CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL)

CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL) = HYDROXYBENZENE = BENZENOL

CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7
Linear Formula: C6H5OH

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH). 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks. 

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M). 
Homogeneous mixtures of Carbolic acid (Phenol) and water at phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible. 
The sodium salt of Carbolic acid (Phenol), sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble.
Acidity:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a weak acid. 

In aqueous solution in the pH range ca. 8 - 12 it is in equilibrium with the phenolate anion C6H5O− (also called phenoxide):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is more acidic than aliphatic alcohols. 
The differing pKa is attributed to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide anion. 
In this way, the negative charge on oxygen is delocalized on to the ortho and para carbon atoms through the pi system. 

An alternative explanation involves the sigma framework, postulating that the dominant effect is the induction from the more electronegative sp2 hybridised carbons; the comparatively more powerful inductive withdrawal of electron density that is provided by the sp2 system compared to an sp3 system allows for great stabilization of the oxyanion. 
In support of the second explanation, the pKa of the enol of acetone in water is 10.9, making it only slightly less acidic than phenol (pKa 10.0).

Thus, the greater number of resonance structures available to phenoxide compared to acetone enolate seems to contribute very little to its stabilization. 
However, the situation changes when solvation effects are excluded. 
A recent in silico comparison of the gas phase acidities of the vinylogues of phenol and cyclohexanol in conformations that allow for or exclude resonance stabilization leads to the inference that about 1⁄3 of the increased acidity of Carbolic acid (Phenol) is attributable to inductive effects, with resonance accounting for the remaining difference.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) (commonly known as phenol) is an aromatic chemical molecule with the molecular formula C6H5OH and the molecular formula C6H5OH. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline substance. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the simplest member of the Carbolic acid (Phenol) family of organic compounds.

Carbolic acids (Phenol) are sometimes known as carbolic acids because of their extreme acidity. 
Because of resonance, Carbolic acid (Phenol) molecule has a partial positive charge on the oxygen atom, and the anion created by the loss of a hydrogen ion is similarly resonance stabilised. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is hydroxybenzene by definition. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is known by the name phenol. 

The IUPAC name for Carbolic acid (Phenol) would be benzenol, which was derived similarly to the IUPAC names for aliphatic alcohols.
Carbolic acid (Phenol), also known as phenolic acid, is a colourless, white crystalline solid at ambient temperature that is found naturally.
Carbolic acids (Phenol) with a low molecular weight are usually liquids or solids with a low melting point. 
Most low molecular weight Carbolic acids (Phenol) are water-soluble due to hydrogen bonding. 

Because of stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding, Carbolic acids (Phenol) have higher boiling temperatures than alcohols of the same molecular weight.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a natural product.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is water-soluble.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a mildly acidic substance.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is transformed into the phenolate ion in an aqueous medium.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has resonance properties.

Hydrogen bonds are formed by Carbolic acid (Phenol).
Tautomerism is a property of Carbolic acid (Phenol).
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic hydrocarbon compound composed of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) (C6H6O or C6H5OH) is a colorless to light-pink, crystalline solid with a sweet, acrid odor. 

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the specific name for carbolic acid, which is the simplest member of the family of organic hydroxyl compounds known as phenols, or phenolics. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is derived from benzene and propylene, which are used to produce cumene, which is then oxidized to become cumene hydroperoxide, before being split into Carbolic acid (Phenol) and its co-product, acetone.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic hydrocarbon compound composed of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group. 

At room temperature, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a solid and has a characteristic chemical smell.  
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has the molecular formula C6H5OH and is an aromatic organic compound. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline solid. 
A phenyl group (C6H5) is bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH) in Carbolic acid (Phenol). 

Carbolic acid (Phenol) was originally derived from coal tar, but Carbolic acid (Phenol) is now made on a large scale (approximately 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s a crucial manufacturing product because Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s used to make a variety of products and compounds. 
Since the oxygen atom's pi electrons donate electron density to the ring, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is highly reactive against electrophilic aromatic substitution. 

Many groups can be appended to the ring using this general method, including halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and other methods.
Addition of base to the phenol:
C6H5OH+NaOH→C6H5ONa+H2O

Addition of Acyl Group:
C6H5OH+C6H5COCl→C6H5OCOC6H5+HCl

Reduction under zinc dust:
C6H5OH+Zn→C6H6+ZnO

Oxidation of phenol:
C6H5OH+CH2N2→C6H5OCH3+N2

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystallinesolid that is volatile. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (−OH). 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds.

Carbolic acid (Phenol), is an important compound, used as a precursor to many materials and useful chemicals. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is white colored volatile crystalline compound having molecular formula C6H6O with mass of 94.11 g/mol. 
Also known as phenol, Carbolic acid is an aromatic organic acid having a phenyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has sweet & tarry odor with the boiling point of 181.7 degree Celsius and density of 1.07 g/cm3.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colorless or white, crystalline (sand-like) solid that is usually sold or used in solution. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) liquid is an amino acid derivate which is used to protect plants from infections and pests and is made by the natural degradation of organic waste products. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is popularly known as Carbolic Acid Liquid and acts as an antimicrobial agent and is used in a variety of pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides.

Carbolic acid (Phenol), normally a white crystalline solid, is maintained in a liquid condition by the presence of about 10% water. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) Contains not less than 89% by weight phenol. 
Available in 1 oz (30 ml), 2 oz (60 ml) bottles or 1 pint (16 oz or 480 ml) amber glass bottles.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. 

