COTTON SEED OIL

COTTON SEED OIL = LINSEED OIL = GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM SEED OIL = KAPASIA OIL

CAS Number: 8001-29-4
EC Number: 232-280-7
MDL number: MFCD00130872

Cotton seed oil is cooking oil from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum, that are grown for cotton fiber, animal feed, and oil.
Also known as Linseed oil.

Cotton Seed Oil has a similar structure to other oilseeds such as sunflower seed, having an oil-bearing kernel surrounded by a hard outer hull; in processing, Cotton Seed Oil is extracted from the kernel. 
Cotton seed oil extraction plants are mainly in China, India, Pakistan, the United States, Brazil, and Turkey (5 million tonnes per year production). 

Typically the three main fatty acids in Cotton Seed Oil are palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid with an average percentage of 22, 20, and 54, respectively. 
Four major triacylglycerols in cotton seed oil are PLL (27.5%), LLL (19%), POL (14%), and OLL (12.5%). 
Cotton seed oil has unique types of fatty acids—malvalic and sterculic acids, which are called cyclopropenoid fatty acids. 

Both malvalic and sterculic acids have one double bound at the propene ring and some toxicity properties, but after deodorization the amount of total cyclopropenoid fatty acids will reduce to 0.04%. 
Cotton seed (Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense)

Cotton seed oil is a by-product of cotton manufacture and used to be much more important as a vegetable oil than it is now. 
China is the main producer and consumer. 
Cotton Seed Oil is high in linoleate (56%). 

Cotton Seed Oil has been genetically engineered to produce high-oleate oils or those with high saturates so they could be used to form spreads, but these lines are not yet commercially available (Gunstone et al., 2007). 
Cotton seed oil is generally used for the production of cooking fats and spreads
Worldwide cotton seed oil consumption amounts to 5.2 million metric tons. 

Food usage in the United States has varied from 550 to 935 million pounds over the past 15 years. 
Cotton seed oil is high in omega-6, free of linolenic acid, and relatively high in saturated fatty acids with a P/S ratio of 2. 
The 27% saturated acid content may be a disadvantage from a nutrition labeling standpoint for claiming low saturated fat content. 

Nonetheless cotton seed oil is considered an excellent deep fat frying oil because of the absence of linolenic acid and the high levels of tocopherols promoting long fry life. 
In addition fried foods have flavors described as nutty or buttery, typical of fried food flavor derived from omega-6 acids via hydroperoxides and subsequent breakdown products (i.e., 2–4 dienals).

Cotton seed oil is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum. 
They are grown primarily to produce for cotton fiber and animal feed. 
Processing includes the use of hydraulic pressing, screw pressing, and solvent extraction. 

Cotton Seed Oil is classified as a polyunsaturated oil, with 70% unsaturated fatty acids (18% monounsaturated and 52% polyunsaturated). 
Cotton Seed Oil contains palmitic acid 20–25%, stearic acid 2–7%, oleic acid 18–30%, and linoleic acid 40–55% (Fennema, 1985). 
Cotton Seed Oil also contains a toxic yellow polyphenolic compound known as gossypol. 

This naturally occurring colored compound is found in tiny glands in the seed, leaf, stem, tap root bark, and root of the cotton plant. 
The adaptive function of the compound facilitates natural insect resistance. 
Gossypol, the toxic component that must be removed from Cotton Seed Oil used for edible purposes, is a polyphenolic aldehyde. 

It comprises 0.1–0.2% of crude cotton seed oil, but is a strong antioxidant. 
The potential of gossypol as an effective antioxidant additive for use in biofuels was recently confirmed by Moser. 
Gossypium herbaceum seed oil. 

Acts as an antioxidant, softening, hydrating and nourishing active. 
Cotton Seed Oil is obtained from the seeds of gossypium herbaceum extracted by hexane followed by a refining. 
Cotton seed oil is the oil extracted from cotton seeds including Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum. 

The following nutrition information is provided by the USDA for one tablespoon (13.6g) of Cotton Seed Oil:
Calories: 120
Fat: 14g
Saturated fat: 3.5g
Sodium: 0mg
Carbohydrates: 0g
Fiber: 0g
Sugars: 0g
Protein: 0g
Fats in Cottonseed Oil

There are three different types of fat in cotton seed oil.
Cotton Seed Oil contains saturated fat. 
Saturated fats are considered to be less healthy fats as they may contribute to heart disease. 

The American Heart Association recommends choosing oils with less than four grams of saturated fat per tablespoon. 
Cotton seed oil provides just 3.5 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon.
You'll also get 7 grams of polyunsaturated fat when you consume a tablespoon of cotton seed oil. 

Polyunsaturated fat is liquid at room temperature and may boost heart health when you use it to replace less healthy fat (like saturated fat) in your diet. 
There are two different kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cotton seed oil contains both of them. 

According to USDA data, you'll get 2 percent of your daily recommended intake of α-linolenic acid (ALA) omega-3 fatty acids and you'll get 58 percent (7 grams) of your recommended daily intake of linoleic acid or omega-6 fatty acids.
There is also a small amount of monounsaturated fat in cotton seed oil. 
Monounsaturated fats come primarily from plant sources, like avocado, nuts, or seeds. 

Monounsaturated fatty acids, also called MUFAs, are believed to increase your HDL cholesterol or "good" cholesterol. 
Health experts recommend that you replace less healthy fats (such as saturated fats and trans fats) with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat. 
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends that 15 to 20 percent of your caloric intake come from monounsaturated fatty acids.

There are no carbohydrates in cotton seed oil. 
The estimated glycemic load of cotton seed oil is zero.
There is no protein in cotton seed oil.

Micronutrients in Cotton seed Oil: 
Cotton seed oil contributes vitamin E to your diet. 
You'll get a little less than 5 milligrams or about 32% of your recommended daily intake when you consume one tablespoon of cotton seed oil.

Vitamin E, or alpha-tocopherol, plays an important role in cell membranes as an antioxidant and has immune, antioxidant, cell signaling, and metabolic process functions. 
This important vitamin may also help to protect against certain diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, and diabetes.

You will also get a small amount (just 3 micrograms, or 4 percent of your daily target) of vitamin K in a tablespoon of cotton seed oil. 
Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting functions.

Cotton seed oil should be kept in an airtight container and should be stored in a cool dry place, out of direct sunlight.
Cotton seed oil is a commonly used vegetable oil that’s derived from the seeds of cotton plants. 
A whole cotton seed contains about 15 to 20 percent oil.

Like olive oil, cotton seed oil is high in polyunsaturated fat which can help lower LDL (“bad” cholesterol) and increase HDL (“good” cholesterol). 
Cotton seed oil must be refined to remove gossypol. 
This naturally occurring toxin gives Cotton Seed Oil its yellow color and protects the plant from insects.

Cotton seed oil (lat. oleum gossypii) is obtained from the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium sp.). 
Cotton belongs to the mallow family (Malvaceae). 
The cotton plant is a versatile plant. 

The high-quality cotton fibres for the textile industry are extracted from its seed hairs. 
The seeds remaining after the separation of the fibres are pressed into cotton seed oil. 
The grist produced in this process serves as protein-rich animal feed.

Cotton seed oil is extracted from cotton seeds which are by-products of cotton fibre production. 
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, cotton seed oil is a type of vegetable oil used mainly as food. 
China is the world's largest cotton seed oil producer, followed by India, Pakistan, the USA and Uzbekistan. 

