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Zinc sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula ZnSO4.
Zinc sulfate is typically found in anhydrous or hydrated forms, such as monohydrate and heptahydrate, and appears as a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water.
Zinc sulfate is commonly applied in fertilizers to correct zinc deficiency in soils, in pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements for treating zinc deficiency, and in industrial processes such as electroplating, water treatment, and chemical manufacturing.
CAS Number: 7733-02-0
EC Number: 231-793-3
Chemical Formula: ZnSO4
Molecular Weight: 161.44 g/mol
Synonyms: Zinc sulfate, Zinc sulphate, 7733-02-0, Zinc sulfate anhydrous, Zincate, White vitriol, zinc(II) sulfate, Zinc sulfate (1:1), Medizinc, Solvezinc, Solvezink, Zincomed, Zinkosite, Bonazen, Neozin, Optised, Optraex, Orazinc, Zinklet, White copperas, Visine-ac, Zinci Sulfas, Sulfate de zinc, ZnSO4, Prefrin-Z, Zincum Sulfuricum, Zink-Gro, OP-Thal-zin, Sulfuric acid, zinc salt (1:1), Bufopto zinc sulfate, component of Phenylzin, Zinc sulphate anhydrous, Zinc sulfate, anhydrous, Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), Zinc sulphate, anhydrous, Sulfuric acid, zinc salt, Zinc sulfate (anhydrous), Zinc-200, Zincfrin, Zinc (as sulfate), zinc(2+) sulfate, Zinc (as sulphate), 0J6Z13X3WO, Zinc sulphate hydrate, DTXSID2040315, AI3-03967, Zinci sulfas monohydrate, Zinci sulfas heptahydrate, NSC-32677, NSC-135806, CHEBI:35176, Zinc sulfate (1:1) monohydrate, Zinc sulfate, unspecified hydrate, Zinc sulphate (1:1) monohydrate, ZINC SULPHATE (1:1) HEPTAHYDRATE, Sulfate, Zinc, Sootheye, Zincosol, Zindole, Zn sulf co, Z Span, Zinc Sulfate Injection, RefChem:6512, zinc sulfate injection,, zinc(2+) ion sulfate, 89DS0H96TB, DTXCID0020315, 231-793-3, NSC32677, Sulfuric acid zinc salt, Verazinc, Zinc sulfate (1:1) heptahydrate, Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (1:1:7), Zinc vitriol, Zincaps, zinc;sulfate, O4SZn, Zinc vitriol (VAN), Caswell No. 927, Zinc Sulfate [USP], White vitriol (VAN), Zinc Sulfate (Solution in Water), Salvazinc, NU-Z, Sulfate de zinc [French], CCRIS 3664, Sulfuric acid zinc salt (VAN), HSDB 1063, EINECS 231-793-3, NSC 32677, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 089001, NSC 135806, UNII-0J6Z13X3WO, Sulfato de cinc, zinc(II)sulfate, Sulfato de zinco, Solfato di Zinco, ZINC SULFATE [MI], EC 231-793-3, ZINC SULFATE [HSDB], SCHEMBL22575, CHEMBL1200929, AKOS025295737, DB09322, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 0.05M Zinc Sulphate, NS00076230, F546917, Q204954, USP Solution Zinc Sulfate 0.0500 Molar Conforms to USP, Reagecon Zinc Sulphate 0.1M according to United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
Zinc sulfate is an inorganic salt of zinc and sulfuric acid widely used across industrial, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications.
Zinc sulfate is typically found in anhydrous or hydrated forms, such as monohydrate and heptahydrate, and appears as a white crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water.
Zinc sulfate is primarily used as a source of zinc, an essential trace element required for biological functions in humans, animals, and plants.
Zinc sulfate exhibits good stability under normal conditions and is valued for its effectiveness, availability, and relatively low cost.
Zinc sulfate is commonly applied in fertilizers to correct zinc deficiency in soils, in pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements for treating zinc deficiency, and in industrial processes such as electroplating, water treatment, and chemical manufacturing.
Zinc sulfate also plays a role in food and feed fortification, contributing to nutritional balance, enzyme function, and overall metabolic health.
