, waxes, tar, paraffin, gums, fat, and acetyl cellulose.

Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a sweet, ether-like odor.
Tetrachloroethylene is a chlorinated solvent with a chemical formula of C2Cl4, and is widely used in various industries.

Tetrachloroethylene has many applications, the most significant being as a dry cleaning solvent.
Tetrachloroethylene is also used as a solvent for metal degreasing, in the production of fluorocarbons, and in the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer, which is used to produce PVC plastic.

One of the primary uses of Tetrachloroethylene is in the dry cleaning industry.
Tetrachloroethylene is highly effective at removing dirt, grease, and stains from clothing and fabrics without damaging Tetrachloroethylene.

Tetrachloroethylene is also used in the textile industry to scour and bleach cotton and wool fibers.
In the metalworking industry, Tetrachloroethylene is used as a solvent for degreasing and cleaning metal parts before painting, welding, or electroplating.
Tetrachloroethylene is highly effective at removing oils, greases, and other contaminants from metal surfaces.

Tetrachloroethylene is also used in the production of fluorocarbons, which are used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, as well as in the manufacture of aerosol sprays and foam insulation.
Tetrachloroethylene is a critical component in the production of vinyl chloride monomer, which is used to manufacture PVC plastic.
PVC is used in many applications, including pipes, flooring, roofing, and packaging materials.

Tetrachloroethylene (also known as tetrachloroethene) is a chlorocarbon with the molecular formula of C2Cl4.
Tetrachloroethylene is a colourless liquid with a sweet odour that is most commonly used as a dry cleaning product of fabrics.

Tetrachloroethylene is a non-flammable liquid, having no measurable flashpoint or flammable limits in air.
Tetrachloroethylene is miscible with most organic solvents but only slightly miscible in water.

Tetrachloroethylene was first synthesized by Michael faraday in 1821.
He discovered that at a high temperature chlorinolysis of hydrocarbons, he could produce Tetrachloroethylene because the hydrocarbon thermally decomposes and causes an array of side products.

Since his discovery, a few other methods have been created.
On such method that is commonly used is when 1.2.-dichloroetane is heated above 400°C with chlorine and a catalyst.
The by-products then go through a distillation process to produce Tetrachloroethylene.

Tetrachloroethylene is the predominant solvent used in the dry cleaning industry because Tetrachloroethylene is non-flammable, stable but highly volatile.
Tetrachloroethylene is safe to use on most textiles, fibres and dyes without causing damage to the garment.

Tetrachloroethylene is highly effective at removing oils, greases and fats from textiles due Tetrachloroethylene high boiling point and volatile nature.
A wide array of industries use Tetrachloroethylene because Tetrachloroethylene is excellent at degreasing metal parts during the production of products.

Tetrachloroethylene can also be used in extracting fats, dissolving rubber, paint removal, water repellent, brake cleaning and a carrier solvent.
Tetrachloroethylene was also historically used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a.

Tetrachloroethylene is a solvent, which is sometimes simply called "perchlo".
Tetrachloroethylene was first synthesised in 1821 by Michael Faraday, by heating hexachloroethane until Tetrachloroethylene decomposed into Tetrachloroethylene and dichlorine (Cl₂).
This Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) is mainly used for dry cleaning fabrics and for degreasing metals.

Tetrachloroethylene is on the IARC's list of group 2A carcinogens and may cause neurological, kidney and hepatic disorders.
Tetrachloroethylene is a colourless liquid with a characteristic odour.

Tetrachloroethylene (Cl₂C=CCl₂) is a colorless liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor.
Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene may cause irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, and respiratory system.

Tetrachloroethylene may also cause liver damage and is a potential occupational carcinogen.
Workers may be harmed from exposure to Tetrachloroethylene.
The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done.

Tetrachloroethylene is used in many industries.
Tetrachloroethylene’s used to dry clean fabrics, manufacture other chemicals, and degreasing metal parts.

Some examples of workers at risk of being exposed to Tetrachloroethylene include the following:
Workers in dry cleaning industries
Workers who use Tetrachloroethylene to degrease metals
Workers in industries who use Tetrachloroethylene to make other chemicals

Uses of Tetrachloroethylene:
Tetrachloroethylene is primary dry cleaning solvent being used today.
Tetrachloroethylene is used in dry cleaning, metal degreasing, as a chemical intermediate, and in typewriter correction fluids.

