PRODUCTS

VALERIC ACID

Valeric acid is mainly used for the synthesis of its esters used in foods, perfume, and cosmetics.
Valeric acid is used as an intermediate for applications including ester type lubricants (in aviation turbine oils, fire-resistance hydraulic fluids, and refrigerator oils), plasticizers (dipropyl heptyl phthalate), vinyl stabilizers, and specialty chemicals.
Valeric Acid is also used as an odorant in pesticide formulations for use on crops.

CAS Number: 109-52-4
Valerate: 10023-74-2
EC Number: 203-677-2
MDL number: MFCD00004413
Molecular Formula: C5H10O2 or CH3(CH2)3COOH
Molecular Weight: 102.13 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Valeric acid, PENTANOIC ACID, n-Valeric acid, 109-52-4, n-Pentanoic acid, Valerianic acid, 1-Butanecarboxylic acid, Propylacetic acid, Butanecarboxylic acid, pentoic acid, Kyselina valerova, VALERIC ACID, N-, Valeric acid, normal, n-Pentanoate, Valerate, FEMA No. 3101, Valeriansaeure, n-Valerate, 1-pentanoic acid, NSC 406833, n-C4H9COOH, GZK92PJM7B, CH3-[CH2]3-COOH, CHEBI:17418, NSC-406833, 64118-37-2, NCGC00183281-01, C5:0, DSSTox_CID_1655, DSSTox_RID_76267, DSSTox_GSID_21655, VALERICACID, CAS-109-52-4, SHF, HSDB 5390, Butane-1-carboxylic acid, EINECS 203-677-2, UNII-GZK92PJM7B, MFCD00004413, BRN 0969454, pentoate, Propylacetate, Valerianate, Valeriansaure, AI3-08657, Butanecarboxylate, 1-pentanoate, 1ylv, 1-Butanecarboxylate, Valeric acid normal, n-BuCOOH, 1173023-05-6, Valeric acid, 99%, Valeric acid, >=99%, bmse000345, EC 203-677-2, Pentanoic acid , Valeric acid, SCHEMBL5886, WLN: QV4, 4-02-00-00868 , MLS001066335, PENTANOIC ACID , VALERIC ACID , Pentanoic Acid (Valeric Acid), CHEMBL268736, GTPL1061, DTXSID7021655, Valeric acid ( Pentanoic acid ), Valeric acid, analytical standard, HMS2267A03, Valeric acid-[3,4,5-13C3], HY-N6056, Tox21_113414, Tox21_201561, Tox21_303030, LMFA01010005, NSC406833, STL169350, Valeric acid, >=99%, FCC, FG, ZINC31500905, AKOS000118960, DB02406, NCGC00183281-02, NCGC00183281-03, NCGC00256597-01, NCGC00259110-01, BS-42203, SMR000471834, CS-0032261, FT-0651620, FT-0694066, V0003, Valeric acid, pharmaceutical impurity standard, C00803, Q407796, J-002298, F2191-0105, Z955123768, 1-Butanecarboxylic acid, CH3-[CH2]3-COOH, N-BuCOOH, N-Pentanoate, N-Pentanoic acid, N-Valeric acid, Pentanoate, Pentanoic acid, Pentoic acid, Propylacetic acid, Valerate, Valerianic acid, Valeriansaeure, Valeric acid, normal, 1-Butanecarboxylate, N-Valerate, Pentoate, Propylacetate, Valerianate, Valerate, normal, 1-Pentanoate, 1-Pentanoic acid, Butanecarboxylate, Butanecarboxylic acid, Kyselina valerova, N-C4H9COOH, Valeriansaure, Valeric acid normal, N-Pentanoic acid, ammonium salt, N-Pentanoic acid, potassium salt, N-Pentanoic acid, sodium salt, N-Pentanoic acid, zinc salt, N-Pentanoic acid, maganese (+2) salt, N-Pentanoic acid, 11C-labeled, Lithium pentanoate, N-Pentanoic acid, 11C-labeled sodium salt, Valeric acid, 1-Butanecarboxylate, 1-Butanecarboxylic acid, 1-pentanoate, 1-pentanoic acid, Butanecarboxylate, Butanecarboxylic acid, CH3-[CH2]3-COOH, Kyselina valerova, n-BuCOOH, n-C4H9COOH, n-Pentanoate, n-Pentanoic acid, n-Valerate, n-valeric acid, Pentanoate, Pentanoic acid, pentoate, pentoic acid, Propylacetate, Propylacetic acid, Valerate, Valerianate, Valerianic acid, Valeriansaeure, Valeriansaure, Valeric acid, Valeric acid normal, Valeric acid, n-, Valeric acid, normal, Valerate, normal, N-Pentanoic acid, ammonium salt, N-Pentanoic acid, potassium salt, N-Pentanoic acid, sodium salt, N-Pentanoic acid, zinc salt, N-Pentanoic acid, maganese (+2) salt, N-Pentanoic acid, 11C-labeled, Lithium pentanoate, N-Pentanoic acid, 11C-labeled sodium salt, Pentanoic acid, Pentanoic acid, 1-Butanecarboxylic acid, Propylacetic acid, n-Pentanoic acid, Valerianic acid

Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA).
SCFAs, such as valeric acid and acetic acid (vinegar), are carboxylic acids with short aliphatic tails.
Valeric acid can be extracted from the root of the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis).

Valeric Acid can also be produced by some bacterial species in the gut microbiota, such as Clostridia and Megasphaera massiliensis.
This process occurs through the anaerobic fermentation of carbon sources found in indigestible foods.
Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C5H10O2.

Like other low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids, Valeric Acid has a very unpleasant odor.
Valeric Acid is found naturally in the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name.
Valeric acid's primary use is in the synthesis of its esters.

Valeric acid or pentanoic acid is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH.
Like other low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids, Valeric Acid has an unpleasant odor.
Valeric Acid is found in the perennial flowering plant Valeriana officinalis, from which it gets its name.

Valeric Acid appears as a colorless liquid with a penetrating unpleasant odor.
Valeric acid is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.
Valeric Acid has a role as a plant metabolite.

Valeric Acid is a short-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
Valeric Acid is a conjugate acid of a valerate.
Valeric acid has been reported in Humulus lupulus, Penicillium herquei, and other organisms with data available.

