1,3-DIMETHYLXANTHINE

1,3-Dimethylxanthine is a dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 3. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is structurally similar to caffeine and is found in green and black tea. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine has a role as a vasodilator agent, a bronchodilator agent, a muscle relaxant, an EC 3.1.4.

CAS Number: 58-55-9
Molecular Formula: C7H8N4O2
Molecular Weight: 180.16
EINECS Number: 200-385-7

Synonyms: theophylline, 58-55-9, 1,3-Dimethylxanthine, Elixophyllin, Theophyllin, Theolair, Theophylline anhydrous, Nuelin, Respbid, Theocin, Elixophylline, Lanophyllin, Pseudotheophylline, Solosin, Theovent, Uniphyl, Slo-phyllin, Theo-dur, Armophylline, Liquophylline, Parkophyllin, Accurbron, Aerolate, Bronkodyl, Doraphyllin, Elixicon, Maphylline, Medaphyllin, Optiphyllin, Teofyllamin, Theocontin, Theograd, Uniphyllin, Xantivent, Austyn, Elixex, Teolair, Theobid, Theofol, Theolix, Acet-theocin, Slo-bid, Aerolate III, Euphylong, Synophylate, Theacitin, Theophyl-225, Duraphyl, Sustaire, Somophyllin-t, Constant-T, Theophylline, anhydrous, Teofilina, Theochron, Asmax, Quibron T/SR, Theal tablets, 1,3-dimethyl-7H-purine-2,6-dione, Bronkodyl SR, Theoclair-SR, Theoclear LA, Quibron-T, Spophyllin retard, Aquaphyllin, Theophyline, Theoclear 80, Theodur, Theostat 80, Theo-11, 3,7-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione, Choledyl SA, Synophylate-L.A. Cenules, Theo-Dur-Sprinkle, Elixomin, Theodel, Theolixir, Theophyl, LaBID, Elixophyllin SR, Theophylline-SR, Pro-vent, Somophyllin-CRT, Aerolate SR, Theophyl-SR, Somophyllin-DF, Theona P, Uni-Dur, Theoclear-80, Quibron-T/SR, T-Phyl, Pulmidur, Theoclear-200, Teonova, Theo-24, Unifyl, Theolair-SR, Theobid Jr., GS 2591A, Euphylline, Theoclear L.A.-130, C7H8N4O2, Bronkotabs, Xanthine, 1,3-dimethyl-, 1,3-Dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione, Theo-Organidin, NSC 2066, 1,3-dimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione, X 115, 1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-, Dimethylxanthine, CCRIS 4729, Purine-2,6(1H,3H)-dione, 1,3-dimethyl-, 1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione, HSDB 3399, Doxophylline metabolite m3, Theophylline melting point standard, Theal tabl., NSC-2066, EINECS 200-385-7, MFCD00079619, UNII-0I55128JYK, Theophylline,anhydrous, DTXSID5021336, CHEBI:28177, AI3-50216, 0I55128JYK, 2,6-Dihydroxy-1,3-dimethylpurine, 1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,9H)-dione, Cetraphylline, Etheophyl, Aerobin, Theopek, Theospan, CHEMBL190, Theophylline [USP], NSC-757346, 1,3-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropurine, AEROLATE JR, MLS000069390, DTXCID001336, 1,3-Dimethylxanthine;Theo-24, 75448-53-2, Diffumal, Egifilin, Physpan, THEOCLEAR-100, LASMA, NSC2066, EC 200-385-7, 1246816-25-0, 58-55-9 (ANHYDROUS), Theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine), THEOCLEAR L.A.-260, Teofilina [Polish], NCGC00018117-07, NCGC00018117-17, Mudrane, SMR000058537, Talotren, Teosona, Theokin, Theotard, Hylate, Theobid Duracap, Theophylline (USP), Nuelin SA, Bronchodid Duracap, Uniphyllin continus, 50857-74-4, THEOPHYLLINE (USP-RS), THEOPHYLLINE [USP-RS], 1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,9-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-, THEOPHYLLINE (II), Teocen 200, UNII-C137DTR5RG, THEOPHYLLINE (IARC), Elixophyllin(e), Theodur G, CAS-58-55-9, THEOPHYLLINE AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER, THEOPHYLLINE IN DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER, Theolair (TN), Elixophyllin (TN), Uniphyl (TN), THEOPHYLLINE (EP IMPURITY), Quibron-t (TN), Theodur G (TN), THEOPHYLLINE 0.04% AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER, THEOPHYLLINE 0.08% AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER, THEOPHYLLINE 