PRODUCTS

TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE

Tricalcium phosphate is a supplement form of calcium phosphate used to treat or prevent calcium deficiency.
Tricalcium phosphate is also used as an anti-caking agent in powdered food items and as an additive in some processed foods to boost calcium content.

CAS: 1306-06-5
European Community (EC) Number: 215-145-7

IUPAC Name: pentacalcium;hydroxide;triphosphate

Molecular Formula: Ca5HO13P3
Molecular Weight: 502.3 g/mol

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Tricalcium phosphate is amorphous, odourless, tasteless powder substance with a melting point of 1670 °C and density of 3.14 g/cm3.
Tricalcium phosphate has a low water solubility of ≤20 mg/L at 20 °C and negligible vapour pressure.
The boiling point and partition coefficient for tricalcium phosphate are not applicable to an inorganic salt.

Tribasic Calcium Phosphate (also known as Tricalcium phosphate or TCP) is an inorganic mineral excipient and calcium salt of orthophosphoric acid.
Tricalcium phosphate corresponds to the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2 and the Ca/P ratio is 1.5.
Although it occurs naturally in the mineral apatite, it is obtained synthetically by reacting calcium hydroxide with orthophosphoric acid.
Tricalcium phosphate is supplied as a white, odourless, tasteless powder or crystalline solid.

Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is a calcium and phosphorus source derived from bone, mineral rock or milk.
Tricalcium phosphate can be used to supplement calcium and phosphorus in equine diets, but it is less common than dicalcium phosphate.

Tricalcium Phosphate is used as an anticoagulant, nutritional supplement, calcium intensifier, and a pH regulator.
Tricalcium phosphate is a white powder which has low solubility in water.
Tricalcium phosphate is used in dairy products, pudding, wine, carbonated beverages, candy, jams, meats and powdered spices.

Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate are bioactive ceramic materials and they find applications as bone grafts, fillers and coating material for metal implants.

Several forms of calcium supplements are available.
Calcium carbonate and calcium acetate are the most common, but tricalcium phosphate is another option.
Tricalcium phosphate does not offer any advantage over other calcium forms.1

Tricalcium phosphate is considered safe to use as a food additive and supplement.

Tricalcium phosphate (sometimes abbreviated TCP), more commonly known as Calcium phosphate, is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2.
Tricalcium phosphate is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL).
Tricalcium phosphate is a white solid of low solubility.
Most commercial samples of "tricalcium phosphate" are in fact hydroxyapatite.

Tricalcium phosphate exists as three crystalline polymorphs α, α′, and β. The α and α′ states are stable at high temperatures.

Tricalcium phosphate is an inorganic compound and a calcium salt of phosphoric acid.
Tricalcium phosphate is also known as Tricalcium phosphate, TCP, Tertiary calcium phosphate, and bone phosphate of lime (BPL).
Tricalcium phosphate is described in the Ph.Eur as a mixture of Calcium phosphates, with the amount of Calcium ranging between 35.0% and 40.0%.
In the USP-NF, Tribasic calcium phosphate is specified as consisting of variable mixtures of Calcium phosphates, with an approximate composition of 10CaO.3P2O5.H2O.

As implied in the compendial definitions, Tricalcium phosphate is not a single chemical entity, and the term is used to refer to multiple calcium phosphates, having several chemical names, crystal habits, and molecular formulas, depending on the preparation method and/or source.
For this reason, there are multiple chemical identifiers (CAS registry numbers) assigned to different substances which all bear the name, Tribasic calcium phosphate.

Chemically synthesised Tricalcium phosphate is obtained by precipitation of Calcium hydroxide and orthophosphoric acid and a calcinating programme at >1000 oC.
The material obtained through this route can be represented by the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2 and stoichiometrically possesses a Ca/P ratio of 1.5.
Tricalcium phosphate occurs in multiple polymorphs, including α, β, γ and super α-although only β-TCP is stable enough and used in medical and pharmaceutical fields.