Valeric Acid is a water soluble.
Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH.
Like other low molecular weight carboxylic acids, Valeric Acid has a very unpleasant odor.

Valeric acid is commonly found in human feces, with an average concentration of 2.4 umol/g feces (range of 0.6-3.8 umol/g).
Valeric acid is produced by the gut microbiota, typically Clostridia species and other gut bacterial species such as Megasphaera massiliensis MRx0029 via the condensation of ethanol with propionic acid.

Valeric acid is largely considered as a gut microbial metabolite.
Recently, valeric acid has been found to exert strong gut protective effects.
Studies involving mice that received high doses of radiation showed that valeric acid replenishment (via oral gavage) elevated the survival rate of irradiated mice, protected hematogenic organs (such as the thymus and spleen), improved gastrointestinal (GI) tract function and enhanced intestinal epithelial integrity.

Valeric acid was also found to restore the enteric bacteria taxonomic proportions and reprogram the small intestinal protein profile to normal levels.
Valeric acid, like butyric acid, also appears to be a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor.

High levels of HDAC proteins have been implicated in a variety of disease pathologies, from cancer and colitis to cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration.
Valeric acid is also found in certain plants, specifically in the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name.

Pentanoic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Valeric Acid is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.
Valeric acid (also pentanoic acid) is a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid.

Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight - chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C5H10O2.
Like other lowmolecular- weight carboxylic acids, Valeric Acid has a very unpleasant odor.
Valeric Acid is found naturally in the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name.

Valeric acid is a corrosive, straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid and saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH.
Valeric acid, also known as pentanoic acid, is a versatile saturated fatty acid characterized by its five-carbon chain and acyclic structure.
Valeric Acid exists as a colorless, odorless, and slightly acidic liquid, finding application in various industries.

Valeric acid has contributed to the exploration of fatty acids′ effects on cell membrane structure and function, along with their role in modulating the immune system.
Metabolically, valeric acid undergoes breakdown by the enzyme fatty acid oxidation within the body.

This breakdown process cleaves the fatty acid into acetic acid and acetyl-CoA, where the latter participates in the citric acid cycle, facilitating energy production.
Additionally, valeric acid can be metabolized to generate ketone bodies, which serve as an energy source for the brain and other organs.

Valeric acid, or pentanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH.
Like other low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids, Valeric Acid has a very unpleasant odor similar to that of dirty socks.
Valeric Acid is found naturally in the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name.

Valeric acid has a similar structure to both GHB and the neurotransmitter GABA.
Valeric Acid differs from valproic acid (Depakene) simply by lacking a 3-carbon side chain.
Valeric acid, also known as pentanoic acid, is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula C5H10O2 and a molecular weight of 102.13 g/mol.

Valeric Acid appears as a colorless to pale yellow oily liquid with a strong, unpleasant odor reminiscent of stale cheese or rancid butter, and it is combustible under normal conditions.
Valeric Acid is naturally derived from sources such as the roots of the valerian plant (Valeriana officinalis).

Physically, valeric acid has a density of 0.939 g/mL at 25°C, a boiling point of 185.4°C at standard pressure, and a melting point of -34°C, making it a liquid at room temperature.
Valeric Acid exhibits moderate solubility in water (approximately 24–40 g/L at 20–25°C) and is freely soluble in alcohols and ethers, which contributes to its utility in various chemical syntheses.

Chemically, Valeric Acid behaves as a typical short-chain carboxylic acid, capable of forming esters and salts, and it serves as a key intermediate in organic reactions due to its alkyl chain structure (CH3(CH2)3COOH).
Valeric acid occurs naturally as a plant metabolite in fruits, dairy products, and meats, and it is produced by gut microbiota through processes like the condensation of ethanol and propionic acid.

USES and APPLICATIONS of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid is mainly used for the synthesis of its esters used in foods, perfume, and cosmetics.
Valeric acid is used as an intermediate for applications including ester type lubricants (in aviation turbine oils, fire-resistance hydraulic fluids, and refrigerator oils), plasticizers (dipropyl heptyl phthalate), vinyl stabilizers, and specialty chemicals.

Valeric Acid is also used as an odorant in pesticide formulations for use on crops.
Valeric Acid's primary use is in the synthesis of its esters.
Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics.

Ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavors.
Valerian root has a long history of use as an herbal sedative/hypnotic.
Valeric acid, if applied directly, has been claimed to be an effective treatment for acne, as yet without support from peer reviewed trials.

Valeric Acid (Pentanoic acid) is a high purity carboxylic acid.
Valeric Acid is used as chemical intermediate in esters for synthetic lubricants, as raw material for API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) and agrochemicals production (for example acid chlorides) and for making esters for aroma chemicals.

Valeric Acid differs from valproic acid simply by lacking a 3-carbon side chain.
Uses of Valeric Acid: Stabilizers, Plasticizers, Coatings additives, Lubricants, Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides, Perfumes, Food additives, Chemical intermediates.

Valeric acid's primary use is in the synthesis of its esters.
Salts and esters of valeric acid are known as valerates or pentanoates.
Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics.

Several, including ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavors.
Valeric acid occurs naturally in some foods but is also used as a food additive.
Its safety in this application was reviewed by an FAO and WHO panel, who concluded that there were no safety concerns at the likely levels of intake.

The compound is used for the preparation of derivatives, notably its volatile esters which, unlike the parent acid, have pleasant odors and fruity flavors and hence find applications in perfumes, cosmetics and foodstuffs.
Typical examples are the methyl valerates, ethyl valerates, and pentyl valerates.

Valeric acid, is used as a sex attractant of the sugar beet wireworm, Limonius californicus.
Valeric Acid is used predominantly as an intermediate in the manufacture of flavors and perfumes, ester type lubricants, plasticizers and vinyl stabilizesrs.

Valeric Acid is a food additive used as a synthetic flavoring substance dan adjuvant.
Valeric Acid is an inert ingredient in controlling pest.
Valeric acid is obtained from valerian extract, which is considered skin conditioning.

Uses of Valeric Acid: Sex attractant of the sugar beet wireworm, Limonius californicus.
Industrially, valeric acid is primarily used in the synthesis of its esters.
Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics.

Ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavours.
Hydrolysis of these valerate-containing food additives in the gut can also lead to the appearance of valerate in blood, urine and stool samples.
Valeric Acid's primary use is in the synthesis of its esters.

Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics.
Ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavors.
Valeric acid appears similar in structure to GHB and the neurotransmitter GABA in that it is a short-chain carboxylic acid, although it lacks the alcohol and amine functional groups that contribute to the biological activities of GHB and GABA, respectively.

Valeric Acid differs from valproic acid simply by lacking a 3- carbon side - chain.
Valeric Acid is predominantly used in the synthesis of esters.
In biological systems, Valeric Acid acts as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and a ligand for free fatty acid receptor 2, with concentrations detected in human feces (around 2.4 µmol/g) and potentially protective effects against radiation-induced damage in animal models.

Industrially, Valeric Acid is synthesized via oxidation of n-amyl alcohol or fermentation, and serves as a precursor for esters used in perfumes, flavors, and food additives, as well as in lubricants, plasticizers, and pharmaceuticals.
It also forms the basis for derivatives like valproic acid, an antiepileptic drug, though valeric acid itself has limited direct therapeutic applications and is primarily investigational.

BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid serves as a key structural precursor in the synthesis of valproic acid (2-propylvaleric acid), a widely used anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1978 for the treatment of absence seizures in epilepsy.
This derivative has since been indicated for complex partial seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and bipolar disorder, with efficacy demonstrated in reducing seizure frequency by up to 50% in responsive patients at therapeutic doses of 10–60 mg/kg/day.

In addition to its role in pharmaceutical synthesis, valeric acid exhibits antimicrobial properties, particularly against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in vitro, comparable to those of butyric acid, making it a candidate for inclusion in topical formulations to combat skin infections.

As a feed additive in animal husbandry, valeric acid glyceride esters have been shown to improve broiler performance by enhancing intestinal morphology and reducing the incidence of necrotic enteritis, with supplementation levels of 0.15–0.5% (1.5–5 g/kg) in diets leading to decreased feed conversion ratios and lower mortality rates from bacterial challenges.

Emerging research highlights valeric acid's potential in cancer therapy through its inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs), a mechanism akin to that of butyrate, which promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in tumor cells.
Similarly, Valeric Acid inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation and acted as a selective HDAC3 inhibitor in prostate cancer, downregulating E2F1/E2F3 pathways to induce caspase-3-mediated cell death.

Gut-derived valeric acid from commensal bacteria has also been identified as a contributor to HDAC inhibition, suggesting microbiota-targeted interventions for oncology.
Clinical and observational studies on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including valeric acid, indicate roles in modulating gut health by influencing microbiota composition and reducing inflammation.

Elevated fecal valeric acid levels in early childhood were associated with a lower incidence of eczema at school age, potentially through immune regulation.

In adults, higher concentrations of valeric acid correlated with improved progression-free survival in colorectal cancer patients and protection against radiation-induced gut injuries in animal models, underscoring its potential in microbiota-based therapies for inflammatory bowel conditions and post-treatment recovery.

However, direct clinical trials on valeric acid supplementation remain limited, with typical endogenous levels in feces ranging from 0.5–2.7 µmol/g feces, and no established therapeutic dosages or side effect profiles for isolated use.

INDUSTRIAL USES of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid serves as a crucial intermediate in the chemical industry, particularly for the synthesis of esters used in lubricants, plasticizers, and resins.
Valeric Acid's esters, such as those formed with alcohols, provide excellent solvency and stability, making them suitable for enhancing the performance of synthetic lubricants that operate under high temperatures and pressures.

In plasticizers, valeric acid derivatives improve the flexibility and durability of polymers like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), contributing to applications in flexible films, cables, and flooring materials.
These uses leverage Valeric Acid's linear chain structure, which allows for controlled viscosity and compatibility in formulations.

Beyond materials manufacturing, valeric acid finds application as a flavor and fragrance additive, where its volatile esters impart fruity, apple-like notes at low concentrations.
These esters are incorporated into perfumes, cosmetics, and food products to achieve desired sensory profiles without overpowering odors, as the pure acid itself has a pungent smell.

In the food sector, approved esters function as safe additives to mimic natural fruit essences in beverages, candies, and baked goods.
This role underscores valeric acid's versatility in consumer goods, where precise dosing ensures palatability and regulatory compliance.
In pharmaceutical production, valeric acid acts as a building block for derivatives like valproic acid, a branched-chain analog employed in antiseizure medications for treating epilepsy and bipolar disorder.

The synthesis involves alkylation of valeric acid precursors to yield active compounds with enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
Additionally, valeric acid contributes to agrochemicals through its incorporation into herbicide and pesticide formulations, where it aids in crop protection by disrupting weed growth or pest metabolism.
As a solvent component in coatings, Valeric Acid's esters facilitate even application and drying in industrial paints and varnishes, improving adhesion and finish quality.

Market dynamics reflect strong industrial demand, with the chemical sector accounting for a significant portion of valeric acid consumption—for intermediates in plastics, lubricants, and related processes.
As of 2023, the global market was valued at US$ 186.3 million, projected to reach US$ 396.1 million by 2034 at a CAGR of 7.2%, fueled by innovations in bio-based sourcing and efficient synthesis methods

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of VALERIC ACID:
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds

SUBSTITUENTS of VALERIC ACID:
*Straight chain fatty acid
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound

OTHER CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid, like other carboxylic acids, undergoes reduction with lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄) in ether solvents to yield the corresponding primary alcohol, 1-pentanol (CH₃(CH₂)₄OH).
This transformation involves the stepwise reduction of the carboxylic acid group, first forming an aldehyde intermediate that is further reduced, requiring excess LiAlH₄ due to the initial deprotonation of the acid.

Decarboxylation of valeric acid can occur under thermal or catalytic conditions, leading to the loss of CO₂ and formation of butane derivatives such as butane or 1-butene.
This process is particularly relevant in biomass conversion pathways, where pentanoic acid is transformed via decarboxylation/decarbonylation followed by hydrogenation to produce butane.

The Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction enables selective α-bromination of valeric acid using bromine and a catalytic amount of phosphorus or phosphorus tribromide, yielding 2-bromopentanoic acid (CH₃CH₂CH₂CHBrCOOH).
In this mechanism, the acid is initially converted to the acid bromide, which enolizes to facilitate bromination at the α-position before hydrolysis regenerates the carboxylic acid.

