CHOLINE BITARTRATE

Choline Bitartrate is an organic compound with the chemical formula [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+HOOC−CH(OH)−CH(OH)−COO−. 
Choline Bitartrate is a white crystalline powder with an acid taste.
Choline Bitartrate is hygroscopic when exposed to air.

CAS:    87-67-2
MF:    C9H19NO7
MW:    253.25
EINECS:    201-763-4

Synonyms
CHOLINE BITARTRATE;CHOLINE BITARTRATE SALT;CHOLINE HYDROGEN TARTRATE;Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, salt with (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (1:1);CHOLINE BITARTRATE COATED;CHOLINE BITARTRATE UNCOATED;Cholini Bitatratis;2-Hydroxyethyl-trimethylazanium (2R,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-4-oxobutanoate

Modern texts refer to the choline salt of the natural form of tartaric acid, that is, the salt called choline dextrobitartrate, choline (2R,3R)-bitartrate or choline L-(+)-bitartrate.
Choline Bitartrate, a quaternary ammonium compound, is similar to the B vitamins. 
Choline Bitartrate can be made in the liver and found in foods such as liver, muscle meats, fish, nuts, beans, peas, spinach, wheat germ, and eggs. 
Choline Bitartrate is required to make essential membrane phospholipids. 
Choline Bitartrate is an important source of labile methyl groups and a precursor for the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells. 
Choline Bitartrate is an essential nutrient for humans when excess methionine and folate are not available in the diet. 
Choline Bitartrate is used to treat liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. 
Choline Bitartrate is also used to treat depression, memory loss, Alzheimer-type dementias, Huntington's chorea, Tourette's disease, a brain disorder called cerebellar ataxia, certain types of seizures, and a mental condition called schizophrenia. 
Athletes use choline for bodybuilding and delaying fatigue in endurance sports. 
Choline Bitartrate is taken by pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects in their babies and is used as a supplement in infant formulas. 

Other uses include preventing cancer, lowering cholesterol, and controlling asthma. 
Choline Bitartrate is often linked together with tartaric acid (also known as bitrate) in many brain vitamin supplement formulas to improve its absorption rate into the body’s nervous system and eventually into the brain. 
A binding of these two brain vitamins together helps to synthesize compounds that are essential for the optimal health of membranes and nerve endings found in cells in the body.
Choline Bitartrate bitartrate is a small molecular weight quaternary amine salt that readily dissociates in water. 
The benefit of choline salts is the rapid dissolution and availability in the body as free Choline Bitartrate as opposed to bound forms, which need to go through several enzymatic steps before the availability of free choline. 
Choline Bitartrate bitartrate is used in many products, from infant formula to dietary supplements and fortified foods. 
Choline Bitartrate dissolves rapidly in the digestive system, providing the free choline needed to meet choline demands.

Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Choline Bitartrate is used by nerve cells to manufacture a chemical called acetylcholine, which effectively allows cells to communicate with each other. 
Choline Bitartrate is also heavily associated with neurological function and can help improve movement, coordination, and myofibril contraction.
Choline Bitartrate is a water-soluble B vitamin. 
Choline Bitartrate can be produced in the human body, but natural quantities are often insufficient. 
Choline Bitartrate is also available from dietary sources. 
Choline contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism, lipid metabolism and the maintenance of normal liver function.
Choline Bitartrate is a nutrient similar to B vitamins. 
Choline Bitartrate can be made in the liver. 
Choline Bitartrate is also found in foods such as meats, fish, nuts, beans, vegetables, and eggs.
Choline Bitartrate is used in many chemical reactions in the body. 
Choline Bitartrate's important in the nervous system and for the development of normal brain functioning. 
Choline Bitartrate might also help decrease swelling and inflammation related to asthma.

Choline Bitartrate is a water-soluble vitamin-like essential nutrient. 
Choline Bitartrate is a constituent of lecithin, which is present in eggs and in many plants and animal organs. 
Choline Bitartrate is generally grouped as a B Vitamin. 
When taken at a dose of at least 82.5mg it has a number of benefits, including contributing to the maintenance of normal liver function and contributing to normal lipid metabolism.
Choline Bitartrate is naturally produced by the body and can also be obtained via the diet. 
Foods high in choline include egg yolks, meat, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce, nuts, grains, wheat germ and legumes. 

Choline Bitartrate is synthesized with choline to ensure optimal absorption within the human body.
Choline Bitartrate is a nutrient that belongs to the group of choline and fatty acids. 
Choline Bitartrate has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, which may be due to its ability to activate enzymes in cells. 
Choline Bitartrate is also used as a treatment for chronic bronchitis, as it can help reduce symptoms of this condition including wheezing and coughing. The effective dose of choline bitartrate is not yet known. 
However, Choline Bitartrate has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes patients when taken at doses of 3-4 grams per day for 4 weeks. 
Choline Bitartrate can be found in many foods such as eggs, liver, peanuts, soybeans, and wheat germ. 
This nutrient is also found in ganoderma lucidum and mealworms.