Cotton seed oil is an edible oil produced from cotton seeds, as a by-product of the cotton ginning process. 
It is characterized by Cotton Seed Oil's strong flavor, nutty odor and light yellow color.
Cotton seed (Gossypium hirsutum) is an ancient crop, commonly used in the textile industry. 

In the 19th century, cotton seed oil emerged as an alternative cooking oil. 
Originally, Cotton Seed Oil was introduced to the U.S market as an adulterant of olive oil, and as dilutant for lard. 
Eventually, Cotton Seed Oil became one essential oil for making hydrogenated plastic vegetable shortenings.

Processing of cotton seed oil became the cornerstone of the edible fat industry, until Cotton Seed Oil lost Cotton Seed Oil's position to soybean oil. 
Severe shortages in this oil during World Wars I and II caused limited oil production. 
Today, Cotton Seed Oil is used by food processors worldwide although in limited quantities. 

A typical cotton seed oil fatty acids profile is as follows:
*Fatty acid        Percentage (%)
*Linoleic acid      53
*Palimitic acid     24
*Oleic acid            19
*Stearic acid            3
Cotton Seed Oil is rich in omega-6 fatty acids and is high in saturated fatty acids.

Cotton seed oil is extracted from the seeds various species of cotton. 
There are many inherent advantages of cotton seed oil that have made it popular all across the world. 
Cotton seed oil is neutral in taste and can acquire the taste of whatever ingredient it is added to. 

This makes using cotton seed oil beneficial as Cotton Seed Oil does not mask the flavor of the ingredients in the food and thus the flavor of the food doesn’t change. 
Due to the presence of high amounts of tocopherols in it, the shelf life of food containing cotton seed oil is quite long.

One of the other distinct advantages of using cotton seed oil is that it is cheaper than other organic oils like canola oil or olive oil. 
Besides, cottonseed oil contains an adequate amount of saturated fatty acids, making Cotton Seed Oil a much more stable cooking oil. 
Cotton seed oil is also healthy for the heart as Cotton Seed Oil contains many unsaturated fatty acids. 

Also, cotton seed oil is a much healthier option than other oils because Cotton Seed Oil doesn’t need to go through the process of hydrogenation, hence there is no cholesterol in it.
Cotton seed oil is derived from the seeds of various species of cotton. 
Seeds of the Gossypium herbaceum and Gossypium hirsutum species of cotton are most commonly used to extract cotton seed oil. 

Cotton Seed Oil content in cottonseeds is generally in the 18% range. 
Gossypium Herbaceum (Cotton) Seed Oil (also called Cotton seed Oil) is the fixed oil expressed from the seeds of cotton. 
Cotton Seed Oil is a pale yellow oil. 

Hydrogenated Cotton seed Oil is a soft, white material made from cottonseed oil. 
The fatty acids from Cotton seed Oil are called Cotton seed Acid. 
Monoglycerides made from Cotton seed Oil are called Cotton seed Glyceride. 

When hydrogenated, this material is called Hydrogenated Cotton seed Glyceride. 
Cotton seed Oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the cotton plant after the cotton lint has been removed. 
Cotton Seed Oil must be refined to remove gossypol, a naturally occurring toxin that protects the cotton plant from insect damage. 

In Cotton Seed Oil's natural unhydrogenated state, Cotton seed Oil, like all vegetable oils, has no cholesterol. 
Cotton Seed Oil also contains no trans fatty acids. 
However, Cotton Seed Oil does contain over 50% Omega-6 fatty acids and only trace amounts of Omega-3 fatty acids. 

Cotton Seed Oil is a cooking oil extracted from the seeds of cotton plants of various species. 
Fatty acid profile generally consists of 70% unsaturated fatty acids (18% monounsaturated, and 52% polyunsaturated), 26% saturated fatty acids. 
Cotton Seed Oil has a mild taste and generally appears clear with a light golden color. 

Cotton Seed Oil has a smoke point of about 450 °F (232 °C) and is high in tocopherols, which also contribute to Cotton Seed Oil's stability, giving products that contain a long shelf life.
Cotton seed oil is a vegetable oil that comes from the seeds of a cotton plant. 

Cotton seed oil (and the more concentrated cotton seed extract), which comes from the seeds of cotton plants, isn't as well-known as some of Cotton Seed Oil's buzzy ingredient counterparts, but Cotton Seed Oil's a natural way to tap into those nourishing properties you want in your beauty products.
Cotton seed, seed of the cotton plant, important commercially for Cotton Seed Oil's oil and other products. 

The ancient Chinese and Hindus had crude methods for recovering cotton seed oil and used Cotton Seed Oil as medicine and in lamps, but large-scale commercial use of cotton seed is a relatively modern development. 
In the mid-19th century cottonseed was used mainly for planting cotton, and the leftover seed was considered a pollution and health problem. 

In 1833, however, the first successful cotton seed-oil mill was established in Natchez, Miss., and the industry expanded after the American Civil War. 
The United States has continued as the largest consumer, but cotton seed is also produced in quantity by India, China, Mexico, Egypt, Pakistan, and Brazil.
Following cleaning to remove extraneous matter, the linters are removed by machines similar to gins but with circular saws and finer teeth. 

The delintered seed is hulled, and the hulls ground for incorporation as roughage in beef and dairy cattle feed. 
The seed kernels are flaked between steel rollers and cooked at about 113° C (235° F) to facilitate recovery of the oil, by pressing or by solvent extraction or both.
The crude, dark-coloured cotton seed oil contains constituents that must be removed to produce edible oil. 

After filtration, the oil is refined by means of treatment with an alkaline solution that reacts with free fatty acids to form soap, which settles. 
Cotton Seed Oil is separated from the soap stock by drawing off or centrifuging and then is washed with water to remove remaining soap particles.
For salad and cooking purposes, Cotton Seed Oil is further purified by bleaching agents such as fuller’s earth and acid-activated bleaching clays. 

Then Cotton Seed Oil is winterized—that is, made to stay liquid at ordinary refrigeration temperatures—by removing the saturated glycerides; this is done commercially by chilling and then separating the clear Cotton Seed Oil from the solidified portion. 
Odoriferous components are removed by heating Cotton Seed Oil in a vacuum.

For shortening and margarine, Cotton Seed Oil is partially hardened by hydrogenation (combining hydrogen with the oil to chemically convert part of the unsaturated fatty acids to saturated acids).
Cotton seed oil is a naturally occurring vegetable oil with insecticidal properties.

Extraction: 
Cotton Seed Oil is col-pressed extracted from cotton seeds. 
The result is a light yellow oil, delicate and nice. 
Cotton Seed Oil is gossypol-free and GMO-free.

Cotton seed oil has about 25 percent saturated fat, with a 2 tbsp. serving having 7 g saturated fat, 4.8 g monounsaturated, and 14.1 g of polyunsaturated fat. 
The primary fatty acid in cotton seed oil is omega-6 or linoleic acid. 

Cotton seed oil doesn't break down as quickly as soybean or sunflower seed oil when used in frying. 
This makes Cotton Seed Oil a better choice for the commercial food and snack industry.
Cotton seed oil comes from the same plant you're familiar with—the used worldwide for its fluffy white fibers. 