Tricalcium phosphate also occurs naturally in the mineral rock deposits (such as apatite and whitlockite).
This grade of Tricalcium phosphate is sometimes known as Calcium hydroxide phosphate, Hydroxyapatite or Hydroxylapatite (HA), and corresponds to the chemical formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), although it is usually written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to signify that the crystal unit comprises two entities.
Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of human bone is a form of hydroxyapatite.
Furthermore, a great proportion of naturally-sourced commercial Tribasic calcium phosphate is powdered Hydroxyapatite.

Tribasic calcium phosphate is a white, odourless and tasteless powder.

Tricalcium phosphate is an ingredient that is heavily used across many industries – toothpaste, antacids, bone grafting material, baby powder, water filtration, nutritional supplements and ceramic coatings – and it is also in our food supply.
Tricalcium phosphate is a mineral found in many foods for many purposes.

Within foods, tricalcium phosphate has roles such as anti-caking, clouding, and fortification.
These all support the formulation of more desirable food products in terms of texture, appearance, performance, shelf-life, and nutrition.
Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), tricalcium phosphate is an ingredient that helps foods, food products and food ingredients live up to consumer expectations time and time again, even after sitting in the pantry or refrigerator after purchase.

Tricalcium phosphate has several properties that make it useful in food formulation.
These include the following:

Tricalcium phosphate is almost insoluble in water, has a very low flavor profile, and usually comes in a fine white powder.
The chalky texture of tri-calcium phosphate makes it useful as a free-flowing agent, as it has the ability to take up to 10% of its weight in moisture.
Its texture and color properties also make it an effective clouding agent.
Ingredient labels list it as tribasic calcium phosphate, tri-calcium orthophosphate, and precipitated calcium phosphate, or it’s labeled in formulation paperwork as TCP.
Tricalcium phosphate is also known as hydroxyapatite.
Tricalcium phosphate can also be used to meet the nutrition and dietary considerations of consumers

Chemically, tricalcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid.
Tricalcium phosphate's primary function in fortification is to increase the calcium content of foods.
Due to its mineral source, tricalcium phosphate can be used in vegan foods and is also allowed in organic products in the U.S.
For those who may need to check the additive status for their country, tricalcium phosphate has E-number E341(iii), a subclass of calcium phosphates.
Tricalcium phosphate has a CAS Number of 7758-87-4.

Examples of how tricalcium phosphate functions in food manufacturing

• Acidity regulator
• Adds smoothness and opacity to reduced fat foods and beverages, such as soymilk
• Anticaking agent
• Buffer
• Calcium and phosphorus mineral fortification – seen in some juices, soy beverages, yogurts, and cereal products
• Clouding Agent
• Emulsifier
• Firming agent – interacts with gelling agents to strengthen a food structure
• Flour Treatment Agent
• Humectant in some table salts, sugar, or baking powder
• Stabilizer in some fats for frying
• Leavening agent in some baked goods and breadings
• Mineral salt in cheese products
• Thickener

Physicochemical Properties
Form: Solid, powder
Appearance: White powder
pH (20% slurry): 6.8
Bulk density: 0.3 – 0.8g/ml depending on grade
Tapped density: 0.95 g/ml (granular grades)
True Density: 3.14 g/ml
Flowability: 25.0g/s for granular grade
Melting point: 1670 0C
Moisture content: Slightly hygroscopic. At RH values between about 15% and 65%, the equilibrium moisture content at 25 oC is about 2.0%
Particle size distribution: Dependent on grade and supplier.
Fine grades – 5-10µm; 99% of particles < 44µm.
Coarse grades – 80-600 µm; 99% of particles <420µm
Solubility: Soluble in dilute mineral acids; very slightly soluble in water; practically insoluble in alcohols
Specific surface area: 70 – 80 m2/g

Chemically, calcium is a metal bonded to the phosphate ion, which creates a polyatomic nonmetal.
Together the two form a strong ionic bond as Ca3(PO4)2.
The two micronutrients are crucial in the formation of hydroxyapatite, which strengthens bone’s mechanical resistance and skeletal mineralization.
Separately, 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bones and is a strong indicator of bone health.
Phosphorus is present in cellular membranes and nucleic acids and promotes neuromuscular function, signaling between cells, and energy production.
Since these vital micronutrients are easily bonded, it’s no wonder they are present in so many food products.