Zinc sulfate is defined as a zinc fertilizer commonly used in agriculture, available in forms such as ZnSO4·H2O and ZnSO4·7H2O, which contain 36% and 22% zinc, respectively.
Zinc sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula ZnSO4.
Zinc sulfate occurs as a colorless, crystalline solid and is naturally found in its hydrated form as a mineral called goslarite.
Zinc is essential for proper metabolism and immune system function in the body.
Zinc sulfate is used in dietary supplements, animal feed, fertilizers, and many other products.
Zinc sulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnSO4.
Zinc sulfate forms hydrates ZnSO4·nH2O, where n can range from 0 to 7.
The most common form includes water of crystallization as the heptahydrate with the formula ZnSO4·7H2O.
As early as the 16th century Zinc sulfate was prepared on a large scale, and was historically known as "white vitriol" (the name was used, for example, in 1620s by the collective writing under the pseudonym of Basil Valentine).
Zinc sulfate and its hydrates are colourless solids.
Zinc sulfate is a metal sulfate compound containing zinc (2+) as a counter ion.
Zinc sulfate acts as fertilizer.
Zinc sulfate is a metal sulfate and a zinc molecular entity.
Contains a zinc (2+).
Anhydrous Zinc sulfate is a colorless crystalline solid.
Zinc sulfate is a combination of sulfur and zinc.
Zinc sulfate is a herbicide commonly used for algae control.
The toxicity of Zinc sulfate depends on the amount of zinc in the product.
Zinc is a mineral essential for human, animal, and plant nutrition.
Zinc is found naturally in the environment, in foods, and in water.
Zinc sulfate is an inorganic compound and a nutritional supplement.
Zinc sulfate hydrate is a compound that functions as a source of zinc ions in experimental applications.
Zinc sulfate's mechanism of action involves the release of zinc ions, which can then interact with various biological molecules and cellular components.
These interactions can modulate enzymatic activity, gene expression, and signal transduction pathways within the experimental system.
Zinc sulfate hydrate can also serve as a cofactor for certain enzymes, influencing their catalytic activity and function.
The presence of zinc ions from Zinc sulfate hydrate can impact the stability and structure of proteins, potentially altering their biological activity.
Zinc sulfate hydrate plays a role in providing zinc ions for experimental manipulation and investigation of zinc-related biological processes at the molecular and cellular level.
Zinc is a naturally occurring mineral.
Zinc is important for growth and for the development and health of body tissues.
Zinc sulfate is used to treat and to prevent zinc deficiency and it also helps in the immune system function.
Applications of Zinc Sulfate:
Zinc sulfate is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing and cleaning products, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), metal surface treatment products, lubricants and greases, metalworking fluids and polymers.
Zinc sulfate is used in machine wash fluids/detergents, automotive care products, paints, coatings or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners, hydraulic fluids in automotive suspension, lubricants in engine oil and brake fluids.
Uses of Zinc Sulfate:
Zinc sulfate is widely used in agriculture as a micronutrient fertilizer to correct zinc deficiency in soils, improving crop yield, plant growth, and enzyme activity.
Zinc sulfate is applied in animal feed and food fortification as a nutritional supplement to provide essential zinc for growth, immune function, and metabolic processes.
Zinc sulfate is used in pharmaceuticals and medicine to treat and prevent zinc deficiency, and it is also included in oral rehydration solutions and dermatological preparations.
Zinc sulfate is utilized in water treatment processes as a coagulant and algaecide to improve water quality and control microbial growth.
Zinc sulfate is employed in electroplating and metal processing industries as an electrolyte component for zinc coating and corrosion protection.
Zinc sulfate is used in textile and dyeing industries as a mordant to improve dye fixation and color stability.
Zinc sulfate is also applied in chemical manufacturing as a precursor for producing other zinc compounds and specialty chemicals.
Manufacturing:
The main application of the heptahydrate is as a coagulant in the production of rayon.
Zinc sulfate is also a precursor to the pigment lithopone.
Zinc sulfate is also used as an electrolyte for zinc electroplating, as a mordant in dyeing, and as a preservative for skins and leather.
Nutrition:
Zinc sulfate is used to supply zinc in animal feeds, fertilizers, toothpaste, and agricultural sprays.
Zinc sulfate like many zinc compounds, can be used to control moss growth on roofs.
