UREA, THIO-

Urea, thio- is a sulfur-containing organic compound commonly known as thiourea or thiocarbamide.
Urea, thio- is a white crystalline solid structurally related to urea, with sulfur replacing the carbonyl oxygen atom.
Urea, thio- is used in metal processing, ore leaching, textile auxiliaries, diazo paper, resin modification, rubber chemicals, chemical synthesis, analytical procedures, and specialty industrial formulations.

CAS Number: 62-56-6
EC Number: 200-543-5
Molecular Formula: CH₄N₂S
Molecular Weight: 76.12 g/mol

SYNONYMS

Thiourea, Thiocarbamide, Isothiourea, 2-Thiourea, Urea, 2-thio-, β-Thiopseudourea, Beta-Thiopseudourea, 2-Thiopseudourea, Pseudothiourea, Pseudourea, 2-thio-, Thiocarbonic Acid Diamide, Thiocarbonic Diamide, Carbonothioic Diamide, Carbamimidothioic Acid, Thiocarbamidic Acid, Sulfourea, Sulourea, Sulfur Urea, Thio-Urea, Thio Urea, Thiourea Crystal, Thiourea Powder, High-Purity Thiourea, Technical-Grade Thiourea, Reagent-Grade Thiourea, Analytical-Grade Thiourea, Industrial Thiourea, Thiourea 99%, Thiourea 99.5%, Thiourea Analytical Standard, Thiourea Reducing Agent, Thiourea Complexing Agent, Thiourea Metal-Leaching Agent, Thiourea Electroplating Additive, Thiourea Textile Auxiliary, Thiourea Resin Modifier, Thiourea Rubber-Chemical Intermediate, Thiourea Dioxide Precursor, Formamidine Sulfinic Acid Precursor, THU, TU, SC(NH₂)₂, H₂NCSNH₂, CH₄N₂S, CAS 62-56-6, EC 200-543-5, UN 2811, PubChem CID 2723790, NSC 5033, RCRA Waste Number U219, UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N

APPLICATIONS

Urea, thio- serves as a versatile sulfur- and nitrogen-containing intermediate in the manufacture of specialty organic chemicals.
Urea, thio- provides two amino groups and a reactive thiocarbonyl group capable of participating in condensation, substitution, oxidation, and complexation reactions.
Urea, thio- supports the preparation of substituted thioureas, heterocyclic compounds, sulfur-containing intermediates, and functional chemical derivatives.
Urea, thio- enables chemical structures to be modified through reactions involving either nitrogen or sulfur functionality.

Urea, thio- functions as the principal raw material for producing thiourea dioxide, also known as formamidine sulfinic acid.
Urea, thio- provides the thiourea framework that is oxidized under controlled industrial conditions to form a powerful reducing compound.
Urea, thio- supports production of reducing agents used in textile processing, paper treatment, chemical synthesis, and color-removal applications.
Urea, thio- requires controlled oxidation because excessive oxidant, temperature, or contamination can promote unwanted decomposition.

Urea, thio- finds application in the production and modification of textile and dyeing auxiliaries.
Urea, thio- supports reducing, bleaching, dyeing, finishing, and color-adjustment systems through its sulfur-containing chemical reactivity.
Urea, thio- contributes to specialty textile chemicals designed to modify dye behavior, fiber treatment, and processing efficiency.
Urea, thio- requires residual-content and wastewater controls because unreacted material may enter aqueous processing streams.

Urea, thio- serves as a complexing and leaching agent in selected gold- and silver-recovery processes.
Urea, thio- forms soluble coordination species with suitable precious-metal ions under controlled acidic and oxidizing conditions.
Urea, thio- provides an alternative chemical pathway for extracting precious metals from compatible ores, concentrates, and secondary materials.
Urea, thio- requires tightly controlled chemistry because oxidation, reagent consumption, mineral composition, and solution potential strongly influence recovery performance.

