PRODUCTS

TETRAHYDROFURAN

Tetrahydrofuran = THF = oxolane

CAS Number: 109-99-9
Chemical formula: C4H8O
EC Number: 203-726-8

Tetrahydrofuran (THF), or oxolane, is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4O. The compound is classified as heterocyclic compound, specifically a cyclic ether. It is a colorless, water-miscible organic liquid with low viscosity. It is mainly used as a precursor to polymers.
Being polar and having a wide liquid range, THF is a versatile solvent.

Production
About 200,000 tonnes of tetrahydrofuran are produced annually.
The most widely used industrial process involves the acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1,4-butanediol. Ashland/ISP is one of the biggest producers of this chemical route.
The method is similar to the production of diethyl ether from ethanol.
The butanediol is derived from condensation of acetylene with formaldehyde followed by hydrogenation.
DuPont developed a process for producing THF by oxidizing n-butane to crude maleic anhydride, followed by catalytic hydrogenation.
A third major industrial route entails hydroformylation of allyl alcohol followed by hydrogenation to 1,4-butanediol.

Other methods
THF can also be synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of furan.
This allows certain sugars to be converted to THF via acid-catalyzed digestion to furfural and decarbonylation to furan, although this method is not widely practiced.
THF is thus derivable from renewable resources.

Applications
Polymerization
In the presence of strong acids, THF converts to a linear polymer called poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG), also known as polytetramethylene oxide (PTMO):
n C4H8O → −(CH2CH2CH2CH2O)n−
This polymer is primarily used to make elastomeric polyurethane fibers like Spandex.

About Tetrahydrofuran
Helpful information
Tetrahydrofuran is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 tonnes per annum.

Tetrahydrofuran is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
Tetrahydrofuran is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, washing & cleaning products, anti-freeze products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, finger paints and lubricants and greases.
Other release to the environment of Tetrahydrofuran is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Manufacture
Release to the environment of Tetrahydrofuran can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance and formulation of mixtures.

Tetrahydrofuran appears as a clear colorless liquid with an ethereal odor. Less dense than water. Flash point 6°F. Vapors are heavier than air.

General description
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a saturated cyclic ether with a potential use as a biofuel. Its combustion studies have been investigated.
Reports suggest that it is a better promoter than 1,3 dioxolane for CO2-hydrate formation.

THF is used as a component in mobile phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. It has a greater elution strength than methanol or acetonitrile, but is less commonly used than these solvents.

THF is used as a solvent in 3D printing when using PLA plastics.
Tetrahydrofuran can be used to clean clogged 3D printer parts, as well as when finishing prints to remove extruder lines and add a shine to the finished product.
Recently THF is used as co-solvent for lithium metal batteries, helping to stabilize the metal anode.

Laboratory use
In the laboratory, THF is a popular solvent when its water miscibility is not an issue.
Tetrahydrofuran is more basic than diethyl ether and forms stronger complexes with Li+, Mg2+, and boranes.
Tetrahydrofuran is a popular solvent for hydroboration reactions and for organometallic compounds such as organolithium and Grignard reagents.
Thus, while diethyl ether remains the solvent of choice for some reactions (e.g., Grignard reactions), THF fills that role in many others, where strong coordination is desirable and the precise properties of ethereal solvents such as these (alone and in mixtures and at various temperatures) allows fine-tuning modern chemical reactions.

Commercial THF contains substantial water that must be removed for sensitive operations, e.g. those involving organometallic compounds.
Although THF is traditionally dried by distillation from an aggressive desiccant, molecular sieves are superior.

Reaction with hydrogen sulfide
In the presence of a solid acid catalyst, THF reacts with hydrogen sulfide to give tetrahydrothiophene.

Precautions
THF is a relatively nontoxic solvent, with the median lethal dose (LD50) comparable to that for acetone.
Reflecting its remarkable solvent properties, it penetrates the skin, causing rapid dehydration.
THF readily dissolves latex and thus should be handled with nitrile rubber gloves.
Tetrahydrofuran is highly flammable.

As a solvent
The other main application of THF is as an industrial solvent for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and in varnishes.
Tetrahydrofuran is an aprotic solvent with a dielectric constant of 7.6.
Tetrahydrofuran is a moderately polar solvent and can dissolve a wide range of nonpolar and polar chemical compounds.
THF is water-miscible and can form solid clathrate hydrate structures with water at low temperatures.