Prevents caking
As a fine white powder with virtually no flavor, tricalcium phosphate prevents caking and clumping in mixes because it acts as a humectant, absorbing up to 10% of its capacity in water.
These mixes can include dry pudding mixes, table salt, sugar, pancake mixes, candy mixes, et cetera.

Fortifies foods
Obviously an extremely prevalent role for tricalcium phosphate is in fortification.
Any fruit juices, cereals or other breakfast foods with “Fortified with calcium!” on the label likely contain tricalcium phosphate.
Even milk must be fortified with calcium and phosphorus because so many of its nutrients are lost during pasteurization and other forms of manufacturing.
Along with milk, any product derived from milk – whipped cream, yogurt, buttermilk, cream cheese – also contain tricalcium phosphate.

Provides opacity to plant milks
Because it is cloudy and white when added to a liquid, tricalcium phosphate gives the opacity of milk when added to products such as soymilk or almond milk.
Tricalcium phosphate is also an emulsifier, stabilizing the appearance of these beverages and reducing separation.

Solidifies food
In fats used in frying, yogurt, and pudding, tricalcium phosphate binds with gelling agents to solidify the structure of foods.

Lengthens shelf life
Because phosphate is acidic, tricalcium phosphate changes the pH in foods and beverages and can lengthen the overall shelf life.

Tricalcium phosphate, is a naturally occurring inorganic compound that plays a significant role in various fields, including medicine, food production, and materials science.
Tricalcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2.
Tricalcium phosphate is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL).
Calcium phosphates are white solids of nutritious value and can be found in many living organisms, e.g, bone mineral and tooth enamel.

Calcium phosphate refers to numerous materials consisting of calcium ions (Ca2+) together with orthophosphates (PO3−4), metaphosphates or pyrophosphates (P2O4−7) and occasionally oxide and hydroxide ions.
Especially, the common mineral apatite has formula Ca5(PO4)3X, where X is F, Cl, OH, or a mixture; it is hydroxyapatite if the extra ion is mainly hydroxide.
Much of the "tricalcium phosphate" on the market is actually powdered hydroxyapatite.

Tricalcium phosphate is produced commercially by treating hydroxyapatite with phosphoric acid and slaked lime.

Tricalcium phosphate cannot be precipitated directly from aqueous solution.
Typically double decomposition reactions are employed, involving a soluble phosphate and calcium salts, e.g. (NH4)2HPO4 + Ca(NO3)2 is performed under carefully controlled pH conditions.
The precipitate will either be "amorphous tricalcium phosphate", ATCP, or calcium deficient hydroxyapatite, CDHA, Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH), (note CDHA is sometimes termed apatitic calcium triphosphate).
Crystalline tricalcium phosphate can be obtained by calcining the precipitate.
β-Ca3(PO4)2 is generally formed, higher temperatures are required to produce α-Ca3(PO4)2.

An alternative to the wet procedure entails heating a mixture of a calcium pyrophosphate and calcium carbonate:

CaCO3 + Ca2P2O7 → Ca3(PO4)2 + CO2

Applications in Pharmaceutical Formulations or Technology
Tribasic calcium phosphate is a pharmaceutical excipient commonly used as an anticaking agent, buffering agent, glidant, tablet and capsule diluent-filler, and also as a dietary supplement.
The most common application is as a tablet and capsule filler/binder in either direct-compression or wet-granulation processes.