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH). 
Pure phenol is a white crystalline solid, smelling of disinfectant. 
The crystals are often rather wet and discoloured.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is useful to compare phenol's melting and boiling points with those of methylbenzene (toluene). 
Both molecules contain the same number of electrons and are a very similar shape. 
That means that the intermolecular attractions due to van der Waals dispersion forces are going to be very similar.
The reason for the higher values for Carbolic acid (Phenol) is in part due to permanent dipole-dipole attractions due to the electronegativity of the oxygen - but is mainly due to hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen bonds can form between a lone pair on an oxygen on one molecule and the hydrogen on the -OH group of one of its neighbours.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is moderately soluble in water - about 8 g of phenol will dissolve in 100 g of water.
If you try to dissolve more than this, you get two layers of liquid. 
The top layer is a solution of Carbolic acid (Phenol) in water, and the bottom one a solution of water in Carbolic acid (Phenol). 

The solubility behaviour of phenol and water is complicated, and beyond UK A level.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is somewhat soluble in water because of it's ability to form hydrogen bonds with the water.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. 

Carbolic acid (Phenol), a colorless, white crystalline solid at room temperature, also known as phenic acid, is an organic compound that is found naturally.
Carbolic acid (Phenol), also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a toxic, colorless crystalline solid with a distinctive sweet tarry odor. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s chemical formula is C6H5OH and Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s structure is that of a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a phenyl ring; Carbolic acid (Phenol) is thus an aromatic compound.

The word Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used to refer to any compound which contains a six-membered aromatic ring, bonded directly to a hydroxyl group (-OH). 
In effect, Carbolic acids (Phenol) are a class of organic compounds of which is the simplest member.
Phenol has a limited solubility in water (8.3 g/100 ml). 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is slightly acidic: the phenol molecule has weak tendencies to lose the H+ ion from the hydroxyl group, resulting in the highly water-soluble phenoxide anion C6H5O−. 

Compared to aliphatic alcohols, Carbolic acid (Phenol) shows much higher acidity; Carbolic acid (Phenol) even reacts with NaOH to lose H+ whereas aliphatic alcohols do not. 
Contrary to popular belief, this has little to do with orbital overlap between the oxygen's lone pairs and the aromatic system.
While the aromaticity of the benzene ring allows delocalization of the negative charge throughout the ring to stabilize the anion, the dominant effect is the induction from the sp2 hybridized carbons (the comparatively more powerful inductive withdrawal of electron density that is provided by the sp2 system compared to an sp3 system allows for great stabilization of the oxyanion). 

In making this conclusion, we cite the pKa of acetone enol, which is 10.9 (in comparison to phenol with a pKa of 10.0).
Carbolic acid (Phenol) can be made from the partial oxidation of benzene or benzoic acid, by the cumene process, or by the Raschig process. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) can also be found as a product of coal oxidation.
Soluble in alcohol, water, ether, chloroform, glycerol, carbon disulphide, petrolatum, fixed or volatile oils, and alkalies. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a sweet-smelling clear liquid. 

Carbolic acids (Phenol) is added to many different products. 
Also known as Carbolic acids (Phenol) and Hydroxybenzene provide a raw material for diverse chemical compounds. 
Carbolic acids (Phenol) remain solid at room temperature and turn into a transparent liquid with a distinct odor at 41°C or above.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colourless to pink solid or thick liquid with a characteristic sweet tar like odour.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is highly soluble in water. Very soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, glycerol, carbon disulphide, petrolatum, volatile and fixed oils, aqueous alkali hydroxides. 
Almost insoluble in petroleum ether.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) (also known as benzenol, hydroxybenzene, and phenic acid, amongst others) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5OH.  

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a naturally occurring substance that is found in organic matter and animal wastes but is now manufactured for commercial use.
Pure Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colourless-to-white crystal which can darken on exposure to light, however the commercial product is a colourless, mobile liquid.  

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is moderately soluble in water and has a distinctive, sweet, carbolic odour.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is usually in the form of colourless or white crystals; Carbolic acid (Phenol) has a sickly sweet smell and a sharp burning taste.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic organic compound. 

Pure Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. 
Although similar to alcohols, Carbolic acids (Phenol) have unique distinguishing properties. 
Unlike in alcohols where the hydroxyl group is bound to a saturated carbon atom, in phenols the hydroxyl group is attached to an unsaturated aromatic (alternating double and single bond) hydrocarbon ring such as benzene. 

Consequently, Carbolic acids (Phenol) have greater acidity than alcohols due to stabilization of the conjugate base through resonance in the aromatic ring.
Although similar to alcohols, Carbolic acids (Phenol) have unique distinguishing properties. 
Unlike in alcohols where the hydroxyl group is bound to a saturated carbon atom, in Carbolic acids (Phenol) the hydroxyl group is attached to an unsaturated ring such as benzene or other arene ring. 

Consequently, Carbolic acids (Phenol) have greater acidity than alcohols due to stabilization of the conjugate base through resonance in the aromatic ring.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) — also known as carbolic acid — is an aromatic organic compound with the formula C6H5OH. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) consists of a phenyl group (-C6H5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). 

Carbolic acid (Phenol) was first extracted from Coal Tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s major uses involve its conversion to plastics or related materials. 
The use of Carbolic acid (Phenol) to combat odours in waste water in the city of Carlisle and its use in the new sewage system in Paris by Georges-Eugène Haussmann gave Lister the idea of experimenting with phenol in surgery and wound medicine and to find out. 