Urea, thio- functions as a hydrometallurgical reagent in precious-metal recovery from electronic, photographic, and metallurgical materials.
Urea, thio- supports dissolution of compatible gold- and silver-containing phases when used with an appropriate oxidation system.
Urea, thio- enables metal recovery from selected complex feedstocks in which conventional processing may be unsuitable.
Urea, thio- requires closed processing and effective effluent treatment because both the reagent and dissolved metal species may present environmental hazards.

Urea, thio- finds application in copper refining and selected nonferrous-metal processing operations.
Urea, thio- interacts with copper and other transition-metal ions through sulfur-donor coordination.
Urea, thio- supports control of metal speciation, deposition behavior, purification, or recovery under appropriately designed solution conditions.
Urea, thio- requires process-specific testing because oxidation state, pH, temperature, and competing ions alter complex stability.

Urea, thio- serves as an additive in electroplating and electroforming baths.
Urea, thio- modifies metal-ion coordination and can influence nucleation, deposition rate, crystal growth, brightness, and surface uniformity.
Urea, thio- supports production of smoother or more controlled deposits in compatible copper, silver, gold, and other metal systems.
Urea, thio- must be optimized carefully because excessive concentration or decomposition products can impair bath stability and deposit quality.

Urea, thio- functions as a complexing and surface-conditioning component in metal-finishing formulations.
Urea, thio- assists management of dissolved metal ions during cleaning, activation, polishing, and deposition processes.
Urea, thio- supports treatment of metallic surfaces where sulfur-donor coordination improves removal or redistribution of selected metal species.
Urea, thio- requires compatibility evaluation with acids, oxidants, inhibitors, substrates, and downstream wastewater-treatment systems.

Urea, thio- finds application in silver-cleaning and silver-polishing products.
Urea, thio- forms complexes with silver species and helps remove tarnish-related surface compounds under controlled formulation conditions.
Urea, thio- supports restoration of metallic appearance while reducing dependence on highly abrasive polishing action.
Urea, thio- requires exposure and disposal precautions because repeated skin contact may cause sensitization and silver-containing waste must be collected responsibly.

Urea, thio- serves as a precipitating or complexing reagent in selected heavy-metal treatment processes.
Urea, thio- interacts with metal ions through its sulfur atom and can modify their solubility or separation behavior.
Urea, thio- supports laboratory and industrial studies involving recovery or removal of compatible metals from aqueous streams.
Urea, thio- does not independently guarantee complete metal removal and must be incorporated into a validated treatment and waste-management process.

Urea, thio- functions as an auxiliary agent in diazo copying and light-sensitive paper systems.
Urea, thio- supports stabilization, image development, tonal control, or processing of diazonium-based reproduction materials.
Urea, thio- has been used in diazo paper and other copying-paper technologies requiring controlled chemical development.
Urea, thio- requires effective worker protection because repeated contact with treated paper or processing chemicals may contribute to skin sensitization.

Urea, thio- finds application in photographic and imaging-related chemical formulations.
Urea, thio- supports silver-ion complexation, image-processing chemistry, and recovery of silver from compatible photographic materials.
Urea, thio- contributes to specialty processing systems where controlled sulfur coordination is technically useful.
Urea, thio- requires validation because it may interact with oxidants, silver compounds, sensitizers, and other photographic ingredients.

Urea, thio- serves as an isomerization catalyst or catalytic auxiliary in conversion of maleic acid to fumaric acid.
Urea, thio- promotes rearrangement from the cis dicarboxylic-acid configuration toward the more stable trans configuration under suitable process conditions.
Urea, thio- supports efficient fumaric-acid production while remaining present at a comparatively low catalytic concentration.
Urea, thio- requires downstream purification to ensure that catalyst residues satisfy the specification of the final fumaric acid.

Urea, thio- functions as a modifier in amino resins, condensation resins, and specialty thermosetting systems.
Urea, thio- introduces sulfur-containing functionality capable of modifying cure behavior, crosslinking, adhesion, and chemical resistance.
Urea, thio- supports preparation of resin intermediates used in coatings, adhesives, molding materials, and technical composites.
Urea, thio- requires controlled formulation because residual monomer, formaldehyde-related components, and cure by-products affect safety and performance.

