ASPIRIN

Aspirin is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture, due to its anti-inflammatory, keratolytic, and antifungal properties.
In medicine, Aspirin is known for its role as a precursor to acetylsalicylic acid, commonly used for pain relief, fever reduction, and inflammation management.
In skincare, Aspirin is employed for its exfoliating effects, helping to unclog pores, reduce blemishes, and improve overall skin texture.

CAS-Number: 69-72-7
EC Number: 200-712-3
Molecular Formula: C7H6O3
Molar Mass: 138.12 g/mol

Synonyms: Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, o-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Phenol-2-carboxylic acid, Psoriacid-S-Stift, Retarder W, Rutranex, Salicylic acid collodion, Salonil, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Acido salicilico, Keralyt, Kyselina 2-hydroxybenzoova, Kyselina salicylova, Orthohydroxybenzoic acid, Duoplant, Freezone, Ionil, Saligel, Compound W, 2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid, 2-Carboxyphenol, o-Carboxyphenol, Advanced pain relief callus removers, Advanced pain relief corn removers, Clear away wart remover, Dr. Scholl's Callus Removers, Dr. Scholl's Corn Removers, Dr. Scholl's Wart Remover Kit, Duofil Wart Remover, Ionil plus, Salicylic acid soap, Stri-Dex, Benzoic acid, o-hydroxy-, NSC 180, Trans-Ver-Sal, Domerine, Duofilm, Fostex, Pernox, Salicylic acid & Sulfur Soap, Sebucare, Sebulex, component of Fostex medicated bar and cream, component of Keralyt, Retarder SAX, component of Solarcaine first aid spray, component of Tinver, 7681-06-3, 8052-31-1, Salicyclic acid, Domerine (Salt/Mix), Duofilm (Salt/Mix), Fostex (Salt/Mix), Pernox (Salt/Mix), Salicylic acid & Sulfur Soap (Salt/Mix), Sebucare (Salt/Mix), Sebulex (Salt/Mix), component of Fostex medicated bar and cream (Salt/Mix), component of Keralyt (Salt/Mix), Retarder SAX (Salt/Mix), component of Solarcaine first aid spray (Salt/Mix), component of Tinver (Salt/Mix), 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid [for Biochemical Research], Acetylsalicylic Acid EP Impurity C (Lamivudine EP Impurity C, Mesalazine (Mesalamine) EP Impurity H, Salicylic Acid), Salicylic acid, 2-Carboxyphenol, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, o-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, Salicylic, Acid, Salicylic, 2 Hydroxybenzoic Acid, Acido Salicilico, Sa - Salicylic Acid, O-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, O Hydroxybenzoic Acid, Salicylic Aci, Acid, 2-Hydroxybenzoic, Acidum Salicylicum, O-Carboxyphenol, Salicylic Acid Preparation, Acid, O-Hydroxybenzoic, Kyselina Salicylova, Salicylic Preparation, Acid, Ortho-Hydroxybenzoic, Acido O-Idrossibenzoico, Kyselina 2-Hydroxybenzoova, Caswell No. 731, Benzoic Acid, 2-Hydroxy- (10), 2-Carboxyphenol, 2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylate, 2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxybenzoate, 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, Benzoic acid, o-hydroxy-, o-Carboxyphenol, o-Hydroxybenzoate, o-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Orthohydroxybenzoic acid, Phenol-2-carboxylate, Phenol-2-carboxylic acid, Psoriacid-S-Stift, Salicyclic acid, Salicylate, Salicylic acid, Saligel, Salonil, Trans-Ver-Sal, 2 Hydroxybenzoic acid, Acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic, Acid, salicylic, Acid, O-hydroxybenzoic, Acid, ortho-hydroxybenzoic, O Hydroxybenzoic acid, Ortho hydroxybenzoic acid, Ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid, Advanced pain relief callus removers, Advanced pain relief corn removers, Clear away wart remover, Compound W, Dr. scholl's callus removers, Duofil wart remover, Duoplant, Freezone, Ionil, Ionil plus, K 537, K 557, Retarder W, Rutranex, Salicylic acid collodion, Salicylic acid soap, Stri-dex, SA,

Aspirin is an antiinflammatory inhibitor of cyclooxygenase activity.
Aspirin, also known as 2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, is a highly versatile chemical compound that is widely used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture.