Carbolic acid (Phenol), C6H5HO, or C6H6O,—also known by the names Phenyl Alcohol, Phenic Acid and Phenol,—is a constituent of coal tar, obtained by fractional distillation and subsequently purified. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s claims to be considered an acid are very feeble, as, though Carbolic acid (Phenol) has a faint acid reaction and combines with salifiable bases, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is incapable of neutralizing alkalies, and Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s combinations are decomposed by the feeblest acids, sometimes even by water. 

Considered as the hydroxyl derivative of Benzene, Carbolic acid (Phenol) might be classed with the alcohols, but as Carbolic acid (Phenol) does not yield the same products on oxidation (yielding finally oxalic instead of acetic acid), Carbolic acid (Phenol) is taken as the type of a class called Phenols, which are simple hydroxyl (HO) derivatives of the aromatic hydrocarbons.

Compounds in which an OH group is attached directly to an aromatic ring are designated ArOH and called Carbolic acids (Phenol). 
Carbolic acids (Phenol) differ from alcohols in that they are slightly acidic in water. 
They react with aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form salts.
The parent compound, Carbolic acid, C6H5OH, is itself called phenol. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline compound that has a distinctive (“hospital smell”) odor.

USES and APPLICATIONS of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) and Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.

-The major uses of Carbolic acid (Phenol), consuming two thirds of Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s production, involve Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s conversion to precursors for plastics. 
-Condensation with acetone gives bisphenol-A, a key precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins. 
-Condensation of Carbolic acid (Phenol), alkylphenols, or diphenols with formaldehyde gives phenolic resins, a famous example of which is Bakelite. 

-Partial hydrogenation of Carbolic acid (Phenol) gives cyclohexanone, a precursor to nylon. 
-Nonionic detergents are produced by alkylation of Carbolic acid (Phenol) to give the alkylphenols, e.g., nonylphenol, which are then subjected to ethoxylation.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also a versatile precursor to a large collection of drugs, most notably aspirin but also many herbicides and pharmaceutical drugs.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a component in liquid–liquid phenol–chloroform extraction technique used in molecular biology for obtaining nucleic acids from tissues or cell culture samples. 
-Depending on the pH of the solution either DNA or RNA can be extracted.
-Medical:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is widely used as an antiseptic. Its use was pioneered by Joseph Lister.

 
-Concentrated Carbolic acid (Phenol) liquids are commonly used for permanent treatment of ingrown toe and finger nails, a procedure known as a chemical matrixectomy. 
The procedure was first described by Otto Boll in 1945. 
Since that time it has become the chemical of choice for chemical matrixectomies performed by podiatrists.

-Concentrated liquid phenol can be used topically as a local anesthetic for otology procedures, such as myringotomy and tympanotomy tube placement, as an alternative to general anesthesia or other local anesthetics. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) also has hemostatic and antiseptic qualities that make it ideal for this use.
-From the early 1900s to the 1970s it was used in the production of carbolic soap.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) spray, usually at 1.4% phenol as an active ingredient, is used medically to treat sore throat. 

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the active ingredient in some oral analgesics such as Chloraseptic spray, TCP and Carmex.
-Niche uses:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is so inexpensive that it attracts many small-scale uses. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the aviation industry for the removal of epoxy, polyurethane and other chemically resistant coatings.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) derivatives have been used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hair colorings, and skin lightening preparations.
-A white crystalline compound, Carbolic acid (Phenol), C6H5OH, derived from benzene and used in resins, plastics , and pharmaceuticals and in dilute form as a disinfectant and antiseptic.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) and Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s chemical derivatives are essential for the production of polycarbonates, epoxides, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.​
-The use of Carbolic acid (Phenol) on metal surfaces at high temperatures increases the risk of corrosion on steel. 
The corrosion rate of low-carbon steel has been observed to be reduced when metal surfaces are exposed to Carbolic acid (Phenol) and moisture in the 0.2 percent to 0.6 percent range.

However, when the moisture level rose, so did the rate of deterioration. 
Corrosion of low-carbon steel is substantially accelerated at temperatures exceeding 200°C. 
Furthermore, Carbolic acid (Phenol) containing substantial sulphur is more corrosive to certain metals than pure Carbolic acid (Phenol).

-Plastic precursors are the most prevalent usage of Carbolic acid (Phenol), accounting for two-thirds of Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s total use. 
-Bisphenol-A, a major precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins, is produced by condensation of bisphenol-A with acetone. 
Phenolic resins, such as bakelite, are generated when phenol, alkylphenols, or diphenols react with formaldehyde to form phenolic resins. 
-When Carbolic acid (Phenol) is partially hydrogenated, cyclohexanone is generated, which is a precursor to nylon. 
Nonylphenol is produced via alkylation of Carbolic acid (Phenol), which is subsequently ethoxylated to produce nonionic detergents.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) (carbolic acid) is one of the oldest antiseptic agents. 
Apart from being used in many commercially available products, in rural India, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is often used in the household to prevent snake infestation.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used in many industries. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol)’s used for medicine as a slimicide, antiseptic, and disinfectant and to manufacture a number of products.  

-Sterilization Applications:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) was used by Joseph Lister as one of the first antiseptics to sterilize medical equipment for cleaning wounds.  
When mixed with reagents, Carbolic acid (Phenol) can be an effective disinfectant for toilets, stables, floors and drains.
-Phenolics are used as disinfectants in household cleaners and can have an anti-inflammatory effect in mouthwash.  
-Butylated hydroxytoluene is a Carbolic acid (Phenol) that is a common antioxidant in food, cosmetics and industrial fluids.