In dietary supplements, Tricalcium phosphate functions both as a filler, binder and a source of both calcium and phosphorus, the two main estrogenic minerals for hone health.
Tricalcium phosphate provides a higher calcium load than dibasic calcium phosphate and a higher Ca/P ratio.
Generally, one gram of Tricalcium phosphate represents approximately 10.9 mmol of calcium and 6.4mmol of phosphate.
Since the bioavailability of the calcium is improved by the presence of cholecalciferol, Tricalcium phosphate and Vitamin 3 can be combined in the same formulation as a cost-effective solution to prevent bone fracture prevention in vulnerable.

In dry powdered products (sachets) Tricalcium phosphate powder can be used as an anticaking agent and an alternative to hydrophobic silica.
Tricalcium phosphate is similarly used in food products as an anticaking agent.

Tricalcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid that is commonly used as an ingredient in food products and nutritional supplements.
Tricalcium phosphate also sees use in a wide range of other products from toothpaste and antacids to water filtration systems and bone grafting material.
Tricalcium phosphate typically comes in a fine white powder that is almost insoluble in water.
Tricalcium phosphate's chalky texture makes it useful as a free-flowing agent.
Due to its white color, Tricalcium phosphate can also be used to bleach flour and to improve coloring.
And due to its mineral source, tricalcium phosphate can be used in vegan foods and is also allowed in certified organic products in the US.

In food manufacturing, tricalcium phosphate performs a variety of functions including:

• Acidity regulator
• Anticaking agent
• Buffer
• Calcium fortifier
• Emulsifier
• Firming agent
• Humectant in table salts, sugar, or baking powder
• Stabilizer in some fats
• Leavening agent
• Thickener

Tricalcium phosphate is not considered toxic or irritating unless ingested in very high concentrations, and it is considered safe as a food additive within recommended limits.
While it is slightly soluble in water, tricalcium phosphate is insoluble in alcohols and acetic acid.

Tricalcium phosphate is a naturally occurring compound that’s also used as a dietary supplement.
Tricalcium phosphate’s a fantastic source of calcium for your body.

Uses of Tricalcium Phosphate
Supplement use should be individualized and vetted by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian, pharmacist, or healthcare provider.
No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease.

Tricalcium phosphate is one of many forms of calcium supplements available.
Some people take calcium supplements if they are not getting enough calcium from their diet alone.
Calcium supplements have also been shown to help maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis.

Tricalcium phosphate is also used as an anti-caking agent in powdered food items and as an additive in some processed foods to boost calcium content.

Food additive
Tricalcium phosphate is used in powdered spices as an anticaking agent, e.g. to prevent table salt from caking.
The calcium phosphates have been assigned European food additive number E341.

Health and beauty products
Tricalcium phosphate is also found in baby powder, antacids and toothpaste.
Toothpastes with functionalized β-tricalcium phosphate (fTCP) may help remineralize tooth enamel.

Biomedical
Tricalcium phosphate is also used as a nutritional supplement and occurs naturally in cow milk, although the most common and economical forms for supplementation are calcium carbonate (which should be taken with food) and calcium citrate (which can be taken without food).
There is some debate about the different bioavailabilities of the different calcium salts.

Tricalcium phosphate can be used as a tissue replacement for repairing bony defects when autogenous bone graft is not feasible or possible.
Tricalcium phosphate may be used alone or in combination with a biodegradable, resorbable polymer such as polyglycolic acid.
Tricalcium phosphate may also be combined with autologous materials for a bone graft.

Porous β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds are employed as drug carrier systems for local drug delivery in bone.