Aspirin is a versatile compound with widespread applications, particularly in the fields of skincare, medicine, and the chemical industry.
Known for its use in treating various skin conditions, Aspirin has become a staple ingredient in skincare and personal care products.

With its remarkable attributes, Aspirin has become an essential ingredient in many products.
Aspirin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as salicylic acids.
These are ortho-hydroxylated benzoic acids.

Aspirin is a highly versatile chemical compound that is widely used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture.
Aspirin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as Aspirins.

These are ortho-hydroxylated benzoic acids.
Aspirin exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans.
Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Aspirin.

Aspirin is a natural product extract from Willow bark, well known as an antiinflammatory and antinociceptive agent and a close structural relative to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
Aspirin is a ubiquitous plant hormone with many regulatory functions involved in local disease resistance mechanisms and systemic acquired resistance.

The antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects produced by Aspirin and its derivatives in animals are due to inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) enzyme activity and suppression of prostaglandin biosynthesis.
Aspirin is also of interest as a starting material for the organic synthesis of more elaborate COX suppressors and other chemical structures.

Aspirin is many organic compounds are found in plants.
Aspirin can be made from methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate which is obtained as oil of wintergreen by distillation from the leaves of Gaultheria procunbers.

Oil of wintergreen is 98% methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate.
This oil can be hydrolysed by boiling with aqueous sodium hydroxide for about 30 minutes.

The reaction produces sodium 2-hydroxybenzoate, which can be converted into Aspirin by adding hydrochloric acid.
Both oil of wintergreen (methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate) and Aspirin) are widely used as pharmaceuticals.

The manufacture of aspirin from Aspirin is of major importance.
Industrially, Aspirin is manufactured at high temperature and pressure from the phenol sodium salt and carbon dioxide, with an annual worldwide production of about 50,000 tonnes.

The alkaline hydrolysis of esters is the basis of saponification (soap making) from natural oils and water cremation – a less environmentally harmful alternative to cremation by heat.
Aspirin is a white solid first isolated from the bark of willow trees (Salix spp.), from which it gets its name.

Aspirin also occurs as the free acid or its esters in many plant species.
In an early (1966) biosynthetic process, researchers at Kerr-McGee Oil Industries (now part of Andarko Petroleum) prepared Aspirin via the microbial degradation of naphthalene.

Aspirin is now commercially biosynthesized from phenylalanine.
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), a prodrug to Aspirin, is made by an entirely different process.
Curiously, Aspirin is also a metabolite of aspirin.

In 2015, J. L. Dangl, S. L. Lebeis, and co-workers at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, discovered that native Aspirin plays a role in determining which microbes are in the root microbiome of Arabidopsis thaliana, a weed that grows in Europe and Asia.
Aspirin is lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid.

Aspirin a type of phenolic acid and a beta-hydroxy acid (BHA).
Beta hydroxy acid is found as a natural compound in plants.

This colourless crystalline organic acid, Aspirin, is broadly in use in organic synthesis.
Aspirin is derived from the metabolism of salicin.

Aspirin is a crystalline organic carboxylic acid and has keratolytic, bacteriostatic and fungicidal properties.
Aspirin can be in use as an antiseptic and as a food preservative when consumed in small quantities.

Aspirin has a carboxyl group attached to it i.e., COOH.
Aspirin is odourless and is colourless.

Aspirin is probably known for its use as an important ingredient in topical anti-acne products.
The salts and esters of Aspirin are salicylates.

Aspirin is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.
Aspirin is the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.

Uses of Aspirin:
Aspirin is particularly in use in the pharmaceutical industry.
The most common use of Aspirin is in the preparation of an analgesic, aspirin, which is an acetylated derivative of salicylic acid.