-Wood products:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a major component of phenolic adhesives used in wood products like plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). 
-Phenolics can also be used in wood preservatives such as creosote.
-Industrial and Consumer Product Applications:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used to manufacture polycarbonate and epoxy resins, used in a range of consumer product and industrial applications, from protective eyewear, sports safety equipment and food containers to coatings, electronic equipment and automobiles

-Phenolics also can be used as an intermediate for industrial synthesis to make a variety of products, ranging from plastics, explosives, paints, fertilizers, textiles, aspirin and paper. 
-Hydroquinone, a common Carbolic acid (Phenol), is used as a reduction agent in photographic developing solutions.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as a raw material to make phenolic resins, bisphenol A for epoxy resins, and various pharmaceuticals.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as a raw material to make phenolic resins and bisphenol A which in turn is a raw material for epoxy resins.  

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used as a raw material for a variety of dyes, surfactants, disinfectants, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and intermediate chemicals.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is mainly used in the manufacture of plastics and other materials.
-Polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides like phenoxy herbicides, and a variety of prescription drugs all include phenol and its chemical derivatives.

-The most common use of Carbolic acid (Phenol) is to make plastic precursors, which accounts for two-thirds of its overall use. 
Condensation of bisphenol-A with acetone produces bisphenol-A, a key precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins. 
-Bakelite is a well-known example of phenolic resins, which are formed when Carbolic acid (Phenol), alkylphenols, or diphenols react with formaldehyde to form phenolic resins. 

-Cyclohexanone, a precursor to nylon, is formed when Carbolic acid (Phenol) is partially hydrogenated. 
-Alkylation of Carbolic acid (Phenol) yields alkylphenols including nonylphenol, which are then ethoxylated to yield nonionic detergents.
-When Carbolic acid (Phenol) is partially hydrogenated, cyclohexanone is formed, which is a precursor to nylon. 
-Alkylation of phenol produces alkylphenols, such as nonylphenol, which are then ethoxylated to produce nonionic detergents.

-Discovered in the mid-19th century, Carbolic acid (Phenol) (also known as phenol) is today found in several industries in the Midwest and worldwide, including the production of plastics, dyes, and disinfectants.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also a versatile precursor to a large collection of drugs, most notably aspirin as well as many pharmaceutical drugs and herbicides. 

-Additionally, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a notable component in the liquid-liquid phenol-chloroform extraction technique that’s used in molecular biology for obtaining nucleic acids from tissues or cell culture samples. 
-Depending on the pH of the solution, either DNA or RNA can be extracted.
-Medical:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) was once widely used as an antiseptic, and from the 1900s to the 1970s Carbolic acid (Phenol) was a common component in the production of carbolic soap. 

Since 1945, concentrated forms of Carbolic acid (Phenol) have become prominent in the permanent treatment of ingrown toe and fingernails–in fact, over the last few decades Carbolic acid (Phenol) has been the chemical of choice for podiatrists. 
Also, many of the sprays used to treat a sore throat (pharyngitis) count Carbolic acid (Phenol) as an active ingredient–this includes oral analgesics such as Chloraseptic spray, TCP, and Carmex.

-Industrial:
Carbolic acid's (Phenol) inexpensive cost makes it a great choice for small-scale usage applications, many of which are familiar to our instrument manufacturing company. 
For example, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is included in the industrial paint strippers used in the aviation industry for the removal of epoxy, polyurethane, and other chemically resistant coatings. 

-In the cosmetics industry, Carbolic acid (Phenol) derivatives have been used in the creation of sunscreen, hair coloring, skin lightening preparation, and skin toners/exfoliators.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used in the production of detergents, herbicides, pharmaceutical drugs, epoxies, & polycarbonates. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used to produce phenolic resins for the construction, automotive and appliance industries, as a disinfectant, and in medicines.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) and Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s chemical derivatives are key building blocks for polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) liquid is used in pesticides to ward off pests and pathogens from infecting the plants and to promote plant growth. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) deters pests and small insects from eating the plants and destroying the yields. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) helps in improving the productivity of crops by protecting them from microbes.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is simple to administer during the planting season.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) does not get absorbed by the plants and is therefore safe for use on plants and crops.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) has a longer shelf life and is highly stable.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) works by protecting the plants and crops from insects, microbes, pests, and weeds.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) works by forming a layer on top of the soil and releasing substances that kill pests. 

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) can be used during the dry summer or winter months.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) should be used at least once every three months to avoid a resurgence of pests and insects in the fields.
-Carbolic acid can be found in:
*Adhesive dyes
*Lubricating oils

*Perfumes
*Textiles
*Various antiseptics

*Various disinfectants
*Various germicides
*Other products may also contain carbolic acid.

-There are many Carbolic acid (Phenol), Phenolic and Phenoxy based chemicals that are used for many products e.g. pharmaceuticals, dyes and pesticides. 
-Ingredient for Carbolic acid (Phenol) resins, bisphenol-A, caprolactam, alkyl phenols, anilines, and platicizers.
-Because Carbolic acid's (Phenol) solidify at room temperature, manufacturers also produce water-containing phenols, designed to prevent solidification.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as a general disinfectant, as a reagent in chemical analysis and for the manufacture of artificial resins, medical and industrial organic compounds and dyes. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in the manufacture of fertilisers, explosives, paints and paint removers, drugs, pharmaceuticals, textiles and coke. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is produced in large volume, mostly as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals.