THF has been explored as a miscible co-solvent in aqueous solution to aid in the liquefaction and delignification of plant lignocellulosic biomass for production of renewable platform chemicals and sugars as potential precursors to biofuels.
Aqueous THF augments the hydrolysis of glycans from biomass and dissolves the majority of biomass lignin making it a suitable solvent for biomass pretreatment.

THF is often used in polymer science. For example, it can be used to dissolve polymers prior to determining their molecular mass using gel permeation chromatography.
THF dissolves PVC as well, and thus it is the main ingredient in PVC adhesives. It can be used to liquefy old PVC cement and is often used industrially to degrease metal parts.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a colorless, volatile liquid with an ethereal or acetonelike smell and is miscible in water and most organic solvents.
Tetrahydrofuran is highly flammable and may thermally decompose to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
Prolonged storage in contact with air and in the absence of an antioxidant may cause THF to decompose into explosive peroxides.

Molar mass: 72.107g
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Ether-like
Density: 0.8876 g/cm3 at 20 °C, liquid
Melting point: −108.4 °C (−163.1 °F; 164.8 K)
Boiling point: 66 °C (151 °F; 339 K) [4][3]
Solubility in water: Miscible
Vapor pressure: 132 mmHg (20 °C)[2]
Refractive index (nD): 1.4073 (20 °C) [3]
Viscosity: 0.48 cP at 25 °C
XLogP3: 0.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count:0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1

General description
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a saturated cyclic ether with a potential use as a biofuel.
Tetrahydrofurans combustion studies have been investigated.
Reports suggest that Tetrahydrofuran is a better promoter than 1,3 dioxolane for CO2-hydrate formation.

What is Tetrahydrofuran used for?
Industry Uses
Tetrahydrofuran has many industry uses as a solvent including in natural and synthetic resins, high polymers, fat oils, rubber, polymer and protective coating, adhesives, inks, tetramethyl lead, PVC and in the production of nylon and adipic acid.
Tetrahydrofuran is also used as a reaction medium, primarily in the pharmaceutical industry, in processes such as Grignard syntheses or lithium aluminium hydride reductions.
Grignard synthesis examples include butyrolactone and succinic acid.
Tetrahydrofuran is also used as a Grignard reagent in the synthesis of synthetic perfumes, pharmaceuticals, motor fuels and insecticides.

Tetrahydrofuran is a valuable chemical intermediate as Tetrahydrofuran is a precursor to polymers, such as poly (tetramethylene ether) glycol.
The primary use of this polymer is the production of elastomeric polyurethane fibres like Spandex.
Tetrahydrofuran is also an intermediate in the natural gas industry where Tetrahydrofuran is a natural gas odorant.
Other industry uses include in intermediates, processing aids and plasticisers.

Commercial Uses
Commercial uses of Tetrahydrofuran include in adhesives, paints and coatings and solvents.

Application
Tetrahydrofuran was used as a solvent in the formation of diacetylinic polymers.

Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 72.057514874
Monoisotopic Mass: 72.057514874
Topological Polar Surface Area: 9.2 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 22.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

adhesives features/benefits:
Rapid uniformbit into substrates, hogh volatile, solvency, minimize gelling and contributes to bonding strength

coatings & inks application
magnetic recording media - used as solvent for magnetizable oxide and binder for resin for polyester and cellulose acetate tapes
vinyl fabric and sheeting coatings - solvent for high molecular PVC resins
PVC printing inks - use as co-solvent for promote adhesion of inks
coatings and inks features/benefits

provides uniform coating thickness and rapid drying
forms solution with high solids and practical woking viscosities
provides good viscosity and rheology control, reduces smearing

Tetrahydrofuran (THF, oxolane) is a versatile solvent used in laboratory organic synthesis and in industrial products such as varnishes. It is colorless and miscible in water, with a boiling point of 66 ºC. It is highly flammable but relatively nontoxic. When stored in air, it can form explosive peroxides, but this can be prevented by adding an inhibitor such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).

In 1956, W. W. Gilbert and B. W. Howk at Du Pont patented the catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to produce THF. Du Pont later patented a process for hydrogenating furan to THF. Today the predominant THF manufacturing process is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1,4-butanediol. More than two dozen US patents on this process were issued between 1975 and 2007.