Dry cleaning operators who transferred wet garments to a dryer had mean levels of 150 ppm.
Other job tasks with substantial exposure were degreasing (95 ppm), cleaning mining equipment, testing coal, cleaning animal coats (taxidermy), and cleaning/duplicating film.

Tetrachloroethylene is used in dry cleaning; textile processing; degreasing metals; solvent; chemical intermediate in production of fluorocarbons.
Tetrachloroethylene is used insulating fluid and cooling gas in electric transformers

The major use for Tetrachloroethylene is as a chemical intermediate for fluorocarbons, such as HFC-134a and HFC-125.
Another important application is the use as a solvent for dry cleaning.

Other uses are textile finishing and dyeing and extraction processes.
In smaller quantities, Tetrachloroethylene is used to formulate various types of adhesives, sealants, and coatings.

Tetrachloroethylene is used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreasing.
Tetrachloroethylene is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products, such as paint strippers and spot removers.

Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Tetrachloroethylene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable.

For these chemical properties, Tetrachloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.
Tetrachloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries (e.g., cleaning tires, brakes, engines, carburetors and wire, and as an antiseizing agent).
Tetrachloroethylene appears in a few consumer products, including paint strippers and spot removers.

Tetrachloroethylene was first produced in the United States as a by-product of carbon tetrachloride manufacture in the early 1900s.
The first widespread use of Tetrachloroethylene was in the dry cleaning industry in the late 1930s.

Production of Tetrachloroethylene increased during the 1950s.
Throughout the 1950s, about 80% of Tetrachloroethylene was used for dry cleaning and 15% for metal cleaning and degreasing.
In the 1960s, the dry cleaning industry accounted for about 90% of Tetrachloroethylene consumption as large dry cleaning plants began favoring Tetrachloroethylene over flammable petroleum solvents.

After peaking in the 1970s, production and use of Tetrachloroethylene decreased, probably as a result of Tetrachloroethylene classification as a hazardous waste by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Additionally, the phase-out of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons led to a decline of Tetrachloroethylene use as a chemical intermediate for production of those agents.

In the 1990s, use of Tetrachloroethylene as a chemical precursor for fluorocarbon refrigerants such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, more commonly known as hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 134a, increased, as did demand for Tetrachloroethylene as a metal degreasing agent.
Although the quantity of Tetrachloroethylene used in dry cleaning facilities declined throughout the 1990s, Tetrachloroethylene has remained the predominant solvent used by dry cleaners.

Tetrachloroethylene is used for dry cleaning and textile processing, as a chemical intermediate, and for vapor degreasing in metal-cleaning operations.

Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Tetrachloroethylene is volatile, highly stable and nonflammable, and has low toxicity.
For these reasons, Tetrachloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.

Tetrachloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.
Tetrachloroethylene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers, aerosol preparations and spot removers.

Tetrachloroethylene is a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning operations.
When applied to a material or fabric, Tetrachloroethylene helps dissolve greases, oils and waxes without damaging the fabric.

In metal manufacturing, solvents containing Tetrachloroethylene clean and degrease new metal to help prevent impurities from weakening the metal.
Due to Tetrachloroethylene durability and ability to adhere to plastics, metal, rubber and leather, Tetrachloroethylene has been used as an ingredient in a range of common products such as water repellants, paint removers, printing inks, glues, sealants, polishes and lubricants.

Tetrachloroethylene offers many physical and chemical properties that make Tetrachloroethylene the right chlorinated solvent for many applications.
Tetrachloroethylene is relatively inert and inherently more stable than other chlorinated solvents.

Tetrachloroethylene is stabilized to prevent solvent degradation or decomposition, and corrosion of metal parts and equipment.
Stabilizers are designed to be recoverable even after repeated cleaning cycles and from carbon adsorbers.

Tetrachloroethylene’s high solvency and high vapor density make Tetrachloroethylene ideal for a variety of end uses, and as a result, Tetrachloroethylene has become the largest volume dry cleaning solvent and the choice for vapor degreasing.
With all downstream applications, appropriate registrations and/or approvals may be required.

