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CAS NUMBER: 68-19-9
EC NUMBER: 200-680-0
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C63H88CoN14O14P
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 1355.4
IUPAC NAME: cobalt(3+);[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2R)-1-[3-[(1R,2R,3R,4Z,7S,9Z,12S,13S,14Z,17S,18S,19R)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2,7,12,17-tetrahydro-1H-corrin-21-id-3-yl]propanoylamino]propan-2-yl] phosphate;cyanide
Cobalamin is one of 8 B vitamins.
Cobalamin helps the body convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is used to produce energy.
Cobalamin, often referred to as B complex vitamins, also help the body use fats and protein.
Cobalamin is needed for healthy skin, hair, eyes, and liver.
Cobalamin also helps the nervous system function properly.
Cobalamin is a cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water.
Higher plants do not concentrate Cobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues.
INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of Cobalamin.
Cobalamin is water soluble, meaning that the body does not store them.
Cobalamin is an especially important vitamin for maintaining healthy nerve cells, and it helps in the production of DNA and RNA, the body's genetic material.
Cobalamin works closely with vitamin B9, also called folate or folic acid, to help make red blood cells and to help iron work better in the body.
Folate and Cobalamin work together to produce S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a compound involved in immune function and mood.
Cobalamin, B6, and B9 work together to control blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine.
High levels of homocysteine are associated with heart disease.
However, researchers are not sure whether homocysteine is a cause of heart disease or just a marker that indicates someone may have heart disease.
Cobalamin is rare for young people to be deficient in vitamin B12, but it is not uncommon for older people to be mildly deficient.
This may be because their diets are not as healthy, or because they have less stomach acid, which the body needs to absorb B12.
Low levels of Cobalamin can cause a range of symptoms including:
-Fatigue
-Shortness of breath
-Diarrhea
-Nervousness
-Numbness
-Tingling sensation in the fingers and toes
Cobalamin, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism.
Cobalamin is one of eight B vitamins.
Cobalamin is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
Cobalamin is important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin, and in the circulatory system in the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Plants do not need cobalamin and carry out the reactions with enzymes that are not dependent on it.
Cobalamin is the most chemically complex of all vitamins, and for humans, the only vitamin that must be sourced from animal-derived foods.
Only some archaea and bacteria can synthesize Cobalamin.
Most people in developed countries get enough B12 from the consumption of meat or foods with animal sources.
Cobalamin is available as a supplement, and for the treatment of deficiency as an intramuscular injection
The most common cause of Cobalamin deficiency in developed countries is impaired absorption due to a loss of gastric intrinsic factor (IF) which must be bound to a food-source of B12 in order for absorption to occur.
Cobalamin is second major cause is age-related decline in stomach acid production (achlorhydria), because acid exposure frees protein-bound vitamin.
For the same reason, people on long-term antacid therapy, using proton-pump inhibitors, H2 blockers or other antacids are at increased risk.
The diets of vegetarians and vegans may not provide sufficient Cobalamin unless a dietary supplement is consumed.
USES:
*Cobalamin deficiency can cause anemia, nervous system disorders.
Cobalamin can be used in infant foods, used amount is 10~30μg/kg; use in strengthening drink liquid and the amount is 2~6μg/kg.
*Cobalamin Mainly used to treat megaloblastic anemia, poor nutrition, blood loss anemia, neuralgia and obstructive disorders.
*As the feed nutrition fortifier, with anti-anemia effects of pernicious anemia, nutritional anemia, parasites and anemia and effective dosage is 15-30mg/t.
*Cobalamin is essential for the metabolism of the human body.
The average total amount of Cobalamin in the human body is 2-5mg, 50-90% of which is stored in the liver, the body needs to release into the blood in the formation of red blood cells.
Chronic lack of Cobalamin can cause pernicious anemia.
Cobalamin and folic acid are important fear of enzymes during cell nucleic acid synthesis, involved in the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids and methionine; and allows methyltransferase to promote the synthesis of the base; at the same time to increase the synthesis of sugar yuan, thus eliminating the role of liver fat.