Tetrahydrofuran — CH2CH2CH2CH2O — is a cyclic organic compound known for its solvency and cyclic ether structure. It is also known as THF, Oxolane, Furan, Butylene oxide, Cyclotetramethylene oxide, Diethylene oxide, and Tetra-methylene oxide. THF is typically a colorless organic liquid that is both water-miscible and low viscosity. Because of its polar nature and broad liquid range, THF serves as one of the most useful organic solvents on the market today.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is produced by dehydration of 1,4-butanediol. It is a neutral, colorless, volatile cycloaliphatic ether. It is highly polar and miscible with water. As an aprotic and medium polarity solvent, tetrahydrofuran is an excellent solvent for many organic substances. The chemical formula of this cyclic ether is (CH2)4O.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a contaminant of exposure and appears in human biofluids. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has announced recommendations to revise the permitted daily exposures for THF, and so has the International Conference on Harmonisation. THF oxidizes readily, which can lead to instability and result in cytotoxicity. It is a colourless low-viscosity liquid with a smell similar to diethyl ether and is one of the most polar ethers. Tetrahydrofuran is essentially considered in occupational toxicology, and acute poisoning cases are extremely rare. THF is often used for hydroborations used to synthesize primary alcohols. THF is often used as a solvent for Grignard reagents because of the oxygen atom's ability to coordinate to the magnesium ion component of the Grignard reagent (an organometallic chemical reaction involving alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides). THF is often used in polymer science. For example, it can be used to dissolve rubber prior to determining its molecular mass using gel permeation chromatography. THF tends to form peroxides on storage in air.

How is Tetrahydrofuran produced?
Reppe Process
Tetrahydrofuran was traditionally produced using the Furfural process where furfural, extracted from corn husks, is used as the raw material in production.
However, the disadvantage of this method is that supply depended on agricultural conditions and could not therefore be relied upon, so a move was made to the fully synthetic Reppe process.
In the Reppe process, ethyne and formaldehyde are used as the raw materials that produce 1,4-butanediol, at the first step.
Tetrahydrofuran can then be obtained via the acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1,4-butanediol in the presence of an acidic ion exchange resin.
This is currently the main method of extraction employed throughout the world.
A second major industrial method of manufacturing THF is the hydroformylation of allyl alcohol followed by the subsequent hydrogenation to resulting in 1,4-butanediol.

Oxidisation of n-butane
Another method is a two-step butadiene chlorination process that yields 70-75% THF.
Developed by DuPont, Tetrahydrofuran involves oxidising n-butane to create maleic anhydride followed by catalytic hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst.
Tetrahydrofuran is a relatively simple process and one that is of interest to chemical producers.

Catalytic hydrogenation of furan
Tetrahydrofuran can also be produced, or synthesised, via catalytic hydrogenation of furan.
This process involves converting certain sugars into THF by digesting to furfural.
An alternative to this method is the catalytic hydrogenation of furan with a nickel catalyst.

Other methods include the decarboxylation of furfural and the oxidisation of butadiene.
The world annual production of tetrahydrofuran is approximately 200,000 tonnes and Tetrahydrofuran is predicted that demand and production will grow as the Chinese economy continues to expand.

Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
Oxolane
109-99-9
Furan, tetrahydro-
Furanidine
Butylene oxide
Hydrofuran
Tetramethylene oxide
Oxacyclopentane
1,4-Epoxybutane
Tetrahydrofuranne
Tetraidrofurano
Tetrahydrofuraan
Tetrahydrofurane
Cyclotetramethylene oxide
tetrahydro-furan
THF
Butane, 1,4-epoxy-
Cyclotetramethylene
RCRA waste number U213
NCI-C60560
UNII-3N8FZZ6PY4
Polytetrahydrofuran
NSC 57858
Butane .alpha.,.delta.-oxide
Butane alpha,delta-oxide
MFCD00005356
3N8FZZ6PY4
CHEBI:26911
24979-97-3

Tetrahydrofuran is used in the manufacture of polymers as well as agricultural, pharmaceutical, and commodity chemicals.
Manufacturing activities commonly occur in closed systems or under engineering controls that limit worker exposure and release to the environment.
THF is also used as a solvent (e.g., pipe fitting) that may result in more significant exposures when used in confined spaces without sufficient ventilation.
Although THF is naturally present in coffee aroma, floured chickpeas, and cooked chicken, natural exposures are not anticipated to pose a significant hazard.