Choline Bitartrate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 151-153°C
Alpha: [α]D20 +15～+18° (c=4, H2O)
Boiling point: 399.3 °C
Density: 1.47 g/cm3
Fp: 209.4 °C
Storage temp.: Store at RT.
Solubility: DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly, Heated), Water (Slightly)
Form: Solid
Color: White to Off-White
Odor: odorless or lt. trimethylamine odor
PH: 3.0-4.4 (50g/l, H2O, 20°C)
Water Solubility: Soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
InChIKey: QWJSAWXRUVVRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M
LogP: -1.426 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 87-67-2(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Choline Bitartrate (1:1) (87-67-2)

Choline Bitartrate is available in various forms namely, choline bitartrate, choline citrate,choline chloride and others.
Choline Bitartrate is a colorless or white crystal powder, which is a water-soluble part of the B Vitamin family.
The body needs B vitamins to manufacture neurotransmitters, chemicals that control alertness and mood by speeding nerve signals through the brain.
As B vitamins are water soluble, they are excreted in the urine and can be quickly depleted from the body. 
Only a small amount is stored in the body. 
Because of this, Choline Bitartrate is important that we take supplements to replenish these important vitamins in our body.
Choline Bitartrate is an essential nutrient needed by the nervous system to produce acetylcholine. 
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that facilitates the transmission of impulses between neurons.

Chemistry
Choline Bitartrate is a choline salt of tartaric acid. Choline bitartrate contains quaternary ammonium cations ((2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+) and bitartrate anions (HOOC−CH(OH)−CH(OH)−COO−). 
Quaternary ammonium cation is a cation in which all four hydrogen atoms of ammonium are replaced with organyl groups.
In the Choline Bitartrate cation, the four substituents of ammonium are three methyl groups (−CH3) and one 2-hydroxyethyl group (−CH2CH2OH). 
The bitartrate anion is chiral (there are left, right and meso forms of bitartrate, see tartaric acid).

Health Benefits    
Health Benefits of Choline Bitartrate:
Being a product of vitamin, it can be applied to medicine, healthcare product and food.
Choline Bitartrate is a nutritious additive and fat remover, enhance fatty metabolism and eliminate the accumulation of fat in liver.
Influence muscle contractions, movement, coordination and enhance memory.
Involved in higher level brain functions like memory, thought and intellect.
Is vital to the structural integrity of cell walls, the production of amino acids and proteins and the metabolism of fats.
Aid in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease, manic depression and improve the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease.
Recommended Choline Bitartrate dosage is 500 mg to 3000 mg per day.

Uses    
Choline Bitartrate is available as a dietary supplement such as choline chloride or choline bitartrate and lecithin, which usually contains approximately 25 percent phosphatidylcholine or 3 to 4 percent choline by weight. 
Choline Bitartrate and choline chloride are GRAS for use as a nutrient/dietary supplement in animal feed (21 CFR 582.5250, 21 CFR 582.5252). 
Water-soluble choline salts choline chloride and choline bitartrate are very easily added to virtually any processed food or feed product, liquid, tablet or capsule. 
They have a long history of safe use and a minimal environmental impact in manufacture and use. 
Choline Bitartrate could be used as a medicine, dietary supplement, or nutrient. 
Choline Bitartrate and choline bitartrate deliver a greater bioavailable cation content (74 and 40%, respectively) than do naturally‐occuring forms (e.g. phosphatidylcholine, soybean meal, etc.), and they exhibit excellent stability and high bioavailability in virtually all applications.
Choline bitartrate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, a nutrient and as a lipotropic compound.
Choline Bitartrate is also used as a medication against bipolar disorder and mania (see: choline).
Certain conducted double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of the effects of choline bitartrate treatment against Alzheimer-type dementias suggest improvement in some areas of patients' cognitive performance.

Production
Choline bitartrate can be produced by the chemical reaction of trimethylamine with ethylene oxide and water, followed by reaction with tartaric acid.

N(CH3)3 + CH2CH2O + H2O → [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+OH− [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+OH− + C4H6O6 → [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+C4H5O−6 + H2O

Side effects    
Choline Bitartrate may be a useful dietary supplement for individuals wishing to increase their daily choline intake.
Choline and Phosphatidylcholine are well tolerated and extremely non-toxic.
Phosphatidylcholine supplementation can worsen depression in some cases.
At higher dosages, Phosphatidylcholine may cause reduced appetite, nausea, abdominal bloating, gastrointestinal pain, and diarrhea. Choline at high dosages (i.e. 20 gms) produces a fish odor.
Choline bitartrate and Choline chloride are also generally recognized as safe forms of Choline supplementation.
Choline Bitartrate is generally regarded as safe and appears to be well-tolerated. 
High intake of choline may cause low blood pressure, steatorrhea (undigested fat in stool), nausea, vomiting, salivation, diarrhea, constipation, anorexia, dizziness (vertigo), sweating, incomnia and headache. 
Choline Bitartrate can possibly trigger existing epilepsy. 
Dosages at the upper limit (UL) intake levels are contraindicated for person suffering from trimethylaminuria, Parkinson's disease, or kidney or liver disease.