0.16% AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER, THEOPHYLLINE 0.2% AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER, THEOPHYLLINE 0.32% AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER, THEOPHYLLINE 0.4% AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER, THEOPHYLLINE (USP MONOGRAPH), DIMENHYDRINATE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), DIMENHYDRINATE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], PENTOXIFYLLINE IMPURITY C (EP IMPURITY), PENTOXIFYLLINE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], Anhydrous, Theophylline, NSC 757346, SR-01000075195, CAFFEINE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), Theo-24 (TN), DICURIN PROCAINE COMPONENT THEOPHYLLINE, DIPROPHYLLINE IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY), Liquoplylline, Duraphy, Telbans, THEOPHYLLINE MONOHYDRATE (EP MONOGRAPH), Physpa, Unidur, MERSALYL-THEOPHYLLINE COMPONENT THEOPHYLLINE, Unicontin CR, CAFFEINE MONOHYDRATE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), 4eoh, Aescin-IIA, Theophylline form II, theophylline solu-tion, component of Primatene, Xanthine,3-dimethyl-, Opera_ID_76, Spectrum_001038, Theophylline (JP18), 2a3a, Theophylline (Standard), Prestwick0_000820, Prestwick0_000873, Prestwick1_000820, Prestwick1_000873, Prestwick2_000820, Prestwick2_000873, Prestwick3_000820, Prestwick3_000873, Spectrum2_000842, Spectrum3_000672, Spectrum4_000353, Spectrum5_001232, THEOPHYLLINE [MI], 8-(2-Furyl)theophylline, UPCMLD-DP123, component of Theo-Organidin, SCHEMBL4915, Theophylline Anhydrous,(S), 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,7-trihydropurine-2,6-dione, Lopac0_000014, BSPBio_000719, BSPBio_000945, BSPBio_002363, component of Dicurin Procaine, GTPL413, KBioGR_000785, KBioSS_001518, Pentoxifylline EP Impurity F, MLS002152943, MLS002153487, MLS004491910, MLS006011970, BIDD:ER0557, BIDD:GT0151, DivK1c_000203, SPECTRUM1500568, THEOPHYLLINE [WHO-DD], SPBio_000823, SPBio_002640, SPBio_002866, BPBio1_000791, BPBio1_001041, SCHEMBL8312163, DIMENHYDRINATE IMPURITY A, component of Tedral (Salt/Mix), UPCMLD-DP123:001, BCBcMAP01_000071, BDBM10847, BDBM82053, component of Quibron (Salt/Mix), HMS500K05, HY-B0809R, KBio1_000203, KBio2_001518, KBio2_004086, KBio2_006654, KBio3_001583, component of Hecadrol (Salt/Mix), NINDS_000203, Theophylline, 1mg/ml in Methanol, HMS1921E03, HMS2089A06, HMS2092M05, HMS2233E16, HMS3259O06, HMS3369N14, Pharmakon1600-01500568, component of Primatene tablets (Salt/Mix), AKOS000120961, AKOS005434016, component of Bronkotabs (Salt/Mix), HY-B0809, STR01537, Theophylline 1.0 mg/ml in Methanol, Theophylline, >=99.0% (HPLC), Tox21_110827, Tox21_202375, Tox21_300028, CCG-20301, HB2849, NSC757346, PDSP1_001018, PDSP1_001234, PDSP2_001002, PDSP2_001218, STK397040, THEOPHYLLINE ANHYDROUS [HSDB], THEOPHYLLINE,ANHYDROUS [VANDF], AKOS000120961, AKOS005434016, component of Quibron Plus (Salt/Mix), Tox21_110827_1, component of Quibron-T/SR (Salt/Mix), component of Theo-organdin (Salt/Mix), component of Theolair plus (Salt/Mix), CS-4158, DB00277, NC00542, Purine-2,3H)-dione, 1,3-dimethyl-, SDCCGMLS-0066620.P001, SDCCGSBI-0050003.P005, component of Theo-Organidin (Salt/Mix), IDI1_000203, SMP1_000291, component of Slo-phyllin GG (Salt/Mix), NCGC00018117-01, NCGC00018117-02, NCGC00018117-03, NCGC00018117-04, NCGC00018117-05, NCGC00018117-06, NCGC00018117-08, NCGC00018117-09, NCGC00018117-10, NCGC00018117-11, NCGC00018117-12, NCGC00018117-13, NCGC00018117-14, NCGC00018117-15, NCGC00018117, 1,3-Dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione;1,3-dimethyl-xanthin;1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-;3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1h-purine-6-dione;3h)-dione,1,3-dimethyl-purine-6(1h;6-dione,3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-Purine-2;accurbron;Acet-theocin