Possible uses are described below:

Dry cleaning:
Tetrachloroethylene is the preferred solvent because, in addition to Tetrachloroethylene non-flammability, Tetrachloroethylene provides a fast, powerful, yet gentle cleaning action with a minimum of mechanical agitation.
The result is a cleaner product with less fabric wear.
Tetrachloroethylene is ideal for all natural and syntheticbfibers.

Dry cleaning uses non-aqueous solvents to clean fabrics.
The first dry cleaning operations in the United States (US) date back to the 1800s when people washed fabrics in open tubs with solvents such as gasoline, kerosene, benzene, turpentine, and petroleum and then hung to dry.

In the 1900s, the US started using specialized machines for the dry cleaning process.
However, the use of highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions, highlighting the need to find a safer alternative.

The dry cleaning industry first introduced Stoddard solvent (less flammable than gasoline) followed by several nonflammable halogenated solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene (TCE), trichlorotrifluoroethane, and Tetrachloroethylene (PERC).
Beginning in the 1940s, Tetrachloroethylene the most frequently used dry cleaning solvent and continues to be the primary solvent used to dry clean fabrics both in the US and the European Union (EU).

To comply with environmental regulations, dry cleaning machines have evolved through several “generations” to minimize Tetrachloroethylene release.
The 1st generation machines were “transfer machines,” where cleaned fabrics were manually transferred from the washer to a dryer.

Since then, various pollution prevention controls have been implemented through the subsequent generations, culminating in the latest 5th generation machines, which are closed-loop and equipped with refrigerated condensers, carbon absorbers, inductive fans, and sensor-actuated lockout devices.
As the newer generations of machines were introduced, the amount of Tetrachloroethylene used was reduced from 300 to 500 g-PERC/kilogram of fabrics (1st generation) to <10 g-PERC/kilogram cleaned garment (5th generation).

In many EU countries, dry cleaning machines older than 15 years are typically prohibited—only 5th generation machines are allowed.
However, 4th generation machines may be used if best practices (e.g., good housekeeping, optimal machine operation, and recycling) are implemented and they meet EU emission requirements.
The US EPA's National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) regulations stipulate that 2nd generation machines must be upgraded to 4th generation, and 3rd generation machines must be retrofitted or upgraded to 4th generation machines; only 4th generation and later machines can be sold, leased, or installed.

As of 2017 in the US, there are ~20,600 dry cleaning shops and the industry employs nearly 160,000 workers, with ~80% identifying as a racial or ethnic minority.
The majority of owners are of Korean ancestry.

Nationwide, 60–65% of dry cleaners use Tetrachloroethylene as their primary solvent and most of the remainder use a high-flashpoint hydrocarbon.
Other solvents currently used in the US include butylal, siloxane, liquid carbon dioxide, glycol ethers, and water (professional wet cleaning).
In Europe, 60–90% of dry cleaning shops use PERC, depending on the country.

Faster cycles:
The cleaning cycle and drying times are fast with Tetrachloroethylene and, because of Tetrachloroethylene high solvency, fewer stains are left for the spotter.
Because Tetrachloroethylene is recoverable, Tetrachloroethylene has a long service life.

Customizable:
Tetrachloroethylene works with any dry-cleaning detergent, so the dry cleaner can add detergent or soap to make a customized charged system.

Vapor Degreasing:
Many industries, including aerospace, automotive, and household appliance production, use Tetrachloroethylene in vapor degreasing for metal parts.
Tetrachloroethylene is ideal for situations that require a high boiling point (above that of water).
Many soils, such as waxes and resins, must be melted in order to be solubilized, making Tetrachloroethylene a preferred solvent.

High boiling point:
The high boiling point of Tetrachloroethylene enables Tetrachloroethylene to condense more vapor on the metal than other chlorinated solvents, thus washing the parts more effectively.
Tetrachloroethylene cleans longer and removes higher melt-point pitches and waxes more easily.

Tetrachloroethylene is effective with lightweight and light gauge parts that warm up to the temperature of a lower boiling point solvent before cleaning is complete.
Tetrachloroethylene is particularly useful in fine orifices and spot-welded seams.