Another analgesic formed from Aspirin is methyl salicylate, an esterified product of salicylic acid.
Both of these analgesics are in use to treat headache and other body aches.

Aspirin's significance spans multiple industries, from its prominent role in skincare and medicine to its applications in the chemical and agricultural sectors.
Aspirin's diverse properties and applications underscore its versatility and ongoing relevance in various scientific and industrial domains.

In the realm of skincare, Aspirin is used for its keratolytic properties, meaning it helps to exfoliate and remove dead skin cells.
This makes Aspirin an effective ingredient in products designed for acne treatment and prevention, as Aspirin can unclog pores and reduce the occurrence of blemishes.

In medicine, Aspirin is the precursor to acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin.
Aspirin is widely used for its analgesic (pain-relieving), anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties.
The discovery of these therapeutic effects has positioned Aspirin as a foundational compound in the development of various pharmaceuticals.

Beyond skincare and medicine, Aspirin has applications in the chemical industry.
Aspirin serves as a key intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including fragrances, dyes, and rubber chemicals.

Aspirin's versatility in chemical processes highlights its importance as a building block for the production of a range of industrial products.
In agriculture, Aspirin and its derivatives are explored for their potential uses in plant growth regulation and stress response.

Research continues to uncover ways in which Aspirin may contribute to enhancing crop yield and resilience.
Aspirin is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H4COOH.

A colorless, bitter-tasting solid, Aspirin is a precursor to and a metabolite of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
The name is from Latin salix for willow tree, from which it was initially identified and derived.

Aspirin is an ingredient in some anti-acne products.
Salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates.

Aspirin is in use in the treatment of wart infections.
The mechanism by which professionals treats warts infection is similar to its keratolytic action.
Firstly, Aspirin dehydrates the skin cells that are affected by warts and thereby it gradually leads to its shedding off from the body.

Aspirin also activates the immune reaction of the body towards the viral wart infection by initiating a mild inflammatory reaction.
Aspirin is one of the major components of anti-dandruff shampoos.

Aspirin also helps in clearing away the dead and flaky skin cells from your scalp.
Aspirin also in use as a mild antiseptic effect known as a bacteriostatic agent.
Aspirin does not kill the existing bacteria and hence not an antibacterial agent but prevent the growth of bacteria wherever applied.

Aspirin is used as a food preservative, a bactericide, and an antiseptic.
Aspirin is used in the production of other pharmaceuticals, including 4-aminosalicylic acid, sandulpiride, and landetimide (via salethamide).

Aspirin has long been a key starting material for making acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA) is prepared by the esterification of the phenolic hydroxyl group of Aspirin with the acetyl group from acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.

ASA is the standard to which all the other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are compared.
In veterinary medicine, this group of drugs is mainly used for treatment of inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders.
Bismuth subsalicylate, a salt of bismuth and Aspirin, "displays anti-inflammatory action (due to salicylic acid) and also acts as an antacid and mild antibiotic".

Aspirin is the active ingredient in stomach-relief aids such as Pepto-Bismol and some formulations of Kaopectate.
Other derivatives include methyl salicylate used as a liniment to soothe joint and muscle pain and choline salicylate used topically to relieve the pain of mouth ulcers.

Aminosalicylic acid is used to induce remission in ulcerative colitis, and has been used as an antitubercular agent often administered in association with isoniazid.
Aspirin, when applied to the skin surface, works by causing the cells of the epidermis to slough off more readily, preventing pores from clogging up, and allowing room for new cell growth.

Aspirin inhibits the oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) competitively with NADH and noncompetitively with UDPG.
Aspirin also competitively inhibits the transferring of glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid to the phenolic acceptor.

The wound-healing retardation action of salicylates is probably due mainly to its inhibitory action on mucopolysaccharide synthesis.
Aspirin and its esters are used as food preservatives, in skin-care products and other cosmetics, and in topical medicines.

Aspirin is an acid used to treat acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, and warts.
Aspirin is a compound obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves, and also prepared synthetically.