-The largest single use of Carbolic acid (Phenol) is as an intermediate in the production of phenolic resins, which are low-cost, versatile, thermoset resins used in the plywood adhesive, construction, automotive, and appliance industries. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used as an intermediate in the production of caprolactam, which is used to make nylon and other synthetic fibres, and bisphenol A, which is used to make epoxy and other resins.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used to sterilize surgical instruments.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as an antiseptic.
-As a general disinfectant for toilets, stables, cesspools, floors, drains etc. 
-For the manufacturing of colourless or light coloured artificial resins.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) has antiseptic properties and was used by Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912) in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also the active ingredient in some oral anesthetics such as Chloraseptic spray. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) was also the main ingredient of the Carbolic Smoke Ball, a device sold in London designed to protect the user against influenza and other ailments.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in the production of drugs (Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the starting material in the industrial production of aspirin), weedkiller, and synthetic resins (Bakelite, one of the first synthetic resins to be manufactured, is a polymer of phenol with formaldehyde). 

-Notwithstanding the effects of concentrated solutions, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in cosmetic surgery as an exfoliant, to remove layers of dead skin. 
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in phenolization, a surgical procedure used to treat an ingrown nail, in which Carbolic acid (Phenol) is applied to the toe to prevent regrowth of nails.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used in antiseptics, lozenges, lotions, salves, ointments, cosmetics, paints, polishes,
adhesives, lacquers, varnishes and solvents
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) in the environment is mostly as a result of human activity and most of this enters the environment by air
-Industrial uses involve Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s conversion to plastics or related materials.  

-In research laboratories Carbolic acid (Phenol), when suspended in chloroform, is commonly used in the extraction of DNA from biological samples. 
The liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous samples are mixed with equal volumes of a phenol:chloroform solution. 
After combining, the mixture is centrifuged and two immiscible phases form. 
The less dense aqueous phase is on top, and the organic phase (phenol:chloroform) is on the bottom. 

The proteins will partition into the lower organic phase while the nucleic acids (as well as other contaminants such as salts, sugars, etc.) remain in the upper aqueous phase. 
If the mixture is acidic, DNA will precipitate into the organic phase while RNA remains in the aqueous phase due to DNA being more readily neutralized than RNA.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) and Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s chemical derivatives are key for building polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.
-Phenolic resins, epoxy resins (bisphenol-A) nylon-6 (caprolactam), 2,4-D, selective solvent for refining Lubricating Oils, adipic acid, salicylic avid, phenolphthalein, pentachlorophenol, aceto-phenetidine, picric acid, germicidal paints, pharmaceuticals, laboratory reagent, dywed and indicators, slimidice, biocide, general disinfectant.

  
-One major derivative of Carbolic acid (Phenol) is phenolic resin. 
These resins can be used in the moulding of heat resistant components for household appliances, in counter-top and flooring laminates, and in brake linings. 
The resins can also be used as a binding agent for sand moulds and foundry castings in the industrial sector, and are found in the construction sector where they are employed as wood-binding adhesives.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) can also be condensed with acetone to produce bisphenol A (BPA) which is a precursor to both polycarbonate resins and epoxy resins. 
Polycarbonate resins are used in the electrical and engineering industries, and in optical media.  
-Epoxy resins are employed in high performance coatings, adhesives, flooring and paving applications, and in composites.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is utilised primarily, as a chemical intermediate and is employed in a range of processes.

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also employed in the production of caprolactam which is then itself used in the production of Nylon 6 and other synthetic fibres.
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is relatively inexpensive to produce so Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in a smaller scale, across a range of industries.  
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) derivatives may be used in the preparation of cosmetics, for example; sunscreens, hair dyes, and skin-lightening preparations.  

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) can also be employed as a disinfectant and antiseptic and thus can be found in medicinal products such as throat lozenges and mouthwash.  
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in slimicides, which are chemicals that kill bacteria and fungi in slimes.  
-Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also a valuable intermediate in the production of detergents, agricultural chemicals, medicines (e.g. aspirin), and hydraulic fluids.

-Carbolic acids (Phenol) are widely used as antiseptics (substances that kill microorganisms on living tissue) and as disinfectants (substances intended to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects such as furniture or floors). 
-The first widely used antiseptic was Carbolic acid (Phenol). 
Joseph Lister used Carbolic acid (Phenol) for antiseptic surgery in 1867. 

-Carbolic acid (Phenol) can be found in:
*Adhesive dyes
*Lubricating oils

*Perfumes
*Textiles
*Various antiseptics

*Various disinfectants
*Various germicides
*Other products may also contain carbolic acid.

SYNTHESIS of A CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
Some popular processes of synthesis of Carbolic acid (Phenol) are explained below.

1. Hock Process
The Hock rearrangement is used to partially oxidize cumene (isopropylbenzene). 
The cumene process, in comparison to most others, uses relatively mild conditions and low-cost raw materials. 
Both Carbolic acid (Phenol) and the acetone by-product must be in high demand for the process to be cost-effective.

 
2. Oxidation of Benzene to Toluene
While direct benzene to Carbolic acid (Phenol) oxidation is theoretically possible and of great interest, it has yet to be commercialized.
C6H6+O→C6H5OH
An alternating current electrosynthesis produces phenol from benzene.