But the cotton clouds you know are actually grouped around thirty or so of the plant’s seeds, which are used to produce cotton seed oil. 
Once the fibers and seeds are separated, the former go on to make fabric, while the seeds are pressed for their precious oil.
Cotton seed oil is a cooking oil made from the seeds of the cotton plant. 

Cotton Seed Oil belongs in the same category as canola oil, soybean oil and safflower oil, as Cotton Seed Oil’s really an inflammatory “vegetable” oil that’s processed and can easily oxidize when exposed to high heat, light and air.
Cotton seed oil is refined in order to remove gossypol, a naturally occurring toxin in the seed’s oil that works to protect the plant from insects. 
If consumed, this natural pesticide may be toxic, so Cotton Seed Oil’s always removed from the seeds that are used to make cooking oil or flour.

Cotton seed oil is a refined fixed oil obtained by expression of seeds of Gossypium harbaceum Linn, belonging to family Malvaceae, in hydraulic or other presses.
Cotton Seed Oil is amber to deep red or black in colour with a characteristic odour, sp. gr. 0.92, saponification value 192–200, iodine value 100–115, and unsaponifiable matter 0.6–2.0%. 

Refined Cotton seed oil is pale yellow in colour with a bland nutty taste and nearly odourless. 
Cotton Seed Oil is a semidrying substance. 
On cooling a sediment of olein or liquid glycerides separates out which may be collected by the filtration in the cooled condition. 

When used to adulterate other oils Cotton Seed Oil's presence may be detected by the test for semidrying.
Cotton seed oil is graded on the basis of its acidity; refining loses flavour. 
Refined oil is graded according to the colour, odour, and flavour.

There are a variety of cooking oils, and Cotton seed oil is one of them. 
It is referred to as anti-inflammatory vegetable oil, and Cotton Seed Oil gets oxidised easily when exposed to light, air and high heat. 
Prepared from the cotton seeds, Cotton Seed Oil must be refined to eliminate a toxin named Gossypol.  

Cotton seed Oil Nutrition:
Calories: 120
Saturated fat: 3.5g
Fat: 14g
Sodium: 0mg
Fiber: 0g
Carbohydrates: 0g
Sugars: 0g
Protein: 0

There are numerous benefits of cotton seed oil, which may include Cotton Seed Oil's potential ability to lower cholesterol, protect the skin, improve the immune system, reduce inflammation, speed healing, boost cognition, and even help prevent certain types of cancer. 
Cotton seed oil, as the name implies, is made from the seeds of cotton plants, which are produced in huge quantities in various countries, including the United States. 

Similar to other seed oils, the cotton seeds must be husked, revealing an oil-rich kernel, which can then be pressed to extract the valuable oil. 
Cotton has been found around ancient times and it has been found that people from 3500 Bc. wave cotton to make cloths.

More than 95% of the cotton seed processed in India is through traditional method, where in the seeds are simply crushed through mechanical means without undergoing the pre process formalities of delinting or dehulling
As many centuries passed more research was conduct to find how cotton can be used in other ways. 

It was found that the oil extracted from the seeds of cotton plants should be used for cooking.
The nutritional value of cotton seed oil is around 9kcl/g while the average digestibility is around 97% which is comparable to that the soya bean, and sunflower oil. 

Cotton Seed Oil is safe and suitable for human.
Cotton seed oil comes under vegetable oil category and considers one of the most popular cooking oil in kitchen.
Cotton seed contains about 50% essential poly-unsaturated fatty acid against about 30%in the traditional oil which is required in human diet

Palmitic acid     22-28%
Linoieic acid     49-58%
Oileic acid     15-20%
Arachidic acid /bechic acid     20%
Lignoceric acid     10%

Cotton Seed Oil is a clear yellow color and looks quite similar to corn oil.
The amount of refinement of Cotton Seed Oil affects its color.
Cotton Seed Oil has smoke point of 232C (450F)

The cotton seed oil is neutral in taste.
The density of cotton seed oil at 15C is 925.87kg/cubic m2
Cotton Seed Oil contains a high amount of antioxidants (tocopherols) which are essential for good health.

Cotton seed oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the cotton plant after the cotton lint has been removed. 
Cotton Seed Oil must be refined to remove gossypol, a naturally occurring toxin that protects the cotton plant from insect damage. 
Cotton seed oil has a high ratio of saturated fat, and in the diet may be a poor choice over olive or canola oil.

Cotton seed oil contains about 26% saturated fatty acids (primarily palmitic and some stearic). 
Cotton seed oil may also contain traces of pesticides used when farming cotton crops. 
Cotton seed oil is a favorite for mayonnaise, salad dressing, and other food products because of its flavor stability. 

Cotton Seed Oil is also one of the big four (soy, corn, canola and cotton) genetically modified crops grown around the world.
Cotton seed contains hull and kernel. 
The hull produces fibre and linters. 

The kernel contains oil, protein, carbohydrate and other constituents such as vitamins, minerals, lecithin, sterols etc. 
Cotton seed oil is extracted from cottonseed kernel. 
Cotton seed oil, also termed as "Heart Oil" is among the most unsaturated edible oils. 

Cotton Seed Oil need not be as fully hydrogenated foR many a cooking purposes as is required in case of some of the more polyunsaturated oils. 
Refined and deodorised cotton seed oil is considered as one of the purest cooking medium available. 
An additional benefit that accrues from Cotton seed Oil is its high level of antioxidants - tocopherols.

USES and APPLICATIONS of COTTON SEED OIL:
-Cotton seed oil is an excellent choice for fried snack foods where texture, mouthfeel, good aftertaste, and storage stability are prime considerations. Potato chips fried in cotton seed oil have a nutty flavor and are favored by US consumers.

-Cotton seed oil is used for salad oil, mayonnaise, salad dressing, and similar products because of Cotton Seed Oil's flavor stability.
-Use in food:
Cotton seed oil has traditionally been used in foods such as potato chips the shortening product.

-Cotton seed oil is used in the production of edible food products such as cooking oils, salad oils, margarines and shortenings. 
-In the United States, cotton seed oil is used in Procter & Gamble's Olestra and Olein products as a type of non-digestible fat substitutes used to create creamy textures and rich flavours in fried foods.

-Use as insecticide:
In an agricultural context, the toxicity of untreated cotton seed oil may be considered beneficial: 
Oils, including vegetable oils, have been used for centuries to control insect and mite pests. 

-More recently, cotton seed oil has been used to protect the trunks of apple trees from the apple clearwing moth, which burrows into the trees' bark, potentially killing them. 
Cotton Seed Oil has been generally considered the most insecticidal of vegetable oils.

-In producing finished oil, the three key steps of refining, bleaching, and deodorizing act to eliminate the gossypol. 
-The primary uses of cotton seed oil are food related; Cotton Seed Oil is used as salad oil, for frying, in margarine manufacture, and for manufacturing shortenings used in cakes and biscuits.

-Cotton Seed Oil is used as base for cosmetic creams.
-Some consumers use cotton seed oil for hair and skin health. 
-Some believe that consuming Cotton Seed Oil promotes hair growth. 

-Applications include make up remover, baby products, soap, body care and face care.
-This inexpensive oil, Cotton Seed Oil, can be used for home cooking, but Cotton Seed Oil is also used by food manufacturers in the production of foods like cookies and potato chips. 

-Others use Cotton Seed Oil topically on the skin, the hair, and the scalp to boost hair growth, prevent hair loss, and improve the appearance of skin.
-Cotton seed oil provides vitamin E, which has been promoted as a treatment for scars, and to promote good skin and hair. 
-Unrefined cotton seed oil is sometimes used as a pesticide. 