Aspirin has bacteriostatic, fungicidal, and keratolytic actions.
Aspirin's salts, the salicylates, are used as analgesics.

Plant Growth Regulation:
As a plant growth regulator, Aspirin promotes fruit formation, enhances crop yield, and improves the plant's resistance to diseases.
Aspirin exhibits a high standard of purity, ensuring its effectiveness and dependability across various applications.

Plant Cell Culture Test Approval:
Through intensive testing, Aspirin has been approved as safe and suitable for plant cell culture applications, meeting stringent quality standards.

Pharmacodynamics:
Aspirin treats acne by causing skin cells to slough off more readily, preventing pores from clogging up.
This effect on skin cells also makes Aspirin an active ingredient in several shampoos meant to treat dandruff.

Use of straight Aspirin solution may cause hyperpigmentation on unpretreated skin for those with darker skin types
(Fitzpatrick phototypes IV, V, VI), as well as with the lack of use of a broad spectrum sunblock.

Subsalicylate in combination with bismuth form the popular stomach relief aid known commonly as Pepto-Bismol.
When combined the two key ingredients help control diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, and even gas.
Aspirin is also very mildly anti-biotic.

Exfoliating Properties:
Aspirin is widely recognized for its excellent exfoliating capabilities.
Aspirin effectively removes dead skin cells, unclogs pores, and improves skin complexion.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects:
With its anti-inflammatory properties, Aspirin is a perfect solution for acne and other skin conditions.
Aspirin reduces redness, swelling, and irritation associated with these conditions.

Anti-Fungal Activity:
Aspirin possesses potent anti-fungal attributes, making it highly effective in treating conditions like dandruff and other fungal infections.
Aspirin controls fungal growth and alleviates related symptoms.

Pharmaceutical Industry:
Aspirin is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry for topical medications, including skincare applications such as acne treatments, wart removers, and callus removal products.
Aspirin is also used in oral medications for pain and fever relief.

Cosmetic Industry:
Aspirin is a key component in many cosmetic items, especially those focused on skincare.
Aspirin is commonly found in cleansers, toners, serums, and spot treatments, improving skin texture, unclogging pores, and reducing blemishes.

Agricultural Industry:
Aspirin is highly beneficial in agriculture.
Aspirin promotes plant growth, enhances crop yield, and protects plants from diseases.
Aspirin can be applied directly to plants or used in seed treatments.

Medicine:
Aspirin as a medication is commonly used to remove the outer layer of the skin.
As such, Aspirin is used to treat warts, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, ringworm, dandruff, and ichthyosis.
Similar to other hydroxy acids, Aspirin is an ingredient in many skincare products for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, acanthosis nigricans, ichthyosis, and warts.

Preparation Methods of Aspirin:

There are two most common methods in use for the preparation of Aspirin are as follows:

From Phenol:
When phenol is reacted with sodium hydroxide, it forms sodium phenoxide.
Sodium phenoxide then undergoes distillation and dehydration.

This process is followed by a carboxylation reaction with carbon dioxide, which results in the formation of sodium salicylate i.e., salt of Aspirin.
This salt then further reacted with an acid or hydronium ion or any species that denotes a proton to obtain the Aspirin.

From Methyl Salicylate:
Methyl salicylate also known as oil of wintergreen is commonly called analgesic in the pharmaceutical industry.
Methyl salicylate is in use for the preparation of Aspirin.

In this reaction, methyl salicylate is reacted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to lead to the formation of a sodium salt intermediate of Aspirin.
This acid is named disodium salicylate, which upon undergoing further reaction with sulphuric acid leads to the formation of Aspirin.

Alternative Parents of Aspirin:
Benzoic acids
Benzoyl derivatives
1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
Vinylogous acids
Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
Carboxylic acids
Organooxygen compounds
Organic oxides
Hydrocarbon derivatives

Substituents of Aspirin:
Salicylic acid
Benzoic acid
Benzoyl
1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
Phenol
Vinylogous acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid derivative
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound

Experimental Properties of Aspirin:

Physical Properties:
Aspirin is a colourless, odourless and needle-shaped crystals at room temperature.
The taste of Aspirin is acrid.
The boiling point and melting point of Aspirin are 211oC and 315oC respectively.