3. Dow Chemical Produced a Copper:
The catalyzed reaction of molten sodium benzoate with air for the oxidation of toluene
C6H5CH3+2O2→C6H5OH+CO2+H2O    

4. Hydrolysis of Benzenesulfonate:
The reaction of a strong base with benzenesulfonate is the first commercial method, produced by Bayer and Monsanto in the early 1900s. 
This idealized equation represents the conversion.
C6H5SO3H+2NaOH→C6H5OH+Na2SO3+H2O    

5. Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene:
Chlorobenzene is hydrolyzed to Carbolic acid (Phenol) using alkali or steam. 
This process is known as the Dow process (Raschig–Hooker process).

C6H5Cl+NaOH→C6H5OH+NaCl
C6H5Cl+H2O→C6H5OH+HCl 
These methods suffer from the cost of chlorobenzene and the need to dispose of the chloride by-product.

6. Coal Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis of coal produces Carbolic acid (Phenol), which can be recovered. 
The oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid is achieved separately in the Lummus Process.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
1. Addition of base to the Carbolic acid (Phenol):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) reacts with:
A base (like NaOH) to form the phenoxide anion. 
This is a deprotonation reaction, due to the removal of the proton (hydrogen).
C6H5OH + NaOH → C6H5ONa + H2O

2. Addition of Acyl Group:
A typical acyl chloride is ethanoyl chloride, CH3COCl. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) reacts with ethanoyl chloride at room temperature, although the reaction isn’t as fast as the one between ethanoyl chloride and alcohol. 
Phenyl ethanoate is formed together with hydrogen chloride gas.
C6H5OH + C6H5COCl → C6H5OCOC6H5 + HCl

3. Reduction under zinc dust:
Distillation of phenol with zinc-dust gives benzene and ZnO as a side-product.
C6H5OH + Zn → C6H6 + ZnO

4. Oxidation of phenol:
Oxidation of Carbolic acids (Phenol) gives benzoquinone. 
Phenols are more readily oxidised than alcohols. 
Oxidation can be done by using strong oxidising agents like chromic acid, silver oxide, etc. 
When Carbolic acid (Phenol) is oxidised using chromic acid in presence of sulphuric acid and water it forms benzoquinone.

HYDROGEN BONDING:
In carbon tetrachloride and alkane solvents phenol hydrogen bonds with a wide range of Lewis bases such as pyridine, diethyl ether, and diethyl sulfide. 
The enthalpies of adduct formation and the −OH IR frequency shifts accompanying adduct formation have been studied. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is classified as a hard acid which is compatible with the C/E ratio of the ECW model with EA = 2.27 and CA = 1.07. 
The relative acceptor strength of Carbolic acid (Phenol) toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by C-B plots.

PHENOXIDE ANION:
The phenoxide anion is a strong nucleophile with a nucleophilicity comparable to the one of carbanions or tertiary amines. 
It can react at both its oxygen or carbon sites as an ambident nucleophile (see HSAB theory). 
Generally, oxygen attack of phenoxide anions is kinetically favored, while carbon-attack is thermodynamically preferred (see Thermodynamic versus kinetic reaction control). 
Mixed oxygen/carbon attack and by this a loss of selectivity is usually observed if the reaction rate reaches diffusion control.

TAUTOMERISM of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with its unstable keto tautomer cyclohexadienone, but only a tiny fraction of phenol exists as the keto form. 
The equilibrium constant for enolisation is approximately 10−13, which means only one in every ten trillion molecules is in the keto form at any moment. 

The small amount of stabilisation gained by exchanging a C=C bond for a C=O bond is more than offset by the large destabilisation resulting from the loss of aromaticity. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) therefore exists essentially entirely in the enol form. 
4, 4' Substituted cyclohexadienone can undergo a dienone–phenol rearrangement in acid conditions and form stable 3,4‐disubstituted phenol.

Phenoxides are enolates stabilised by aromaticity. 
Under normal circumstances, phenoxide is more reactive at the oxygen position, but the oxygen position is a "hard" nucleophile whereas the alpha-carbon positions tend to be "soft".

REACTIONS of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution. 
The enhance nucleophilicity is attributed to donation pi electron density from O into the ring. 
Many groups can be attached to the ring, via halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and related processes. 

Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s ring is so strongly activated that bromination and chlorination lead readily to polysubstitution. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) reacts with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol while with concentrated nitric acid, additional nitro groups are introduced, e.g. to give 2,4,6-trinitrophenol.

Aqueous solutions of Carbolic acid (Phenol) are weakly acidic and turn blue litmus slightly to red. 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is neutralized by sodium hydroxide forming sodium phenate or phenolate, but being weaker than carbonic acid, Carbolic acid (Phenol) cannot be neutralized by sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide.

{C6H5OH + NaOH -> C6H5ONa + H2O}
{C6H5OH + NaOH -> C6H5ONa + H2O}
When a mixture of Carbolic acid (Phenol) and benzoyl chloride are shaken in presence of dilute sodium hydroxide solution, phenyl benzoate is formed. 
This is an example of the Schotten–Baumann reaction:

{C6H5COCl + HOC6H5 -> C6H5CO2C6H5 + HCl}
{C6H5COCl + HOC6H5 -> C6H5CO2C6H5 + HCl}
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is reduced to benzene when it is distilled with zinc dust or when its vapour is passed over granules of zinc at 400 °C:

{C6H5OH + Zn -> C6H6 + ZnO}}}
{C6H5OH + Zn -> C6H6 + ZnO}}}
When Carbolic acid (Phenol) is treated with diazomethane in the presence of boron trifluoride (BF3), anisole is obtained as the main product and nitrogen gas as a byproduct.