-Cotton seed oil is used in cooking and is also used as a home remedy for certain skin conditions and ailments. 
-Cotton seed oil is also used by many fast food chains for deep frying because Cotton Seed Oil enhances the flavor of food instead of masking it. 
Cotton Seed Oil’s also less expensive than other vegetable oils.

-Cotton seed oil is commonly used in processed foods because of its ability to extend shelf life. 
Some of these products include:
potato chips
cookies and crackers
margarine
mayonnaise
salad dressing

-Cotton Seed Oil’s also a popular ingredient for baking. 
Cotton Seed Oil provides a solid fat index for shortening, making for baked goods that’re moist and chewy. 
Cotton Seed Oil also helps achieve a creamy consistency in icing and whipped toppings.

-Cotton seed oil has many nonfood uses, too. 
In the 1800s, cotton seed oil was primarily used in oil lamps and to make candles. 
-Nowadays, Cotton Seed Oil’s used in insecticides, laundry detergents, and cosmetics.

-Cotton seed oil for skin:
Cotton seed oil contains high concentrations of vitamin E, fatty acids, and antioxidants that have many benefits for your skin, including:
*moisturizing
*anti-aging
*anti-inflammatory properties

-Certain fatty acids increase your skin’s permeability. 
This allows your skin to better absorb other ingredients for better results.
-Linoleic acid, which is one of the fatty acids in cotton seed oil, is a common ingredient in skin care products.

-Cotton Seed Oil’s also used in antidandruff shampoos and after-sun creams because of its anti-inflammatory properties.
-Cotton seeds are rich in oil and proteins and are therefore used for cotton seed oil production and as a feed supplement for cattle and sheep. 

-Cotton seed oil can be used to make salad oil (mayonnaise, salad dressings, sauces and marinades), cooking oil for frying in both commercial and home cooking, and margarine or shortening for baked goods and cake icings. 
-Besides, limited quantities may be used for producing industrial products such as soaps and cosmetics. 

-Cotton Seed Oil is present in some foods such as bakery products and fried snacks.
-In baking, cotton seed oil is used as a moistener and tenderizer in cakes, breads, cookies and muffins.
-Cotton Seed Oil is also used to make shortening and pastry margarine, and as a spraying oil.

-Cotton seed oil serves several purposes in the manufacture of baked goods:
*Tenderizer: by coating structure building components such as gluten, and starch, thus preventing their excessive hydration
*Prevents staling: via retarding starch gelatinization
*Moistness and smoothness: by interfering with sugar crystallization and enhancing smooth sensation in the mouth.
*Release agent: aids in the removal of baked goods from molds

-Cotton seed oil can be used in several baking systems such as cakes, cookies, muffins and breads.
-Margarines and shortening made with this can be used in the manufacturing of baked goods. 
One advantage of using cotton seed oil is its crystalline structure (beta-prime crystals), essential for smoothness, creaming ability, and good aeration.

-Potato chips, cookies and crackers, margarine, mayonnaise, and salad dressing.
-Some of the advantages of using cotton seed oil are that Cotton Seed Oil has a high smoke point and therefore can be used for deep frying and cooking where high temperature is required.

-The color of cotton seed oil is pale yellow and is mostly used for cooking.
-In cosmetics and personal care products, Cotton seed Oil and ingredients made from Cotton seed Oil may be used in the formulation of skin cleansing products, eye makeup, other makeup products, as well as skin and hair care products.

-When used in cosmetics and personal care products, the following functions have been reported for Cotton seed Oil and the ingredients made from Cotton seed Oil.
*Skin conditioning agent – emollient – Cotton seed Glyceride
*Skin conditioning agent – occlusive – Gossypium Herbaceum (Cotton) Seed Oil, Hydrogenated Cotton seed Oil
*Surfactants – cleansing agents – Cotton seed Acid
*Surfactants – emulsifying agents – Cotton seed Glyceride, Hydrogenated Cotton seed Glyceride

-Cotton seed oil is commonly used for processed foods because Cotton Seed Oil can extend shelf life.
-Cotton seed oil has high stability and is also available with antioxidants and other additives.  
Cotton Seed Oil is specially developed for use in industrial frying.

-Hydrogenated Cotton seed Oil has been used in margarine, shortening and cooking oil.
-Cotton seed oil is often used in hair and skin-care products because of Cotton Seed Oil's high vitamin E and antioxidant content.
-Cotton seed oil is used in salad and cooking oils and, after hydrogenation, in shortenings and margarine. 

-The cake, or meal, remaining after Cotton Seed Oil is extracted is used in poultry and livestock feeds. 
-Linters, the short cellulose fibres left on the seed after the staple cotton is removed by ginning, are used to make coarse yarns and many cellulose products. 

-The hulls, or outer seed coverings, are used in ruminant animal feed as roughage.
-Cotton seed is now used either for oil production, for planting, or as animal feed. 
-Linters removed in the first cut are used to make high-quality mattresses and in the manufacture of coarse cotton yarns. 

-Subsequently cut linters are purified and used in the production of explosives, cellulose acetate, rayon, ethyl cellulose, lacquers, and many plastic and other products requiring high-quality cellulose as the raw material.
-The pressed cake is sometimes broken and sold as cotton seed cake, but most is ground and sold as meal. 

-The principal use of both is as high-protein and supplements in feed for cattle; swine and poultry can also eat it after processing to reduce the influence of gossypol, a toxic cotton plant pigment. 
-Cotton seed meal is also used in making starch-free flour for human consumption.

-Cotton seed oil is used as a solvent for injections and for edible purposes. 
-Cotton Seed Oil possesses emollient properties and is used in liniments, in several pharmaceutical preparations, as a substitute of olive oil and in large doses as lubricant cathartic. 

-Cotton Seed Oil is used in the manufacture of soaps, lubricants, sulphonated oils, and protective coatings.
-Cotton seed oil comes from the same plant you're familiar with—the used worldwide for its fluffy white fibers.
-Cotton seed oil has many uses. 

-Cotton Seed Oil’s well-known for Cotton Seed Oil's use as a cooking oil, much like canola or soybean oils. 
But Cotton Seed Oil’s also used in shortenings and packaged foods.
-You’ll find hydrogenated cotton seed oil on the ingredient list in many processed and packaged foods. 
Cotton Seed Oil’s used in salad dressings, baked goods, cereals and more.

-Some products that may contain cotton seed oil include:
*potato chips
*baked goods (like packaged cookies and cakes)
*crackers
*snack bars
*cereals
*salad dressings
*mayonnaise
*margarine
*pasta sauce

-In foods, Cotton Seed Oil’s used for frying, to add moisture to baked goods and to provide a creamy consistency in whipped creams and icings.
-Oil from cotton seeds is also used topically in some cosmetic products. 
-Cotton Seed Oil’s used as an oil and emollient that can soften the skin.

-Cotton Seed Oil’s fragrance-free and used as a skin-moisturizing agent. 
-You may find cotton seed oil in face and body cleansers, eye makeup and lipsticks.
-Cotton seed oil is mainly used in baked goods, salad dressings, cereals, packaged foods, snack bars, crackers, etc. 

