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1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is the Chemical Abstracts index name for citric acid, a naturally occurring hydroxytricarboxylic acid.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is widely used as an acidulant, acidity regulator, flavoring agent, sequestrant, chelating agent, antioxidant synergist, buffer component, cleaning ingredient, and chemical intermediate.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is supplied commercially in anhydrous and monohydrate forms and in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, reagent, and technical grades.
CAS Number: 77-92-9
EC Number: 201-069-1
Molecular Formula: C6H8O7
Molecular Weight: 192.12 g/mol
Monohydrate CAS Number: 5949-29-1
Monohydrate Molecular Formula: C6H8O7·H2O
Monohydrate Molecular Weight: 210.14 g/mol
Synonyms: 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, Citric Acid, Citric Acid Anhydrous, Anhydrous Citric Acid, Acidum Citricum, Citricum Acidum, 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic Acid, 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic Acid, 2-Hydroxytricarballylic Acid, β-Hydroxytricarballylic Acid, Beta-Hydroxytricarballylic Acid, 3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic Acid, Hydroxytricarballylic Acid, Citronensäure, Kyselina Citronova, Aciletten, Citretten, Citro, Chemfill, Hydrocerol A, E330, E-330, INS 330, INS No. 330, FEMA 2306, CAS 77-92-9, EC 201-069-1, EINECS 201-069-1, PubChem CID 311, UNII XF417D3PSL, ChEBI 30769, DTXSID3020332, H3Cit, Citrate Precursor, Food-Grade Citric Acid, FCC Citric Acid, USP Citric Acid, BP Citric Acid, Ph. Eur. Citric Acid, Pharmaceutical-Grade Citric Acid, Cosmetic-Grade Citric Acid, Reagent-Grade Citric Acid, Technical-Grade Citric Acid, Fermentation-Derived Citric Acid, Food Acidulant, Acidity Regulator, Chelating Agent, Sequestrant, Buffering Agent, Descaling Acid, Antioxidant Synergist
APPLICATIONS
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as an acidity regulator in foods and beverages.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to produce a clean, sharp, sour taste in formulated food products.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in the United States in food under current good manufacturing practice.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used internationally as food additive INS 330.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as an acidulant in carbonated and noncarbonated beverages.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in juice drinks, powdered drink mixes, flavored waters, syrups, and beverage concentrates.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to adjust beverage pH and support flavor consistency.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after sweetness, acidity, stability, and package compatibility have been evaluated.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in sauces, dressings, condiments, soups, and prepared foods.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to control pH and improve the balance of sweet, salty, and savory flavors.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to support preservation systems by lowering formulation pH.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is not treated as a complete preservative system without finished-product microbiological validation.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as a sequestrant for calcium, iron, copper, and other multivalent metal ions.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to reduce metal-catalyzed color, flavor, and oxidation changes.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as a synergist with suitable food antioxidants.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after the complete formulation’s metal content and oxidation stability have been assessed.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in dairy beverages, processed cheese systems, desserts, and cultured products where permitted.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to adjust acidity and influence protein or mineral behavior.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used carefully because rapid acid addition can cause protein precipitation.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after buffering capacity, heat treatment, texture, and sensory performance have been tested.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in baking powders and chemical-leavening systems.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as an acid component reacting with bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in dry mixes requiring controlled acid–base stoichiometry.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after reaction rate, moisture protection, taste, and sodium contribution have been considered.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in effervescent tablets, granules, and powders.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used with bicarbonate or carbonate salts to generate carbon dioxide after contact with water.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to improve taste and dissolution of suitable pharmaceutical and supplement products.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in moisture-barrier packaging because premature exposure to water can initiate the effervescent reaction.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as a pharmaceutical excipient and formulation pH adjuster.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in oral liquids, syrups, solutions, suspensions, powders, and solid dosage forms.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to provide tartness and mask undesirable medicine flavors.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used only at pharmaceutical grade when required by the dosage form.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to prepare citrate buffers in pharmaceutical, biochemical, and diagnostic products.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used with sodium, potassium, or other citrate salts to establish a selected buffer range.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to control the ionization, solubility, and stability of compatible active ingredients.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after buffer capacity and long-term chemical stability have been validated.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in cosmetic products as a pH-adjusting and buffering ingredient.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in creams, lotions, serums, cleansers, shampoos, conditioners, and bath products.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to chelate trace metal ions that can destabilize cosmetic formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after the final product’s pH, irritation potential, preservation, and stability have been assessed.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in bath bombs and effervescent bath preparations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is combined with sodium bicarbonate to produce effervescence in bath water.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in anhydrous blends protected from humidity during manufacture and storage.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after skin-contact safety and finished-product pH have been confirmed.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in kettle, coffee-machine, dishwasher, and appliance descaling products.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to convert calcium carbonate deposits into more soluble citrate-containing species.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in powders, tablets, concentrates, and ready-to-use descaling liquids.