This reaction is valuable for introducing functionality at the α-carbon for subsequent synthetic manipulations.
Amidation of valeric acid proceeds by reaction with amines, typically after activation of the carboxylic acid (e.g., via coupling agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or conversion to the acid chloride), to form valeramides (CH₃(CH₂)₃CONHR).

This transformation is commonly employed in the synthesis of N-substituted pentanamides for pharmaceutical or material applications.
Valeric acid serves as a building block in the synthesis of fine chemicals through chain elongation, notably via ketonization, where two molecules couple over metal oxide catalysts (e.g., CeO₂ or TiO₂) to produce 5-nonanone (CH₃(CH₂)₃CO(CH₂)₃CH₃) with concomitant loss of CO₂ and H₂O.

This reaction extends the carbon chain for applications in biofuels and fragrances.
For branching, α-functionalization via HVZ bromination allows subsequent nucleophilic substitution to introduce branched substituents, enabling access to diverse fine chemical derivatives.

REACTIONS of VALERIC ACID:
Acidity and derivatization
Valeric acid, also known as pentanoic acid (CH₃(CH₂)₃COOH), is a weak organic acid that undergoes dissociation in aqueous solution according to the equilibrium CH₃(CH₂)₃COOH ⇌ CH₃(CH₂)₃COO⁻ + H⁺, with a pKa value of 4.82 at 25°C.

This pKa indicates moderate acidity compared to stronger carboxylic acids like acetic acid (pKa 4.76), and the titration curve of valeric acid with a strong base such as NaOH exhibits a characteristic S-shape: an initial slow rise in pH due to buffering by the undissociated acid, a steep inflection near the equivalence point reflecting rapid pH change after complete neutralization, and a final buffering region from excess base.

The formation of salts involves the deprotonation of valeric acid by bases, yielding water-soluble carboxylates.
For instance, reaction with sodium hydroxide proceeds quantitatively via proton transfer: CH₃(CH₂)₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃(CH₂)₃COONa + H₂O, producing sodium valerate (sodium pentanoate), a white crystalline solid used in applications requiring the carboxylate anion.

The mechanism is a straightforward acid-base neutralization, where the hydroxide ion abstracts the acidic proton from the carboxyl group, facilitated by the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon; this reaction is typically carried out in aqueous or alcoholic media at room temperature, achieving near 100% yield due to the driving force of water formation and ion solvation.

Purification of the sodium salt involves filtration to remove unreacted material, followed by evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure or recrystallization from ethanol to isolate pure crystals with minimal impurities.
Esterification of valeric acid commonly employs the Fischer method, where the acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst like sulfuric acid.

A representative example is the synthesis of methyl valerate: CH₃(CH₂)₃COOH + CH₃OH ⇌ CH₃(CH₂)₃COOCH₃ + H₂O, typically refluxed for several hours with excess methanol to shift the equilibrium toward the ester.
The mechanism begins with protonation of the carbonyl oxygen, enhancing electrophilicity and allowing nucleophilic attack by the alcohol to form a tetrahedral intermediate; subsequent proton transfers and loss of water yield the protonated ester, which deprotonates to the neutral product.

Yields for methyl pentanoate under standard conditions (e.g., 5% H₂SO₄ catalyst, reflux 2–4 hours) range from 70–85%, limited by equilibrium but improved by water removal via Dean–Stark apparatus or molecular sieves; purification entails extraction with an organic solvent like diethyl ether, washing with bicarbonate to neutralize acids, drying over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and fractional distillation under vacuum to obtain the pure ester (boiling point ~127°C).
Valeric acid derivatives, particularly its esters, serve as precursors in the synthesis of polyesters.

For example, valeric acid is fermented by bacteria such as Alcaligenes eutrophus to generate 3-hydroxyvalerate monomers, which copolymerize with
3-hydroxybutyrate to form poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), a biodegradable polyester with improved flexibility and thermal properties over homopolymers.
This application leverages the acid's role in providing C5 units for tailored polymer chain lengths, enabling PHBV production with 3-hydroxyvalerate contents up to 20–30 mol% for enhanced material performance in packaging and biomedical uses.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid has an unpleasant odor and flavor, similar to butyric acid.
Valeric Acid may consist of one or a mixture of isomers of n-pentanoic acid and/or 2- or 3-methyl-butanoic acid.
Valeric Acid is a colorless liquid; penetrating odor and taste.
Valeric Acid is soluble in water, alcohol and ether.

BENEFITS of VALERIC ACID:
Readily Biodegradable

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid is primarily produced on an industrial scale through the oxo process, a two-step synthesis involving the hydroformylation of 1-butene with syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) to yield valeraldehyde, followed by catalytic oxidation of the aldehyde to the corresponding carboxylic acid.

This method, which also utilizes 2-butene for branched isomers like isovaleric acid, relies on petrochemical feedstocks and employs rhodium- or cobalt-based catalysts under high-pressure conditions (typically 100–300 bar and 100–200 °C for hydroformylation, followed by air oxidation at milder temperatures).

Global production capacity via this route is estimated at approximately 75,000 tons per year (as of 2017), reflecting Valeric Acid's scalability and economic viability for meeting demand in downstream applications.
An alternative synthetic route involves the oxidation of 1-pentanol (n-amyl alcohol) or pentanal, where the primary alcohol or aldehyde is converted to the acid using air or oxygen in the presence of catalysts such as manganese or cobalt salts.

This process, while less common than the oxo route due to higher raw material costs, offers flexibility when pentanol is available as a byproduct from other petrochemical processes.
Another variant is the hydrocarboxylation of 1-butene with carbon monoxide and water under high pressure (up to 500 bar) and acidic conditions, directly forming the carboxylic acid without an intermediate aldehyde step, though it remains niche owing to equipment demands.

Fermentative production represents an emerging bio-based alternative, employing engineered bacterial strains such as those from the genus Clostridium to convert renewable feedstocks like glucose, biomass hydrolysates, or waste streams into valeric acid through anaerobic fermentation.

These processes achieve yields of up to around 0.3–0.5 g/g substrate for related short-chain fatty acids in optimized lab-scale setups, with potential for scalability via integrated biorefineries, though commercial adoption is limited by separation challenges and costs compared to petrochemical methods.
As of 2025, research has advanced recovery techniques, such as using phosphonium-based ionic liquids, achieving extraction yields over 800 mg/g.