-Cotton Seed Oil adds moisture to baked goods and helps impart a creamy consistency in icings and whipped creams.
-Devoid of fragrance, Cotton Seed Oil works as a skin-moisturizing agent. 
-Cotton Seed Oil is found in an array of cosmetic products. 

-They include eye makeup, lipsticks, cleansers and more.
-Cotton seed oil is used in non-food products as well. 
-Cotton Seed Oil is used in laundry detergents, insecticides, and cosmetics.

-Cotton Seed Oil, which is praised for being low in trans fats, is often used as cooking oil because Cotton Seed Oil can help bring out the flavor of foods rather than masking them.
Cotton Seed Oil is also popularly used as a form of biofuel. 

-Cosmetic Use – the light texture of Cotton Seed Oil makes it great for cosmetic use making it a common ingredient in cream lotion soap etc.
-Cotton seed oil must refined to remove gossypol a naturally occurring that protects the cotton plant from insect damage, therefore unrefined cotton seed oil is sometimes used as a pesticide.

COTTON SEED OIL BENEFITS:
There are dozens of unproven claims of benefits. 
Some of the claims are purely anecdotal, but there’s evidence to support others.

*Anticancer effects:
The anticancer effects of cotton seed oil and gossypol have been studied for years and the research continues.

*There’s also evidence that cottonseed oil may suppress cancer cells that have been resistant to multiple drugs. 
A 2018 studyTrusted Source also showed that gossypol reduced tumor growth and slowed or killed three prostate cancer cell lines.

*Lowers inflammation:
There’s a lot of evidence that diets high in monounsaturated fats can reduce inflammation. 
People who eat a Mediterranean diet high in monounsaturated fats have been found to have significantly lower levels of inflammatory chemicals in their blood.

*Inflammation has been linked to chronic disease, including heart disease.

*Cotton seed oil contains only 18 percent monounsaturated fat, but the content increases to 50 percent when partially hydrogenated. 
In theory, cotton seed oil could have an anti-inflammatory effect similar to olive oil. 
This may help lower the risk of heart disease and improve symptoms of inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis.

*Reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases:
Along with lowering inflammation, the unsaturated fats in cotton seed oil may help lower your LDL and increase your HDL. 
This can improve blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.

However, cotton seed oil is also higher in saturated fat than other vegetable oils, which can have the opposite effect. 
There are other, more heart-friendly options available.

*Wound healing:
Cotton seed oil contains high amounts of vitamin E, which is an antioxidant with many proven benefits for the skin, including faster wound healing. 
Vitamin E has also been shown to have a positive effect on skin ulcers, psoriasis, and other skin conditions and injuries.
This suggests that cotton seed oil may have similar effects, though you can find more potent sources of vitamin E.

*Hair growth:
Research has found that certain plant oils can help improve your hair’s health. 

The oils work by:
moisturizing hair
preventing protein loss
protecting against styling and environmental damage
Healthy hair is less likely to break, which could help you grow your hair.

Cotton seed oil adds a great nourishing to the skin. 
Cotton Seed Oil’s a Vitamin E rich oil, with a high linoleic acid, palmitic acid, calcium, magnesium, phosphor and iron content, among others. 
That is why Cotton Seed Oil’s a perfect oil, adding nourishing and softness to babies’ skin.

Cotton Seed Oil is not biosynthesized in human body and prevents coronary artery from hardening
Cotton Seed Oil is also rich in vitamin E which acts like as antioxidant is important in fighting from free radicals.

An alternative product from refinery is partially processed cotton seed oil and sold as washed oil.
Cotton Seed Oil is ideal oil in the manufacture of margarine (Butter substitute) and bakery products.
Cotton Seed Oil is great for deep frying of the food to enhance the flavored of the food.

Cotton Seed Oil is also contains omega-3 fatty acids are extremely good for heart, therefore the cotton seed oil is important.
Cotton seed oil has better condition stability due to the presence of segment named gossypol.
Cotton Seed Oil has oxidization resistance which makes it ideal for salad dressing.

POTENTIAL BENEFITS of COTTON SEED OIL:
1. Contains Linoleic Acid:
About 55 percent of refined cotton seed oil is made up of polyunsaturated fats like linoleic acid. 
This is an omega-6 fatty acid that, when consumed in moderation, has been shown to help reduce inflammation, lower the risk of heart disease, improve brain function and boost immune function.

Linoleic acid is also found in safflower oil, sunflower oil, corn oil and sesame oil.
These types of omega-6 fatty acids should be consumed along with omega-3 fatty acids. Unfortunately, the standard American diet consists of way too much omega-6 fats, which can actually have adverse effects on your health.

2. Provides Oleic Acid:
Almost 20 percent of oil from cotton seeds contains oleic acid, an omega-9 fatty acid that’s found naturally in vegetable fats. 
Oleic acid is known for its ability to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol.
It may also help prevent type 2 diabetes, fight infections and promote brain function.
Olive oil, almond oil and avocado oil contain even higher amounts of heart-healthy oleic acid.

3. Promotes Skin Health:
Cotton seed oil benefits the skin because of Cotton Seed Oil's moisturizing and soothing properties. 
Unrefined cotton seed oil contains vitamin E oil, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects.
Cotton Seed Oil’s commonly used topically for these reasons. 

4. Protects Hair:
Cotton seed oil for hair helps moisturize your hair and scalp, and Cotton Seed Oil may help reduce or eliminate dandruff. 
Cotton Seed Oil can also be used as a styler, helping add shine and tame your hair, reducing the need for hair products that contain chemical additives.
Your hair may be less likely to break when you use just a bit of cotton seed oil before styling.

HEALTH BENEFITS of COTTON SEED OIL:
When you consume cotton seed oil, you increase your intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, two types of polyunsaturated fat. 
Both omega-3 and omega-6 are essential fats, these are fats that must be consumed in the diet because your body does not produce them.
The omega-3 fatty acids in cottonseed oil help to reduce blood clotting and inflammation in the body and also may help dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure. 

However, Cotton seed oil conversion to EPA and DHA which are essential to the human body is low. 
Only 5% of ALA is converted to EPA and less than 0.5% of ALA is converted to DHA. 
It may be best to cook cotton seed oil with fatty fish.

The omega-6 in cotton seed oil helps to reduce your risk for heart disease and may also help to reduce your risk for cancer.
The small amount of monounsaturated fat in cotton seed oil also provides health benefits. 
Research has shown that when you replace saturated fat with monounsaturated fat your risk for cardiovascular events or cardiovascular death is reduced. 

In addition, studies have found that an increased intake of monounsaturated fat reduces the risk for all-cause mortality and stroke.
If you choose to include cotton seed oil in your diet it's important to remember that this oil—like all oil—is fat. 
Fats contribute nine calories per gram as opposed to four calories per gram for carbohydrates and protein. 

So even though cotton seed oil is considered a healthy fat, you should still consume Cotton Seed Oil in moderation in order to reach and maintain a healthy weight.
The presence of an omega-6 fatty acid named linoleic acid makes cotton seed oil beneficial for reducing inflammation while lowering the risk related to heart diseases. 

Besides this, Cotton Seed Oil also boosts immune function and improves brain function.
Oleic Acid found in cotton seed oil reduces cholesterol and blood pressure. 
Cotton Seed Oil also helps prevent Type 2 diabetes and fights infections.