Urea, thio- finds application in flame-retardant resin and textile-finishing technologies.
Urea, thio- contributes nitrogen and sulfur functionality to reactive or condensed flame-retardant systems.
Urea, thio- supports reduced flammability or altered thermal-decomposition behavior when incorporated into a properly designed treatment.
Urea, thio- does not independently establish fire resistance and the finished material must be tested according to the applicable flammability standard.

Urea, thio- serves as a liquefying or viscosity-modifying additive in selected animal-hide glue formulations.
Urea, thio- disrupts intermolecular association within protein-rich adhesive systems and improves handling at practical application temperatures.
Urea, thio- supports preparation of glues requiring improved fluidity, spreading, and storage behavior.
Urea, thio- requires controlled use because residual chemical content may affect curing, odor, worker exposure, and disposal requirements.

Urea, thio- functions as an intermediate or process component in production of rubber vulcanization accelerators.
Urea, thio- provides sulfur and nitrogen functionality useful for preparing substituted thioureas and related rubber chemicals.
Urea, thio- supports accelerated crosslinking systems that improve curing efficiency and final elastomer properties.
Urea, thio- requires derivative-specific testing because individual thiourea accelerators can differ substantially in toxicity, cure activity, and regulatory status.

Urea, thio- finds application in rubber-processing research as a sulfur-containing accelerator component or precursor.
Urea, thio- can influence vulcanization chemistry through reactions involving sulfur donors, metal oxides, and accelerator packages.
Urea, thio- supports evaluation of cure rate, scorch time, crosslink density, tensile properties, and aging behavior.
Urea, thio- should not be substituted directly for specialized accelerators without formulation and safety validation.

Urea, thio- serves as an intermediate in the manufacture of mercaptosilanes and other organosulfur silicon compounds.
Urea, thio- provides sulfur functionality that can be transferred or transformed during preparation of sulfur-containing silane structures.
Urea, thio- supports production of coupling agents used in rubber, mineral-filled polymers, coatings, adhesives, and surface treatment.
Urea, thio- requires controlled reaction and purification to minimize residual sulfur compounds, odor, color, and unwanted by-products.

Urea, thio- functions as a building block in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates.
Urea, thio- participates in cyclization and condensation reactions used to create sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
Urea, thio- supports preparation of thiazoles, thiadiazoles, pyrimidines, imidazoles, and related research compounds.
Urea, thio- does not possess automatic pharmaceutical suitability, and any resulting substance requires independent purity, efficacy, and safety evaluation.

Urea, thio- finds application as an intermediate in the synthesis of pesticide and plant-protection compounds.
Urea, thio- provides a reactive thiourea unit for preparing substituted sulfur-containing active ingredients and formulation intermediates.
Urea, thio- supports development of compounds within fungicidal, insecticidal, herbicidal, and growth-regulating research programs.
Urea, thio- requires current regulatory review because authorization of the parent chemical does not establish approval of any derivative.

Urea, thio- serves as a precursor for substituted thioureas used as ligands, catalysts, accelerators, and specialty functional materials.
Urea, thio- undergoes controlled substitution at one or both amino groups to produce mono- and disubstituted derivatives.
Urea, thio- enables tailoring of solubility, steric behavior, acidity, metal affinity, and biological activity.
Urea, thio- supports broad research and industrial chemistry while each derivative requires separate hazard assessment.

Urea, thio- functions as a corrosion-inhibitor component in selected acidic metal-treatment systems.
Urea, thio- adsorbs or coordinates at compatible metal surfaces through sulfur and nitrogen atoms.
Urea, thio- supports reduction of undesirable metal dissolution during cleaning, pickling, processing, or temporary protection.
Urea, thio- requires metal- and acid-specific testing because strong acids may also react violently with the pure substance.