• Misc: Tricalcium phosphate can be used as a free flow agent, its also used in ceramics, polymers and chemical industries.
• Manufacturing and Agriculture: It can be used as water treatment, as a source of phosphorus, and in the production of fertilizers.
Also it's a common anti-caking ingredient.
• Science: Tricalcium phosphate is used in materials science for its excellent thermal stability and chemical resistance.
Tricalcium phosphate is used as a ceramic material in the fabrication of high-temperature resistant coatings, catalysts, and as a component in the production of specialized glasses and ceramics.
• Medical and Health: Tricalcium phosphate is used as material for bone grafts and dental implants due to its similarity to natural bone mineral.
Tricalcium phosphate's also an added ingredient in toothpaste, antiacids and medical supplies.

Structure of β-, α- and α′- Ca3(PO4)2 polymorphs
Tricalcium phosphate has three recognised polymorphs, the rhombohedral β form (shown above), and two high temperature forms, monoclinic α and hexagonal α′.
β-Tricalcium phosphate has a crystallographic density of 3.066 g cm−3 while the high temperature forms are less dense, α-tricalcium phosphate has a density of 2.866 g cm−3 and α′-tricalcium phosphate has a density of 2.702 g cm−3
All forms have complex structures consisting of tetrahedral phosphate centers linked through oxygen to the calcium ions.
The high temperature forms each have two types of columns, one containing only calcium ions and the other both calcium and phosphate.

There are differences in chemical and biological properties between the β and α forms, the α form is more soluble and biodegradable.
Both forms are available commercially and are present in formulations used in medical and dental applications.

Occurrence
Calcium phosphate is one of the main combustion products of bone.
Calcium phosphate is also commonly derived from inorganic sources such as mineral rock.
Tricalcium phosphate occurs naturally in several forms, including:

• as a rock in Morocco, Israel, Philippines, Egypt, and Kola (Russia) and in smaller quantities in some other countries.
The natural form is not completely pure, and there are some other components like sand and lime which can change the composition.
The content of P2O5 in most calcium phosphate rocks is 30% to 40% P2O5 by weight.
• in the skeletons and teeth of vertebrate animals
• in milk.

Tricalcium Phosphate or TCP can be used as a calcium and/or phosphorus nutrient supplement in pharmaceuticals and multivitamins.
Tricalcium phosphate can be used as an excipient in the preparation of tablets for pharmaceutical or over-the-counter (e.g., multivitamin) products.
Tricalcium phosphate can be used as a desensitizer in certain toothpaste formulations.

Tricalcium phosphate is a physiologic mineral salt that exchanges readily with HA molecules.
The alpha form resorbs faster than the beta form.
Available in blocks, granules, and powders, its initial use, like many orthopedic implants, appeared in the dental industry in the 1980s, and it has been used widely in Europe.
The structure, particularly its porosity, strongly influences its ability to resorb or remodel.

Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) has received significant attention, owing to its unique characteristics such as excellent biocompatibility, high osteogenic potential, and high bioactivity, making TCP a superior candidate for bone tissue–engineered constructs.
These properties are mainly attributed to its Ca/P stoichiometry ratio of 1.5 that closely resembles the ratio for bone minerals.
Generally, Tricalcium phosphate is comprised of α-phase and β-phase.
Although the β-TCP possesses higher solubility and degradability than HAP, it exhibits lower bioresorbability than α-TCP.
Among the two phases, β-TCP is commonly used as a biomaterial for tissue engineering applications.
In comparison to β-TCP microparticles, nanoparticles exhibit excellent mechanical properties with tunable degradability.

Biphasic calcium phosphate, BCP
Biphasic calcium phosphate, BCP, was originally reported as tricalcium phosphate, but X-Ray diffraction techniques showed that the material was an intimate mixture of two phases, hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate.
Biphasic calcium phosphate is a ceramic.
Preparation involves sintering, causing irreversible decomposition of calcium deficient apatites alternatively termed non-stoichiometric apatites or basic calcium phosphate.
An example is:

Ca10−δ(PO4)6−δ(HPO4)δ(OH)2−δ → (1−δ) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 3δ Ca3(PO4)2

β-TCP can contain impurities, for example calcium pyrophosphate, Ca2P2O7 and apatite. β-TCP is bioresorbable.
The biodegradation of BCP involves faster dissolution of the β-TCP phase followed by elimination of HA crystals.
β-TCP does not dissolve in body fluids at physiological pH levels, dissolution requires cell activity producing acidic pH.