Chemical Properties
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is an industrial solvent widely recognized for its unique combination of useful properties.
DuPont THF is better than 99.9% pure with a small (0.025-0.040 wt % ) amount of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tertbutyl phenol) added as an antioxidant.
Tetrahydrofuran is a cycloaliphatic ether and is not "photochemically reactive" as defined in Section k of Los Angeles County's Rule 66 (equivalent to Rule 442 of the Southern California Air Pollution Control District).
THF has an ethereal odor.
The Odor Threshold is listed @ 3.8 (3M), 20-50ppm, and 31ppm.
Tetrahydrofuran is also a common laboratory reagent and an intermediate in chemical syntheses of consumer and industrial products such as nutritionals, pharmaceuticals, and insecticides.

Physical properties
Tetrahydrofuran is a clear, colourless liquid with a strong ether-like odour.
Odor threshold concentration is 2 ppm.
Tetrahydrofuran is highly flammable. Contact of tetrahydrofuran with strong oxidising agents may cause explosions.
Tetrahydrofuran may polymerise in the presence of cationic initiators.
Contact with lithium–aluminium hydride, with other lithium–aluminium alloys, or with sodium or potassium hydroxide can be hazardous.

Uses
Butylene oxide is used as a fumigant and inadmixture with other compounds.
Tetrahydrofuran is usedto stabilize fuel with respect to color andsludge formation.

Uses
Tetrahydrofuran is used as a solvent forresins, vinyls, and high polymers; as a Grignardreaction medium for organometallic,and metal hydride reactions; and in the synthesisof succinic acid and butyrolactone.

Uses
Solvent for high polymers, especially polyvinyl chloride.
As reaction medium for Grignard and metal hydride reactions.
In the synthesis of butyrolactone, succinic acid, 1,4-butanediol diacetate.
Solvent in histological techniques.
May be used under Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act for fabrication of articles for packaging, transporting, or storing of foods if residual amount does not exceed 1.5% of the film: Fed. Regist. 27, 3919.

Uses
Tetrahydrofuran is used primarily (80%) to make polytetramethylene ether glycol, the base polymer used primarily in the manufacture of elastomeric fibers (e.g., spandex) as well as polyurethane and polyester elastomers (e.g., artificial leather, skateboard wheels).
The remainder (20%) is used in solvent applications (e.g., pipe cements, adhesives, printing inks, and magnetic tape) and as a reaction solvent in chemical and pharmaceutical syntheses.

Definition
ChEBI: A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.

General Description
A clear colorless liquid with an ethereal odor.
Less dense than water.
Flash point 6°F.
Vapors are heavier than air.

Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable.
Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously.
Soluble in water.

Reactivity Profile
Tetrahydrofuran reacts violently with oxidizing agents leading to fires and explosions.
Subject to peroxidation in the air.
Peroxides or their products react exothermically with lithium aluminum hydride.
Thus, use as a solvent for lithium aluminum hydride has led to fires.
Using potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide to dry impure Tetrahydrofuran that contains peroxides has resulted in explosions.
A violent explosion occurred during the preparation of sodium aluminum hydride from sodium and aluminum in a medium of Tetrahydrofuran.
THF forms explosive products with 2-aminophenol.

Tetrahydrofuran, anhydrous
Agrisynth THF
tetrahydofurane
Tetrahydrofuraan [Dutch]
Tetraidrofurano [Italian]
Butane, alpha,delta-oxide
Tetrahydrofuranne [French]
Tetrahydrofuran, Spectrophotometric Grade
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.5+%, for spectroscopy
CCRIS 6276
HSDB 125
Furan, tetrahydro-, homopolymer
EINECS 203-726-8
UN2056
RCRA waste no. U213