Azeotropic with water:
Tetrachloroethylene forms an azeotrope with water.
As a result, Tetrachloroethylene allows a vapor degreaser to function as a drying device for metal parts and to remove water films from metals without degradation of the solvent.

Chemical Processing:
Tetrachloroethylene serves as a carrier solvent for fabric finishes, rubber, and silicones.
Tetrachloroethylene also is used as an extractant solvent in paint removers and printing inks.

Tetrachloroethylene serves as a chemical intermediate in many applications.
As with all applications, when using Tetrachloroethylene to decrease the flammability of a mixture, Tetrachloroethylene is important to determine the flash point of the final product as Tetrachloroethylene is to be used prior to selling, since an insufficient quantity of Tetrachloroethylene will not raise the flash point of the mixture.

Catalyst Regeneration:
Tetrachloroethylene is used in the petroleum refinery industry as a source of hydrochloric acid, a promoter, which helps in the regeneration of catalyst in both catalytic reformer and isomerization operations.
Product sold into this operation must be a purer, less stabilized grade than most to preclude the poisoning of the platinum catalyst.

Fluorocarbon:
Tetrachloroethylene is used in the manufacture of refrigerants, refrigerant blends, and other fluorinated compounds.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Tetrachloroethylene is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Tetrachloroethylene is used in the following areas: building & construction work, health services and scientific research and development.

Release to the environment of Tetrachloroethylene can occur from industrial use: of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of Tetrachloroethylene is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Uses at industrial sites:
Tetrachloroethylene is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Tetrachloroethylene is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.

Tetrachloroethylene is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Tetrachloroethylene can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Industry Uses:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Cleaning agent
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Refrigerants
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Consumer Uses:
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Cleaning agent
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Other Uses:
Tetrachloroethylene is used to dry clean clothes.
Tetrachloroethylene is used to degrease and clean metal parts.

Tetrachloroethylene is used as a finishing product for textiles.
Tetrachloroethylene is used to extract oils and fats.
Tetrachloroethylene is used ts an intermediate in synthesis.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Metal Degreasing
Working with Glues and Adhesives
Dry Cleaning
Mining

Activities with risk of exposure:
Preparing and mounting animal skins (taxidermy)

Applications of Tetrachloroethylene:
Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent solvent for organic materials.
Otherwise Tetrachloroethylene is volatile, highly stable, and nonflammable.

For these reasons, Tetrachloroethylene is widely used in dry cleaning.
Tetrachloroethylene is also used to degrease metal parts in the automotive and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons.

Tetrachloroethylene appears in a few consumer products including paint strippers and spot removers.
Tetrachloroethylene is used in neutrino detectors where a neutrino interacts with a neutron in the chlorine atom and converts Tetrachloroethylene to a proton to form argon.

Tetrachloroethylene is mostly used in dry cleaning business.
Tetrachloroethylene is a very good solvent and stain remover.
Tetrachloroethylene also has very low toxicity.

Tetrachloroethylene is also used to clean oils in automotive and many other metal-related industries.
Certain dye removers and stain removers contain Tetrachloroethylene.
Tetrachloroethylene had been used in coolant and medicine productions but Tetrachloroethylene is not preferred now.

Historical Applications:
Tetrachloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants.
In the early 20th century, tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment of hookworm infestation.

Features of Tetrachloroethylene:
Tetrachloroethylene bears the formula C2Cl4, Tetrachloroethylene is volatile, nonflammable and resembles the odor of ether.
Tetrachloroethylene uses are mostly related to cleaning and removal of oil,grease and tough stains.

Tetrachloroethylene and dry cleaning go hand in hand as Tetrachloroethylene use is dominant in this sector.
Other uses are as an insulation fluid in electrical transformers, as cooling gas components and cleaner for automotive parts.

Properties of Tetrachloroethylene:
Tetrachloroethylene is a colorless, strong scented solvent that is mainly used in dry cleaning business.
Even in 1 ppm, Tetrachloroethylene odor is distinguishable by humans.
Tetrachloroethylene is a very good solvent and has very low toxicity.