1,3-Dimethylxanthines in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. 
Inhibitor, an anti-asthmatic drug, an anti-inflammatory agent, an immunomodulator, an adenosine receptor antagonist, a drug metabolite, a fungal metabolite and a human blood serum metabolite.
Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Theophylline, also known as 1,3-Dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors.
It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.
1,3-Dimethylxanthines pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine).

Trace amounts of theophylline are naturally present in tea, coffee, chocolate, yerba maté, guarana, and kola nut.
The name 'theophylline' derives from "Thea"—the former genus name for tea + Legacy Greek φύλλον (phúllon, "leaf") + -ine.
1,3-Dimethylxanthine and other methylxanthines are often used for their performance-enhancing effects in sports, as these drugs increase alertness, bronchodilation, and increase the rate and force of heart contraction.

There is conflicting information about the value of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine and other methylxanthines as prophylaxis against exercise-induced asthma.
The use of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine is complicated by its interaction with various drugs and by the fact that it has a narrow therapeutic window (<20 mcg/mL).
Its use must be monitored by direct measurement of serum theophylline levels to avoid toxicity. 

It can also cause nausea, diarrhea, increase in heart rate, abnormal heart rhythms, and CNS excitation (headaches, insomnia, irritability, dizziness and lightheadedness).
Seizures can also occur in severe cases of toxicity, and are considered to be a neurological emergency.
Its toxicity is increased by erythromycin, cimetidine, and fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. 

Some lipid-based formulations of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine can result in toxic theophylline levels when taken with fatty meals, an effect called dose dumping, but this does not occur with most formulations of theophylline.
1,3-Dimethylxanthine toxicity can be treated with beta blockers. In addition to seizures, tachyarrhythmias are a major concern.
1,3-Dimethylxanthine should not be used in combination with the SSRI fluvoxamine.

1,3-Dimethylxanthine, also known as theophylline, is a naturally occurring alkaloid compound found in various plants, including tea leaves, cocoa beans, and kola nuts. 
It is classified as a methylxanthine, which means it is a derivative of xanthine, a purine base. 
The compound has stimulant properties and is known to act as a bronchodilator, which makes it useful in treating respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 

Additionally, it has mild diuretic effects and can help increase the heart rate and improve alertness, although its primary therapeutic use is in managing bronchoconstriction. 
The chemical structure of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine consists of a xanthine backbone with two methyl groups attached to nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the purine ring. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is commonly used as an active ingredient in several pharmaceutical preparations, such as extended-release tablets, for its ability to relax bronchial smooth muscles and improve airflow in the lungs.

