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Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of pyridoxine, a water-soluble form of vitamin B6, widely used in pharmaceuticals, food fortification, and nutritional supplements.
In the body, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is converted into the active coenzyme pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), which is essential for amino acid, neurotransmitter, hemoglobin, and lipid metabolism.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride's stability, solubility, and bioavailability make it the preferred supplemental form of vitamin B6 for tablets, capsules, multivitamin blends, and fortified foods.
CAS Number: 58-56-0
EC Number: 200-386-2
Molecular Formula: C8H12ClNO3
Molecular Weight: 205.64 g/mol
Synonyms: Adermine hydrochloride, PN HCl, Pyridoxol hydrochloride, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride, Pyridoxinium chloride, Hexabione HCl, campoviton6, 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol hydrochloride, paxadon, becilan, benadon, Adermine hydrochloride, PN HCl, Pyridoxol hydrochloride, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride, Pyridoxinium chloride, Hexabione HCl, campoviton6, PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE, 58-56-0, Pyridoxine HCl, Pyridoxol hydrochloride, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride, Pyridoxine chloride, Alestrol, Bonasanit, Hexavibex, Hexermin, Hexobion, Pyridipca, Becilan, Beesix, Benadon, Pydox, Campoviton 6, Hexa-Betalin, Hexabetalin, Aderoxin, Godabion, Paxadon, Pyridox, Aderoxine, Pyridoxin hydrochloride, Pyridoxinium chloride, 3,4-Pyridinedimethanol, 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-, hydrochloride, Aderomine hydrochloride, Hexabione hydrochloride, Hexa-Betalin (R), Pyridoxinum hydrochloricum, Rodex (R), Pyridoxol, hydrochloride, 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol hydrochloride, Pyridoxine monohydrochloride, 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol hydrochloride, 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine hydrochloride, 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-alpha-picoline hydrochloride, NSC-36225, 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedicarbinol hydrochloride, 68Y4CF58BV, DTXSID1040792, CHEBI:30961, Pyridoxini hydrochloridum, 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol;hydrochloride, DTXCID4010780, 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine hydrochloride, BONJESTA COMPONENT PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE, DICLEGIS COMPONENT PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE, BENDECTIN COMPONENT PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE, DICLECTIN COMPONENT PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE, Lyphomed, Vitalife, Pyridox-roche, Pyridox hcl, Vital foods, Pyridoxol Hcl, Comploment continus, Kent b6, PureVita Vitamin B6, Orovite comploment b6, Pyrid-10, Pyridid-20, PYRIDOXINE HCI, B-6 Pyridoxine HCL, RefChem:6489, 4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol monohydrochloride, 200-386-2, NSC19613, Adermine hydrochloride, Bendectin, PN HCl, MFCD00012807, Pyridoxine (hydrochloride), (5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-3,4-diyl)dimethanol hydrochloride, Adermin hydrochloride, 8064-77-5, 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol, hydrochloride, Pyridoxine hydrogen chloride, Spondylonal, Pyridoxin hydrochloride (Vitamin B6 hydrochloride), Pyridoxol (hydrochloride);Vitamin B6 (hydrochloride), 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-3-pyridinol hydrochloride, Pyridoxine, hydrochloride, 3,4-Pyridinedimethanol, 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-, hydrochloride (1:1), Pyridoxinum hydrochloricum (Hungarian), SMR000674613, Hexa-betalin (TN), NSC36225, CCRIS 1903, component of Alestrol, HSDB 1212, Tex Six T.R., Clorhidrato de piridoxina, NCGC00164317-01, Vitamin B6-hydrochloride, EINECS 200-386-2, NSC 36225, Vitamin B6, hydrochloride, UNII-68Y4CF58BV, AI3-19016, Pyridoxine hydrochloride [JAN], 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethyl-2-methylpyridine hydrochloride, 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, chloride, Prestwick_925, Pyridoxine hydrochloride [USP:JAN], SCHEMBL42293, MLS001074329, MLS002153915, PYRIDOXINE HCL [VANDF], Pyridoxine hydrochloride, 98%, MSK1507A, orb1310114, SCHEMBL8992241, 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-.alpha.-picoline hydrochloride, CHEMBL1200756, HY-N0682R, HMS1569N08, HMS5081E16, HY-N0682, PXB92112, Tox21_302476, PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE [MI], s3113, 3-Hydroxy-4,5-Dimethylol-Alpha-Pic, Pyridoxine hydrochloride (JP17/USP), pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6), PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE [FCC], AKOS015891679, Pyridoxine (hydrochloride) (Standard), CCG-220623, CS-W020418, FP27320, PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE [HSDB], 3,5-hydroxy-6-methyl-, hydrochloride, PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE [MART.], PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE [VANDF], NCGC00180946-01, NCGC00256911-01, PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE [USP-RS], PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE [WHO-DD], PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE [WHO-IP], PYRIDOXINUM HYDROCHLORICUM [HPUS], AC-12024, AS-11752, ST007554, SY061587, WLN: T6NJ B1 CQ D1Q E1Q &GH, Pyridoxine hydrochloride, >=98% (HPLC), DB-053225, Pyridoxine hydrochloride, p.a., 98-102%, NS00075617, P