Vitamin E present in cotton seed oil soothes and moisturises the skin. 
Cotton Seed Oil also helps protect against a range of skin conditions such as dark spots, marks and more
The Omega-6 fatty acids present in cotton seed oil helps in reducing the risks related to life-threatening diseases like cancer. 

Cotton seed oil contains three types of fat: 
Saturated fat (3.5 grams), Polyunsaturated fat (7 grams), and monounsaturated fat. 
Out of them, polyunsaturated fat helps you fulfil the recommended daily intake of healthy fats like Omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. 

Cotton seed oil is considered to be healthy. 
Refined cotton seed oil is considered suitable for cooking. 

Refined cotton seed oil also acts as a home remedy for diversified skin conditions such as dry skin, redness, irritated skin and more.
Due to the presence of Vitamin E, antioxidants, and fatty acids, Cotton Seed Oil helps moisturise skin and slows down the skin ageing process.
High in Polyunsaturated fat, Cotton Seed Oil helps lower bad cholesterol (LDL) while increasing good cholesterol (HDL). 

Equipped with anti-inflammatory properties, Cotton Seed Oil enhances the permeability of the skin.
Cotton seed oil is enriched with a vital micronutrient called Vitamin E that possesses antioxidant effects. 
One tablespoon of Cotton Seed Oil contains 5 milligrams of Vitamin E. 

This important vitamin helps protect against an array of life-threatening diseases like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and much more.
Many people turn to cotton seed oil to help treat high cholesterol and blood pressure, arthritis, gout, a weak immune system, dementia, certain cancers, inflammatory conditions, wounds, cuts, scrapes, and skin conditions.

May Speed up Healing:
Cotton Seed Oil is able to speed the healing process due to its potentially high antioxidant levels and vitamin E content so people regularly apply Cotton Seed Oil to fresh wounds, cuts, scrapes, and scratches. 
Tocopherol is known to be able to stimulate the growth of healthy new skin cells and protect against potential infection.

May Improve Cognitive Health:
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats have both been linked to increased cognition and a reduction in neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia. 
If you are using natural, unrefined cotton seed oil, Cotton Seed Oil can reduce inflammation in the neural pathways and prevent beta-amyloid plaque deposition, which will help keep you sharp as you age!

May Help Improve Skin Care:
Topical application of Cotton Seed Oil is generally not a controversial use, as it does have notable levels of vitamin E and other antioxidants that can boost skin health. 
Cotton Seed Oil can improve the appearance of the skin, moisturize dry skin, and prevent premature aging. 
By possibly eliminating oxidative stress in the skin, Cotton Seed Oil can help minimize the appearance of lines and wrinkles, and even help you get rid of blemishes and scars.

May Boost The Immune System:
Antioxidants present in Cotton Seed Oil may help reduce oxidative stress and strain on the immune system, thus defending the body against typical pathogens and foreign bodies. 

May Reduce Inflammation:
Monounsaturated fats have been proven to reduce inflammation throughout the body, whether consumed or topically applied. 
Regular use of Cotton Seed Oil can relieve chronic symptoms of arthritis, gout, headaches, and joint disorders, and when used in culinary applications, can soothe the stomach and optimize digestion. 

May Improve Heart Health:
Cotton Seed Oil does have a notable level of saturated fats, but there are also many mono- and poly-unsaturated fats, including gamma-linolenic acid, which can lower overall cholesterol levels and improve heart health. 
When used responsibly, cotton seed oil can lower blood pressure and decrease your risk of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes.
 

THE SKIN BENEFITS of COTTON SEED OIL:
Cotton Seed Oil’s biggest assets are its frankly extraodinary skin-softening and protecting properties. 
Because of Cotton Seed Oil's molecular weight, cotton seed oil effectively coats the skin in a way that allows Cotton Seed Oil to protect the cells beneath, and keeps them from being irritated. 

Cotton Seed Oil is also exceptionally high in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which have both been shown to help skin retain moisture—essential for combatting both winter dryness and summertime sun and wind damage.   
Linoleic acid, one of the fatty acids in cotton seed oil, is especially great for treating dry skin because Cotton Seed Oil helps strengthen the skin's barrier, and it helps calm red, irritated, dry skin. 

Cotton Seed Oil's also effective as an antioxidant, fighting the effects of cell-destroying—and skin-aging—free radicals. 
Cotton seed oil is also high in Vitamin E, which works together with linoleic acid to soothe skin. 
Basically, the specific combination of anti-inflammatory properties in Cotton Seed Oil can help damaged skin cells take a breather and repair themselves.

COTTON SEED REFINED OIL:
Cotton seed oil is cholesterol-free, as are all oils extracted from plants, which makes Cotton Seed Oil a great choice for those who want to lower their cholesterol levels. 

Cotton Seed Oil is considered better for baking as Cotton Seed Oil is not as heavy as other oils. 
Cotton Seed Oil has high oxidation-resistance which makes Cotton Seed Oil ideal to be used for salad dressings.

Cotton seed oil has been used, traditionally, as frying oil, due to Cotton Seed Oil's economic advantage and Cotton Seed Oil is one of the best frying oils for the ready to eat snack food industry.

COTTON SEED OIL QUALITY:
Fats and oils are made up of triglycerides, three molecules of fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule. 
The chain length of the fatty acids and their organization on the glycerol backbone vary greatly, although in most of the edible oils it is with 16 and 18 carbons. 

Fats and oils are a combination of fatty acids, both saturated (C14:0, 16:0, etc.) and unsaturated (C 18:1, 18:2, 18:3). 
Some fats, such as lard, palm and coconut oils, have higher concentrations of saturated fatty acids than other oils and are referred to as saturated fats, even though they contain some percentages of unsaturated fatty acids. 

Cotton seed oil is among the most unsaturated oils, others being safflower, corn, soybean, rapeseed and sunflower seed oils. 
Cotton seed oil has a ratio of 2: 1 of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids and generally consists of 65-70% unsaturated fatty acids including 18-24% monounsaturated (oleic) and 42-52% polyunsaturated (linoleic) and 26-35% saturated (palmitic and stearic).

COTTON SEED OIL - NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS:
Cotton seed oil is cholesterol free, as are all oils extracted from plants. 
Linoleic acid is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid found in cottonseed oil. 

With three times as much unsaturated as saturated fatty acid, cotton seed oil is considered as a healthy vegetable oil and is one of the few oils advised for reducing saturated fat intake. 
Cotton seed oil is described by scientists as being "naturally hydrogenated" because of the levels of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids in it. 

This renders Cotton Seed Oil a stable frying oil without the need for additional processing that could lead to the formation of trans fatty acids. 
When Cotton Seed Oil is partially hydrogenated, Cotton Seed Oil's monounsaturated fatty acids actually increase. 

When hydrogenated to a typical Iodine Value of about 80, Cotton Seed Oil's fatty acid profile changes to 50% monounsaturated, 21 % polyunsaturated, and 29% saturates all well within health guidelines. 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS of COTTON SEED OIL:
The important constituents of the glycerides of cotton-seed oil are linoleic (45–50%), oleic (23–29%), palmitic (20–33%), myristic (1.5–3.5%), stearic (1.1–2.7%), and arachidic acids (1.0%). 
The glycerides present are palmito-oleolinoleins (35–40%), palmitodioleins (20%), and trioleo-or lineo-disaturated (12–13%). 