Clinical often as a drug for the treatment of liver diseases.
Human need Cobalamin micrograms per day, every day foods provide 2 micrograms, to ensure the normal needs.
Hydroxocobalamin in Cobalamin reacts with cyanide to generate Vitamin B12, to eliminate cyanide toxicity.
Therefore, the lack of vitamin B12 for cyanide sensitivity is higher than the average person.
Thus, Cobalamin deficiency sensitivity to cyanide higher than the average person.
Cobalamin is mainly used to treat pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, antifolate drugs starting from anemia and multiple neuritis.
A deficiency in Cobalamin may be characterized by:
-limb neuropathy or a blood disorder called pernicious anemia
-a type of megaloblastic anemia
-causing a feeling of tiredness and weakness
-lightheadedness
-headache
-breathlessness
-loss of appetite
-pins and needles sensations
-changes in mobility
-severe joint pain
-muscle weakness
-memory problems
-decreased level of consciousness
-brain fog
-many others
Folate levels in the individual may affect the course of pathological changes and symptomatology of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Cobalamin was discovered as a result of pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder in which the blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells, due to a deficiency in vitamin B12.
The ability to absorb the vitamin declines with age, especially in people over 60 years old.
Definition:
Cobalamin is a coordination complex of cobalt, which occupies the center of a corrin ligand and is further bound to a benzimidazole ligand and adenosyl group.
Cobalamin is a deep red solid that dissolves in water to give red solutions.
A number of related species are known and these behave similarly, in particular all function as vitamins.
This collection of compounds, of which vitamin B12 is one member, are often referred to as "cobalamins".
These chemical compounds have a similar molecular structure, each of which shows vitamin activity in a vitamin-deficient biological system, they are referred to as vitamers.
The vitamin activity is as a coenzyme, meaning that its presence is required for some enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
*adenosylcobalamin
*cyanocobalamin, the adenosyl ligand in vitamin B12 is replaced by cyanide.
*hydroxocobalamin, the adenosyl ligand in vitamin B12 is replaced by hydroxide.
*methylcobalamin, the adenosyl ligand in vitamin B12 is replaced by methyl.
Cobalamin is a manufactured form of B12.
Bacterial fermentation creates AdoB12 and MeB12, which are converted to cyanocobalamin by addition of potassium cyanide in the presence of sodium nitrite and heat.
Once consumed, Cobalamin is converted to the biologically active AdoB12 and MeB12.
The two bioactive forms of Cobalamin are methylcobalamin in cytosol and adenosylcobalamin in mitochondria.
Cobalamin is the most common form used in dietary supplements and food fortification because cyanide stabilizes the molecule against degradation.
Cobalamin is also offered as a dietary supplement.
There is no advantage to the use of Cobalamin for treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Cobalamin can be injected intramuscularly to treat vitamin B12 deficiency.
Cobalamin can also be injected intravenously for the purpose of treating cyanide poisoning, as the hydroxyl group is displaced by cyanide, creating a non-toxic cyanocobalamin that is excreted in urine.
Cobalamin refers to compounds that are corrinoids with a structure similar to the vitamin but without vitamin activity.
Cobalamin is the majority corrinoid in spirulina, an algal health food sometimes erroneously claimed as having this vitamin activity.
Physiologic Function:
*To improve the utilization of folic acid, it and folic acid are together with the synthesis of methionine (from high cysteine synthetase) and choline, producing Vitamin B12 application based pioneer substances such as methyl cobalamin and coenzyme B12 in purine and pyrimidine synthesis process, participating in the methylation process in many important compounds.
When Cobalamin deficiency, activities which transferred methyl groups from the methylenetetrahydrofolate reduced to make folic acid into no use of form, leading to folate deficiency.
*Maintain the metabolism and function of the nerve myelin sheath.
Lack of Cobalamin, can cause neurological disorders, degeneration of spinal cord, and can cause severe psychiatric symptoms.
Cobalamin deficiency can cause peripheral neuritis.
Children's lack of Cobalamin early performance is emotional, dull, slow response, and finally leads to anemia.
*Promote the development and maturation of red blood cells.