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used according to equipment-manufacturer directions and followed by adequate rinsing.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in laundry and automatic-dishwashing formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to bind hardness ions and reduce mineral deposition.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to adjust the pH of rinse aids and cleaning concentrates.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in combination with surfactants, builders, enzymes, and other compatible ingredients.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in metal cleaning and surface-treatment formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to complex metal ions released during oxide or scale removal.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in selected stainless-steel cleaning and passivation processes.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after the applicable industry procedure and corrosion limits have been established.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in water treatment as a pH-control and metal-sequestering ingredient.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in selected boiler, cooling-water, membrane-cleaning, and process-water formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to improve removal of carbonate and metal-containing scale.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after discharge limits and downstream biological-treatment effects have been evaluated.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in leather and hide-processing formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to adjust pH and complex selected metal ions.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in controlled acidification and finishing processes.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after effects on collagen, color, handle, and wastewater have been tested.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in paper, pulp, and printing processes.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to adjust process pH and control trace-metal effects.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in selected cleaning, deinking, coating, and wet-end formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after paper strength, brightness, sizing, corrosion, and effluent performance have been evaluated.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as a setting modifier in selected cementitious, gypsum, and mineral formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used at low controlled levels to influence hydration and setting time.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after strength development, air content, consistency, and compatibility have been measured.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used cautiously because small dosage changes can alter setting behavior substantially.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in fertilizer and micronutrient formulations as a complexing or acidifying component.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to support solubility of selected metal micronutrients.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to adjust the pH of liquid fertilizer and agricultural spray solutions.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used only after crop compatibility, tank mixing, water hardness, and regulatory requirements have been checked.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as a feed acidifier and feed-processing ingredient where authorized.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to adjust acidity in feed and pet-food formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used at concentrations selected by qualified animal-nutrition formulators.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used according to current feed-additive and good-manufacturing requirements.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in fermentation processes as a pH-adjustment and buffer component.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in culture-media preparation and downstream bioprocessing.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to prepare citrate-containing nutrient and mineral solutions.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after organism tolerance, ionic strength, and product-purification effects have been assessed.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as a laboratory reagent.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to prepare citrate buffers and standardized acidic solutions.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in titration, complexometric analysis, chromatography, and spectroscopy.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used at a purity appropriate to the analytical procedure.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as a certified or pharmacopoeial analytical reference material.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to establish identity, assay, impurity, and system-suitability procedures.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in food, pharmaceutical, environmental, and industrial quality-control laboratories.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used with traceability documentation when quantitative results are required.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in electroplating and electroless-deposition research.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to modify metal-ion speciation in selected plating baths.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to influence deposition rate, bath stability, and deposit morphology.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after bath pH, metal loading, current density, and waste treatment have been validated.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in electronics and precision-cleaning formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to remove selected mineral, oxide, and metal-containing residues.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in controlled aqueous cleaners requiring low residue after rinsing.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after compatibility with metals, solder, glass, ceramics, polymers, and electronic components has been tested.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in authorized disinfectant and biocidal-product formulations.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is recognized in the European biocidal framework as an Annex I substance.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to create acidic conditions that contribute to the performance of suitable products.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- does not provide a universal disinfectant claim without an authorized and efficacy-tested finished formulation.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used as a starting material for citrate esters and polymer additives.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used to manufacture triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, acetylated citrate plasticizers, and related derivatives.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in esterification reactions with alcohols under controlled catalytic conditions.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used after residual acidity, ester distribution, catalyst, and unreacted alcohol have been controlled.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used in commercial production only after its physical form and grade have been confirmed.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is used according to the current specification, certificate of analysis, regional safety data sheet, and applicable end-use regulations.