Urea, thio- finds application as a drilling and petroleum-industry auxiliary in selected technical formulations.
Urea, thio- contributes sulfur-containing reactivity, metal interaction, or solution modification in specialized process systems.
Urea, thio- supports application-specific treatment of fluids and equipment where its complexing or reducing behavior is beneficial.
Urea, thio- requires compatibility testing with high salinity, elevated temperature, oxidants, metals, and other drilling-fluid additives.

Urea, thio- serves as a nitrification-inhibiting fertilizer additive in selected historical agricultural applications.
Urea, thio- slows microbial conversion of ammonium nitrogen under appropriate soil and environmental conditions.
Urea, thio- can support temporary retention of nitrogen in ammonium form and reduce the rate of nitrate formation.
Urea, thio- requires current agricultural authorization and environmental assessment because it is toxic to aquatic organisms and has significant health classifications.

Urea, thio- functions as an additive in selected industrial slurry formulations where reduction, stabilization, or reaction-rate control is required.
Urea, thio- contributes high water solubility and chemically reactive sulfur functionality to aqueous technical mixtures.
Urea, thio- supports specialty processing where controlled decomposition or chemical interaction is part of the intended formulation.
Urea, thio- must be handled only within validated industrial procedures because incompatible oxidants or acrolein can create fire and explosion hazards.

Urea, thio- finds application as a reducing and antioxidant reagent in laboratory and technical chemical systems.
Urea, thio- reacts with selected oxidizing species and can influence redox-sensitive transformations.
Urea, thio- supports inhibition of unwanted oxidation or removal of residual oxidant under controlled conditions.
Urea, thio- requires stoichiometric and compatibility assessment because oxidation can generate formamidine disulfide and other sulfur-containing products.

Urea, thio- serves as a nitrogen- and sulfur-donor ligand in coordination chemistry.
Urea, thio- forms complexes with copper, silver, gold, platinum-group metals, and other compatible metal ions.
Urea, thio- supports preparation of discrete metal complexes, coordination polymers, electrodeposition systems, and crystal structures.
Urea, thio- enables adjustment of metal solubility and reactivity through strong sulfur-donor interaction.

Urea, thio- functions as a crystal-growth reagent in research on inorganic, organic, and coordination materials.
Urea, thio- participates in hydrogen bonding and metal coordination that can influence nucleation and lattice organization.
Urea, thio- supports preparation of thiourea-containing crystals investigated for optical, dielectric, piezoelectric, and structural properties.
Urea, thio- requires material-specific characterization because the properties of a derived crystal cannot be inferred from the parent compound alone.

Urea, thio- finds application in analytical chemistry as a reference reagent and complexing agent.
Urea, thio- supports chromatographic, spectrophotometric, electrochemical, gravimetric, and metal-ion determination methods.
Urea, thio- can be measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
Urea, thio- requires suitably characterized purity and moisture content for quantitative analytical work.

Urea, thio- serves as a research reagent in thyroid-peroxidase and endocrine-mechanism studies.
Urea, thio- inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis through effects involving iodide oxidation and thyroid-peroxidase chemistry.
Urea, thio- supports experimental investigation of thyroid enlargement, hypothyroidism, hormone regulation, and compensatory physiological responses.
Urea, thio- is not presented as a modern therapeutic recommendation because its chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity concerns require strict control.

Urea, thio- functions as a model sulfur compound in environmental-fate and biodegradation studies.
Urea, thio- supports evaluation of hydrolysis resistance, microbial transformation, soil mobility, water transport, and aquatic toxicity.
Urea, thio- provides a highly water-mobile test compound because its adsorption to many soils is comparatively low.
Urea, thio- requires containment during research because release to surface water, groundwater, or drains should be prevented.

DESCRIPTION

Urea, thio- is the registry-style name for the compound commonly called thiourea.
Urea, thio- is identified by CAS Number 62-56-6 and EC Number 200-543-5.
Urea, thio- has the molecular formula CH₄N₂S and a molecular weight of approximately 76.12 g/mol.
Urea, thio- is the simplest member of the thiourea class.