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of pyridoxine, a water-soluble form of vitamin B6 widely used in pharmaceuticals, food fortification, and nutritional supplements.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride typically appears as a white or almost white crystalline powder, odorless, with a slightly bitter taste, and is freely soluble in water and alcohol.
As an essential micronutrient, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride plays a central role in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, hemoglobin production, and glycogen breakdown, primarily through its conversion to the active coenzyme pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP).
In clinical and dietary applications, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used to prevent or correct vitamin B6 deficiency, support neurological health, enhance immune function, and as an adjunct in the management of certain metabolic and hematological disorders.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride's stability, ease of formulation, and bioavailability make it the preferred supplemental form of vitamin B6 in tablets, capsules, multivitamin blends, and fortified foods.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is the stable hydrochloride salt of Vitamin B6.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is naturally occurring Vitamin B6 exists as pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine.
Among them, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is the most stable and widely used form in nutrition, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
In the body, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is converted into its active coenzyme form, Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), which acts in over 100 enzymatic reactions.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride plays a vital role in metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and neurotransmitters, making it an essential nutrient for humans, animals, and even certain industrial microbial processes.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is not just a vitamin supplement but a multifunctional compound bridging nutrition, medicine, cosmetics, and laboratory use — with broad benefits for metabolism, nerves, blood health, skin, and immunity.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of pyridoxine, a water-soluble form of Vitamin B6.
In the body, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride converts to the active coenzyme pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), essential in numerous enzymatic reactions including amino acid, neurotransmitter, and lipid metabolism.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of pyridoxine, a water-soluble vitamin B.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is converted into the active form, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), an essential cofactor in many enzymatic activities including synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, and sphingolipids.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is essential to red blood cell, nervous system, and immune systems functions and helps maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV (across all indications) and has 3 approved and 2 investigational indications.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is frequently employed in nutritional and biochemical research due to its importance in numerous metabolic processes.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is a water-soluble vitamin that is a vital cofactor for enzymes catalyzing the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is also essential for the study of homocysteine metabolism, as it is involved in converting homocysteine to cysteine.
Moreover, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is applied in research on genetic disorders that affect its metabolism.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is a salt of pyridoxine free base which is used to treat low levels of vitamin B6.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is essential to maintain the health of nerves, skin and red blood cells.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride contains salt form of vitamin B6 that restores vitamin B6 in the body and helps to treat its deficiency.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is a salt of pyridoxine free base which is used to treat low levels of vitamin B6.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is essential to maintain the health of nerves, skin and red blood cells.
Take Vitamin B6 hydrochloride as advised by the doctor.