Tetrachloroethylene is a nonflammable colorless liquid with a sharp sweet odor; the odor threshold is 1 ppm.
The chemical formula for Tetrachloroethylene is C2Cl4, and the molecular weight is 165.83 g/mol.
The vapor pressure for Tetrachloroethylene is 18.47 mm Hg at 25 °C, and Tetrachloroethylene has a log octanol/waterpartition coefficient (log Kow) of 3.40.

Tetrachloroethylene, as mentioned above, is neither flammable nor does Tetrachloroethylene have a measurable flash point, which indicates that at room temperature Tetrachloroethylene has a lower evaporation rate than other solvents.
In addition, Tetrachloroethylene does not affect the ozone layer, which is why the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved Tetrachloroethylene use as a replacement for ozone-depleting solvents.

Tetrachloroethylene is a colourless, volatile liquid, heavier than water and practically insoluble in water.
Tetrachloroethylene has an odor similar to ether or chloroform and is sensitive to light and UV radiation, so Tetrachloroethylene decomposes when Tetrachloroethylene remains under direct exposure for prolonged periods.
Tetrachloroethylene can be mixed with a wide variety of organic solvents such as ether, ethyl alcohol, benzene, chloroform and others.

Tetrachloroethylene has the ability to dissolve fats, oils and resins.
The vapour Tetrachloroethylene produces is not visible and is heavier than air, so Tetrachloroethylene spreads at ground level.

Tetrachloroethylene cold oxidation process is quite slow and Tetrachloroethylene does not corrode ordinary metals, in fact, Tetrachloroethylene has the ability to remove grease from metals such as aluminium and magnesium.
However, Tetrachloroethylene cannot be used on metals such as zinc, lithium, barium and beryllium, which in Tetrachloroethylene liquid form attacks some varieties of plastics and rubbers.

Manufacturing Methods of Tetrachloroethylene:
The production of Tetrachloroethylene is possible by high temperature chlorination of chlorinated lower molecular mass hydrocarbons.

For industrial purposes, three processes are important:
1. Production from acetylene via trichloroethylene.
2. Production from ethylene or 1,2-dichloroethane through oxychlorination.
3. Production from C1-C3 hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons through high temperature chlorination.

Prepared primarily by two processes:
The Huels method whereby direct chlorination of ethylene yields 70% Tetrachloroethylene, 20% carbon tetrachloride, and 10% other chlorinated products;
Hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, or propane are simultaneously chlorinated and pyrolyzed to yield over 95% Tetrachloroethylene plus carbon tetrachloride and hydrochloric acid.

Tetrachloroethylene is produced mainly by oxyhydrochlorination, perchlorination, and/or dehydrochlorination of hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons such as 1,2 dichloroethane, propylene, propylene dichloride, 1,1,2-tri-chloroethane, and acetylene.

General Manufacturing Information of Tetrachloroethylene:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Machinery Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries
Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Production of Tetrachloroethylene:
Tetrachloroethylene is industrially produced by chlorolysis of mostly light hydrocarbons in high temperatures.
Many byproducts are also produced in this process.
These items are disintigrated by distillation.

Ethylene chlorine is also produced by catalyzation of potassium chlorine, ammonium chlorine or active carbone and chlorine in 400 °C.
Bypoducts are distillated, similar to above mentioned method.

History and Production:
French chemist Henri Victor Regnault first synthesized Tetrachloroethylene in 1839 by thermal decomposition of hexachloroethane following Michael Faraday's 1820 synthesis of protochloride of carbon (carbon tetrachloride).
C2Cl6 → C2Cl4 + Cl2

Faraday was previously falsely credited for the synthesis of Tetrachloroethylene, which in reality, was carbon tetrachloride.
While trying to make Faraday's "protochloride of carbon", Regnault found that his compound was different from Faraday's.

Victor Regnault stated "according to Faraday, the chloride of carbon boiled around 70 °C (158 °F) to 77 °C (171 °F) degrees Celsius but mine did not begin to boil until 120 °C (248 °F) degrees Celsius".
Tetrachloroethylene can be made by passing chloroform vapour through a red-hot tube, the side products include hexachlorobenzene and hexachloroethane, as reported in 1886.

Most Tetrachloroethylene is produced by high temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons.
The method is related to Faraday's discovery since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes.

Side products include carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen chloride, and hexachlorobutadiene.
Several other methods have been developed.