Historically, valeric acid was extracted from natural sources like the roots of Valeriana officinalis, but production shifted to synthetic routes post-1950s with the commercialization of the oxo process, enabling cost-effective large-scale manufacturing from abundant olefin feedstocks.
This transition reduced reliance on variable natural supplies and supported growing industrial demand, with bio-based methods gaining traction in recent decades for sustainability.

OCCURRENCE of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric Acid is not too common in nature; reported (as the corresponding ester) found in the essential oil of Boronia anemonifolia, in pineapple fruits and in other plants; also identified as acid or the corresponding ester in the essential oil of lemon petitgrain.
Valeric Acid is also reported found in apple, apple juice, banana, orange juice, bilberry, cranberry, strawberry, raspberry, papaya, grapes, celery, onion, baked potato, tomato, corn mint oil, breads, cheeses, milk, yogurt, butter, cheddar cheese, lean and fatty fish, fish oil, cooked meats, hop oil, beer, rum, whiskies, grape wines, cocoa, tea, roasted filberts, peanuts and pecans, honey, soybeans, coconut meat and milk, cloudberry, passion fruit, starfruit, trassi, mango, jackfruit, licorice, calamus, sake, buckwheat, watercress, laurel, peated malt, wort, kiwifruit, loquat, Bourbon vanilla, shrimps, oyster, scallop, cape gooseberry, sea buckthorn, Chinese quince and maté.

VALERIC ACID AND GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH:
Valeric acid is one of the many energy sources of intestinal microbiota, making them crucial to gastrointestinal (GI) health.
Valeric acid exerts strong GI protective effects.

VALERIC ACID AND NEUROSCIENCE:
Valeric acid can also modulate brain function; it was recently shown to play a role in the initiation and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Multiple studies have reported alterations in the gut microbiome composition of AD patients compared to healthy individuals.

One potential mechanism is through the production of SCFAs in the gut.
A study showed that valeric acid and acetic acid, two SCFAs, increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and endothelial damage in the brain.

An increase in these two SCFAs compromised the integrity of the blood-tissue barrier, caused low-grade systemic inflammation, and facilitated the AD pathological cascade.
Therefore, interventions that modulate the gut microbiome and promote beneficial bacteria and bacterial metabolites may be useful in preventing, slowing down, or ameliorating neurodegeneration in AD.

VALERIC ACID AND COSMETICS:
Industrially, valeric acid is mainly used in the synthesis of its esters.
Esters are organic compounds that are formed by the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
This reaction is known as esterification.
Esters of valeric acid are known as valerates.
Valerates tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics.
Some valerates are used as food additives because of their fruity flavors.

VALERIC ACID AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT:
Valeric acid’s esters (valerates) are also often used in pharmaceuticals.
Valerates are often combined with certain steroid drugs to increase their solubility and improve their absorption into the body.
For example, one common steroid-based pharmaceutical that uses valerate is betamethasone valerate, which is used to treat a variety of inflammatory and allergic conditions, such as eczema and psoriasis.

Another example is estradiol valerate, which is a form of estrogen used in hormone replacement therapy.
Adding valerate to these steroid drugs helps improve their stability and enhance their therapeutic effects.
Overall, valeric acid is an important component of many steroid-based pharmaceuticals, helping to improve their solubility and effectiveness, enabling them to better treat a range of medical conditions.

PREPARATION of VALERIC ACID:
By oxidation of n-amyl alcohol or, together with other isomers, by distillation of valerian roots; also by reacting butyl bromide and sodium cyanide with subsequent saponification of the formed butyl nitrile.

BIOLOGY of VALERIC ACID:
In humans, valeric acid is a minor product of the gut microbiome and can also be produced by metabolism of its esters found in food.
The restoration of levels of Valeric Acid in the gut has been suggested as the mechanism that results in control of Clostridioides difficile infection after fecal microbiota transplant.

VALERATE SALTS AND ESTERS
The valerate, or pentanoate, ion is C4H9COO−, the conjugate base of valeric acid.
Valeric Acid is the form found in biological systems at physiological pH.
A valerate, or pentanoate, compound is a carboxylate salt or ester of valeric acid.
Many steroid-based pharmaceuticals, for example ones based on betamethasone or hydrocortisone, include the steroid as the valerate ester.

Examples;
*Estradiol valerate
*Testosterone valerate
*Methyl valerate
*Ethyl valerate
*Pentyl valerate
*Betamethasone valerate
*Hydrocortisone valerate

BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE of VALERIC ACID:
METABOLIC ROLE
Valeric acid, also known as pentanoic acid, functions as a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) primarily produced through the fermentation of dietary fibers by gut microbiota in the colon.

This process involves anaerobic bacterial metabolism of undigested carbohydrates, where species such as those in the genus Megasphaera contribute significantly to valerate synthesis via lactate-driven pathways, generating valeric acid alongside more abundant SCFAs like acetate, propionate, and butyrate.

In host metabolism, valeric acid is absorbed by colonocytes and activated in the cytosol to valeryl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthetases, particularly medium-chain variants that handle C4-C12 fatty acids.
This thioesterification step, consuming ATP, enables transport into mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle, where valeryl-CoA undergoes β-oxidation.

As an odd-chain fatty acid, this process produces one acetyl-CoA unit and one propionyl-CoA; propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, racemized, and converted to L-methylmalonyl-CoA, then to succinyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle.
The acetyl-CoA and reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH₂) yield ATP through the electron transport chain, while succinyl-CoA supports the citric acid cycle and can contribute to gluconeogenesis.

This pathway integrates valeric acid into broader lipid metabolism, providing energy and contributing to lipogenesis or ketogenesis when glucose is limited.
As an SCFA, valeric acid serves as an alternative energy substrate for colonocytes, supporting their oxidative phosphorylation and helping maintain epithelial integrity, though to a lesser extent than butyrate.

Valeric Acid's metabolic flux within microbial ecosystems is regulated by substrate availability, pH, and interspecies interactions, with production rates varying based on dietary fiber composition and microbiota diversity; for instance, high-fiber diets enhance valerate output through cross-feeding among fermentative bacteria.