{C6H5OH + CH2N2 -> C6H5OCH3 + N2}
{C6H5OH + CH2N2 -> C6H5OCH3 + N2}
When Carbolic acid (Phenol) reacts with iron(III) chloride solution, an intense violet-purple solution is formed.

PRODUCTION of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
Because of Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s commercial importance, many methods have been developed for its production, but the cumene process is the dominant technology.

Cumene process:
Overview of the cumene process
Accounting for 95% of production (2003) is the cumene process, also called Hock process. 

It involves the partial oxidation of cumene (isopropylbenzene) via the Hock rearrangement: 
Compared to most other processes, the cumene process uses relatively mild conditions and relatively inexpensive raw materials. 
For the process to be economical, both phenol and the acetone by-product must be in demand. 
In 2010, worldwide demand for acetone was approximately 6.7 million tonnes, 83 percent of which was satisfied with acetone produced by the cumene process.

A route analogous to the cumene process begins with cyclohexylbenzene. 
It is oxidized to a hydroperoxide, akin to the production of cumene hydroperoxide. 
Via the Hock rearrangement, cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide cleaves to give Carbolic acid (Phenol) and cyclohexanone. 
Cyclohexanone is an important precursor to some nylons.

Oxidation of benzene and toluene:
The direct oxidation of benzene (C6H6) to phenol is theoretically possible and of great interest, but it has not been commercialized:
{C6H6 + O -> C6H5OH}
{C6H6 + O -> C6H5OH}
Nitrous oxide is a potentially "green" oxidant that is a more potent oxidant than O2. 
Routes for the generation of nitrous oxide however remain uncompetitive.

An electrosynthesis employing alternating current gives Carbolic acid (Phenol) from benzene.
The oxidation of toluene, as developed by Dow Chemical, involves copper-catalyzed reaction of molten sodium benzoate with air:
{C6H5CH3 + 2 O2 -> C6H5OH + CO2 + H2O}
{C6H5CH3 + 2 O2 -> C6H5OH + CO2 + H2O}
The reaction is proposed to proceed via formation of benzyoylsalicylate.

Older methods:
Early methods relied on extraction of Carbolic acid (Phenol) from coal derivatives or the hydrolysis of benzene derivatives.
Hydrolysis of benzenesulfonic acid:
An early commercial route, developed by Bayer and Monsanto in the early 1900s, begins with the reaction of a strong base with benzenesulfonic acid. 

The conversion is represented by this idealized equation:
{C6H5SO3H + 2 NaOH -> C6H5OH + Na2SO3 + H2O}
{C6H5SO3H + 2 NaOH -> C6H5OH + Na2SO3 + H2O}
Hydrolysis of chlorobenzene:
Chlorobenzene can be hydrolyzed to Carbolic acid (Phenol) using base (Dow process) or steam (Raschig–Hooker process):

{C6H5Cl + NaOH -> C6H5OH + NaCl}
{C6H5Cl + NaOH -> C6H5OH + NaCl}
{C6H5Cl + H2O -> C6H5OH + HCl}
{C6H5Cl + H2O -> C6H5OH + HCl}
These methods suffer from the cost of the chlorobenzene and the need to dispose of the chloride by product.

Coal pyrolysis:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also a recoverable byproduct of coal pyrolysis. 
In the Lummus Process, the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid is conducted separately.

Miscellaneous methods:
Phenyldiazonium salts hydrolyze to Carbolic acid (Phenol). 
The method is of no commercial interest since the precursor is expensive.

{C6H5NH2 + HCl/NaNO2 -> C6H5OH + N2 + H2O + NaCl}
{C6H5NH2 + HCl/NaNO2 -> C6H5OH + N2 + H2O + NaCl}}}
Salicylic acid decarboxylates to phenol.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) was first extracted from coal tar but the development of the petrochemical industry has led to a different production route today.  
The dominant process for the production of Carbolic acid (Phenol) is via the partial oxidation of cumene.  
Benzene and propylene are reacted to form cumene which is then oxidised and this is followed by acid catalysed cleavage which yields phenol and acetone.

HISTORY of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) was discovered in 1834 by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who extracted it (in impure form) from coal tar. 
Runge called phenol "Karbolsäure" (coal-oil-acid, carbolic acid). 
Coal tar remained the primary source until the development of the petrochemical industry. 
In 1841, the French chemist Auguste Laurent obtained phenol in pure form.

In 1836, Auguste Laurent coined the name "phène" for benzene; this is the root of the word "phenol" and "phenyl". 
In 1843, French chemist Charles Gerhardt coined the name "phénol".
The antiseptic properties of Carbolic acid (Phenol) were used by Sir Joseph Lister (1827–1912) in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery. 
Lister decided that the wounds themselves had to be thoroughly cleaned. 
He then covered the wounds with a piece of rag or lint covered in Carbolic acid (Phenol), or carbolic acid as he called it. 

Joseph Lister was a student at University College London under Robert Liston, later rising to the rank of Surgeon at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. 
Lister experimented with cloths covered in Carbolic acid (Phenol) after studying the works and experiments of his contemporary, Louis Pasteur in sterilizing various biological media. 
Lister was inspired to try to find a way to sterilize living wounds, which could not be done with the heat required by Pasteur's experiments. 
In examining Pasteur's research, Lister began to piece together his theory: that patients were being killed by germs. 