Structurally, Urea, thio- consists of a central carbon atom bonded to sulfur and two amino groups.
Urea, thio- can be represented by the condensed structural formula H₂N–C(=S)–NH₂.
Urea, thio- is related to urea by substitution of the carbonyl oxygen with sulfur.
Urea, thio- consequently shows stronger sulfur-donor coordination and different redox behavior from ordinary urea.

Urea, thio- displays resonance and tautomeric behavior involving thione and thiol-type representations.
Urea, thio- normally exists predominantly in a structure with substantial carbon–sulfur double-bond character.
Urea, thio- can become protonated or deprotonated under sufficiently acidic or basic conditions.
Urea, thio- forms salts and coordination compounds whose structures depend on pH, solvent, counterion, and metal identity.

Urea, thio- normally appears as white, colorless, or off-white crystals or crystalline powder.
Urea, thio- is generally described as having little or no characteristic odor.
Urea, thio- can form airborne particles readily during pouring, grinding, conveying, or dry mixing.
Urea, thio- presents a dust-exposure concern despite negligible evaporation at ordinary room temperature.

Urea, thio- has a representative density of approximately 1.4 g/cm³.
Urea, thio- has reported melting or transformation values ranging approximately from 167°C to 182°C.
Urea, thio- may rearrange toward ammonium thiocyanate at temperatures above approximately 135°C.
Urea, thio- decomposes on strong heating rather than providing a simple stable atmospheric boiling point.

Urea, thio- is highly compatible with water compared with many sulfur-containing organic compounds.
Urea, thio- has a reported water solubility of approximately 137 g/L at 20°C in international assessment data.
Urea, thio- is also soluble in several polar protic and polar aprotic organic solvents.
Urea, thio- is poorly soluble or insoluble in many nonpolar solvents.

Urea, thio- has very low volatility under normal storage conditions.
Urea, thio- has negligible evaporation at approximately 20°C.
Urea, thio- can nevertheless reach harmful airborne concentrations rapidly when dust or aerosol is generated.
Urea, thio- requires local exhaust ventilation during dry charging, weighing, mixing, and packaging.

Urea, thio- has reported log octanol–water partition coefficients between approximately −2.38 and −0.95.
Urea, thio- therefore preferentially remains in aqueous phases rather than accumulating strongly in nonpolar phases.
Urea, thio- has comparatively low adsorption to many soils and can show high environmental mobility.
Urea, thio- should be prevented from reaching soil, groundwater, surface water, or drainage systems.

Urea, thio- is produced industrially through reactions involving calcium cyanamide and hydrogen sulfide or sulfide-generating materials in aqueous media.
Urea, thio- production requires control of calcium-containing residues, sulfur reagents, temperature, reaction completion, and crystallization.
Urea, thio- is recovered through concentration, crystallization, solid–liquid separation, washing, and drying.
Urea, thio- final quality depends on assay, moisture, ash, color, insoluble matter, and residual inorganic impurities.

Urea, thio- contains a sulfur atom with strong affinity for soft metal ions.
Urea, thio- forms stable or conditionally stable complexes with silver, gold, copper, mercury, platinum-group metals, and other suitable ions.
Urea, thio- metal coordination can increase solubility, modify electrochemical reduction, or change crystal-growth behavior.
Urea, thio- complex stability depends on acidity, oxidation state, ligand concentration, temperature, and competing species.

Urea, thio- acts as a reducing substance in the presence of suitable oxidants.
Urea, thio- can be oxidized to formamidine disulfide and additional sulfur-containing oxidation products.
Urea, thio- oxidation behavior is important in ore leaching, analytical chemistry, textile processing, and chemical synthesis.
Urea, thio- uncontrolled oxidation can increase reagent consumption, heat generation, color formation, and process instability.