In some cases, you may experience nausea, drowsiness, headache, mild tingling or numbness.
Most of these side effects of Vitamin B6 hydrochloride do not require medical attention and gradually resolve over time.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used to treat vitamin B6 deficiency.
Vitamin B6 deficiency is caused due to malabsorption, protein-energy undernutrition, certain drugs or alcoholism.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is indispensable for promoting normal growth and development, as well as ensuring the optimal functioning of the nervous system.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride can be obtained from various food sources.
Although the precise mechanism of action of Vitamin B6 hydrochloride remains incompletely elucidated, it is believed to operate through its interaction with specific proteins and enzymes within the body.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt of Pyridoxine.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is a pyridine derivative and is involved in a variety of enzymatic transformations and plays a role as an antioxidant in biological systems.
Pyridoxine was isolated and crystallized in 1938 by Samuel Lepkovsky.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride can be converted in animals into the enzymatically active form pyridoxal-5-phosphate.
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate is used in metabolic utilization and transformation of amino acids and is a cofactor in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and sphingolipids.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is soluble in water and DMSO but insoluble in ethanol.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of pyridoxine, one of the six vitamers of Vitamin B6, a water-soluble vitamin essential in the human diet.
Commonly referred to as Vitamin B6, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is available under various trade names including Hexa-Betalin, Nestrex, and Rodex.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is crucial for a myriad of bodily functions, including amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hemoglobin production.
Market Overview of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Global Demand and Growth:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride holds a strong position in the global nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food fortification markets due to its essential role as vitamin B6.
The demand is largely driven by the rising prevalence of nutritional deficiencies, the expansion of preventive healthcare, and the growth of functional foods and dietary supplements.
The global vitamin B6 market is projected to expand steadily, with annual growth rates around 5–7%, supported by increasing consumer awareness of immune health, energy metabolism, and cognitive support.
End-Use Industries:
Pharmaceuticals:
Widely formulated into tablets, injections, and multivitamin complexes for treating B6 deficiency, pregnancy-related nausea, anemia, and certain neurological conditions.
Food and Beverages:
Added to fortified cereals, baby food, energy drinks, and health bars to prevent deficiency and boost nutritional value.
Animal Nutrition:
Incorporated in premixes and feed to support growth, immunity, and metabolism in livestock and poultry.
Cosmetics and Personal Care:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used in topical formulations for skin conditioning and anti-seborrheic effects (though less prominent compared to oral use).
Regional Insights:
Asia-Pacific dominates production, with China being the largest manufacturer and exporter due to strong raw material availability and cost-effective production.
North America and Europe show strong consumption patterns, driven by supplement culture, preventive healthcare, and strict regulatory standards for food fortification.
Emerging markets in Latin America, Middle East, and Africa are witnessing rising demand through expanding healthcare access and fortified food programs.
Market Drivers:
Growing demand for nutritional supplements in aging populations.
Rising incidence of lifestyle-related disorders (e.g., cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological).
Expanding functional food and beverage industry.
Mandatory food fortification programs in several countries.
Challenges:
Stringent regulatory frameworks for dietary supplements and food additives.
Price volatility due to dependence on a few major producers.
Competition from alternative vitamin B6 derivatives (e.g., pyridoxal-5′-phosphate as a premium product).
Outlook:
The market is expected to continue its steady growth trajectory, with emphasis on high-quality, pharmaceutical-grade Vitamin B6 hydrochloride and increased investment in sustainable production.
Demand will remain strong across nutraceuticals, fortified foods, and global healthcare initiatives.
Uses of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is widely utilized across pharmaceuticals, nutrition, and industry due to its essential role in human and animal health.
In medicine, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is administered to prevent and treat vitamin B6 deficiency, support neurological function, manage pregnancy-related nausea, and serve as adjunct therapy in drug-induced deficiencies or certain anemias.