In sequential deposition method of lead-halide perovskite material, the PbI2 layer morphology and remnant PbI2 play an important role in enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the perovskite solar cell.
However, humidity levels affect the PbI2 and perovskite film morphology, resulting in defect sites and recombination centers on the surface and within the bulk of the material, thus impeding the overall device performance and stability.
To address this, incorporation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) additive in PbI2–dimethylformamide (DMF) precursor solution is reported, to improve the quality of PbI2 thin films and to prevent the water interaction directly with PbI2 under high humidity environments.
The O-donor THF interacts with PbI2, resulting in a homogeneous, dense, and pinhole-free layer as compared with the PbI2 layer without additive.
The perovskite layer so obtained from the pinhole-free PbI2 layer is compact, resulting in a significant reduction of defects/traps.
The device is fabricated with modified perovskite in ≈50% humidity atmosphere, resulting in 15% efficiency with high reproducibility.
Moreover, the THF-modified non-encapsulated perovskite device retains 80% PCE after exposure to 50% relative humidity for 20 days.
A strategy to fabricate perovskite solar cells, with reproducible efficiency in high humidity atmosphere viable for large-scale production, is demonstrated.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a versatile chemical that has commercial application as a solvent for the manufacture of plastics and is closely related to 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and γ-butyrolactone (GBL).
Since THF polymers (PolyTHF and PTMEG) are also major commercial products, further investigation into the application of these products will be of great interest, particularly for the potential production of THF from furfural in this co-solvent strategy.
THF owes its excellent solvent properties to the polar oxygen in its ring and dispersive character from the four methylene groups.
In a binary mixture with water, the dispersive character of THF increases with increasing THF content in the aqueous phase.

THF is also an excellent extracting solvent for furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and its affinity for these aldehydes may play a key role in its ability to improve their yields in our single-phase system.
THF can also be used to solubilize extracted lignin products from organosolv or ionic-liquid pretreatment strategies or directly used to fractionate raw biomass as with our single-phase process.
Furfural is typically synthesized by acid-catalyzed dehydration of C5 sugars (arabinoseand xylose) whereas levulinic acid (LA) can be derived from either C529 or C6 sugars1 15 (glucose, galactose, and mannose).
Water-soluble Brønsted acids such as HCl and H2SO4 have typically been used to catalyze such dehydration reactions, but homogeneous and heterogeneous solid acid catalysts have also been applied successfully.
Furfural is targeted in this paper as one of the only natural precursors to furan-based chemicals.
However, Tetrahydrofurans low commercial yields (~50% of theoretical) from xylan-rich lignocellulosic residues23 20 hinder Tetrahydrofurans economic potential, and new approaches are needed to make it economically viable as a fuel precursor.
HMF is an important platform chemical that can be produced from the acid-catalyzed dehydration of hexoses.

HMF will readily hydrolyze to form equimolar amounts of LA and formic acid (FA)1 23 in the presence of
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Green Chemistry This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 a strong acid.
Since LA is more stable than HMF in an aqueous environment,1 1 higher final yields 2 of LA were observed in single phase reactions with sulfuric acid.
Room temperature liquid densities after the 40 min reactions (0.989 kg L-1 3 with 1:1 THF and 1.015 kg L-1 4 without THF at 21 °C) accounted for a 3% difference in the maximum furfural yield.
For both solvent and non-solvent reactions in Table 1, the highest furfural yield was achieved much sooner (40 min) than the highest LA yield (120 min).
Due to the more acid labile amorphous structure of hemicellulose, the rate of hydrolysis of xylan from hemicellulose was much greater than that of glucan from crystalline cellulose.
By increasing the ratio of THF to 3:1 (density: 0.935 kg L-1 9 ), co-production yields of furfural, HMF, and LA improved with increased solubilisation of biomass without significant furfural losses.

Tetrahydrofuran, 99+%, extra pure, stabilized with BHT
oxacyclopentan
terahydrofuran
terahydrofurane
terahyrofuran
tetrahydofuran
tetrahydorfuran
tetrahyrdofuran
tetrahyrofuran
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.5%, for analysis, stabilized with BHT
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.6%, ACS reagent, stabilized with BHT
Furanidin
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.85%, Extra Dry, stabilized, AcroSeal(R)
tetraliydrofuran
tetra hydrofuran
tetra-hydrofuran
tetrahy-drofuran
tetrahydro furan
tetrahydrof uran
tetrahydrofu ran
tetrahydrofura n
tetrahydrofuran-
AI3-07570

Film Casting
THF is used for vinyl chloride heat-shrinkable film and for desiccant.
Printing Inks
THF is suitable for printing inks, because slightly soluble inorganic compounds can be dissolved and evaporation is quick.
Other Uses
THF is widely used as a solvent for special resins such as photosensitive resins, because even at room temperature it can dissolve various resins, and it is miscible with water and most organic solvents. In, addition, it is used as a solvent for Grignard and Wittig reactions. Also in pharmaceutical and agricultural manufacturing, it is used as a solvent for reaction and purification.

THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is a stable compound with relatively low boiling point and excellent solvency.
Tetrahydrofuran is widely-used for dissolution and reaction of various substances.
Also it is used as a starting material for the synthesis of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG), etc.

Storage and Handling
THF is classified under the Japanese Fire Services Act as a hazardous material, Class 4, Petroleums No.1, water soluble, Hazardous Rank II.
Since it is highly volatile and flammable, the storage container should be tightly sealed and stored in a well-ventilated place.
When handling take precautions against fire.
Like other ethers, explosive peroxides will be generated if THF is exposed to oxygen or air.
For this reason the container should be sealed with dry nitrogen.
THF is irritating to the membranes and skin of the eyes, nose, and throat.
Exposure to the vapor for long time periods may cause organic solvent poisoning symptoms such as nausea and dizziness.
Use adequate ventilation to avoid high concentrations of vapor.
When using or handling, always use proper safety equipment such as protective gloves and goggles.

Tetrahydrofuran is an organic, polar, water-miscible, cyclic ether and aprotic solvent with low viscosity.
Available in various quantities, purities, and reagent grades, it has applications including use in polymer science and reversed phase chromatography.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent is an inert, versatile solvent offering high solvency power for numerous organic substances.
It is used as a starting reagent in many syntheses.

adhesives application
Solvent for PVC, polyurethane, polycarbonate, acetate, thermoplastics for adhesives/cements.

Tetrahydrofuran, 99.85%, Extra Dry, Unstabilized, AcroSeal(R)
Tetramethylenoxid
tet-rahydrofurane
tetra-hydrofurane
tetrahydro furane
tetrahydro-furane
tetrahydrofurane-
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.8%, for biochemistry, unstabilized, AcroSeal(R)
Tetrahydrofuran, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
tetra hydro-furan
tetra- hydrofuran
tetrahydro- furan
Butane a,d-oxide
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.5%, Extra Dry over Molecular Sieve, Stabilized, AcroSeal(R)
Butane,4-epoxy-
Dynasolve 150
Tetrahydrofuran ACS
1,4-epoxy-Butane
c0019
tetrahydrofuran solvent
20665-63-8
THF (tetrahydrofuran)
PubChem10863
3,4-dihydro-2H-furan
3,5-dihydro-2H-furan
Tetrahydrofuran, Biograde
ACMC-1BQ3D
DSSTox_CID_1328
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.9%
WLN: T5OTJ
Tetrahydrofuran(Stabilized)
EC 203-726-8
DSSTox_RID_76084
Tetrahydrofuran Ultra LC-MS
DSSTox_GSID_21328
Tetrahydrofuran, ACS reagent
Tetrahydrofuran, >=99.5%
Tetrahydrofuran, p.a., 99%
CHEMBL276521
DTXSID1021328
Diethylene oxide 1,4-Epoxybutane
Tetrahydrofuran Reagent Grade ACS
Tetrahydrofuran, UV, HPLC Grade
AMY11079
NSC57858
Tetrahydrofuran, analytical standard
ZINC3593622
Tox21_201026
ANW-41453
NSC-57858STL264218
AKOS000119982
MCULE-3873245085

Application
Tetrahydrofuran was used as a solvent in the formation of diacetylinic polymers.
Tetrahydrofuran may be used in the following processes:
Formation of butyrolactone (BTL) by green oxidation method.
Aqueous THF solution to modify the polystyrene surface by swelling process.
As a solvent for lignin depolymerization to isolate phenolic monomer.
Surface Coating
Due to the strong solubility of vinyl chloride, even at a high degree of polymerization, THF is used as a solvent for synthetic leather coatings.
Adhesives
Taking advantage of excellent solubility and diffusion properties, THF is used as a solvent for vinyl and epoxy adhesives.

Poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) 650
Tetrahydrofuran, (stabilized with BHT)
TETRAHYDROFURAN-3,3,4,4-D4
UN 2056
Tetrahydrofuran, for HPLC, >=99.9%
NCGC00090740-01
NCGC00090740-02
NCGC00258579-01
BP-30232
CAS-109-99-9
Tetrahydrofuran, purum, >=99.0% (GC)
DB-038044
315-EP0930075A1
315-EP1441224A2
315-EP2269977A2
315-EP2269986A1
315-EP2269988A2
315-EP2269989A1
315-EP2269990A1
315-EP2269992A1
315-EP2269993A1
315-EP2269994A1
315-EP2269995A1
315-EP2269999A1
315-EP2270000A1
315-EP2270001A1
315-EP2270003A1
315-EP2270004A1
315-EP2270006A1
315-EP2270008A1
315-EP2270009A1
315-EP2270010A1
315-EP2270011A1
315-EP2270014A1
315-EP2270015A1
315-EP2270017A1
315-EP2270113A1
315-EP2270114A1
315-EP2272509A1
315-EP2272516A2
315-EP2272517A1
315-EP2272537A2
315-EP2272813A2
315-EP2272817A1
315-EP2272822A1
315-EP2272825A2
315-EP2272827A1
315-EP2272828A1
315-EP2272830A1
315-EP2272831A1
315-EP2272832A1
315-EP2272834A1
315-EP2272835A1
315-EP2272837A1
315-EP2272839A1
315-EP2272840A1
315-EP2272841A1
315-EP2272842A1

Service life
Other release to the environment of Tetrahydrofuran is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).
Tetrahydrofuran can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: electrical batteries and accumulators.

Widespread uses by professional workers
Tetrahydrofuran is used in the following products: coating products, laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products, metal surface treatment products, metal working fluids and fuels.
Tetrahydrofuran is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction, health services and scientific research and development.
Tetrahydrofuran is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, fabricated metal products, plastic products and chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Tetrahydrofuran is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).

Formulation or re-packing
Tetrahydrofuranis used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, pharmaceuticals, coating products, polymers and laboratory chemicals.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Uses at industrial sites
Tetrahydrofuran is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, laboratory chemicals, coating products, polymers, pharmaceuticals and metal working fluids.
Tetrahydrofuran has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Tetrahydrofuran is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Tetrahydrofuran is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Tetrahydrofuran can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

315-EP2272843A1
315-EP2272844A1
315-EP2272846A1
315-EP2272847A1
315-EP2272848A1
315-EP2272849A1
315-EP2272935A1
315-EP2272972A1
315-EP2272973A1
315-EP2274983A1
315-EP2275102A1
315-EP2275395A2
315-EP2275398A1
315-EP2275401A1
315-EP2275403A1
315-EP2275404A1
315-EP2275407A1
315-EP2275408A1
315-EP2275409A1
315-EP2275410A1
315-EP2275411A2
315-EP2275412A1
315-EP2275413A1
315-EP2275414A1
315-EP2275418A1

315-EP2275419A2
315-EP2275420A1
315-EP2275422A1
315-EP2275427A1
315-EP2275469A1
315-EP2277507A1
315-EP2277848A1
315-EP2277858A1
315-EP2277861A1
315-EP2277865A1
315-EP2277867A2
315-EP2277868A1
315-EP2277869A1
315-EP2277870A1
315-EP2277871A1
315-EP2277872A1
315-EP2277876A1
315-EP2277878A1
315-EP2371831A1
315-EP2374454A1
315-EP2374783A1
315-EP2374788A1
315-EP2374790A1
315-EP2377841A1
315-EP2377847A1
315-EP2378585A1
315-EP2380568A1
315-EP2380871A1
315-EP2380873A1
315-EP2380874A2
FT-0645046
FT-0696552
V2193
FURAN-2,3,4,5-D4,TETRAHYDRO-D4-
Tetrahydrofuran, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
Tetrahydrofuran, Selectophore(TM), >=99.5%
4434-EP2270008A1
4434-EP2272491A1
4434-EP2272509A1
4434-EP2272537A2
4434-EP2272826A1
4434-EP2272827A1
4434-EP2275403A1
4434-EP2275423A1
4434-EP2281822A1
4434-EP2287153A1
4434-EP2287154A1
4434-EP2289883A1
4434-EP2289891A2
4434-EP2292589A1
4434-EP2292617A1
4434-EP2295423A1
4434-EP2295428A2
4434-EP2298761A1
4434-EP2305647A1
4434-EP2305660A1
4434-EP2305679A1
4434-EP2308849A1
4434-EP2308850A1
4434-EP2308851A1
4434-EP2308874A1
4434-EP2314576A1
4434-EP2314577A1
4434-EP2314591A1
4434-EP2315502A1
4434-EP2371797A1