Zinc sulfate can be used to supplement zinc in the brewing process.
Zinc is a necessary nutrient for optimal yeast health and performance, although it is not a necessary supplement for low-gravity beers, as the grains commonly used in brewing already provide adequate zinc.
Zinc sulfate is a more common practice when pushing yeast to their limit by increasing alcohol content beyond their comfort zone.
Before modern stainless steel, brew Kettles, fermenting vessels and after wood, zinc was slowly leached by the use of copper kettles.
Uses and Benefits of Zinc Sulfate:
Astringent and Antimicrobial Agent:
Zinc sulfate functions as an astringent and antimicrobial agent in various cosmetic and personal care products.
As an astringent, Zinc sulfate shrinks open pores on the skin and controls excessive oil and sebum secretion, thus preventing pore clogging and dirt buildup.
The skin becomes clean, free from dust and dirt, and helps prevent infections.
As an antimicrobial agent, Zinc sulfate inhibits microbial growth and protects the skin from conditions such as acne and body odor.
Brightens and Evens Skin Tone:
Zinc sulfate also brightens and evens out the skin tone.
Preservative:
Zinc sulfate acts as a preservative, preventing contamination by fungi and bacteria, thus extending the product's shelf life, allowing for the long-term preservation of the aroma, taste, and the cosmetic product itself.
In addition, Zinc sulfate protects the product from deterioration over time.
Commonly used in personal care products:
Zinc sulfate is used in the formulation of creams, lotions, gels, shampoos, conditioners, sunscreens, makeup, and other skin and hair care products.
Production, Reactions, Structure of Zinc Sulfate:
Minerals
As a mineral, ZnSO4·7H2O is known as goslarite.
Zinc sulfate occurs as several other minor minerals, such as zincmelanterite, (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4·7H2O (structurally different from goslarite).
Lower hydrates of Zinc sulfate are rarely found in nature: (Zn,Fe)SO4·6H2O (bianchite), (Zn,Mg)SO4·4H2O (boyleite), and (Zn,Mn)SO4·H2O (gunningite).
Synthesis:
Zinc sulfate is commonly produced by the reaction of zinc metal, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, or zinc carbonate with sulfuric acid.
The synthesis route depends on the desired purity, hydration form, and industrial application.
From zinc metal:
Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂↑
In this reaction, metallic zinc reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to form Zinc sulfate and hydrogen gas.
This method is straightforward but requires control of acid concentration and gas release.
From zinc oxide:
ZnO + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂O
This is one of the most common industrial methods.
Zinc oxide reacts readily with sulfuric acid to produce Zinc sulfate and water, giving a clean and efficient process.
From zinc hydroxide:
Zn(OH)₂ + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + 2H₂O
This neutralization reaction is used when zinc hydroxide is available as an intermediate or by-product.
From zinc carbonate:
ZnCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + CO₂↑ + H₂O
Zinc carbonate reacts with sulfuric acid to form Zinc sulfate, carbon dioxide, and water.
This route is useful when carbonate ores or precipitated zinc carbonate are used as raw materials.
Industrial production steps:
Raw material preparation:
Zinc-containing material is selected and purified if necessary.
Acid reaction:
The zinc source is reacted with sulfuric acid under controlled conditions.
Filtration:
Insoluble impurities are removed from the reaction mixture.
Concentration:
The Zinc sulfate solution is evaporated to increase concentration.
Crystallization:
Zinc sulfate crystals are formed, often as monohydrate or heptahydrate depending on process conditions.
Drying:
The crystals are dried and packaged for commercial use.
Zinc sulfate can also be recovered as a by-product in hydrometallurgical zinc processing, where zinc-containing ores are leached with sulfuric acid and the resulting solution is purified before crystallization.
Stability and Reactivity of Zinc Sulfate:
Chemical stability:
Stable under normal temperature and storage conditions.
Reactivity:
Low under normal conditions.
Reacts with strong bases forming zinc hydroxide.
Conditions to avoid:
Excessive heat.
Moisture for anhydrous form.
Contamination.
Incompatible materials:
Strong bases.
Strong reducing agents.
Hazardous decomposition products:
Zinc oxide (ZnO) may form upon heating.