The Aspirin molecule has two hydrogen bond donors and three hydrogen bond acceptors.
The flashpoint of Aspirin is 157oC.

Due to its lipophilic nature, Aspirin's solubility in water is very poor i.e., 1.8 g/L at 25oC.
Aspirin is soluble in organic solvents like carbon tetrachloride, benzene, propanol, ethanol and acetone.

The density of Aspirin is 1.44 at 20oC.
Aspirin's vapour pressure is 8.2×105mmHg at 25oC.
Aspirin is a tendency to undergo discolouration when exposed to direct sunlight due to its photochemical degradation.

Upon degradation, Aspirin emits irritating fumes and acrid smelling smoke.
Aspirin's heat of combustion is3.026mj/mole at 25oC.

The pH of a saturated solution of Aspirin is 2.4.
Aspirin's pka value i.e., dissociation constant is 2.97.

Chemical Properties:

Formation of aspirin:
In the pharmaceutical industry, the most important reaction associated with the use of Aspirin is the production of aspirin i.e., acetylsalicylic acid.

Aspirin is one of the most commonly used analgesics and blood-thinning agent.
In this reaction, Aspirin is reacting with acetic anhydride.

Aspirinleads to the acetylation of the hydroxyl group present in the Aspirin, thereby resulting in the production of acetylsalicylic acid i.e., aspirin.
Acetic acid is manufactured as a byproduct of this reaction.

This is also present as one of the impurities during large scale production of aspirin.
These impurities must be removed from the resulting product mixture by several refining processes.

Esterification Reaction:
Since Aspirin is an organic acid, it undergoes a reaction with organic alcohol groups to produce a new organic chemical class alike ester.

When Aspirin is reacting with methanol in an acidic medium preferably sulphuric acid in the presence of heat, a dehydration reaction occurs with the loss of water −OH− ion.
This ion is lost from the carboxylic acid functional group present in the Aspirin molecule and the H+ ion is lost from the deprotonation of the methanol molecule, resulting in the formation of methyl salicylate (an ester).

Structure of Aspirin:
The structural formula of Aspirin is C6H4(OH)COOH.
The chemical formula can also be written as C7H6O3 in the condensed form.

The IUPAC name of Aspirin is 2-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Aspirin has a hydroxyl group i.e., -OH group attached at the ortho position with respect to the carboxylic acid.

This COOH group is present on the benzene ring.
The molecular weight or molar mass of Aspirin is 138.12 g/mol.

All carbon atoms present in the benzene ring of Aspirin are sp2 hybridized.
Aspirin forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond.

In an aqueous solution, Aspirin dissociates to lose a proton from the carboxylic acid.
The resulting carboxylate ion i.e., −COO− undergoes intermolecular interaction with the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group i.e., -OH.
Aspirin leads to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond.

Action Mechanism of Aspirin:
Aspirin directly irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 to decrease conversion of arachidonic acid to precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
Salicylate's use in rheumatic diseases is due to it's analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.

Aspirin is a key ingredient in many skin-care products for the treatment of acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, and warts.
Aspirin allows cells of the epidermis to more readily slough off.

Because of its effect on skin cells, Aspirin is used in several shampoos used to treat dandruff.
Aspirin is also used as an active ingredient in gels which remove verrucas (plantar warts).
Aspirin competitively inhibits oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) with nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD) and non-competitively with UDPG.

Aspirin also competitively inhibits the transferring of the glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) to a phenolic acceptor.
Inhibition of mucopoly saccharide synthesis is likely responsible for the slowing of wound healing with salicylates.

Aspirin modulates COX-1 enzymatic activity to decrease the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.
Salicylate may competitively inhibit prostaglandin formation. Salicylate's antirheumatic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) actions are a result of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Production And Chemical Reactions of Aspirin:

Biosynthesis:
Aspirin is biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine.
In Arabidopsis thaliana, Aspirin can be synthesized via a phenylalanine-independent pathway.