As a nutritional supplement, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is a common ingredient in multivitamins, fortified foods, sports nutrition products, and energy drinks, where it supports metabolism, immunity, and cognitive health.
In veterinary applications, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is incorporated into animal feed premixes to promote growth, immune defense, and reproductive well-being.
Beyond health, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride finds limited but notable use in cosmetics for its skin-conditioning and anti-seborrheic properties, as well as in shampoos marketed for scalp and hair health.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride's broad spectrum of applications, spanning from clinical therapy to preventive nutrition and functional foods, underscores its importance as a versatile and indispensable form of vitamin B6.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride can be administered in several forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride can also be given via intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous injections, particularly in clinical settings where rapid correction of Vitamin B6 deficiency is needed.
For general supplementation, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) varies by age, sex, and physiological conditions such as pregnancy or lactation.
For adults, the typical dosage ranges from 1.3 to 2.0 milligrams per day.
In cases of deficiency or specific medical conditions, higher dosages may be prescribed under medical supervision.
For instance, individuals with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy may require doses ranging from 30 to 600 mg per day.
The onset of action for oral Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is gradual, as it must first be absorbed and then converted to its active form.
Intravenous administration offers a more immediate effect, making Vitamin B6 hydrochloride the preferred route in acute deficiency situations or emergency medical conditions.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is crucial to follow the specific dosage and administration guidelines provided by a healthcare professional to ensure optimal efficacy and avoid potential adverse effects.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is also used to treat nerve disorder and hereditary disorders like xanthurenic aciduria, cystathioninuria, hyperoxaluria and homocystinuria.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride finds application in cosmetics, food and feed additives.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride plays an important role in transporting protein Bsu1 and thiamine uptake.
Furthermore, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is also involved in various biochemical reactions.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is also used to treat nerve disorder and hereditary disorders like xanthurenic aciduria, cystathioninuria, hyperoxaluria and homocystinuria.
Nutritional supplement — Vitamin B6 hydrochloride addresses Vitamin B₆ deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, isoniazid-induced neuropathy, and certain metabolic or hereditary disorders.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is employed in drug formulations (often combined with doxylamine for morning sickness), food and feed additives, cosmetic ingredients, and as reference standards in analytical chemistry.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used versatile for use in biology labs (cell culture, chemically defined media) and in analytical QC.
In studies, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used to understand its role in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, which are critical for normal brain function and development.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride finds application in cosmetics, food and feed additives.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride plays an important role in transporting protein Bsu1 and thiamine uptake.
Furthermore, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is also involved in various biochemical reactions.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is classified as a dietary supplement and is often found in multivitamin formulations, but it can also be prescribed as a standalone medication for therapeutic purposes.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride has gained significant attention over the years because of its wide range of therapeutic indications and low toxicity profile, making it a staple in both clinical and over-the-counter applications.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is primarily targeted for individuals with Vitamin B6 deficiency, either due to dietary insufficiencies or certain medical conditions such as alcoholism, liver disease, or chronic renal failure.
Additionally, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is utilized in the treatment of specific types of anemia and some metabolic disorders.
Research institutions around the globe are investigating the broader applications of Vitamin B6 hydrochloride, including its potential benefits in managing symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), depression, and even certain neurological conditions.
Pharmaceuticals and Medicine uses:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used as a vitamin supplement in tablets, capsules, injectables.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride supports treatment of Vitamin B6 deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, metabolic disorders, and neurological issues.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is often given with isoniazid, hydralazine, or penicillamine to prevent drug-induced neuropathy.
In combination drugs: with doxylamine (to treat morning sickness in pregnancy).
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is indicated in-
Treatment and prevention of pyridoxine deficiency states.
Sideroblastic anaemias.
Seizures due to hereditary syndromes of pyridoxine deficiency or dependency in infants.
Depression and other symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome and the use of oral contraceptives.
Prophylaxis of isoniazid-induced peripheral neuritis and for the treatment of acute isoniazid toxicity.