He theorized that if germs could be killed or prevented, no infection would occur. 
Lister reasoned that a chemical could be used to destroy the micro-organisms that cause infection.
Meanwhile, in Carlisle, England, officials were experimenting with a sewage treatment, using Carbolic acid (Phenol) to reduce the smell of sewage cess pools. 

Having heard of these developments and having himself previously experimented with other chemicals for antiseptic purposes without much success, Lister decided to try Carbolic acid (Phenol) as a wound antiseptic. 
He had his first chance on August 12, 1865, when he received a patient: an eleven-year-old boy with a tibia bone fracture which pierced the skin of his lower leg.
Ordinarily, amputation would be the only solution. 

However, Lister decided to try carbolic acid. 
After setting the bone and supporting the leg with splints, Lister soaked clean cotton towels in undiluted carbolic acid and applied them to the wound, covered with a layer of tin foil, leaving them for four days. 

When he checked the wound, Lister was pleasantly surprised to find no signs of infection, just redness near the edges of the wound from mild burning by the Carbolic acid (Phenol). 
Reapplying fresh bandages with diluted Carbolic acid (Phenol), the boy was able to walk home after about six weeks of treatment.

By 16 March 1867, when the first results of Lister's work were published in the Lancet, he had treated a total of eleven patients using his new antiseptic method. 
Of those, only one had died, and that was through a complication that was nothing to do with Lister's wound-dressing technique. 
Now, for the first time, patients with compound fractures were likely to leave the hospital with all their limbs intact

— Richard Hollingham, Blood and Guts:
Before antiseptic operations were introduced at the hospital, there were sixteen deaths in thirty-five surgical cases. 
Almost one in every two patients died.

After antiseptic surgery was introduced in the summer of 1865, there were only six deaths in forty cases. 
The mortality rate had dropped from almost 50 per cent to around 15 per cent. 
It was a remarkable achievement.

— Richard Hollingham, Blood and Guts: 
Carbolic acid (Phenol) was the main ingredient of the Carbolic Smoke Ball, an ineffective device marketed in London in the 19th century as protection against influenza and other ailments, and the subject of the famous law case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company.

OCCURRENCE IN WHISKY:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a measurable component in the aroma and taste of the distinctive Islay scotch whisky, generally ~30 ppm, but Carbolic acid (Phenol) can be over 160ppm in the malted barley used to produce whisky. 
This amount is different from and presumably higher than the amount in the distillate.

BIODEGRADATION of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus is a bacterium species that produces benzoate from Carbolic acid (Phenol) via 4-hydroxybenzoate. 
Rhodococcus phenolicus is a bacterium species able to degrade Carbolic acid (Phenol) as sole carbon source.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
Molecular Weight: 94.11
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: stinging
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 40 - 42 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 182 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Flash point: 81 °C at ca.1.013 hPa - closed cup - DIN 51758
Autoignition temperature: 715 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: ca.5 at 50 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity 
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 3,437 Pas at 50,00 °C
Water solubility 87 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water

log Pow: 1,47 at 30 °C - (ECHA), Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0,53 hPa at 20,0 °C
Density: 1,071 g/cm3 at 25 °C - lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 38,2 mN/m at 50,0 °C
Relative vapor density: 3,2 at 20 °C - (Air = 1.0)

Min. Purity Spec: >99.5%
Physical Form (at 20°C): Liquid
Melting Point: 39-41°C
Boiling Point: 182°C
Flash Point: 79°C
Density: 1.07
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place
Chemical formula: C6H6O
Molar mass: 94.11 g·mol−1
Appearance: Transparent crystalline solid

Odor: Sweet and tarry
Density: 1.07 g/cm3
Melting point: 40.5 °C (104.9 °F; 313.6 K)
Boiling point: 181.7 °C (359.1 °F; 454.8 K)
Solubility in water: 8.3 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.4 mmHg (20 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 
9.95 (in water),
29.1 (in acetonitrile)
UV-vis (λmax): 270.75 nm
Dipole moment: 1.224 D

FIRST AID MEASURES of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves. 
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air. 
Immediately call in physician. 

*In case of skin contact:
After contact with skin: 
Rinse out with polyethylene glycol 400 or a mixture of polyethylene glycol 300/ethanol 2:1 and wash with plenty of water. 
If neither is available wash with plenty of water. 

*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Remove contact lenses.

*If swallowed:
If swallowed: 
Give water to drink (two glasses at most). 
Do not attempt to neutralise.

-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Take up carefully. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water 
Foam 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Dry powder

*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:

*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles.

*Skin protection:
Full contact
Material: Viton®
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min

Splash contact:
Material: Viton®
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min

-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood. 

*Hygiene measuresç:
Wash hands and face after working with substance.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

SYNONYMS:
2-Allphenol
Benzenol
Carbolic Acid
ENT 1814
Hydroxybenzene
Monohydroxybenzene
Monophenol
NSC 36808 Oxybenzene
Phenic Acid
Phenyl Alcohol
Phenyl Hydrate
Phenyl Hydroxide
Phenylic Acid
Phenylic Alcohol
Carbolic acid
Hydroxybenzene
Phenic monohydroxybenzene
phenic acid
phenylic acid
phenyl hydroxide
oxybenzene
monophenol
phenyl hydrate
phenylic alcohol
phenol alcohol
phenyl alcohol