The two acyl coenzyme A is converted to succinate coenzyme A, which is involved in the synthesis of three carboxylic acid cycle, in which the synthesis of A is related to the synthesis of heme.
*Cobalamin is also involved in synthesis of deoxy nucleic acid (DNA), metabolism of fat, carbohydrate and protein, increasing the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins.
Deficiency:
Cobalamin deficiency can potentially cause severe and irreversible damage, especially to the brain and nervous system.
At levels only slightly lower than normal, a range of symptoms such as feeling tired and weak, feeling like one may faint, difficulty walking (staggering balance problems),depression, poor memory, poor reflexes, confusion, breathlessness, headaches, and pale skin, feeling abnormal sensations, among others, may be experienced, especially in people over age 60.
deficiency can also cause symptoms of mania and psychosis.
Among other problems, weakened immunity, reduced fertility and interruption of blood circulation in women may occur.
The main type of Cobalamin deficiency anemia is pernicious anemia.
Cobalamin is characterized by a triad of symptoms:
-Anemia with bone marrow promegaloblastosis (megaloblastic anemia).
This is due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis (specifically purines and thymidine).
-Gastrointestinal symptoms: alteration in bowel motility, such as mild diarrhea or constipation, and loss of bladder or bowel control.
These are thought to be due to defective DNA synthesis inhibiting replication in tissue sites with a high turnover of cells.
This may also be due to the autoimmune attack on the parietal cells of the stomach in pernicious anemia.
There is an association with gastric antral vascular ectasia (which can be referred to as watermelon stomach), and pernicious anemia.
-Neurological symptoms: sensory or motor deficiencies (absent reflexes, diminished vibration or soft touch sensation) and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.
Deficiency symptoms in children include developmental delay, regression, irritability, involuntary movements and hypotonia.
Cobalamin deficiency is most commonly caused by malabsorption, but can also result from low intake, immune gastritis, low presence of binding proteins, or use of certain medications.
Vegans—people who choose to not consume any animal-sourced foods—are at risk because plant-sourced foods do not contain the vitamin in sufficient amounts to prevent vitamin deficiency.
Vegetarians—people who consume animal byproducts such as dairy products and eggs, but not the flesh of any animal—are also at risk.
Cobalamin deficiency has been observed in between 40% and 80% of the vegetarian population who do not also take a vitamin B12 supplement or consume vitamin-fortified food.
MEDICAL USES:
*Repletion of deficiency:
Severe Cobalamin deficiency is corrected with frequent intramuscular injections of large doses of the vitamin, followed by maintenance doses of injections or oral dosing at longer intervals.
*Cyanide poisoning:
For cyanide poisoning, a large amount of hydroxocobalamin may be given intravenously and sometimes in combination with sodium thiosulfate.
The mechanism of action is straightforward: the hydroxycobalamin hydroxide ligand is displaced by the toxic cyanide ion, and the resulting non-toxic cyanocobalamin is excreted in urine.
SOURCES:
-Bacteria and archaea:
Cobalamin is produced in nature by certain bacteria, and archaea.
Cobalamin is synthesized by some bacteria in the gut microbiota in humans and other animals, but it has long been thought that humans cannot absorb this as it is made in the colon, downstream from the small intestine, where the absorption of most nutrients occurs.
Ruminants, such as cows and sheep, are foregut fermenters, meaning that plant food undergoes microbial fermentation in the rumen before entering the true stomach (abomasum), and thus they are absorbing vitamin B12 produced by bacteria.
Other mammalian species (examples: rabbits, pikas, beaver, guinea pigs) consume high-fibre plants which pass through the intestinal system and undergo bacterial fermentation in the cecum and large intestine.
The first-passage of feces produced by this hindgut fermentation, called "cecotropes", are re-ingested, a practice referred to as cecotrophy or coprophagy.
Re-ingestion allows for absorption of nutrients made available by bacterial digestion, and also of vitamins and other nutrients synthesized by the gut bacteria, including vitamin B12.
Non-ruminant, non-hindgut herbivores may have an enlarged forestomach and/or small intestine to provide a place for bacterial fermentation and B-vitamin production, including B12.
For gut bacteria to produce Cobalamin the animal must consume sufficient amounts of cobalt.
Soil that is deficient in cobalt may result in Cobalamin deficiency, and Cobalamin injections or cobalt supplementation may be required for livestock.
-Animal-derived foods:
Animals store Cobalamin from their diets in their livers and muscles and some pass the vitamin into their eggs and milk.
Meat, liver, eggs and milk are therefore sources of the vitamin for other animals, including humans.
For humans, the bioavailability from eggs is less than 9%, compared to 40% to 60% from fish, fowl and meat.
Insects are a source of Cobalamin for animals (including other insects and humans).
Animal-derived food sources with a high concentration of vitamin B12 include liver and other organ meats from lamb, veal, beef, and turkey; shellfish and crab meat.
-Plants and algae:
Natural plant and algae sources of Cobalamin include fermented plant foods such as tempeh and seaweed-derived foods such as nori and laver.
Other types of algae are rich in Cobalamin, with some species, such as Porphyra yezoensis, containing as much cobalamin as liver.
Methylcobalamin has been identified in Chlorella vulgaris.
Since only bacteria and some archea possess the genes and enzymes necessary to synthesize vitamin B12, plant and algae sources all obtain the vitamin secondarily from symbiosis with various species of bacteria, or in the case of fermented plant foods, from bacterial fermentation.
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics considers plant and algae sources "unreliable", stating that vegans should turn to fortified foods and supplements instead.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
-Molecular Weight: 1355.4
-Exact Mass: 1354.567399
-Monoisotopic Mass: 1354.567399
-Topological Polar Surface Area: 476 Ų
-Color/Form: Dark red crystals or an amorphous or crystalline red powder
-Odor: Odorless
-Taste: Tasteless
-Boiling Point: > 300 °C
-Solubility: Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in acetone, chloroform, ether.
-SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION: -59
-pH: Commercially available cyanocobalamin for injection has a pH of 4.5-7
Cobalamin, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism.
Cobalamin is one of eight B vitamins.
Cobalamin is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
Cobalamin is important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin, and in the circulatory system in the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Plants do not need cobalamin and carry out the reactions with enzymes that are not dependent on it.
Cobalamin, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism.
Cobalamin is one of eight B vitamins.
Cobalamin is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
Cobalamin is important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin, and in the circulatory system in the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 9
-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 21
-Rotatable Bond Count: 26
-Heavy Atom Count: 93
-Formal Charge: 0
-Complexity: 3150
-Isotope Atom Count: 0
-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 14
-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 3
-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Cobalamin, which is called VB12 for short, also known as cobalamin, and is one of the B vitamins, is a class of complex organic compounds containing cobalt Corrin class
Cobalamin is contained trivalent cobalt in similar porphyrin Corrin plane at the center of the ring.It is the largest and most complex vitamin molecule that has been discovered.
Cobalamin is also the only vitamin with metal ion.
The crystal is red, Cobalamin is also called red vitamin.
The plant does not contain Cobalamin, and can not produce Cobalamin.
The liver is the best source of Cobalamin, then from milk, meat, eggs, fish and so on.
Cobalamin is an essential coenzyme in the synthesis of RNA and DNA.
Cobalamin is the deep red crystal or crystalline powder, odorless, tasteless, hygroscopic strong. Slightly soluble in water or ethanol, insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Heat-resistant, but in the case of oxidizing or reducing substances (such as vitamin C or hydrogen peroxide, etc.), heavy metal salts and strong acids, alkalis, it can become invalid.
Cobalamin is octahedral compound containing cobalt ions, its center structure is composed of four pyrrole (pyrrole) connected to the composition of the plane goo phen ring corrinring.
SYNONYMS:
vitamin B12
cobalamin
cyanocobalamin
vitamin B-12
68-19-9
s1902
AKOS037643299
CCG-270676
AS-13159
AB01568252_01
B 12, Vitamin
B12, Vitamin
Cobalamin
Cobalamins
Cyanocobalamin
Eritron
Vitamin B 12
Vitamin B12