The unsaponifiable fraction contains β-sitosterol, ergosterol, vitamin E, and tocopherols. 
The phosphatides present are lecithin (29%) and cephalins (71%). 
The minor constituents present in the oil are free fatty acids (0.3–5.6%), gossypol (0.05%), raffinose, pentosans, resins, wax, proteoses, peptones, phospholipids, inosite phosphates, phytosteroline, xanthophyll, chlorophyll, and mucilage substances.

Cotton seed cake contains about 0.6% of a toxic principle, gossypol, which occurs in secretory cavities in all parts of the plant. 
It is present in cold-pressed oil and can be removed by treatment with alkalies.

COMPOSITION of COTTON SEED OIL:
Cotton Seed Oil's fatty acid profile generally consists of 70% unsaturated fatty acids (18% monounsaturated, and 52% polyunsaturated), 26% saturated fatty acids. 
When Cotton Seed Oil is fully hydrogenated, Cotton Seed Oil's profile is 94% saturated fat and 2% unsaturated fatty acids (1.5% monounsaturated, and 0.5% polyunsaturated). 

According to the cotton seed oil industry, cotton seed oil does not need to be hydrogenated as much as other polyunsaturated oils to achieve similar results.
Gossypol is a yellow, polyphenolic compound produced by cotton and other members of the order Malvaceae, such as okra. 
This naturally occurring coloured compound is found in tiny glands in the seed, leaf, stem, tap root bark, and root of the cotton plant. 

The adaptive function of the compound facilitates natural insect resistance. 
The three key steps of refining, bleaching, and deodorization in producing finished oil act to eliminate the gossypol level. 
Ferric chloride is often used to decolorize cotton seed oil.

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION of COTTON SEED OIL:
Cotton seed oil is produced through the following manufacturing process:
Cleaning: 
Removal of foreign matter such as plant and field debris.

Dehulling: 
Removal of hulls using mechanical impact and air separation.

Flaking: 
Seeds are flaked to aid in oil extraction by passing through several rollers.

Tempering: 
In cold climates, seeds are steamed cooked to 110 – 125 °C (230- 257 °F) for around 30 – 120 minutes before processing.

Mechanical extraction: 
Pressing to form a cake with 10% removal of oil.

Solvent extraction: 
Cake is extracted with a solvent, typically hexane.

Desolventizing: 
Removal of remaining hexane in the cake.

Distillation: 
Removal of the hexane present in the oil.

Degumming: 
Removal of phospholipids from the crude oil with an acid-oil mixture.

Refining: 
Further removal of phospholipids with addition of an acid mixture, and removal of free fatty acids with an alkali solution.

Bleaching: 
Removal of pigments and other contaminants with bleaching clay.

Deodorization: 
Removal of undesirable odours.

Manufacturing food grade this oil should ensure the oil is free from gossypol.
The cotton seed, after ginning off the fibres, is decorticated and cleaned of hulls. 
The kernels are steamed and pressed at about 1500 lb pressure to yield about 30% of oil which is turbid and reddish in colour. 
Cotton Seed Oil is refined by filtering, decolourizing, and ‘winter chilling’, which removes the stearin.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of COTTON SEED OIL:
Once processed, cotton seed oil has a mild taste and appears generally clear with a light golden color, the amount of color depending on the amount of refining. 
Cotton Seed Oil has a relatively high smoke point as a frying medium. 

Density ranges from 0.917 to 0.933 g/cm3 (7.65 to 7.79 lb/US gal). 
Like other long-chain fatty acid oils, cotton seed oil has a smoke point of about 450 °F (232 °C), and is high in tocopherols, which also contribute Cotton Seed Oil's stability, giving products that contain Cotton Seed Oil a long shelf life, hence manufacturers' proclivity to use it in packaged goods.

COOKING and PREPARATION TIPS of COTTON SEED OIL:
Cotton seed oil has a higher flash point than other types of healthy oil such as canola oil or olive oil or even safflower oil. 
The flash point, or smoking point, is the temperature at which an oil begins to smoke fumes. 
Because the smoking point of cottonseed oil is approximately 420°F (or 215°C), Cotton Seed Oil is often used for frying and other high heat cooking techniques. 

Some say that Cotton Seed Oil is the healthiest oil for frying because Cotton Seed Oil contains at least some polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat.
Cottonseed oil can also be used for baking and in sweet treats. 
Cotton Seed Oil has a neutral taste so that it can be used instead of other fats without changing the flavor of your favorite foods. 

ECONOMIC HISTORY of COTTON SEED OIL:
The by-product of cotton processing, cotton seed was considered virtually worthless before the late 19th century. 
While cotton production expanded throughout the 17th, 18th, and mid-19th centuries, a largely worthless stock of cotton seed grew. 
Although some of the seed was used for planting, fertilizer, and animal feed, the majority was left to rot or was illegally dumped into rivers.

In the 1820s and 1830s Europe experienced fats and oils shortages due to rapid population expansion during the Industrial Revolution and the after-effects of the British blockade during the Napoleonic Wars. 
The increased demand for fats and oils, coupled with a decreasing supply caused prices to rise sharply. 
Consequently, many Europeans could not afford to buy the fats and oils they had used for cooking and for lighting. 
Many United States entrepreneurs tried to take advantage of the increasing European demand for oils and America's increasingly large supply of cotton seed by crushing the seed for oil. 

But separating the seed hull from the seed meat proved difficult and most of these ventures failed within a few years. 
This problem was resolved in 1857, when William Fee invented a huller, which effectively separated the tough hulls from the meats of cotton seed. 
With this new invention, cotton seed oil began to be used for illumination purposes in lamps to supplement increasingly expensive whale oil and lard. 
But by 1859, this use came to end as the petroleum industry emerged.

Cotton seed oil then began to be used illegally to fortify animal fats and lards. 
Initially, meat packers secretly added cotton seed oil to the pure fats, but this practice was uncovered in 1884. 
Armour and Company, an American meatpacking and food processing company, sought to corner the lard market and realized that it had purchased more lard than the existing hog population could have produced. 
A congressional investigation followed, and legislation was passed that required products fortified with cotton seed oil to be labeled as ‘‘lard compound.” 

Similarly, cotton seed oil was often blended with olive oil.
Once the practice was exposed, many countries put import tariffs on American olive oil and Italy banned the product completely in 1883. 
Both of these regulatory schemes depressed cotton seed oil sales and exports, once again creating an oversupply of cotton seed oil, which decreased its value.

It was cotton seed's depressed value that led a newly formed Procter & Gamble to utilize its oil. 
The Panic of 1837 caused the two brothers-in-law to merge their candlestick and soap manufacturing businesses in an effort to minimize costs and weather the bear market. 
Looking for a replacement for expensive animal fats in production, the brothers finally settled on cotton seed oil. 

Procter & Gamble cornered the cotton seed oil market to circumvent the meat packer's monopoly on the price. 
But as electricity emerged, the demand for candles decreased. 
Procter and Gamble then found an edible use for cotton seed oil. 
Through patented technology, the brothers were able to hydrogenate cotton seed oil and develop a substance that closely resembled lard. 

In 1911, Procter & Gamble launched an aggressive marketing campaign to publicize its new product, Crisco, a vegetable shortening that could be used in place of lard. 
Crisco placed ads in major newspapers advertising that the product was "easier on digestion...a healthier alternative to cooking with animal fats. . . and more economical than butter.” 
The company also gave away free cookbooks, with every recipe calling for Crisco. 