Urea, thio- reacts violently with acrolein.
Urea, thio- also reacts strongly with concentrated acids and powerful oxidizing agents.
Urea, thio- contact with incompatible chemicals may produce heat, fire, explosion, or toxic decomposition gases.
Urea, thio- should be segregated from acrolein, strong acids, oxidants, food, and animal feed during storage.

Urea, thio- decomposes during fire or severe heating.
Urea, thio- thermal decomposition produces toxic or irritating nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides.
Urea, thio- is combustible and should be kept away from open flames and uncontrolled ignition sources.
Urea, thio- containers exposed to fire should be cooled from a protected position with water spray.

Urea, thio- is harmful if swallowed under the current harmonized European classification.
Urea, thio- is classified as suspected of causing cancer and suspected of damaging the unborn child.
Urea, thio- is also classified as toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects.
Urea, thio- current classification includes Acute Toxicity Category 4, Carcinogenicity Category 2, Reproductive Toxicity Category 2, and Aquatic Chronic Category 2.

Urea, thio- can irritate the eyes after direct exposure.
Urea, thio- dust inhalation can cause coughing and respiratory discomfort.
Urea, thio- repeated or prolonged skin contact may cause sensitization or photosensitization in susceptible individuals.
Urea, thio- contaminated work clothing should not be taken into living areas.

Urea, thio- can affect the thyroid after repeated or prolonged exposure.
Urea, thio- interferes with thyroid-peroxidase-dependent processes and can reduce thyroid-hormone synthesis.
Urea, thio- chronic biological effects may include thyroid enlargement and hormonal imbalance.
Urea, thio- occupational exposure should consequently be minimized through enclosure, ventilation, hygiene, and suitable protective equipment.

Urea, thio- has produced thyroid and other tumors in experimental-animal studies at sufficiently high or prolonged exposures.
Urea, thio- is generally considered to act through a predominantly non-genotoxic thyroid-related mechanism rather than direct DNA reactivity.
Urea, thio- risk interpretation requires consideration of dose, species differences, exposure duration, and endocrine physiology.
Urea, thio- should nevertheless be handled as a suspected carcinogen under current classification requirements.

Urea, thio- is toxic to aquatic organisms and can create long-lasting environmental hazards.
Urea, thio- is sufficiently water soluble and mobile to enter wastewater readily after spills or wet cleaning.
Urea, thio- should not be washed into drains or released untreated to surface water.
Urea, thio- contaminated water and solids require collection and treatment through an authorized waste route.

Urea, thio- is transported under UN Number 2811 in the cited international chemical-safety information.
Urea, thio- is associated with transport Hazard Class 6.1 and Packing Group III.
Urea, thio- is identified as a marine pollutant in the cited transport guidance.
Urea, thio- transport classification must be confirmed against the current jurisdiction, purity, package, and mixture composition.

Urea, thio- quality control commonly includes appearance, assay, moisture, ash, water-insoluble matter, melting behavior, and solution clarity.
Urea, thio- technical grades may additionally be evaluated for calcium, iron, sulfate, sulfide, thiocyanate, and other process-related impurities.
Urea, thio- analytical and research grades require tighter control of trace metals and chromatographic impurities.
Urea, thio- should be checked against the applicable certificate of analysis before regulated or performance-sensitive use.