Chemical Synthesis:
Commercial vendors prepare sodium salicylate by treating sodium phenolate (the sodium salt of phenol) with carbon dioxide at high pressure (100 atm) and high temperature (115 °C) – a method known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction.

Acidifying the product with sulfuric acid gives Aspirin:
At the laboratory scale, Aspirin can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) with a strong acid or base; these reactions reverse those chemicals' commercial syntheses.

Reactions of Aspirin:

Upon heating, Aspirin converts to phenyl salicylate:
2 HOC6H4CO2H → C6H5O2C6H4OH + CO2 + H2O

Further heating gives xanthone.
Aspirin as its conjugate base is a chelating agent, with an affinity for iron(III).

Aspirin slowly degrades to phenol and carbon dioxide at 200–230 °C:
C6H4OH(CO2H) → C6H5OH + CO2

Dietary Sources of Aspirin:
Aspirin occurs in plants as free salicylic acid and its carboxylated esters and phenolic glycosides.
Several studies suggest that humans metabolize Aspirin in measurable quantities from these plants.
High-salicylate beverages and foods include beer, coffee, tea, numerous fruits and vegetables, sweet potato, nuts, and olive oil.

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, sugar, breads and cereals have low salicylate content.
Some people with sensitivity to dietary salicylates may have symptoms of allergic reaction, such as bronchial asthma, rhinitis, gastrointestinal disorders, or diarrhea, so may need to adopt a low-salicylate diet.

Plant Hormone, Aspirin:
Aspirin is a phenolic phytohormone, and is found in plants with roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, and ion uptake and transport.
Aspirin is involved in endogenous signaling, mediating plant defense against pathogens.

Aspirin plays a role in the resistance to pathogens (i.e. systemic acquired resistance) by inducing the production of pathogenesis-related proteins and other defensive metabolites.
Aspirin's defense signaling role is most clearly demonstrated by experiments which do away with it: Delaney et al. 1994, Gaffney et al. 1993, Lawton et al. 1995, and Vernooij et al. 1994 each use Nicotiana tabacum or Arabidopsis expressing nahG, for salicylate hydroxylase.

Pathogen inoculation did not produce the customarily high Aspirin levels, SAR was not produced, and no PR genes were expressed in systemic leaves.
Indeed, the subjects were more susceptible to virulent – and even normally avirulent – pathogens.

Exogenously, Aspirin can aid plant development via enhanced seed germination, bud flowering, and fruit ripening, though too high of a concentration of salicylic acid can negatively regulate these developmental processes.
The volatile methyl ester of Aspirin, methyl salicylate, can also diffuse through the air, facilitating plant-plant communication.
Methyl salicylate is taken up by the stomata of the nearby plant, where it can induce an immune response after being converted back to Aspirin.

Signal Transduction, Aspirin:
A number of proteins have been identified that interact with SA in plants, especially Aspirin binding proteins (SABPs) and the NPR genes (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes), which are putative receptors.

History of Aspirin:
Willow has long been used for medicinal purposes.
Dioscorides, whose writings were highly influential for more than 1,500 years, used 'Itea' (which was possibly a species of willow) as a treatment for 'painful intestinal obstructions,' birth control, for 'those who spit blood,' to remove calluses and corns and, externally, as a 'warm pack for gout.'

William Turner, in 1597, repeated this, saying that willow bark, 'being burnt to ashes, and steeped in vinegar, takes away corns and other like risings in the feet and toes.'
Some of these cures may describe the action of Aspirin, which can be derived from the salicin present in willow.

Aspirin is, however, a modern myth that Hippocrates used willow as a painkiller.
Hippocrates, Galen, Pliny the Elder, and others knew that decoctions containing salicylate could ease pain and reduce fevers.

Aspirin was used in Europe and China to treat these conditions.
This remedy is mentioned in texts from Ancient Egypt, Sumer, and Assyria.