Melting point: 271-273 °C
Boiling point: 312.97°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.3640 (rough estimate)
Refractive index: 1.6700 (estimate)
Flash point: 11 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: 0.1 M HCl: soluble
Form: powder
pKa: 8.77 (at 25℃)
Color: white
Water Solubility: 8.3 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,9285
BRN: 13463
BCS Class: 3,1
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: ZFXYFBGIUFBOJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.020

1,3-Dimethylxanthine is metabolized extensively in the liver.
It undergoes N-demethylation via cytochrome P450 1A2. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is metabolized by parallel first order and Michaelis-Menten pathways. Metabolism may become saturated (non-linear), even within the therapeutic range. 

Small dose increases may result in disproportionately large increases in serum concentration. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine to caffeine is also important in the infant population. Smokers and people with hepatic (liver) impairment metabolize it differently.
Cigarette and marijuana smoking induces metabolism of theophylline, increasing the drug's metabolic clearance.

1,3-Dimethylxanthine can reduce the tension of smooth muscle and dilate respiratory tract; It can promote the release of endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine and relax airway smooth muscle; Inhibit the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle, reduce the concentration of intracellular calcium ions and produce respiratory tract dilation. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine has a strong relaxation effect on smooth muscle, but it is not as good as β Receptor agonists. On October 27, 2017, the list of carcinogens published by the international agency for research on cancer of the World Health Organization was preliminarily sorted out for reference. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine was included in the list of Category 3 carcinogens.

1,3-Dimethylxanthine is a methylxanthine that acts as a weak bronchodilator. 
It is useful for chronic therapy and is not helpful in acute exacerbations.
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is a methylxanthine alkaloid that is a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE; Ki = 100 μM). 

1,3-Dimethylxanthine is also a non-selective antagonist of adenosine A receptors (Ki = 14 μM for A1 and A2). 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine induces relaxation of feline bronchiole smooth muscle precontracted with acetylcholine (EC40 = 117 μM; EC80 = 208 μM). 
Formulations containing 1,3-Dimethylxanthine have been used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

In spite of a great deal of investigation, just how 1,3-Dimethylxanthine causes bronchodilation is not clearly understood. 
Inhibition of the enzyme PDE, which is responsible for the hydrolysis of cAMP and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), generally is put forth as the mechanism of action; however, 1,3-Dimethylxanthine also is an adenosine antagonist and has been implicated in stimulation of the release of catecholamines. 
It has been clearly shown that theophylline does inhibit PDEs in vitro, and x-ray crystallographic studies have identified the binding residues that interact with the methylxanthines. 

1,3-Dimethylxanthine binds to a subpocket of the active site and appears to be sandwiched between a phenylalanine and a valine via hydrophobic bonds. 
Its binding affinity is reinforced by hydrogenbonding between a tyrosine and N-7 and a glutamine and O-6 of the xanthine ring system. 
There are more than 11 families of PDEs, and studies have shown that theophylline binds in a similar manner to both the PDE4 and PDE5 family isoforms.

Smooth muscle relaxation, central nervous system (CNS) excitation, and cardiac stimulation are the principal pharmacological effects observed in patients treated with theophylline.
The action of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine on the respiratory system is easily seen in the asthmatic by the resolution of obstruction and improvement in pulmonary function. 
Other mechanisms that may contribute to the action of theophylline in asthma include antagonism of adenosine, inhibition of mediator release, increased sympathetic activity, alteration in immune cell function, and reduction in respiratory muscle fatigue. 

1,3-Dimethylxanthine also may exert an antiinflammatory effect through its ability to modulate inflammatory mediator release and immune cell function.
Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases is widely accepted as the predominant mechanism by which theophylline produces bronchodilation. 
Phosphodiesterases are enzymes that inactivate cAMP and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP), second messengers that mediate bronchial smooth muscle relaxation.

1,3-Dimethylxanthine has a narrow therapeutic index and produces side effects that can be severe, even life threatening. 
Importantly, the plasma concentration of theophylline cannot be predicted reliably from the dose. 
In one study, the oral dosage of theophylline required to produce therapeutic plasma levels (i.e., between 10 and 20 μg/mL) varied between 400 and 3,200 mg/day. 