When 1,2-dichloroethane is heated to 400 °C with chlorine, Tetrachloroethylene is produced by the chemical reaction:
ClCH2CH2Cl + 3 Cl2 → Cl2C=CCl2 + 4 HCl

This reaction can be catalyzed by a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminium chloride or by activated carbon.
Trichloroethylene is a major byproduct, which is separated by distillation.

Remediation and degradation of Tetrachloroethylene:
In principle, Tetrachloroethylene contamination can be remediated by chemical treatment.
Chemical treatment involves reducing metals such as iron powder.

In addition to bioremediation, Tetrachloroethylene hydrolyzes on contact with soil.

Bioremediation usually entails reductive dechlorination usually under anaerobic conditions.
Dehalococcoides sp. under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp.
Products of biodegradation products include trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride; full degradation converts Tetrachloroethylene into ethylene and chloride.

Human Metabolite Information of Tetrachloroethylene:

Cellular Locations:
Membrane

Handling and Storage of Tetrachloroethylene:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
Stop leak if you can do Tetrachloroethylene without risk.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL:
Pick up with sand, earth or other non-combustible absorbent material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Safe Storage:
Separated from metals, ignition sources and food and feedstuffs.
Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Storage Conditions:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Store in a secure poison location.
Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on Tetrachloroethylene proper handling and storage.
A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

Tetrachloroethylene must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers, such as chlorine, bromine, and chlorine dioxide; chemically active metals, such as barium, lithium, and beryllium; and nitric acid, since violent reactions occur.
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location.
Separate from active metals.
Isolate from open flames and combustibles.

Tetrachloroethylene is stored in mild steel tanks equipped with breathing vents & chemical driers.
Tetrachloroethylene can be transferred through seamless black iron pipes, with gasketing materials of compressed asbestos, asbestos reinforced with metal, or asbestos impregnated with Teflon or Viton, employing centrifugal or positive displacement pumps of cast iron or steel construction.
Small quantities may be stored safely in green or amber glass containers.

Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried.
Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label.

An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Tetrachloroethylene was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Health and Safety of Tetrachloroethylene:
The acute toxicity of Tetrachloroethylene is moderate to low.
Reports of human injury are uncommon despite Tetrachloroethylene wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing.

Despite the advantages of Tetrachloroethylene, many have called for Tetrachloroethylene replacement from widespread commercial use.
Tetrachloroethylene has been described as a possible "neurotoxicant, liver and kidney toxicant, and reproductive and developmental toxicant a 'potential occupational carcinogen'"

Testing for exposure:
Tetrachloroethylene exposure can be evaluated by a breath test, analogous to breath-alcohol measurements.
Also, for acute exposures, Tetrachloroethylene in expired air can be measured.

Tetrachloroethylene can be detected in the breath for weeks following a heavy exposure.
Tetrachloroethylene and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a breakdown product of Tetrachloroethylene, can be detected in the blood.

In Europe, the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) recommends for Tetrachloroethylene an occupational exposure limit (8 hour time-weighted average) of 20 ppm and a short-term exposure limit (15 min) of 40 ppm.

Tetrachloroethylene is present in very tiny amounts in the environment as a result of industrial releases.
Dry cleaned clothes may release small amounts of Tetrachloroethylene into the air, according to the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).

The low levels of Tetrachloroethylene that most people are exposed to in air, water and food are not reported to cause symptoms, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS).
People who wear dry cleaned clothing may be exposed to Tetrachloroethylene levels that are slightly higher than what is normally found in air, but these amounts are also not expected to be hazardous to the average person’s health.

People who live or work near dry cleaning facilities may be exposed to higher levels of Tetrachloroethylene than the general population.
To help limit any potential health risks, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has ruled that dry cleaners located in residential buildings must phase out dry cleaning machines that use Tetrachloroethylene by December 21, 2020.

The highest exposures to Tetrachloroethylene tend to occur in the workplace, especially among dry cleaning workers or workers at metal degreasing facilities.
Exposure to these higher levels of Tetrachloroethylene can lead to irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat and/or respiratory system.