The Cherokee and other Native Americans use an infusion of the bark for fever and other medicinal purposes.
In 2014, archaeologists identified traces of Aspirin on seventh-century pottery fragments found in east-central Colorado.
The Reverend Edward Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England, reported in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever.

An extract of willow bark, called salicin, after the Latin name for the white willow (Salix alba), was isolated and named by German chemist Johann Andreas Buchner in 1828.
A larger amount of the substance was isolated in 1829 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist.
Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, was able to convert the substance into a sugar and a second component, which on oxidation becomes Aspirin.

Aspirin was also isolated from the herb meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839.
Their extract caused digestive problems such as gastric irritation, bleeding, diarrhea, and even death when consumed in high doses.

In 1874 the Scottish physician Thomas MacLagan experimented with salicin as a treatment for acute rheumatism, with considerable success, as he reported in The Lancet in 1876.
Meanwhile, German scientists tried sodium salicylate with less success and more severe side effects.

In 1979, salicylates were found to be involved in induced defenses of tobacco against tobacco mosaic virus.
In 1987, Aspirin was identified as the long-sought signal that causes thermogenic plants, such as the voodoo lily, Sauromatum guttatum, to produce heat.

Handling and Storage of Aspirin:

Handling:

Protective Equipment:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat.

Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use a fume hood to avoid inhaling dust or vapors.

Avoid Contact:
Avoid direct contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.

Hygiene:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling and before eating or drinking.

Spills:
Clean up spills immediately, following proper procedures for the material.

Storage:

Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry place away from incompatible substances such as strong oxidizing agents.

Containers:
Keep the material in tightly closed containers.

Labeling:
Ensure containers are clearly labeled with the chemical name and hazard information.

Reactivity and Stability of Aspirin:

Chemical Stability:
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid is generally stable under normal conditions.

Conditions to Avoid:
Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures, strong oxidizers, and light.

Reactivity:

Incompatibilities:
Reacts with strong oxidizing agents and bases.
May decompose under certain conditions.

Safety Profile of Aspirin:
Acetylsalicylic is used in the manufacture of aspirin.
Acetylsalicylic's advisable to perform a patch test before widespread use, especially for those with sensitive skin.

Acetylsalicylic can increase skin sensitivity to sunlight.
It's essential to use sunscreen during the day when using products containing Acetylsalicylic to prevent sunburn and further skin damage.
Allergic reactions can include itching, swelling, or rash.

If such reactions occur, discontinue use and seek medical advice.
Despite the potential teratogenic risk of Acetylsalicylic, cosmetic applications of the drug pose no significant risk.
When heated to decomposition Acetylsalicylic emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

If high concentrations of Acetylsalicylic ointment are used topically, high levels of salicylic acid can enter the blood, requiring hemodialysis to avoid further complications.
Some individuals may be more sensitive to Acetylsalicylic, experiencing redness, irritation, or dryness.

Overusing products containing Acetylsalicylic or using higher concentrations than recommended can lead to excessive dryness and peeling.
Following product instructions and incorporating Acetylsalicylic gradually into a skincare routine is crucial.

First Aid Measures of Aspirin:

Inhalation:
Move to fresh air immediately.
If symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.

Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention immediately.

Fire-Fighting Measures of Aspirin:

Use suitable extinguishing media:
For small fires involving Aspirin, use water spray, carbon dioxide (CO₂), or dry chemical powder.
For larger fires, foam or a combination of these agents may be appropriate.

Fire Fighting Procedures:

Evacuate the area:
Ensure that the area around the fire is evacuated to protect people from potential hazards.

Wear protective equipment:
Firefighters should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including flame-resistant clothing and respiratory protection, to avoid exposure to smoke and fumes.

Avoid inhalation:
Aspirin's decomposition products may be harmful if inhaled, so ensure that firefighters are using proper respiratory protection.

Special Hazards:

Decomposition products:
During a fire, Aspirin can decompose and produce hazardous fumes, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other combustion products.
Proper ventilation and respiratory protection are crucial.