Food and Nutrition uses:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is widely used in fortified foods (cereals, baby food, dairy products, beverages).
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is essential component in multivitamins and sports nutrition products.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is included in animal feed premixes to ensure healthy growth and metabolism in poultry, cattle, swine, and aquaculture.
Cosmetics and Personal Care uses:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is added to skincare and haircare products for its antioxidant, conditioning, and restorative effects.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used in anti-dandruff, anti-aging, and moisturizing products because Vitamin B6 helps with sebum regulation and skin barrier function.
Biotechnology and Laboratory uses:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used in cell culture media as a required vitamin for cell growth.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride serves as a reference standard in analytical chemistry.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used in the management and treatment of Vitamin B6 deficiency.
The detailed uses of Vitamin B6 hydrochloride are as follows:
Vitamin B6 Deficiency:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride treats and prevents deficiency caused by poor diet, alcoholism, or certain medications.
Anemia:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride supports hemoglobin production and red blood cell formation.
Morning Sickness in Pregnancy:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is often used to relieve nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy.
Neurological Conditions:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used in managing peripheral neuropathy and seizures.
Benefits of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Metabolic Support:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride acts as a coenzyme in metabolism of amino acids and neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, GABA).
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride helps convert glycogen to glucose, supporting energy production.
Neurological Health:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride supports normal nervous system function.
Contributes to the production of neurotransmitters, improving mood regulation and cognitive health.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is often used to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PMS when related to Vitamin B6 deficiency.
Hematological Benefits:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride helps in hemoglobin synthesis and red blood cell formation.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride supports treatment of certain forms of anemia.
Immune System Support:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride boosts production of lymphocytes and antibodies.
Helps the body resist infections and maintain immune balance.
Skin and Hair Benefits:
Regulates sebaceous gland activity, beneficial in oily skin and acne.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride helps maintain healthy hair growth and prevents dandruff.
Hormonal and Women’s Health:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride plays a role in regulating hormones linked to PMS symptoms.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used in pregnancy supplementation (with medical supervision).
Medicinal Benefits:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used to treat vitamin B6 deficiency.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride restores vitamin B6 in the body and helps to treat its deficiency.
Also, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is used to treat peripheral neuritis (nerve damage) caused by isoniazid (a drug used to treat tuberculosis).
Action Mechanism of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
The mechanism of action of Vitamin B6 hydrochloride centers around its role as a precursor to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), the active form of Vitamin B6.
PLP serves as a coenzyme in a variety of biochemical processes, particularly those involving amino acids.
These reactions include transamination, decarboxylation, and racemization, which are vital for synthesizing neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
In addition to neurotransmitter synthesis, PLP is crucial for glycogenolysis, the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate, thereby playing a significant role in glucose metabolism.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride also contributes to the synthesis of heme, an essential component of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Furthermore, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride aids in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin, another vital B-vitamin.
When ingested, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is absorbed in the small intestine and converted to PLP in the liver.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride's bioavailability may vary depending on factors such as age, nutritional status, and the presence of certain medical conditions.
Once converted to Vitamin B6 hydrochloride's active form, PLP participates in over 100 enzymatic reactions, underscoring the broad physiological impact of this essential nutrient.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride serves as a precursor of pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP), a coenzyme for amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxines.
These are pyridoxal derivatives in which the carbaldehyde group at position 2 of the pyridoxal moiety is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.
Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Vitamin B6 hydrochloride.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is a pyridine derivative.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
Production and Synthesis of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Industrial Production:
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is primarily manufactured on a large scale through chemical synthesis rather than extraction, since natural sources (e.g., cereals, meats, bananas) contain very low concentrations.
Modern production is dominated by fermentation-assisted chemical processes due to cost efficiency and high purity requirements for pharmaceutical and food-grade applications.
Chemical Synthesis Routes:
Starting Materials:
Common precursors include 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine, formaldehyde, and glycolaldehyde derivatives, which undergo multi-step reactions to build the pyridoxine ring structure.