Physical Properties
Molecular weight
72.11
Boiling point   66°C
Vapor pressure   142 Torr at 20°C
Freezing point   -108.5°C
Refractive index
1.4072 at 20°C
Density
0.888 g/mL (7.41 lb/gal) at 20°C
0.881 g/mL (7.35 lb/gal) at 25°C
Dielectric constant   7.58 at 25°C
Dipole moment   1.75 D at 25°C
Solvent group   3
Polarity index (P')
4.0
Eluotropic value on alumina
0.45
Eluotropic value on octadecylsilane
3.7
Viscosity
0.55 cP at 20°C
Surface tension   26.4 dyn/cm at 25°C
Solubility in water
Miscible in all proportions
Regulatory and Safety Data
DOT Hazard Class
3, Flammable Liquid
Packing Group   II
UN Identification Number
UN2056

Storage   Store in an area designed for flammable storage, or in an approved metal cabinet, away from direct sunlight, heat and sources of ignition.

4434-EP2371798A1
4434-EP2371813A1
4434-EP2377847A1
6961-EP2270010A1
6961-EP2272813A2
6961-EP2275395A2
6961-EP2289887A2
6961-EP2289888A2
6961-EP2292593A2
6961-EP2316470A2
6961-EP2316832A1
6961-EP2316833A1
Tetrahydrofuran [UN2056] [Flammable liquid]
Tetrahydrofuran HPLC grade stabilized with BHT
Tetrahydrofuran, JIS special grade, >=99.5%
97554-EP2305662A1
97554-EP2372017A1
97554-EP2377848A1
A802124
Q278332
Tetrahydrofuran, for HPLC, contains No stabilizer
Tetrahydrofuran, inhibitor-free, purification grade
Tetrahydrofuran, puriss. p.a., >=99.9% (GC)
J-002358
Tetrahydrofuran, for luminescence, >=99.5% (GC)
Tetrahydrofuran, inhibitor-free, for HPLC, =99.9%
TETRAHYDROFURAN-2,2,5,5-D4,98 ATOM % D
Tetrahydrofuran, anhydrous, >=99.9%, inhibitor-free
Tetrahydrofuran, for HPLC, >=99.9%, inhibitor-free
Tetrahydrofuran, inhibitor-free, for HPLC, >=99.9%
Tetrahydrofuran, HPLC grade, >=99.9%, inhibitor-free
Tetrahydrofuran, non-UV, HPLC grade stabilized with BHT
Tetrahydrofuran, biotech. grade, >=99.9%, Inhibitor-free
Tetrahydrofuran, for amino acid analysis, without stabilizer
Tetrahydrofuran, p.a., 99%, contains 200-300 ppm BHT
Tetrahydrofuran solution, contains 20 % (v/v) 1,2-Propanediol
Tetrahydrofuran, HPLC, UV-IR, isocratic grade, unstabilized
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.9%, extra pure, anhydrous, stabilized with BHT
Tetrahydrofuran, anhydrous, inhibitor-free, ZerO2(TM), >=99.9%
Tetrahydrofuran, AR, contains 250 ppm BHT as stabilizer, 99.5%
Tetrahydrofuran, LR, contains 250 ppm BHT as stabilizer, >=99%
Tetrahydrofuran, spectrophotometric grade, >=99.5%, inhibitor-free
Tetrahydrofuran, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor
Tetrahydrofuran, anhydrous, >=99.9%, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor
Tetrahydrofuran, anhydrous, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor, >=99.9%
Tetrahydrofuran, anhydrous, contains 250 ppm BHT as stabilizer, >=99.5%
Tetrahydrofuran, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.8%, contains 200-300 ppm BHT
Tetrahydrofuran, 99.85%, Extra Dry, stabilized, AcroSeal(R), package of 4x25ML bottles
Tetrahydrofuran, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Tetrahydrofuran, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor
2717-68-2
Tetrahydrofuran, absolute, over molecular sieve (H2O <=0.005%), contains ~0.025% 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol as stabilizer, >=99.5% (GC)
Tetrahydrofuran, contains 250 ppm BHT as inhibitor, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, Reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.9%
Tetrahydrofuran, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, anhydrous, contains 100 ppm BHT as inhibitor,>=99.8%