PROPERTIES

Chemical Name: Urea, thio-
Common Name: Thiourea
Alternative Common Name: Thiocarbamide
IUPAC Name: Thiourea
CAS Number: 62-56-6
EC Number: 200-543-5
Index Number: 612-082-00-0
PubChem CID: 2723790
Molecular Formula: CH₄N₂S
Condensed Structural Formula: H₂NCSNH₂
Structural Formula: H₂N–C(=S)–NH₂
Molecular Weight: 76.12 g/mol
Exact Molecular Weight: Approximately 76.0095 Da
InChIKey: UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Family: Thioureas
Functional Groups: Thiocarbonyl and amino groups
Substance Type: Mono-constituent organic substance
Physical State: Crystalline solid
Appearance: White or off-white crystals or crystalline powder
Odor: Little or no characteristic odor
Representative Melting or Transformation Point: Approximately 182°C
Reported Melting Range: Approximately 167–182°C
Thermal Rearrangement: Rearrangement toward ammonium thiocyanate may begin above approximately 135°C
Boiling Point: Not applicable because decomposition occurs
Density: Approximately 1.4 g/cm³
Water Solubility at 20°C: Approximately 137 g/L
Polar-Solvent Behavior: Soluble in several polar protic and aprotic solvents
Nonpolar-Solvent Behavior: Poorly soluble or insoluble
Log Pow: Approximately −2.38 to −0.95
Vapor Pressure: Negligible at ordinary ambient temperature
Volatility: Very low
Dust Formation: Possible during dry handling
Combustibility: Combustible
Primary Chemical Function: Sulfur- and nitrogen-containing intermediate
Additional Functions: Reducing agent, metal-complexing ligand, leaching agent, electroplating additive, catalyst auxiliary, and analytical reagent
Principal Industrial Applications: Ore leaching, metal processing, diazo paper, textile auxiliaries, resin modification, rubber chemicals, chemical synthesis, and thiourea dioxide production
EU Acute Toxicity Classification: Acute Toxicity Category 4
EU Carcinogenicity Classification: Carcinogenicity Category 2
EU Reproductive Toxicity Classification: Reproductive Toxicity Category 2
EU Aquatic Classification: Aquatic Chronic Category 2
Relevant Hazard Statements: H302, H351, H361d, and H411
Short-Term Eye Effect: Irritation and redness
Short-Term Inhalation Effect: Coughing from dust or aerosol
Repeated-Exposure Effect: Skin sensitization and possible photosensitization
Target Organ Concern: Thyroid
Environmental Hazard: Toxic to aquatic organisms with long-lasting effects
UN Number: 2811
UN Hazard Class: 6.1
UN Packing Group: III
Marine Pollutant Status: Identified as a marine pollutant in cited international guidance
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
Incompatible Materials: Acrolein, strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, and other reactive materials identified in the current Safety Data Sheet
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon-containing fumes, and irritating or toxic smoke
Recommended Storage: Cool, dry, tightly closed, and well-ventilated storage separated from incompatible materials
Current Data Requirement: Confirm grade specifications, hazard classification, occupational limits, transport status, and shelf life from current technical and safety documentation.

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
Move the affected person immediately to fresh air.
Keep the person at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
Avoid further exposure to Urea, thio- dust, aerosol, mist, smoke, or decomposition fumes.
Obtain prompt medical attention following significant exposure or if coughing, breathing discomfort, weakness, nausea, or other symptoms develop.

Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and footwear immediately.
Rinse the affected skin with plenty of water.
Wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Obtain medical attention because repeated exposure may cause sensitization.
Wash contaminated clothing separately before reuse.

Eye Contact:
Rinse the eyes immediately with plenty of clean, gently flowing water.
Hold the eyelids open to ensure complete irrigation.
Remove contact lenses when present and easy to do, then continue rinsing.
Continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes.
Obtain prompt medical attention because Urea, thio- can irritate the eyes.

Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by qualified medical personnel or a poison center.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious or convulsing person.
Obtain immediate medical attention because Urea, thio- is harmful if swallowed.
Provide the current Safety Data Sheet to medical personnel.

Note to Physicians:
No substance-specific antidote should be assumed.
Provide supportive care and treat according to the patient’s symptoms and clinical condition.
Assess thyroid function when exposure has been substantial, prolonged, or repeated.
Consider possible sensitization and reproductive-health concerns where clinically relevant.
Use current poison-center guidance and the grade-specific Safety Data Sheet as the primary medical references.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:
Handle Urea, thio- in accordance with strict industrial-hygiene and chemical-safety practices.
Review the current technical specification and Safety Data Sheet before opening or processing the material.
Avoid all unnecessary contact with the skin, eyes, and clothing.
Do not breathe dust, aerosol, mist, smoke, or thermal-decomposition fumes.
Use enclosed charging, weighing, transfer, mixing, and packaging systems wherever practicable.
Avoid pouring, grinding, sweeping, or pneumatic handling methods that generate uncontrolled dust.
Use clean, dry, and chemically compatible equipment.
Keep Urea, thio- away from open flames, sparks, hot surfaces, and uncontrolled ignition sources.
Prevent accumulation of powder on floors, beams, ledges, machinery, and ventilation equipment.
Wash the hands, face, and exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where Urea, thio- is handled.
Do not take contaminated work clothing into homes or living areas.