Hydrochloride Formation:
The free base (pyridoxine) is converted to its hydrochloride salt by treatment with hydrochloric acid, enhancing stability, solubility, and bioavailability.
Catalysts and Intermediates:
Controlled conditions with acid/base catalysts, protective groups, and purification stages ensure high yield and pharmaceutical-grade quality.
Fermentation Approaches:
Some industrial processes integrate microbial fermentation (e.g., using Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis engineered strains) to produce intermediates like 4-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, which are then chemically converted to pyridoxine.
This biotechnological route is gaining traction for being more sustainable, eco-friendly, and potentially cost-competitive.
Quality Control:
Final product must meet pharmacopeial standards (e.g., USP, EP, JP) ensuring purity, correct crystalline form, and absence of harmful residues.
Analytical methods such as HPLC, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and NMR are employed for quality verification.
Production Hubs:
The majority of global supply comes from China, which has become the largest producer and exporter of vitamin B6.
Europe and North America mainly serve as consumption markets, relying on imports but ensuring stringent regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical and food applications.
History of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
The history of Vitamin B6 hydrochloride is closely tied to the discovery of vitamin B6 as an essential micronutrient.
In 1934, Hungarian physician Paul György identified a dietary factor that prevented acrodynia (dermatitis in rats) and named it vitamin B6.
In 1938, Samuel Lepkovsky isolated the active compound from rice bran, and shortly after, in 1939, the structure of pyridoxine was elucidated by Richard Kuhn, who later received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on vitamins.
The hydrochloride salt form was introduced soon after as a stable, water-soluble derivative suitable for pharmaceutical and nutritional applications.
This crystalline form made Vitamin B6 hydrochloride easier to manufacture, transport, and formulate into tablets, capsules, and injections compared to the free base.
By the 1940s and 1950s, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride entered widespread clinical use to prevent and treat B6 deficiency and related disorders.
Vitamin B6 hydrochloride's incorporation into fortified foods began around the same time, especially in cereals and baby foods, as governments implemented nutrition programs to combat widespread deficiencies during and after World War II.
Since then, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride has become a global standard for vitamin B6 supplementation, included in pharmacopoeias worldwide (USP, EP, JP) and produced on an industrial scale.
Today, Vitamin B6 hydrochloride remains the most common supplemental form of vitamin B6, with applications ranging from human and veterinary medicine to functional foods and animal nutrition.
Handling and Storage of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Handling:
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Do not breathe dust.
Use only in well-ventilated areas or under local exhaust ventilation.
Wear appropriate protective equipment (gloves, goggles, lab coat).
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Storage:
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place.
Protect from light, heat, and moisture.
Keep away from strong oxidizers, acids, and bases.
Stability and Reactivity of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Stability:
Stable under normal temperature and pressure conditions.
Reactivity:
May react with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and strong bases.
Hygroscopic – absorbs moisture from air.
Thermal decomposition may produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen chloride fumes.
First Aid Measures of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
Skin Contact:
Wash immediately with soap and plenty of water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Get medical advice if irritation develops.
Eye Contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting eyelids occasionally.
Remove contact lenses if present.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Ingestion:
Rinse mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting.
Give water to drink.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Firefighting Measures of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Extinguishing Media:
Use carbon dioxide, foam, dry chemical powder, or water spray.
Hazards:
Burning may release toxic fumes such as CO, CO₂, NOₓ, and HCl.
Protective Equipment:
Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective clothing.
Accidental Release Measures of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Personal Precautions:
Wear protective gloves, goggles, and suitable clothing.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid inhalation of dust.
Spill Cleanup:
Sweep or vacuum spillage carefully, avoiding dust generation.
Collect into suitable container for disposal.
Wash spill area with water after cleanup.
Prevent entry into drains and waterways.