Avoiding water:
Although Aspirin itself is not highly flammable, avoid using large quantities of water to extinguish fires involving Aspirin if there is a risk of water contamination or if it might spread the fire.

Containment and Cleanup:

Contain runoff:
Prevent fire-fighting water from contaminating the environment.
Use barriers or containment methods if necessary.

Clean up:
After the fire is extinguished, clean up any spilled Aspirin and dispose of materials according to local regulations.
Ensure that the area is properly ventilated to remove any residual fumes.

Accidental Release Measures of Aspirin:

Personal Precautions:
Wear appropriate protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, and a mask.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation to disperse vapors.

Environmental Precautions:

Containment:
Prevent the material from entering waterways or soil.

Cleanup:
Collect the spilled material using appropriate methods and dispose of Acetylsalicylic according to local regulations.

Cleanup Methods:

Small Spills:
Use absorbent materials and dispose of them properly.

Large Spills:
Contain the spill, prevent further spread, and collect the material using appropriate tools.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Aspirin:

Exposure Limits:
Refer to local regulatory guidelines for permissible exposure limits.

Engineering Controls:

Ventilation:
Use local exhaust ventilation or a fume hood to control exposure.
Personal Protective Equipment:

Respiratory Protection:
Use a respirator if there is a risk of inhalation exposure.

Hand Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves.

Eye Protection:
Use safety goggles or a face shield to protect against splashes.

Skin Protection:
Wear lab coats or other protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Identifiers of Aspirin:
CAS number: 69-72-7
EC number: 200-712-3
Hill Formula: C₇H₆O₃
Chemical formula: HOC₆H₄COOH
Molar Mass: 138.12 g/mol
HS Code: 2918 21 10
Boiling point: 211 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.44 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 157 °C
Ignition temperature: 500 °C
Melting Point: 158 - 160 °C
pH value: 2.4 (H₂O, 20 °C) (saturated solution)
Vapor pressure: 1 hPa (114 °C)
Bulk density: 400 - 500 kg/m3
Solubility: 2 g/l
CAS number: 69-72-7
Weight Average: 138.1207
Monoisotopic: 138.031694058
InChI Key: YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

EINECS: 200-712-3
Hazard Codes: Xn
HS Code: 2918211000
Log P: 1.09040
MDL: MFCD00002439
pH: pH of saturated solution: 2.4
PSA: 57.53
Quality Standard: Enterprise Standard
Refractive Index: 1.565
Risk Statements: R22; R36/37/38; R41
CAS No.: 69-72-7
CAS: 69-72-7
MF: C7H6O3
MW: 138.12
EINECS: 200-712-3
Mol File: 69-72-7.mol
Salicylic acid: Chemical Properties

Formula: C7H6O3
Molecular weight: 138,12 g/mol
CAS-No.: 69-72-7
EC-No.: 200-712-3
Physical state: powdercrystalline
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 158 - 160 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 211 °C at 27 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Lower explosion limit: 1,1 %(V)
Flash point 157 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 2,4 at 20 °C

Properties of Aspirin:
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Chemical Name : 2 – Hydroxybenzoic Acid
Molecular Formula : C7H6O3
Molecular Weight : 138.1
Description : White / colourless, crystalline powder / acicular crystals
Solubility: Solubility (weight percent):
carbon tetrachloride 0.262 (25 °C);
benzene 0.775 (25 °C); propanol 27.36 (21 °C);
absolute ethanol 34.87 (21 °C); acetone 396 (23 °C)
Appearance: White poder
Storage: Store at RT.

Molecular Weight: 138.12 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 138.031694049 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 138.031694049 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 10
Complexity: 133
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Traditional IUPAC Name: salicylic
Chemical Formula: C7H6O3
SMILES: OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O
Appearance: white powder (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 158.00 to 161.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 211.00 °C. @ 20.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 336.00 to 337.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 1.000000 mmHg @ 114.00 °C.
Vapor Density: 4.8 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: > 212.00 °F. TCC ( > 100.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 2.260
Soluble in: alcohol
water, 3808 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
water, 2240 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)