Ventilation:
Provide effective general ventilation in storage and processing areas.
Use local exhaust ventilation at weighing stations, charging points, mixers, reactors, dryers, mills, and packaging equipment.
Capture dust and aerosol at the source rather than allowing contamination to spread through the workplace.
Use dust-collection equipment appropriate for toxic combustible particulate material.
Prevent recirculation of contaminated air unless it has been adequately filtered.
Provide additional ventilation when Urea, thio- is heated, dissolved, sprayed, or processed in confined equipment.
Use suitable particulate or combination respiratory protection when engineering controls cannot adequately limit exposure.
Select respiratory equipment through a documented occupational-exposure and hazard assessment.
Inspect and maintain ventilation systems regularly to prevent dust accumulation and loss of extraction efficiency.

Storage:
Store Urea, thio- in tightly closed and correctly labeled containers.
Keep the material in a cool, dry, secure, and well-ventilated location.
Protect Urea, thio- from heat, flames, sparks, moisture, contamination, and physical damage.
Keep Urea, thio- strictly separated from acrolein, strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, food, and animal feed.
Store the material away from reactive chemicals capable of initiating oxidation or decomposition.
Prevent water, dirt, metal residues, acids, oxidants, and process chemicals from entering opened containers.
Carefully reseal partially used containers immediately after sampling or transfer.
Use first-in, first-out stock rotation within the applicable shelf life.
Inspect stored material for discoloration, caking, moisture uptake, contamination, or damaged packaging before use.
Maintain secondary containment where required by environmental or hazardous-material regulations.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Restrict access to the affected area and remove unnecessary personnel.
Evacuate the immediate danger area when a large release has occurred.
Eliminate ignition sources when this can be done safely.
Avoid dry sweeping, compressed-air cleaning, or other methods that disperse dust.
Wear suitable chemical-resistant gloves, protective clothing, eye protection, and particulate respiratory protection.
Prevent Urea, thio- from entering drains, sewers, soil, groundwater, or surface water.
Carefully collect spilled material with a suitable hazardous-dust vacuum or low-dust mechanical method.
Moisten the material cautiously only when this is compatible with the recovery and disposal procedure.
Place recovered material in covered, sealable, and correctly labeled containers.
Collect contaminated cleaning materials and wash water for authorized disposal.
Clean the affected area without creating airborne particles.
Dispose of recovered material and residues through an authorized hazardous-waste route.

Handling Precautions:
Wear chemical-resistant protective gloves selected from documented compatibility data.
Use tightly fitting chemical goggles.
Wear a face shield in addition to goggles where dust clouds or solution splashing are reasonably foreseeable.
Use protective clothing and closed chemical-resistant footwear.
Provide accessible eyewash and emergency-shower equipment near major handling locations.
Use a particulate-filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration when respiratory protection is required.
Ground and bond conductive equipment where combustible-dust or static hazards have been identified.
Inspect containers, seals, valves, transfer equipment, ventilation systems, and dust collectors before use.
Do not mix Urea, thio- with acrolein, strong acids, strong oxidants, or unfamiliar reactive chemicals without a documented compatibility assessment.
Avoid uncontrolled heating because decomposition produces toxic nitrogen- and sulfur-containing fumes.
Prevent environmental release during production, transport, cleaning, storage, and waste handling.
Review the current Urea, thio- technical specification, Safety Data Sheet, certificate of analysis, occupational requirements, transport rules, and environmental regulations before use.