DESCRIPTION
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is commonly known as citric acid.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is an alpha-hydroxy tricarboxylic acid.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- contains three carboxylic-acid groups and one hydroxyl group.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- has the IUPAC name 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- has the molecular formula C6H8O7.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- has a molecular weight of approximately 192.12 g/mol.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- has CAS number 77-92-9.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- has EC number 201-069-1.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- anhydrous material is generally a white or colorless crystalline solid or powder.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is odorless and has a strongly acidic taste.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is very soluble in water and freely soluble in ethanol.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is only slightly soluble in ether.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is commercially available as an anhydrous substance and as a monohydrate.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- monohydrate contains one mole of water for each mole of citric acid.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- monohydrate has CAS number 5949-29-1 and molecular weight 210.14 g/mol.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- monohydrate can effloresce when exposed to dry air.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is triprotic and dissociates in three successive acid–base stages.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- forms citrate species whose charge depends on solution pH.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- forms useful buffer systems when combined with appropriate citrate salts.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- aqueous-solution pH depends on concentration, neutralization, temperature, and ionic strength.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- binds many calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, and other metal ions.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- complexation behavior supports its sequestrant, cleaning, analytical, and formulation uses.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- can inhibit some metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions by reducing the availability of catalytic metal ions.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- complex strength varies with the metal, pH, concentration, and competing ligands.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- occurs naturally in plant and animal tissues.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is a fundamental intermediate in aerobic cellular metabolism.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- industrial material is commonly manufactured by controlled microbial fermentation.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- commercial origin and processing aids should be confirmed through supplier documentation.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- current JECFA-type specifications require an assay of approximately 99.5–100.5% on the anhydrous basis.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- food-grade specifications also control water, sulphated ash, lead, oxalate, and readily carbonizable substances.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- anhydrous and monohydrate grades have different permitted water ranges.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- batch acceptance must rely on the specification applying to the purchased grade.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- decomposes upon strong heating rather than undergoing clean ordinary-pressure distillation.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- has a commonly reported melting or decomposition region near 153°C.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- thermal decomposition can produce carbon oxides and irritating organic fumes.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- should not be exposed to uncontrolled high processing temperatures.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is generally of comparatively low systemic toxicity under normal intended food and formulation uses.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- safe food status does not mean that concentrated technical material is harmless to the eyes or respiratory system.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- prolonged skin contact can cause irritation, particularly with concentrated solutions.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- occupational exposure should be minimized using dust control and appropriate protective equipment.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- is incompatible with strong bases because neutralization can release substantial heat.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- should be separated from strong oxidizing agents and chemically reactive materials.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- acidic solutions can attack certain metals and mineral surfaces.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- material compatibility depends on concentration, temperature, contact time, and impurities.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- should be stored in tightly closed moisture-resistant packaging.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- should be protected from humidity, contamination, excessive heat, and incompatible chemicals.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- anhydrous material can absorb moisture during prolonged exposure to humid air.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- food, pharmaceutical, reagent, and technical grades are not automatically interchangeable.
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- exact purity, particle size, bulk density, water content, and impurity limits are grade and manufacturer dependent.
PROPERTIES
Chemical Name: Citric Acid
Index Name: 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-
IUPAC Name: 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
Alternative Systematic Name: 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