Heterogeneity among individuals in the rate at which they metabolize 1,3-Dimethylxanthine appears to be the principal factor responsible for the variability in plasma levels. 
Such conditions as heart failure, liver disease, and severe respiratory obstruction will slow the metabolism of theophylline.
In acute overdoses, 1,3-Dimethylxanthine often causes severe emesis (75% in acute vs 30% in chronic). 

The emesis is often difficult to control with antiemetics. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is thought that theophylline causes increased gastric acid secretion and smooth muscle relaxation. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine causes a release of endogenous catecholamines, and therefore is a cardiac stimulant. 

There is a positive inotropic and dose-dependent chronotropic response. 
Tachydysrhythmias, especially supraventricular tachycardia, are common due to adenosine receptor antagonism. 
Ventricular tachydysrhythmias can occur as well in acute overdose; however, they are rare at therapeutic concentrations. 

Rapid administration of aminophylline has resulted in sudden cardiac death. 
Hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and hyperglycemia may contribute to arrhythmias as well. 
In cases of chronic toxicity, dysrhythmias occur at lower serum concentrations (40–80 mg ml-1) compared to acute overdose. 

1,3-Dimethylxanthine will stimulate the CNS respiratory center causing increased respiratory rate and can lead to respiratory alkalosis. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine will cause CNS stimulation and vasoconstriction, similar to caffeine, and may lead to headache, anxiety, agitation, insomnia, tremor, irritability, hallucinations, and seizures. 
Methylxanthines exhibit weak diuretic effects by increasing cardiac output and renal vasodilation. 

1,3-Dimethylxanthine has a narrow therapeutic index, with 12–25% of overdose patients developing serious or life-threatening symptoms including arrhythmias and seizure. 
Toxicity can develop at lower serum concentrations for those treated chronically or older patients. 
Age greater than 60 years and chronic use are risk factors for increased morbidity and mortality.

1,3-Dimethylxanthine should be used with caution in patientswith myocardial disease, liver disease, and acutemyocardial infarction. 
The half-life of theophylline isprolonged in patients with congestive heart failure.

Because of its narrow margin of safety, extreme cautionis warranted when coadministering drugs, such as cimetidineor zileuton, that may interfere with the metabolismof theophylline. 
Indeed, coadministration of zileutonwith theophylline is contraindicated. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is alsoprudent to be careful when using theophylline in patientswith a history of seizures.

History Of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine:
1,3-Dimethylxanthine was firstly extracted from tea leaves and chemically identified by the German biologist Albrecht Kossel. 
A cup of tea contains about 1?mg/mL theophylline. 
In 1895, a chemical synthesis of theophylline starting with 1,3-dimethyluric acid was described by Emil Fischer and Lorenz Ach. 

1,3-Dimethylxanthine was synthesized by Wilhelm Traube in 1900. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine, a derivative of theophylline ethylenediamine, is widely used due to its greater aqueous solubility.
1,3-Dimethylxanthine was firstly used clinically as a diuretic in 1902. 

The first successful clinical use of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine in bronchial asthma was reported in 1922 by S. Hirsch, who described that four patients responded well to the rectal administration of a mixture of 66.7% theophylline and 33.3% theobromine. 
He also tested the combination of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine with theobromine on bovine bronchial smooth muscle strips and noted smooth muscle relaxation. 
Thus he concluded that dimethylxanthines act by producing relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. 

In 1937, two concurrent but independent clinical trials reported that methylxanthines were efficacious in asthma. 
The Food and Drug Administration approved the use of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine for asthma in the USA in 1940.
There are more than 300 derivatives of theophylline. 

The main derivatives include aminophylline, dihydroxypropyl theophylline, and oxtriphylline.
2. Doxofylline: 7-(1,3-dioxalan-2-ylmethyl) theophylline. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine has antitussive and bronchodilator effects. 

In animal and human studies, it has shown similar efficacy to theophylline but with fewer side effects. 
Related research has showed that the effect of doxofylline on airway relaxation is 10–15 times that of aminophylline.
3. Diprophylline: 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine- 2,6-dione. 