Short-term exposure to high levels of Tetrachloroethylene can affect the central nervous system and may lead to unconsciousness or death, according to NIH.
To help protect these workers, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommends special safety precautions, such as a recommended schedule of maintenance activities and performing daily checks for Tetrachloroethylene leaks from dry cleaning machines.

First Aid Measures of Tetrachloroethylene:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital.

OTHER:
Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Tetrachloroethylene, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Tetrachloroethylene:

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.
If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.
Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fire Fighting Procedures:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material involved in fire:
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).

If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.
Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies.

From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers.
If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.
The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Approach from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.
Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Use flooding quantities of water as fog or spray.
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

Identifiers of Tetrachloroethylene:
CAS Number: 127-18-4
Beilstein Reference: 1304635
ChEBI: CHEBI:17300
ChEMBL: ChEMBL114062
ChemSpider: 13837281
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.388
EC Number: 204-825-9
Gmelin Reference: 101142
KEGG: C06789
PubChem CID: 31373
RTECS number: KX3850000
UNII: TJ904HH8SN
UN number: 1897
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2021319
InChI: InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYAO
SMILES: ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl

Cas No: 127-18-4
EINESC No: 204-825-9
Molecular weight: 165,82 g/mol
Chemical Formula: C2Cl4

EC / List no.: 204-825-9
CAS no.: 127-18-4
Mol. formula: C2Cl4

Synonyms: PCE, Tetrachloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene
Linear Formula: CCl2=CCl2
CAS Number: 127-18-4
Molecular Weight: 165.83

Typical Properties of Tetrachloroethylene:
Chemical formula: C2Cl4
Molar mass: 165.82 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Strong and sweetish, chloroform-like
Density: 1.622 g/cm3
Melting point: −19 °C (−2 °F; 254 K)
Boiling point: 121.1 °C (250.0 °F; 394.2 K)
Solubility in water: 0.15 g/L (25 °C)
Vapor pressure: 14 mmHg (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −81.6·10−6 cm3/mol
Viscosity: 0.89 cP at 25 °C

General Properties: luminous colorless liquid
Odor: chloric, disturbing
Intensity: 1.622 g/cm g/cm3
Boiling point: 121,1 °C
Melting point: −19 °C
Flash point:
Vapor pressure: 14 mmHg (20 °C)
Refraction index: 1,5055 nD
Solubility: 0.15 g/L (25 °C),

Molecular Weight: 165.8
XLogP3: 3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 165.872461
Monoisotopic Mass: 163.875411
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 55.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Related compounds of Tetrachloroethylene:
Trichloroethylene
Dichloroethene
Perchloroethylene

Related organohalides:
Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrabromoethylene
Tetraiodoethylene

Names of Tetrachloroethylene:

Regulatory process names:
Tetrachloroethylene
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene

Translated names:
Perchlorethylen (de)
perchloroetylen (pl)
percloroetilene (it)
perkloretylen (no)
tetrachloorethyleen (nl)
tetrachlorethen (cs)
tetrachlorethylen (da)
Tetrachlorethylen (de)
tetrachloretilenas (lt)
tetrachloroeten (pl)
tetrachloroetylen (pl)
tetrachlóretén (sk)
tetracloretilena (ro)
tetracloroetilene (it)
tetracloroetileno (es)
tetracloroetileno (pt)
tetrahloretilēns (lv)
tetrakloorietyleeni (fi)
tetrakloreten (no)
tetrakloreten (sv)
tetrakloretylen (no)
tetrakloroetilen (hr)
tetrakloroetilen (sl)
Tetrakloroetüleen (et)
tetraklóretilén (hu)
tétrachloroéthylène (fr)
τετραχλωροαιθυλένιο (el)
тeтрахлороетилен (bg)

CAS names:
Ethene
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-

IUPAC names:
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene
1,1,2,2-tetracloroetene
Ethene, tetrachloro
etrachloroethene
perchloroethylene
perchloroethylene
tetrachlorethen
Tetrachlorethylène
Tetrachloroethene
tetrachloroethene
Tetrachloroethylen
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
UPV10

Preferred IUPAC name:
Tetrachloroethene

Trade names:
Czterochloroetylen
DOWPER LM
DOWPER MC
DOWPER N
DOWPER Pure Power
DOWPER Solvent
Perchlorethylene
PERCHLOROETHYLEN
Performanti
Perklone D
Perklone DX+
Perklone EXT
Perklone MD
Perklone N