Chemical Family: Hydroxytricarboxylic acids
CAS Number: 77-92-9
EC Number: 201-069-1
PubChem CID: 311
UNII: XF417D3PSL
ChEBI Identifier: CHEBI:30769
DSSTox Identifier: DTXSID3020332
Food-Additive Number: INS 330
European Food-Additive Number: E330
FEMA Number: 2306
Molecular Formula: C6H8O7
Condensed Formula: HOOCCH2C(OH)(COOH)CH2COOH
Molecular Weight: 192.12 g/mol
Monohydrate CAS Number: 5949-29-1
Monohydrate Formula: C6H8O7·H2O
Monohydrate Molecular Weight: 210.14 g/mol
Functional Groups: Three carboxylic-acid groups and one hydroxyl group
Acid Functionality: Triprotic
Physical State: Solid
Typical Appearance: White or colorless crystals, granules, or crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Strongly acidic
Water Solubility: Very soluble
Ethanol Solubility: Freely soluble
Ether Solubility: Slightly soluble
Representative Anhydrous Density: Approximately 1.66 g/cm³
Representative Melting or Decomposition Point: Approximately 153°C
Boiling Point: Not practically applicable because decomposition occurs
Volatility: Negligible at ordinary temperatures
Representative pKa Values: Approximately 3.1, 4.8, and 6.4
Representative XLogP: Approximately −1.7
JECFA Assay: 99.5–100.5% on the anhydrous basis
JECFA Anhydrous Water Limit: Not more than 0.5%
JECFA Monohydrate Water Range: Approximately 7.5–8.8%
JECFA Sulphated-Ash Limit: Not more than 0.05%
JECFA Lead Limit: Not more than 0.5 mg/kg
Primary Food Functions: Acidity regulator, flavoring agent, sequestrant, and antioxidant synergist
Primary Pharmaceutical Functions: Excipient, acidulant, buffer component, flavor modifier, and effervescent-acid component
Primary Cosmetic Functions: pH adjuster, buffering agent, and chelating agent
Primary Cleaning Functions: Descaling, mineral-deposit removal, pH adjustment, and metal sequestration
Primary Industrial Functions: Chemical intermediate, metal-treatment ingredient, textile auxiliary, water-treatment component, and process acid
Principal Derivatives: Citrate salts and citrate esters
United States Food Status: GRAS under current good manufacturing practice
Codex Food Status: Listed as INS 330
European Biocidal Status: Annex I substance for applicable authorized uses
EU Harmonized Eye Classification: Eye Irritation Category 2
EU Harmonized Respiratory Classification: STOT SE Category 3 for respiratory irritation
Hazard Statements: H319 and H335 under the cited harmonized EU classification
Signal Word: Warning
Dust Hazard: Eye and respiratory irritation
Combustibility: Combustible organic solid under severe fire conditions
Thermal-Decomposition Products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and irritating fumes
Incompatible Materials: Strong bases, strong oxidizers, and certain reactive metals
Environmental Fate: Readily biodegradable under suitable conditions
Bioaccumulation Potential: Expected to be low
Transport Status: Commonly not regulated as dangerous goods, subject to the exact formulation and jurisdiction
Storage Conditions: Cool, dry, well-ventilated storage
Storage Container: Tightly closed, clean, moisture-resistant packaging
Storage Protection: Protect from humidity, contamination, excessive heat, and incompatible chemicals
Shelf Life: Grade, particle form, water content, packaging, and manufacturer dependent
Regulatory Suitability: Grade, purity, use level, product category, claims, and jurisdiction dependent
FIRST AID
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air after significant dust or aerosol exposure.
Obtain medical attention if coughing, throat irritation, or breathing discomfort persists.
Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Obtain medical advice if redness, pain, or irritation continues.
Eye Contact:
Immediately rinse the eyes cautiously with clean water for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contact lenses if easy to do and obtain medical attention because the substance can cause serious eye irritation.
Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth and drink water if the person is conscious.
Obtain medical advice after substantial accidental ingestion of technical-grade material or if significant symptoms develop.
Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically and provide supportive care.
Consider the concentration, physical form, quantity, product grade, and any formulation ingredients.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling:
Avoid generating or inhaling dust.
Avoid eye contact, prolonged skin contact, ingestion, and uncontrolled splashing of concentrated solutions.
Engineering Controls:
Provide effective general ventilation during routine operations.
Use local dust extraction at bag opening, weighing, charging, milling, blending, and packaging points.
Personal Protection:
Wear suitable protective gloves, work clothing, and chemical safety goggles.
Use a face shield when handling concentrated solutions where splashing is possible.
Respiratory Protection:
Use suitable particulate respiratory protection when engineering controls cannot adequately control dust.
Respirator selection must follow the applicable occupational respiratory-protection program.
Storage:
Store in tightly closed, clean, compatible, moisture-resistant containers.
Maintain a cool, dry, well-ventilated storage area away from excessive heat.
Segregation:
Keep away from strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, and incompatible reactive chemicals.
Prevent contact with moisture-sensitive products and materials that can be attacked by acidic solutions.
Spill and Leak Procedures:
Avoid raising dust and collect dry material mechanically or with suitable vacuum equipment.
Contain liquid spills with compatible inert absorbent material.
Prevent uncontrolled entry into drains and surface water.
Cleaning:
Clean dry residues using methods that minimize airborne powder.
Rinse acid-resistant equipment thoroughly after suitable recovery of the product.
Handling Precautions:
Add acid to water gradually when preparing concentrated solutions and provide agitation and cooling where required.
Do not add water rapidly to a large mass of concentrated or hot acidic material.
Do not assume that cleaning-grade or technical-grade material is suitable for food or pharmaceutical use.
Follow the current specification, certificate of analysis, regional safety data sheet, and applicable food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, feed, and chemical regulations.