Sulfur oxides (SO₂, SO₃) may be released.
Handling and Storage of Zinc Sulfate:
Handling:
Avoid inhalation of dust.
Avoid contact with eyes and skin.
Use good industrial hygiene practices.
Storage:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep container tightly closed.
Protect from moisture.
First Aid Measures of Zinc Sulfate:
Inhalation:
Move to fresh air.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Skin contact:
Wash thoroughly with soap and water.
Eye contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Seek medical advice if irritation continues.
Ingestion:
Rinse mouth.
Do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention if large amounts are ingested.
Firefighting Measures of Zinc Sulfate:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use media appropriate for surrounding fire such as water spray, foam, carbon dioxide (CO₂), or dry chemical.
Hazards:
Not flammable.
May release toxic sulfur oxides.
Zinc fumes may be generated when heated.
Protective equipment:
Use self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear protective clothing.
Accidental Release Measures of Zinc Sulfate:
Personal precautions:
Avoid dust formation.
Avoid inhalation.
Use appropriate personal protective equipment.
Environmental precautions:
Prevent entry into drains and waterways.
Methods for cleaning up:
Sweep or vacuum material.
Place in suitable containers.
Avoid generating dust.
Exposure Controls / Personal Protection of Zinc Sulfate:
Engineering controls:
Provide adequate ventilation.
Use local exhaust systems if necessary.
Respiratory protection:
Use dust mask or respirator if airborne particles are present.
Hand protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves.
Eye protection:
Use safety goggles.
Skin protection:
Wear protective clothing as needed.
Identifiers of Zinc Sulfate:
Chemical formula: ZnSO₄
Molecular weight: 161.44 g/mol
CAS number: 7733-02-0
EC number: 231-793-3
IUPAC name: Zinc sulfate
Chemical family: Inorganic sulfate salt
Appearance: White crystalline solid or powder
Odor: Odorless
CAS Number: 16788-42-4
Purity: ≥99%
Molecular Weight: 161.47
Molecular Formula: ZnSO4
CAS Number: 7733-02-0
ChEBI: CHEBI:35176
ChEMBL: ChEMBL1200929
ChemSpider: 22833
DrugBank: DB09322
ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.904
EC Number: 231-793-3
KEGG: D06371
PubChem CID: 24424
RTECS number: ZH5260000
UNII: 0J6Z13X3WO
UN number: 3077
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2040315
InChI: InChI=1S/H2O4S.Zn/c1-5(2,3)4;/h(H2,1,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2
Key: NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/H2O4S.Zn/c1-5(2,3)4;/h(H2,1,2,3,4);/q;+2/p-2
Key: NWONKYPBYAMBJT-NUQVWONBAU
SMILES: [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O
Properties of Zinc Sulfate:
Chemical formula: ZnSO4
Molar mass: 161.44 g/mol
Appearance: white powder
Odor: odorless
Density: 3.54 g/cm3
Melting point: 680 °C (1,256 °F; 953 K) decomposes
Boiling point: 740 °C (1,360 °F; 1,010 K)
Solubility in water: 57.7 g/100 mL, anhydrous (20 °C)
Solubility: alcohols
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −45.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.658 (anhydrous), 1.4357 (heptahydrate)
Molecular Weight: 161.4 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 159.880871 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 159.880871 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 88.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 62.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Physical state: Solid
Appearance: White crystalline powder or granules
Odor: Odorless
Molecular formula: ZnSO₄
Molecular weight: 161.44 g/mol
Density: ~3.54 g/cm³
Melting point: ~680 °C
Boiling point: Not applicable
Solubility in water: Highly soluble
Solubility in organic solvents: Insoluble or slightly soluble
pH (aqueous solution): ~4.5–6
Appearance: Crystalline powder
Physical State: Solid
Solubility: Soluble in water.
Storage: Store at 4° C
Melting Point: 100° C
Thermochemistry of Zinc Sulfate:
Std molar entropy (S⦵298): 120 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −983 kJ·mol−1
Related compounds of Zinc Sulfate:
Copper(II) sulfate
Other cations:
Cadmium sulfate
Manganese sulfate
Names of Zinc Sulfate:
IUPAC name:
Zinc sulfate
Other names:
White vitriol
Goslarite