Calcium is an essential mineral you need for many bodily functions and for bone development.
It’s important to take in a proper amount of calcium regularly. We generally receive enough calcium through our diets.
However, if you aren’t eating enough calcium-rich foods like dairy, boney fish, and some greens, you may not be getting all the calcium you need.

Luckily, there are multiple types of calcium supplements, which usually come in the form of calcium salts.
Each supplement has largely the same effect on the body.
Tricalcium phosphate is one of these supplements.

Why phosphate?
Because calcium bonds easily to other minerals, many calcium supplements feature calcium bonded with various minerals and vitamins.
Tricalcium phosphate is a supplement in which calcium is bound to a phosphate molecule.

Though dietary deficiencies of phosphorus are uncommon, phosphorus is an essential part of cell membranes and nucleic acids.
Phosphate also plays a vital role in many biological processes, including energy production, cell signaling, and bone mineralization.
Calcium bonds easily with phosphorus.
Studies have shownTrusted Source that tricalcium phosphate has a few unique characteristics when used in self-setting bone cements, biodegradable bioceramics, and composites for bone repair, as compared to other calcium salts.
As a dietary calcium supplement, it’s no more effective — and may in fact be less effective — than calcium citrate or calcium carbonate.

How’s it used?
Calcium supplements have been found to have positive effects on preventing bone loss as we age.
It’s important to know that calcium is best absorbed when combined with Vitamin D.

Besides medicinal purposes, tricalcium phosphate is used as an anti-caking agent in manufacturing and agriculture.
Tricalcium phosphate’s widely available and inexpensive.
These qualities, combined with its ability to separate materials, have made Tricalcium phosphate popular around the world.

Tricalcium phosphate supplements are prescribed to help with a number of medical conditions, typically those that lead to low levels of calcium in your bloodstream.
They include:

• Parathyroid disorders
• Osteoporosis
• Kidney problems, including end-stage kidney disease
• Tetany

Tricalcium phosphate is considered a safe, organic food additive.
Tricalcium phosphate’s commonly used to add calcium to foods that would otherwise have very low levels or none at all.
This includes:

• Soy milk
• Almond milk
• Fortified organic orange juice
• Yogurt
• Non-dairy foods that resemble yogurt
• Vanilla powders in cereal products

On top of this, tricalcium phosphate is such a versatile substance that researchers are even trying to use versions of it in bone repair.
Current studies and clinical trials are attempting to evaluate how effective this chemical is when used in place of traditional grafts.

Early data indicates that it could be an effective way to repair large sections of bone loss.
These gaps can be caused by problems like:

• Trauma
• Bone tumors
• Bone cysts

Overall, tricalcium phosphate is a versatile chemical that’s relatively safe for the human body.

Beta Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is one the most used and potent synthetic bone graft substitutes.
When compared to HA, it has been posited that beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) exhibits better biodegradability, hence it can be absorbed better and replaced by newly generated hard tissues.
This property makes beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) a promising biomaterial among all other non-resorbable materials.
Nano-sized β-TCP, in particular, has attracted great attention in many biomedical applications.

Tricalcium Phosphate (Tricalcium Phosphate) generally functions as a mattifier, opacifier and emulsion stabilizer in cosmetic products.
This inorganic compound is widely used especially in powder and powder-based cosmetic products.
Thanks to its mattifying properties, it helps to reduce shine and oiliness in oily skin, while its opacifying effect helps to provide whiteness and opacity to products.
In addition, Tricalcium Phosphate helps to stabilize the mixture of water and oil phases in cosmetic products containing water and oil, thus supporting the homogeneity of the products.