The biochemical handling of valeric acid exhibits evolutionary conservation across mammals and bacteria, with homologous acyl-CoA synthetases and β-oxidation enzymes facilitating its catabolism in diverse taxa, reflecting an ancient adaptation for utilizing fermentation-derived volatiles in energy homeostasis.
This conservation underscores the co-evolutionary interplay between host lipid metabolism and microbial fermentation pathways.

REACTIVITY PROFILE of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid is a carboxylic acid.
Exothermically neutralizes bases, both organic and inorganic, producing water and a salt.
Valeric Acid can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt.

Valeric Acid reacts with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide.
Valeric Acid reacts with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates and dithionites to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat.

Valeric Acid ceacts with carbonates and bicarbonates to generate a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat.
Valeric Acid can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents.

These reactions generate heat.
Valeric Acid may initiate polymerization reactions.
Valeric Acid may catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

HISTORY of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid is a minor constituent of the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name.
Valeric Acid was first isolated in the 19th century.

The dried root of this plant has been used medicinally since antiquity.
The related isovaleric acid shares its unpleasant odor and their chemical identity was investigated by oxidation of the components of fusel alcohol, which includes the five-carbon amyl alcohols.

Valeric acid is one volatile component in swine manure.
Other components include other carboxylic acids, skatole, trimethyl amine, and isovaleric acid.
Valeric Acid is also a flavor component in some foods.

MANUFACTURE of VALERIC ACID:
In industry, valeric acid is produced by the oxo process from 1-butene and syngas, forming valeraldehyde, which is oxidised to the final product.
Valeric Acid can also be produced from biomass-derived sugars via levulinic acid and this alternative has received considerable attention as a way to produce biofuels.
Valerianic acid can also be prepared by oxidizing 1-pentanol with potassium permanganate according to the following reaction.
CH3(CH2)4OH+KMnO4+H2SO4⟶CH3(CH2)3COOH+MnSO4+K2SO4+H2O

REACTIONS of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid reacts as a typical carboxylic acid: it can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives.
The latter, valeryl chloride is commonly used as the intermediate to obtain the others.

HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE of VALERIC ACID:
Historical discovery
Valeric acid, also known as pentanoic acid, emerged as a subject of study during the early 19th century, a period marked by rapid advancements in organic chemistry following Friedrich Wöhler's groundbreaking synthesis of urea in 1828, which challenged vitalist doctrines and spurred systematic investigations into natural products.

Carboxylic acids, including formic, acetic, and butyric acids, had been known since antiquity or isolated through empirical methods, but the era saw a shift toward precise characterization through combustion analysis and distillation techniques pioneered by chemists like Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Justus von Liebig.

This context facilitated the identification of higher homologues like valeric acid amid efforts to classify fatty substances from animal and plant sources.
Valeric Acid was first isolated from the root of the perennial plant Valeriana officinalis through aqueous distillation by German pharmacist Johann Trommsdorff in 1808, who examined the volatile oil yielded by the process.

Further analysis in 1830 by Trommsdorff confirmed the presence of a distinct acidic component, which he named "valerianic acid" after its botanical source, distinguishing Valeric Acid from other fatty acids like butyric acid obtained from butter.

This isolation involved heating the dried roots with water to produce a pungent distillate, from which the acid was separated via neutralization and fractionation, highlighting the empirical distillation methods prevalent at the time.
The name "valeric acid" thus directly derives from Valeriana officinalis, a plant long used in traditional medicine for its sedative properties, though the acid itself was a minor constituent of the essential oil.

Subsequent studies built on these observations, transitioning from empirical isolation to structural analysis.
In the mid-19th century, chemists like Hermann Kolbe employed oxidation and electrolytic experiments on valeric acid sources to determine its empirical formula, contributing to the radical theory and early understandings of homologous series in aliphatic compounds.

By the late 1800s, with the advent of structural organic chemistry advanced by August Kekulé and others, valeric acid was fully elucidated as a straight-chain carboxylic acid with five carbon atoms, C4H9COOH, solidifying its place in the series of fatty acids.
These developments paralleled broader progress in synthesizing and derivatizing carboxylic acids, laying groundwork for industrial applications

VALERIC ACID IN METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH:
Valeric acid has systemic metabolic effects.
Valeric Acid enhances GLP-1 secretion, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces inflammatory cytokines—key factors in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

In studies, gut-derived valeric acid reached ocular tissues and reduced intraocular pressure, suggesting endocrine-like functions.
Valeric Acid also modulates sympathetic nerve activity and may reduce blood pressure.
Thus, valeric acid represents a potential metabolic regulator bridging gut microbiota and host physiology.

VALERIC ACID IN CANCER PREVENTION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION:
As an HDAC inhibitor, valeric acid modulates chromatin structure and gene expression, influencing tumor suppressor and apoptotic gene activity.
In breast cancer cell lines, valeric acid induces growth arrest and apoptosis, possibly through enhanced histone acetylation.
Valeric Acid's anti-inflammatory effects may also alter the tumor microenvironment.
While clinical data are still limited, these mechanisms highlight valeric acid’s potential in cancer prevention or as a therapeutic adjunct.

VALERIC ACID’S ROLE IN RADIATION INJURY PROTECTION:
Valeric acid has demonstrated protective effects in models of radiation-induced injury.
Valeric Acid administration led to improved survival and preservation of thymus and spleen integrity.
Moreover, Valeric Acid helped maintain gastrointestinal tract structure and restored microbial balance.
These findings suggest potential application in mitigating side effects of radiotherapy or accidental exposure.

INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE & EYE HEALTH EFFECTS OF VALERIC ACID:
In experimental studies, valeric acid administered rectally was detected in ocular tissues and significantly reduced intraocular pressure.
This effect was independent of blood pressure or known SCFA receptors, pointing to a novel mechanism of action.
Valeric acid could therefore be a lead compound for future development in glaucoma management.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & DEFENSE: VALERIC ACID'S ROLE:
In plants, valeric acid and related compounds contribute to postharvest quality and defense.
For example, in plum fruits, external application of valeric acid preserves firmness by inhibiting cell wall-degrading enzymes (PG, PL, PE) and enhancing lignification pathways.
Valeric acid also functions as a volatile compound released by soil microbes, influencing plant root architecture and signaling.
Moreover, Valeric Acid's pungent odor serves as a natural insect repellent, supporting plant defense.