Other names:
Perchloroethene
perchloroethylene
perc
PCE

Other identifiers:
127-18-4
602-028-00-4

Synonyms of Tetrachloroethylene:
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Tetrachloroethene
127-18-4
Perchloroethylene
Ethene, tetrachloro-
Perc
Perchlorethylene
Tetrachlorethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene tetrachloride
Carbon dichloride
Ankilostin
Didakene
Perclene
Tetracap
Tetraguer
Tetraleno
Tetralex
Tetropil
Perawin
Tetlen
Tetrachloraethen
PerSec
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethene
Carbon bichloride
PERK
Percloroetilene
Tetracloroetene
Fedal-UN
Tetrachlooretheen
Czterochloroetylen
Percosolve
Perchlor
Perklone
Tetravec
Tetroguer
Nema
Perchloraethylen, per
Perchlorethylene, per
Perclene D
Dow-per
Dilatin PT
Perchloorethyleen, per
Antisol 1
Ethylene, tetrachloro-
Perchloroethene
Antisal 1
Rcra waste number U210
Nema, veterinary
NCI-C04580
ENT 1,860
Perclene TG
UN 1897
TJ904HH8SN
DTXSID2021319
CHEBI:17300
NSC-9777
Percosolv
Caswell No. 827
C2Cl4
MFCD00000834
Percloroetilene [Italian]
Tetrachlooretheen [Dutch]
Tetrachloraethen [German]
Tetracloroetene [Italian]
Czterochloroetylen [Polish]
Tetrachloroethylene (IUPAC)
CCRIS 579
HSDB 124
Perchloorethyleen, per [Dutch]
Perchloraethylen, per [German]
Perchlorethylene, per [French]
Tetrachloroethene 100 microg/mL in Methanol
NSC 9777
EINECS 204-825-9
UN1897
Tetrachloroethylene [USP]
RCRA waste no. U210
UNII-TJ904HH8SN
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 078501
BRN 1361721
Tetrachlorathen
Perchlorothylene
AI3-01860
tetrachloro-ethene
tetrachloro-ethylene
Nema (VAN)
WLN: GYGUYGG
Freon 1110
Tetrachlooretheen(DUTCH)
Tetrachloraethen(GERMAN)
Percloroetilene(ITALIAN)
Tetracloroetene(ITALIAN)
bmse000633
Czterochloroetylen(POLISH)
EC 204-825-9
1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
SCHEMBL23022
4-01-00-00715 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
BIDD:ER0346
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-ethene
Perchloorethyleen, per(DUTCH)
Perchloraethylen, per(GERMAN)
Perchlorethylene, per(FRENCH)
Perchloroethylene Reagent Grade
CHEMBL114062
DTXCID601319
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [II]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MI]
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene, >=99.5%
NSC9777
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [HSDB]
Tetrachloroethylene, UV/IR-Grade
Ethene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-
TETRACHLORETHYLENE [WHO-DD]
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE [MART.]
ZINC8214691
Tox21_201196
AKOS009031593
Tetrachloroethylene, analytical standard
Tetrachloroethylene, anhydrous, >=99%
NCGC00090944-01
NCGC00090944-02
NCGC00090944-03
NCGC00258748-01
CAS-127-18-4
Tetrachloroethylene [UN1897] [Poison]
Tetrachloroethylene, for HPLC, >=99.9%
Tetrachloroethylene, ReagentPlus(R), 99%
DB-041854
Tetrachloroethylene, for synthesis, 99.0%
FT-0631739
FT-0674946
S0641
Tetrachloroethylene, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
EN300-19890
Tetrachloroethene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Tetrachloroethene 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
C06789
F 1110
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene (ACD/Name 4.0)
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
A805656
Q410772
Tetrachloroethylene, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
J-524851
Tetrachloroethylene, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%
BRD-K68386748-001-01-2
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE) [IARC]
F0001-0391
Tetrachloroethylene, Ultrapure, Spectrophotometric Grade
Density Standard 1623 kg/m3, H&D Fitzgerald Ltd. Quality
25135-99-3