Exposure Controls / Personal Protection of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Engineering Controls:
Provide local exhaust or general ventilation to keep airborne levels low.
Personal Protection:
Respiratory:
Use approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded.
Skin:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile or neoprene).
Eyes:
Use safety goggles or face shield.
Body:
Wear protective clothing (lab coat, apron).
Hygiene Measures:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke when handling Vitamin B6 hydrochloride.
Wash hands and face thoroughly after use.
Identifiers of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
CAS Number: 58-56-0
EC Number (EINECS): 200-386-2
UNII (FDA): 2955-3
PubChem CID: 6051
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:16709
InChI Key: LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Formula: C₈H₁₂ClNO₃
Molecular Weight: 205.64 g/mol
IUPAC Name: 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol hydrochloride
CAS: 58-56-0
IUPAC Name: hydrogen 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol chloride
Molecular Formula: C8H12ClNO3
InChI Key: ZUFQODAHGAHPFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: [H+].[Cl-].CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CO)=C1O
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 205.64
Synonym: hydrogen pyridoxine chloride
IUPAC Name: 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol hydrochloride
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C8H11NO3.ClH/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5;/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H;1H
InChI Key: ZUFQODAHGAHPFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILES: Cl.CC1=C(O)C(CO)=C(CO)C=N1
Average Molecular Weight: 205.639
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 205.050570962
Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): C8H11NO3 · HCl
CAS Number: 58-56-0
Molecular Weight: 205.64
Beilstein: 3632435
EC Number: 200-386-2
MDL Number: MFCD00012807
UNSPSC Code: 12352205
eCl@ss: 34058008
PubChem Substance ID: 24899059
NACRES: NA.55
Appearance: Powder
Physical State: Solid
Storage: Store at room temperature
Properties of Vitamin B6 Hydrochloride:
Melting Point: 159-162° C (lit.)
Physical State: powder
Color: white
Odor: odourless
Melting Point/Freezing Point: Melting point/range: 214 - 215 °C
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: No data available
Flash Point: No data available
Autoignition Temperature: No data available
Decomposition Temperature: 205 - 212 °C
pH: 2,3 - 3,2 at 50 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water Solubility: 159 g/l at 20 °C- completely soluble
Partition Coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: -0,7 at 20 °C - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor Pressure: < 0,1 hPa at 25 °C - OECD Test Guideline 104
Density: 1,44 g/cm3 at 20 °C - OECD Test Guideline 109
Relative Density: 1,44 at 20 °C - OECD Test Guideline 109
Relative Vapor Density: No data available
Particle Characteristics: No data available
Explosive Properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing Properties: none
Other Safety Information: Surface tension 73,4 mN/m at 1g/l at 20 °C - OECD Test Guideline 115
Assay (Titration ex Chloride): ≥98.5 to ≤101.5% (non-U.S. sourced material)
Appearance (Color): White to pale cream
Identification (FTIR): Conforms
Form: Powder or crystals or crystalline powder
Assay from Supplier's CofA: ≥98.5% (U.S. sourced material)
Comment: Material Sourced in the U.S. and in other countries
Melting Point: 200-210°C (non-U.S. sourced material)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C8H11NO3·HCl = 205.64
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
Storage Temperature: Room Temperature (Recommended in a cool and dark place, <15°C)
Condition to Avoid: Light Sensitive
Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless
pH (aqueous solution): Around 2.3–3.2 at 20 °C (50 g/L); other measurements around 3.2 (5% solution)
Melting Point: Approximately 214–215 °C; some sources note ~205 °C with decomposition
Solubility:
Water: ~159 g/L at 20 °C (fully soluble)
Slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether or chloroform; soluble in propylene glycol
Partition Coefficient (log P): About –0.7 at 20 °C; estimated value –1.098
Vapor Pressure: Less than 0.1 hPa at 25 °C
Molecular Weight: 205.64 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 205.0505709 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 205.0505709 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 73.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Complexity: 142
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