VALERIC ACID APPLICATIONS IN FOOD, PHARMA & INDUSTRY:
Despite its unpleasant odor, valeric acid esters are used as flavoring agents due to their fruity aromas.
In the pharmaceutical industry, valerate esters (e.g., estradiol valerate, betamethasone valerate) are used to enhance drug solubility and prolong bioactivity.

Traditional herbal products containing valeric acid derivatives are marketed for sleep support.
Industrially, valeric acid is being explored in biofuel production and bioplastics, positioning it as a sustainable molecule with cross-sector relevance.

UNLOCKING VALERIC ACID'S POTENTIAL WITH METWAREBIO:
Valeric acid is more than just a microbial metabolite—it is a metabolic regulator, a therapeutic candidate, and a biomarker of gut health.
To accurately quantify and analyze valeric acid in biological samples, advanced metabolomics is essential.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid possesses a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) that confers weak acidity, with a pKa value of 4.84 at 25 °C, allowing partial dissociation in aqueous solutions.
This group also facilitates intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which contributes to the formation of dimers in nonpolar solvents and affects Valeric Acid's overall reactivity.

The presence of the polar carboxyl group imparts significant polarity to the molecule, enabling dipole-dipole interactions.
In infrared spectroscopy, this is evidenced by characteristic absorption bands, including the C=O stretching vibration at approximately 1710 cm⁻¹, which is typical for aliphatic carboxylic acids.

Under standard ambient conditions, valeric acid exhibits good chemical stability, but it is susceptible to thermal decomposition at elevated temperatures, undergoing oxidation or decarboxylation to produce carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Relative to shorter-chain alkanoic acids, the acidity of valeric acid is marginally reduced owing to the electron-donating inductive effect of its longer butyl chain, which slightly destabilizes the conjugate base; for instance, propanoic acid has a pKa of 4.87, while acetic acid's is 4.76.

VALERIC ACID: A SMALL MOLECULE WITH BIG IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH:
Valeric acid (pentanoic acid) is a five-carbon short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) increasingly recognized for its multifaceted roles in human health and disease.
Initially identified in valerian root, valeric acid is now known to be a microbial metabolite, a pharmaceutical intermediate, and a signaling molecule linking gut microbes to systemic physiology.

DISCOVERY AND STRUCTURE OF VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acidValeric acid was first isolated in the mid-19th century from the root of Valeriana officinalis, a plant historically used as a sedative.
The name "valeric" is derived from this botanical origin.

Chemically, valeric acid is a straight-chain saturated monocarboxylic acid with the formula C5H10O2.
Valeric Acid's structure consists of a four-carbon alkyl chain attached to a terminal carboxyl group (CH3-(CH2)3-COOH).
Valeric acid is a colorless oily liquid with a pungent odor, but its esters, such as ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate, have fruity aromas and are used in flavoring.

MICROBIAL BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY OF VALERIC ACID:
Valeric acid is mainly produced by anaerobic gut bacteria through a chain elongation process.
One key route involves the condensation of ethanol and propionate.
Ethanol is first oxidized to acetyl-CoA, while propionate is activated to propionyl-CoA.

These two CoA derivatives undergo thiolase-mediated condensation to form 3-ketopentanoyl-CoA, which is then reduced and converted to valeric acid via CoA-thioester intermediates.
This pathway shares similarities with butyrate synthesis and reflects metabolic plasticity based on substrate availability.
Notably, the balance of ethanol and propionate in the gut influences whether microbes produce butyrate (C4) or valerate (C5).

VALERIC ACID METABOLISM & SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Valeric acid produced in the colon is absorbed as its ionized form (valerate) and transported via the portal vein to the liver.
Hepatocytes can metabolize it through beta-oxidation to acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA, entering the TCA cycle or gluconeogenesis.
Apart from energy metabolism, valeric acid acts as a signaling molecule.
Valeric Acid binds to free fatty acid receptors (GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2), modulating insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and satiety.
Valeric Acid also inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs), affecting gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, akin to butyrate.

VALERIC ACID IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES:
Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects
Recent studies highlight valeric acid's neuroprotective potential, especially in Parkinson's disease (PD).
In PD models, valeric acid preserves dopaminergic neurons by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing neuroinflammation.

It downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), mitigates α-synuclein aggregation, and inhibits microglial activation.
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), valeric acid and other SCFAs inhibit beta-amyloid aggregation and are found at reduced levels in patients with cognitive decline.
These findings suggest valeric acid as a candidate for adjunctive neurodegenerative therapy.

VALERIC ACID IN GUT INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE MODULATION:
Valeric acid plays a protective role in gut inflammation.
In ulcerative colitis (UC) mouse models, valeric acid supplementation increased GPR41 and GPR43 expression on immune cells, dampened macrophage activation, and lowered IL-6 levels.

It also restored intestinal barrier integrity and microbial diversity.
In radiation-induced enteritis, valeric acid improved survival rates, protected thymic and intestinal structures, and normalized gut flora.
These effects support its utility in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal injury mitigation.

PROPERTIES of VALERIC ACID:
Physical properties
Valeric acid, systematically named pentanoic acid, possesses the molecular formula C₅H₁₀O₂ and the structural formula CH₃(CH₂)₃COOH, featuring a straight-chain saturated aliphatic structure with a terminal carboxylic acid group.
Valeric Acid appears as a colorless liquid at room temperature, exhibiting a penetrating and unpleasant odor reminiscent of lower fatty acids.

Valeric Acid has a melting point of −34 °C and a boiling point of 185 °C at standard pressure, reflecting its liquid state under ambient conditions.
Valeric Acid's density is 0.94 g/cm³ at 20 °C.
Valeric acid shows moderate solubility in water, approximately 24 g/L at 25 °C, and is fully miscible with organic solvents such as ethanol and diethyl ether.

The octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) is 1.39, indicating moderate lipophilicity.
Key thermodynamic properties include a standard heat of combustion of −2837.8 kJ/mol and a vapor pressure of 0.19 mmHg at 20 °C, contributing to its relatively low volatility.