Diprophylline is the neutral preparation of theophylline. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine causes less of nausea and gastric irritation.
4. Oxtriphylline: choline theophyllinate; administered orally. 

Oxtriphylline is five times more soluble than aminophylline.
1,3-Dimethylxanthine was first extracted from tea leaves and chemically identified around 1888 by the German biologist Albrecht Kossel.
Seven years later, a chemical synthesis starting with 1,3-dimethyluric acid was described by Emil Fischer and Lorenz Ach.

The Traube purine synthesis, an alternative method to synthesize theophylline, was introduced in 1900 by another German scientist, Wilhelm Traube.
1,3-Dimethylxanthine's first clinical use came in 1902 as a diuretic.

It took an additional 20 years until it was first reported as an asthma treatment.
The drug was prescribed in a syrup up to the 1970s as Theostat 20 and Theostat 80, and by the early 1980s in a tablet form called Quibron.

Uses Of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine:
Xanthine derivative with diuretic, cardiac stimulant and smooth muscle relaxant activities; isomeric with theobromine. 
Small amounts occur in tea. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is tonic and skin conditioning. 

Its cosmetic activity is not clearly or definitively established. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is most often found in anti-cellulite products. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is in the same family of bio chemicals as caffeine. 

It is naturally occurring in tea.
The principal use of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine is in the management of asthma. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is also used to treat the reversible component of airway obstruction associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to relieve dyspnea associated with pulmonary edema that develops from congestive heart failure.

1,3-Dimethylxanthine, or theophylline, is primarily used in the medical field to treat respiratory conditions, particularly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 
As a bronchodilator, it works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, helping to widen them and improve airflow, which makes breathing easier for individuals with these conditions. 
It is also utilized in managing acute asthma attacks, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, providing relief from symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath. 

In addition to its respiratory benefits, 1,3-Dimethylxanthine is sometimes used as a mild stimulant to enhance alertness and reduce fatigue, similar to caffeine, due to its ability to block adenosine receptors in the brain. 
Furthermore, the compound has diuretic properties, which means it can increase urine production, and it is occasionally included in treatments aimed at reducing excess fluid in the body, particularly in conditions like edema. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine may also be used in certain combinations with other medications to treat respiratory infections or as part of long-term management strategies for lung diseases.

1,3-Dimethylxanthine is also involved in several other therapeutic areas beyond its bronchodilator properties. 
It has been studied for its potential to improve the effectiveness of other respiratory treatments when used in combination with steroids or beta-agonists, enhancing their effects in managing chronic respiratory conditions. 
Additionally, the compound has been researched for its role in stimulating the central nervous system, potentially offering benefits for conditions like apnea in premature infants, where it can help stimulate breathing and regulate respiratory patterns.

Another important use is its potential as a treatment for certain heart conditions, particularly in managing symptoms related to congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. 
Its ability to dilate blood vessels can improve blood flow and reduce the strain on the heart. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine has also been explored for its role in weight management, as its stimulant effects can increase metabolism and promote fat burning. 

However, its use for this purpose is less common and is not a first-line treatment.
Furthermore, due to its diuretic action, theophylline is sometimes used in managing conditions where reducing fluid retention is necessary, such as in certain kidney or liver diseases. 
Despite its broad range of uses, the drug requires careful dosing and monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic window, as an overdose can lead to significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and heart arrhythmias.

Safety Profile Of 1,3-Dimethylxanthine:
Human poison by ingestion, parenteral, intravenous, and rectal routes, experimental poison by multiple routes. 
An experimental teratogen. 
Human systemic effects: coma, convulsions or effect on seizure threshold, cyanosis, EKG changes, fever and other metabolic effects, heart arrhythmias, heart rate change, hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, nausea or vomiting, potassium-level changes, respiratory stimulation, salivary gland changes, somnolence, tremor. 

Experimental reproductive effects, human mutation data reported. 
1,3-Dimethylxanthine is used as a dturetic, cardtac stimulant, smooth muscle relaxant, and to treat asthma. 
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.