By the 1920s the company developed cookbooks for specific ethnicities in their native tongues. 
Additionally, Crisco started airing radio cooking programs. 
Similarly, in 1899 David Wesson, a food chemist, developed deodorized cottonseed oil, Wesson cooking oil. 
Wesson Oil also was marketed heavily and became quite popular too.

Over the next 30 years Cotton Seed Oil became the pre-eminent oil in the United States. 
Crisco and Wesson oil became direct substitutes for lard and other more expensive oils in baking, frying, sautéing, and salad dressings. 
But by World War Two Cotton Seed Oil shortages forced the utilization of another direct substitute, soybean oil. 
By 1944, soybean oil production outranked cotton seed oil production due to cotton seed shortages and soybean oil costs falling below that of cotton seed oil. 

By 1950, soybean oil replaced cotton seed oil in the use of shortenings like Crisco due to soybeans comparatively low price. 
Prices for cotton seed were also increased by the replacement of cotton acreage by corn and soybeans, a trend fueled in large part by the boom in demand for corn syrup and ethanol. 
Cotton seed oil and production continued to decline throughout the mid and late 20th century.

In the mid to late 2000s, the consumer trend of avoiding trans fats, and mandatory labeling of trans fats in some jurisdictions, sparked an increase in the consumption of cotton seed oil, with some health experts: 220 and public health agencies recommending it as a healthy oil. 
Crisco and other producers have been able to reformulate cotton seed oil so it contains little to no trans fats. 
Still, some health experts claim that cotton seed oil's high ratio of polyunsaturated fats to monounsaturated fats and processed nature make Cotton Seed Oil unhealthy.

REGULATION of COTTON SEED OIL:
Cotton seed oil in Canada must be pressed from the seed of the Gossypium plant. 
As a single source vegetable oil, 100% cottonseed oil must appear as “cotton seed oil” on the labels of any products sold.
Cotton seed oil sold as an edible product must be processed and refined to eliminate specific components that could present as a food safety hazard.

EXTRACTION of COTTON SEED OIL:
Cotton seed oil, like other vegetable oils, is extracted from the seed of the plant, through either mechanical processes such as crushing or pressing, or by chemical processes such as solvent extraction. 
Cotton seed oil however, is most commonly extracted commercially via solvent extraction.

REFINING OF COTTON SEED OIL:
Plant oils are esters, usually triglyceride esters, of fatty acids. 
Once the crude oil is extracted, Cotton Seed Oil must be processed and refined before it can be used for consumption, in order to remove impurities, including free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids, pigments and volatile compounds.

DEGUMMING of COTTON SEED OIL:
Degumming is the first step in the refining process to remove phospholipids, gums, waxes and other impurities from the crude oil. 
Cotton Seed Oil is treated with water or dilute acids such as phosphoric acid, which exploits the fact that the phospholipids are attracted to water because of their amphipathic nature, and turns the lipids into hydrated gums. 

These gums are insoluble in Cotton Seed Oil and are then separated from Cotton Seed Oil using centrifuges. 
The separated gums are then dried and manufactured into emulsifying agents such as lecithin.

NEUTRALIZATION of COTTON SEED OIL:
The second step in the refining process is the separation of the free fatty acids (FFA) from the oil through alkaline neutralization. 
Depending on the type of oil being processed, there can be either two or three stages during neutralization, where three stages are done to produce a higher quality oil. 

Cotton seed oil goes through all three stages of neutralization.
The first stage of neutralization occurs when caustic soda sodium hydroxide is added to Cotton Seed Oil after being pumped through a strainer and heated to 133 °C (271 °F). 

Both neutralisation and some Saponification occur when the crude oil and the aqueous caustic soda mixture is blended. 
Generally, not all FFA get neutralized in this process.
During neutralization, free fatty acids (FFA) react with sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) to form the sodium salt of the fatty acid ("soap"). 

The aqueous lipid emulsion containing triglycerol, acylglycerols together with the fatty acid salt and other components form the so-called soapstock. 
The soapstock will be separated from the oil.
Some of the triglycerides esters (the desired oils) might got cleaved during the first neutralisation step. 

Thus, the second stage of neutralization is the repetition of stage one with the addition of more caustic soda to the mixture. 
In addition to the sodium salt of the fatty acid, the ester connecting alcohol, triglycerol will be released (ester saponification, Saponification). 
Soapstock is removed.
The final stage is a second wash with water to minimize the level of residual soap in the mixture.

BLEACHING of COTTON SEED OIL:
The third stage in the refining process is the removal of any residual soap, gums or pigments through bleaching. 
The most common bleaching agent employed is bleaching earth, a type of bentonite clay. 

Once the clay is added, the mixture is agitated, which allows the clay to bind the contaminants in Cotton Seed Oil, either physically (e.g. Van der Waal forces) or chemically (chemisorption). 
The mixture is then filtered to remove the clay with the bound contaminants.

DEODORIZATION of COTTON SEED OIL:
The fourth stage in the refining process is deodorization to remove any volatile substances. 
The molecules are distilled using high pressure steam injected through a vacuum system.

WINTERIZATION of COTTON SEED OIL:
The fifth stage in the refining process is winterization to remove the saturated triacylglycerols to prevent Cotton Seed Oil product from solidifying at low temperatures. 
The processed oil is stored at a cool environment where the temperature is kept below 5 °C (41 °F).

Through winterization, Cotton Seed Oil will separate into liquid and solid fractions. 
The solid fraction will be crystallized due to the presence of saturated triacylglycerols. 
The two fractions are then separated by filtration.

COTTON SEED - KAPASIA OIL INDIA
Oil of Cotton seed or kapasia oil is ruling the kitchen of India. 
Whether it is a snack or fried food, Refined cotton seed oil becomes the first choice for frying because food doesn’t develop an odor if it is cooked using cottonseed oil. 

According to general stats around 11 lakh tonnes of oil cotton seed produced in India annually and Gujarat consume almost half of the production alone.
Refined cotton seed oil and Sunflower Oil are also used for fast food cooking because Cotton Seed Oil lifts the taste and flavor of the food instead of masking it.

This cottonseed oil india does not only help you in making food tasty but also takes care of your skin because the oil contains a high concentration of vitamin E, fatty acid, and antioxidation, which is essential for human skin to keep it healthy and fresh. 
According to the American Heart Association, unsaturated vegetable oils like cottonseed oil are “heart-healthy” when used in moderation.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of COTTON SEED OIL:
Physical state: liquid, clear
Color: light yellow
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Flash point: > 113,00 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity 
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available

Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 0,92 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available

FIRST AID MEASURES of COTTON SEED OIL: 
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.

*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.

*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.

*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.

-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of COTTON SEED OIL:
-Environmental precautions:
No special environmental precautions required.

-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of COTTON SEED OIL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of COTTON SEED OIL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:

-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves. 
Wash and dry hands.

-Control of environmental exposure:
No special environmental precautions required.

HANDLING and STORAGE of COTTON SEED OIL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Normal measures for preventive fire protection.

*Hygiene measures:
General industrial hygiene practice.

-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Store in cool place. 
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 12: Non Combustible Liquids

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of COTTON SEED OIL:
-Reactivity:
No data available

-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.

-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

SYNONYMS:
Cotton oil
cottonseed acidulated soapstock
Deodorized cottonseed oil
Gossypium
oil, Oleum gossypii
cottonseed oil