The refractive index is 1.4086 at 20 °C.
Regarding safety, Valeric Acid has a flash point of 89 °C (closed cup), classifying it as combustible but not highly flammable under typical handling conditions

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of VALERIC ACID:
Chemical formula: C5H10O2
Molar mass: 102.133 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 0.930 g/cm3
Melting point: −34.5 °C (−30.1 °F; 238.7 K)
Boiling point: 185 °C (365 °F; 458 K)
Solubility in water: 4.97 g/100 mL
Acidity (pKa): 4.82
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -66.85·10−6 cm3/mol
Molecular Weight: 102.13
XLogP3: 1.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 102.068079557
Monoisotopic Mass: 102.068079557
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 59.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: clear, liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: Stench.
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -20 - -18 °C - lit.

Initial boiling point and boiling range: 110 - 111 °C at 13 hPa - lit. 185 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 7,6 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 1,6 %(V)
Flash point: 89 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2,7 at 40 g/l at 20 °C

Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 2,3 mPa.s at 20 °C
Water solubility: ca.40 g/l at 20 °C - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 1,8 at 25 °C
Vapor pressure: 0,19 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 0,939 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available

Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 51,6 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C
Dissociation constant: 4,8 at 22,5 °C
Relative vapor density: 3,53 - (Air = 1.0)
Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Specific Gravity: 0.93900 to 0.94200 @ 20.00 °C.

Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 7.823 to 7.848
Refractive Index: 1.40700 to 1.41100 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: -35.00 to -34.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 184.00 to 186.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 112.00 to 113.00 °C. @ 50.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.452000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density: 3.5 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: 192.00 °F. TCC ( 88.89 °C. )
logP (o/w): 1.390
Soluble in: alcohol, ether, water, 1.86e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in: water

Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight:C5H10O2 = 102.13
Physical State (20 deg.C):Liquid
CAS RN:109-52-4
Reaxys Registry Number:969454
PubChem Substance ID:87577803
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB):3381
Merck Index (14):9904
Appearance (Clarity):Clear
Appearance (Colour):Colourless
Appearance (Form):Liquid

Assay (GC):min. 99%
Density (g/ml) @ 20°C:0.937-0.939
Refractive Index (20°C):1.407-1.408
Boiling Range:184-186°C
Chemical formula:C5H10O2
Molar mass:102.133 g·mol−1
Appearance:Colorless liquid
Density:0.930 g/cm3
Melting point:−34.5 °C (−30.1 °F; 238.7 K)
Boiling point:185 °C (365 °F; 458 K)

Solubility in water:4.97 g/100 mL
Acidity (pKa):4.82
Magnetic susceptibility (χ):−66.85·10−6 cm3/mol
Chemical Formula:C5H10O2
Average Molecular Weight:102.1317
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight:102.068079564
IUPAC Name:pentanoic acid
Traditional Name:N-valeric acid
CAS Registry Number:109-52-4
SMILES:CCCCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier:InChI=1S/C5H10O2/c1-2-3-4-5(6)7/h2-4H2,1H3,(H,6,7)

InChI Key:NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg:203-677-2
FDA UNII:GZK92PJM7B
Nikkaji Web:J1.504K
Beilstein Number:0969454
MDL:MFCD00004413
CoE Number:7
XlogP3:1.40 (est)
Molecular Weight:102.13310000
Formula:C5 H10 O2
Appearance:colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay:99.00 to 100.00

Food Chemicals Codex Listed:Yes
Specific Gravity:0.93900 to 0.94200 @ 20.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).:7.823 to 7.848
Refractive Index:1.40700 to 1.41100 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point:-35.00 to -34.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point:184.00 to 186.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point:112.00 to 113.00 °C. @ 50.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure:0.452000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density:3.5 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point:192.00 °F. TCC ( 88.89 °C. )
logP (o/w):1.390

Soluble in:alcohol
Soluble in:ether
Soluble in:water,1.86e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in:water
Melting point:−20-−18 °C(lit.)
Boiling point:110-111 °C10 mm Hg(lit.)
Density:0.939 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density:3.5 (vs air)
vapor pressure:0.15 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index:n20/D 1.408(lit.)

FEMA:3101 | VALERIC ACID
Flash point:192 °F
storage temp.:Store below +30°C.
solubility:40g/l
pka:4.84(at 25℃)
form:Liquid
color:Clear colorless to pale yellow
PH:3.95(1 mM solution);3.43(10 mM solution);2.92(100 mM solution);
Odor:at 1.00 % in propylene glycol. sickening putrid acidic sweaty rancid
Odor Type:cheesy
Odor Threshold:0.000037ppm
biological source:synthetic
explosive limit:1.8-7.3%(V)

Water Solubility:40 g/L (20 ºC)
JECFA Number:90
Merck:14,9904
BRN:969454
Dielectric constant:2.6000000000000001
Dielectric constant:2.7（20℃）
Major Application:cleaning products
Major Application:cosmetics
Major Application:flavors and fragrances
Major Application:food and beverages
Major Application:personal care

Cosmetics Ingredients Functions:PERFUMING
InChI:1S/C5H10O2/c1-2-3-4-5(6)7/h2-4H2,1H3,(H,6,7)
InChIKey:NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES:CCCCC(O)=O
LogP:1.8 at 25℃
Surface tension:27.23mN/m at 293.15K
CAS DataBase Reference:109-52-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):VALERIC ACID
FDA 21 CFR:172.515

EWG's Food Scores:1
FDA UNII:GZK92PJM7B
NIST Chemistry Reference:Pentanoic acid(109-52-4)
EPA Substance Registry System:Valeric acid (109-52-4)
UNSPSC Code:85151701
NACRES:NA.24
CAS:109-52-4
IUPAC Name:pentanoic acid
Molecular Formula:C5H10O2

InChI Key:NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES:CCCCC(O)=O
Molecular Weight (g/mol):102.13
Appearance (Color):Clear colorless to light yellow
Appearance (Form):Liquid
Infrared spectrum:Conforms
GC:>=98.5 %
Water:=<0.1 %
Refractive index:1.4070 to 1.4100 (20°C,589 nm)

FIRST AID MEASURES of VALERIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of VALERIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of VALERIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of VALERIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nature latex/chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,6 mm
Break through time: 30 min
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of VALERIC ACID:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions
Tightly closed.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of VALERIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .