D-LIMONENE

CAS No.: 5989-27-5
EC No.: 227-813-5

Synonyms:
D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; (+)-Limonene; 5989-27-5; (R)-(+)-Limonene; (+)-(4R)-Limonene; (+)-carvene; (4R)-Limonene; D-(+)-Limonene; (D)-Limonene; (R)-Limonene; (R)-p-Mentha-1,8-diene; Citrene; (+)-p-Mentha-1,8-diene; (R)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-1-cyclohexene; D-Limonen; Carvene; Glidesafe; Glidsafe; Kautschiin; Refchole; (+)-R-Limonene; Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (4R)-; d-p-Mentha-1,8-diene; Limonene, D-; (+)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene; (+)-Dipentene; (4R)-4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; (R)-(+)-p-Mentha-1,8-diene; Biogenic SE 374; (+)-alpha-Limonene; d-Limonene (natural); d-Limoneno [Spanish]; Limonene, (+)-; (R)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene; (+)-(R)-Limonene; Hemo-sol; (4R)-(+)-Limonene; UNII-GFD7C86Q1W; MFCD00062991; CCRIS 671; r-(+)-limonene; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; FEMA No. 2633; EC 7; (R)-1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene; HSDB 4186; D-1,8-p-Menthadiene; NCI-C55572; EINECS 227-813-5; p-Mentha-1,8-diene, (R)-(+)-; GFD7C86Q1W; 4betaH-p-mentha-1,8-diene; (+)-1,8-para-Menthadiene; AI3-15191; CHEBI:15382; 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene, (R)-; (+) Limonene; (4R)-1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene; Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (R)-; (4R)-1-methyl-4-isopropenylcyclohex-1-ene; (R)-(+)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene; (4R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene; (+)-Limonene, stabilized with 0.03% tocopherol; Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (theta)-; (+)-Limonene, 96%, unstabilized; d-Limoneno; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; D-limonene [JAN]; (4R)-4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene; Citrus stripper oil; Terpenes and Terpenoids, limonene fraction; Sulfate turpentine, distilled; Dextro-limonene; D-Limonene; citre ne; 65996-98-7; EINECS 266-034-5; limonene, (R)-isomer; D-Limonene Reagent Grade; DSSTox_CID_778; (4R)-1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; (4R)-limonene derivatives; EC 227-813-5; DSSTox_RID_75785; DSSTox_GSID_20778; CHEMBL449062; PARA-MENTHA-1,8-DIENE; DTXSID1020778; (R)-(+)-Limonene, 95%; (R)-(+)-Limonene, 97%; ZINC967513; CS-M3273; KS-000001WP; (R)-(+)-Limonene, >=93%; Tox21_200400; 6458AE; SBB055254; AKOS015899935; CCG-266134; DB08921; LMPR0102090013; LS-1427; NE11118; (R)-(+)-Limonene, analytical standard; NCGC00248591-01; NCGC00257954-01; SC-65387; CAS-5989-27-5; L0047; L0105; C06099; (4R)-1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexene; (4R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohex-1-ene; J-502148; W-105295; Q27888324; (R)-(+)-Limonene, primary pharmaceutical reference standard; UNII-9MC3I34447 component XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; (R)-(+)-Limonene, purum, >=96.0% (sum of enantiomers, GC); (R)-(+)-Limonene, technical, ~90% (sum of enantiomers, GC); LEMOSOL; POLY/CLEAR SOLVENT; (+)-(4R)-Limonene; (+)-1,8-p-menthadiene,(R)-(+)-limonene; (+)-4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene; (+)-limonen; (4R)-(+)-limonene; (gamma)-Carvene; (R)-(+)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene; (r)-(+)-p-mentha-8-diene; (R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene; (r)-cyclohexen; (theta)-cyclohexen; 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-,(R)-Cyclohexene; 4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexen; 4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; citrene; Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (R)-; cyclohexene,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-,(R)-; Dextro-limonene; carvene; D-citrene; (+)-limonene; (+)-(4R)-limonene; (+)-alpha-limonene; (+)-R-limonene; (4R)-(+)-limonene; (R)-(+)-limonene; citrus D-limonene; D-limonene; D'limonene; D’limonene; D'limonene (high purity, low odor); D-limonene citreatt; limonene D pure; limonene dextro redistilled; D-limonene high purity low odor; D-limonene natural; D’limonene natural; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; dextro-limonene natural; D-limonene P&F; limonene R+ SP natural; limonene R+ ST; D-limonene Rectified; dextro-limonene redistilled; (+)-p-mentha-1,8-diene; (+)-para-mentha-1,8-diene; (R)-(+)-para-mentha-1,8-diene; D-para-mentha-1,8-diene; dextro-para-mentha-1,8-diene; (+)-1,8-para-menthadiene; 1,8 9-p-menthadiene; 1,8 9-para-menthadiene; (R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl ethenyl) cyclohexene; (R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl vinyl) cyclohexene; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen; (R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene; (R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexene; (R)-1-methyl-4-isopropenyl-1-cyclohexene; (4R)-1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene; (+)-4-iso propenyl-1-methyl cyclohexene; 4-iso propenyl-1-methyl cyclohexene; (+)-4-iso propenyl-1-methylcyclohexene; 4-iso propenyl-1-methylcyclohexene; D-LIMONENE; D-Limonene; D-LİMONEN; D-Limonen

D-LIMONENE

Abstract
D-limonene is one of the most common terpenes in nature. It is a major constituent in several citrus oils (orange, lemon, mandarin, lime, and grapefruit). D-limonene is listed in the Code of Federal Regulations as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for a flavoring agent and can be found in common food items such as fruit juices, soft drinks, baked goods, ice cream, and pudding. D-limonene is considered to have fairly low toxicity. It has been tested for carcinogenicity in mice and rats. Although initial results showed d-limonene increased the incidence of renal tubular tumors in male rats, female rats and mice in both genders showed no evidence of any tumor. Subsequent studies have determined how these tumors occur and established that d-limonene does not pose a mutagenic, carcinogenic, or nephrotoxic risk to humans. In humans, d-limonene has demonstrated low toxicity after single and repeated dosing for up to one year. Being a solvent of cholesterol, d-limonene has been used clinically to dissolve cholesterol-containing gallstones. Because of its gastric acid neutralizing effect and its support of normal peristalsis, it has also been used for relief of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). D-limonene has well-established chemopreventive activity against many types of cancer. Evidence from a phase I clinical trial demonstrated a partial response in a patient with breast cancer and stable disease for more than six months in three patients with colorectal cancer.

D-Limonene
Jump to navigationJump to search
Not to be confused with Lemonene.
D-Limonene
Skeletal structure of the (R)-isomer
Ball-and-stick model of the (R)-isomer
D-Limonene extracted from orange peels.
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene
Other names
1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene
4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene
p-Menth-1,8-diene
Racemic: dl-D-Limonene; Dipentene
Identifiers
CAS Number    
138-86-3 (R/S) ☒
5989-27-5 (R) ☒
5989-54-8 (S) ☒
3D model (JSmol)    
Interactive image
ChEBI    
CHEBI:15384 check
ChEMBL    
ChEMBL449062 (R) ☒
ChemSpider    
20939 (R/S) check
388386 (S) check
389747 (R) check
ECHA InfoCard    100.028.848 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG    
D00194 check
PubChem CID    
22311 (R/S)
439250 (S)
UNII    
9MC3I34447 (R/S) ☒
GFD7C86Q1W (R) ☒
47MAJ1Y2NE (S) ☒
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)    
DTXSID2029612 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula    C10H16
Molar mass    136.238 g·mol−1
Appearance    colorless to pale-yellow liquid
Odor    Orange
Density    0.8411 g/cm3
Melting point    −74.35 °C (−101.83 °F; 198.80 K)
Boiling point    176 °C (349 °F; 449 K)
Solubility in water    Insoluble
Solubility    Miscible with benzene, chloroform, ether, CS2, and oils
soluble in CCl4
Chiral rotation ([α]D)    87–102°
Refractive index (nD)    1.4727
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298)    −6.128 MJ mol−1
Hazards
Main hazards    Skin sensitizer / Contact dermatitis – After aspiration, pulmonary oedema, pneumonitis, and death[1]
GHS pictograms    GHS02: FlammableGHS07: HarmfulGHS08: Health hazardGHS09: Environmental hazard
GHS Signal word    Danger
GHS hazard statements    H226, H304, H315, H317, H400, H410
GHS precautionary statements    P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P301+330+331, P302+352, P303+361+353, P304+340, P312, P333+313, P362, P370+378, P391, P403+233, P235, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)    
NFPA 704 four-colored diamond
220
Flash point    50 °C (122 °F; 323 K)
Autoignition
temperature    237 °C (459 °F; 510 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒ verify (what is check☒ ?)
Infobox references
D-Limonene is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the oil of citrus fruit peels.[1] The d-isomer, occurring more commonly in nature as the fragrance of oranges, is a flavoring agent in food manufacturing.[1][2] It is also used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewables-based solvent in cleaning products.[1] The less common l-isomer is found in mint oils and has a piny, turpentine-like odor.[1] The compound is one of the main volatile monoterpenes found in the resin of conifers, particularly in the Pinaceae, and of orange oil.

D-Limonene takes its name from French limon ("lemon").[3] D-Limonene is a chiral molecule, and biological sources produce one enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains d-D-Limonene ((+)-D-Limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer.[1] Racemic D-Limonene is known as dipentene.[4] d-D-Limonene is obtained commercially from citrus fruits through two primary methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.

Contents
1    Chemical reactions
1.1    Biosynthesis
2    In plants
3    Safety and research
4    Uses
5    See also
6    References
7    External links
Chemical reactions
D-Limonene is a relatively stable monoterpene and can be distilled without decomposition, although at elevated temperatures it cracks to form isoprene.[5] It oxidizes easily in moist air to produce carveol, carvone, and D-Limonene oxide.[1][6] With sulfur, it undergoes dehydrogenation to p-cymene.[7]

D-Limonene occurs commonly as the d- or (R)-enantiomer, but racemizes to dipentene at 300 °C. When warmed with mineral acid, D-Limonene isomerizes to the conjugated diene α-terpinene (which can also easily be converted to p-cymene). Evidence for this isomerization includes the formation of Diels–Alder adducts between α-terpinene adducts and maleic anhydride.

It is possible to effect reaction at one of the double bonds selectively. Anhydrous hydrogen chloride reacts preferentially at the disubstituted alkene, whereas epoxidation with mCPBA occurs at the trisubstituted alkene.

In another synthetic method Markovnikov addition of trifluoroacetic acid followed by hydrolysis of the acetate gives terpineol.

Biosynthesis
In nature, D-Limonene is formed from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclization of a neryl carbocation or its equivalent as shown.[8] The final step involves loss of a proton from the cation to form the alkene.

center[Biosynthesis of D-Limonene from geranyl pyrophosphate

The most widely practiced conversion of D-Limonene is to carvone. The three-step reaction begins with the regioselective addition of nitrosyl chloride across the trisubstituted double bond. This species is then converted to the oxime with a base, and the hydroxylamine is removed to give the ketone-containing carvone.[2]

In plants
d-D-Limonene is a major component of the aromatic scents and resins characteristic of numerous coniferous and broadleaved trees: red and silver maple (Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum), cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia), aspens (Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides) sumac (Rhus glabra), spruce (Picea spp.), various pines (e.g., Pinus echinata, Pinus ponderosa), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), larches (Larix spp.), true firs (Abies spp.), hemlocks (Tsuga spp.), cannabis (Cannabis sativa spp.),[9] cedars (Cedrus spp.), various Cupressaceae, and juniper bush (Juniperus spp.).[1] It contributes to the characteristic odor of orange peel, orange juice and other citrus fruits.[1][10] To optimize recovery of valued components from citrus peel waste, d-D-Limonene is typically removed.[11]

Safety and research
d-D-Limonene applied to skin may cause irritation from contact dermatitis, but otherwise appears to be safe for human uses.[12][13] D-Limonene is flammable as a liquid or vapor and it is toxic to aquatic life.[1]

Uses
D-Limonene is common as a dietary supplement and as a fragrance ingredient for cosmetics products.[1] As the main fragrance of citrus peels, d-D-Limonene is used in food manufacturing and some medicines, such as a flavoring to mask the bitter taste of alkaloids, and as a fragrance in perfumery, aftershave lotions, bath products, and other personal care products.[1] d-D-Limonene is also used as a botanical insecticide.[1][14] d-D-Limonene is used in the organic herbicide "Avenger".[15] It is added to cleaning products, such as hand cleansers to give a lemon or orange fragrance (see orange oil) and for its ability to dissolve oils.[1] In contrast, l-D-Limonene has a piny, turpentine-like odor.

D-Limonene is used as a solvent for cleaning purposes, such as adhesive remover, or the removal of oil from machine parts, as it is produced from a renewable source (citrus essential oil, as a byproduct of orange juice manufacture).[11] It is used as a paint stripper and is also useful as a fragrant alternative to turpentine. D-Limonene is also used as a solvent in some model airplane glues and as a constituent in some paints. Commercial air fresheners, with air propellants, containing D-Limonene are used by philatelists to remove self-adhesive postage stamps from envelope paper.[16]

D-Limonene is also used as a solvent for fused filament fabrication based 3D printing.[17] Printers can print the plastic of choice for the model, but erect supports and binders from HIPS, a polystyrene plastic that is easily soluble in D-Limonene. As it is combustible, D-Limonene has also been considered as a biofuel.[18]

In preparing tissues for histology or histopathology, d-D-Limonene is often used as a less toxic substitute for xylene when clearing dehydrated specimens. Clearing agents are liquids miscible with alcohols (such as ethanol or isopropanol) and with melted paraffin wax, in which specimens are embedded to facilitate cutting of thin sections for microscopy.[19][20][21]

What Is D-Limonene? Everything You Need to Know
What it is
Uses
Benefits
Safety & side effects
Dosage
Bottom line
We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

D-Limonene is the oil extracted from the peels of oranges and other citrus fruits (1).

People have been extracting essential oils like D-Limonene from citrus fruits for centuries. Today, D-Limonene is often used as a natural treatment for a variety of health issues and is a popular ingredient in household items.

However, not all of D-Limonene’s benefits and uses are supported by science.

This article examines D-Limonene’s uses, potential benefits, side effects, and dosage.

What is D-Limonene?
D-Limonene is a chemical found in the rind of citrus fruits, such as lemons, limes, and oranges. It is especially concentrated in orange peels, comprising around 97% of this rind’s essential oils (2Trusted Source).

It’s often referred to as d-D-Limonene, which is its main chemical form.

D-Limonene belongs to a group of compounds known as terpenes, whose strong aromas protect plants by deterring predators (3Trusted Source).

D-Limonene is one of the most common terpenes found in nature and may offer several health benefits. It has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, and possibly disease-preventing properties.

SUMMARY
D-Limonene is an essential oil found in citrus fruit peels. It belongs to a class of compounds called terpenes.

ADVERTISEMENT
Weight management options have evolved
Take our quiz to learn more about techniques and tips that will help you achieve your goals.

Common uses of D-Limonene
D-Limonene is a popular additive in foods, cosmetics, cleaning products, and natural insect repellants. For example, it’s used in foods like sodas, desserts, and candies to provide a lemony flavor.

D-Limonene is extracted through hydrodistillation, a process in which fruit peels are soaked in water and heated until the volatile molecules are released via steam, condensed, and separated (4).

Due to its strong aroma, D-Limonene is utilized as a botanical insecticide. It’s an active ingredient in multiple pesticide products, such as eco-friendly insect repellents (5).

Other household products containing this compound include soaps, shampoos, lotions, perfumes, laundry detergents, and air fresheners.

Additionally, D-Limonene is available in concentrated supplements in capsule and liquid form. These are often marketed for their supposed health benefits.

This citrus compound is also used as an aromatic oil for its calming and therapeutic properties.

SUMMARY
D-Limonene is used in a range of products, including food, cosmetics, and eco-friendly pesticides. It can also be found in supplement form, as it may boost health and fight certain diseases.

Linked to several health benefits
D-Limonene has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and heart-disease-fighting properties.

However, most research has been conducted in test tubes or on animals, making it difficult to fully understand the role of D-Limonene in human health and disease prevention.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits
D-Limonene has been shown to reduce inflammation in some studies (6Trusted Source, 7Trusted Source).

While short-term inflammation is your body’s natural response to stress and is beneficial, chronic inflammation can harm your body and is a major cause of illness. It’s important to prevent or reduce this type of inflammation as much as possible (8Trusted Source).

D-Limonene has been shown to reduce inflammatory markers that relate to osteoarthritis, a condition characterized by chronic inflammation.

A test-tube study in human cartilage cells noted that D-Limonene reduced nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule that plays a key role in inflammatory pathways (9Trusted Source).

In a study in rats with ulcerative colitis — another disease characterized by inflammation — treatment with D-Limonene significantly decreased inflammation and colon damage, as well as common inflammatory markers (10Trusted Source).

D-Limonene has demonstrated antioxidant effects as well. Antioxidants help reduce cell damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals.

Free radical accumulation can lead to oxidative stress, which may trigger inflammation and disease (11Trusted Source).

One test-tube study revealed that D-Limonene may inhibit free radicals in leukemia cells, suggesting a decrease in inflammation and cellular damage that would normally contribute to disease (12Trusted Source).

Although promising, these effects need to be confirmed by human studies.

May have anticancer effects
D-Limonene may have anticancer effects.

In a population study, those who consumed citrus fruit peel, the major source of dietary D-Limonene, had a reduced risk of developing skin cancer compared to those who only consumed citrus fruits or their juices (13Trusted Source).

Another study in 43 women recently diagnosed with breast cancer experienced a significant 22% reduction in breast tumor cell expression after taking 2 grams of D-Limonene daily for 2–6 weeks (14Trusted Source).

Additionally, research in rodents found that supplementing with D-Limonene inhibited the growth of skin tumors by preventing inflammation and oxidative stress (15Trusted Source).

Other rodent studies indicate that D-Limonene may fight other types of cancer, including breast cancer (16Trusted Source).

What’s more, when given to rats alongside the anticancer drug doxorubicin, D-Limonene helped prevent several common side effects of the medication, including oxidative damage, inflammation, and kidney damage (17Trusted Source).

Although these results are promising, more human studies are needed.

May boost heart health
Heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for nearly one in four deaths (18Trusted Source).

D-Limonene may lower your risk of heart disease by reducing certain risk factors, such as elevated cholesterol, blood sugar, and triglyceride levels.

In one study, mice given 0.27 grams of D-Limonene per pound of body weight (0.6 grams/kg) showed reduced triglycerides, LDL (bad) cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, and fat accumulation in the liver, compared to a control group (19Trusted Source).

In another study, stroke-prone rats given 0.04 grams of D-Limonene per pound of body weight (20 mg/kg) exhibited significant reductions in blood pressure compared to rats of similar health status that did not receive the supplement (20Trusted Source).

Keep in mind that human studies are needed before strong conclusions can be drawn.

Other benefits
Aside from the benefits listed above, D-Limonene may:

Reduce appetite. The scent of D-Limonene has been shown to significantly reduce appetite in blowflies. However, this effect has not been studied in humans (21Trusted Source).
Decrease stress and anxiety. Rodent studies suggest that D-Limonene could be used in aromatherapy as an anti-stress and anti-anxiety agent (22Trusted Source).
Support healthy digestion. D-Limonene may protect against stomach ulcers. In a study in rats, citrus aurantium oil, which is 97% D-Limonene, protected nearly all of the rodents against ulcers caused by medication use (23Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
D-Limonene may offer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-heart-disease benefits, among others. However, more research in humans is needed.

Safety and side effects
D-Limonene is considered safe for humans with little risk of side effects. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognizes D-Limonene as a safe food additive and flavoring (5).

However, when applied directly to the skin, D-Limonene may cause irritation in some people, so caution should be used when handling its essential oil (24Trusted Source, 25).

D-Limonene is sometimes taken as a concentrated supplement. Because of the way your body breaks it down, it’s likely safe consumed in this form. That said, human research on these supplements is lacking (26Trusted Source).

Notably, high-dose supplements may cause side effects in some people. What’s more, insufficient evidence exists to determine whether D-Limonene supplements are acceptable for pregnant or breastfeeding women.

It’s best to consult your healthcare practitioner before taking D-Limonene supplements, especially if you’re taking medications, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or have a medical condition.

SUMMARY
Aside from possible skin irritation associated with direct application, D-Limonene is likely safe for most people to use and consume in moderation.

Potentially effective dosages
Because few D-Limonene studies exist in humans, it’s difficult to provide a dosage recommendation.

Nonetheless, dosages of up to 2 grams daily have been safely used in studies (9Trusted Source, 14Trusted Source).

Capsule supplements that can be purchased online contain dosages of 250–1,000 mg. D-Limonene is also available in liquid form with typical dosages of 0.05 ml per serving.

However, supplements aren’t always necessary. You can easily obtain this compound by eating citrus fruits and peels.

For example, fresh orange, lime, or lemon zest can be used to add D-Limonene to baked goods, drinks, and other items. What’s more, pulpy citrus juices, such as lemon or orange juice, boast D-Limonene, too (27Trusted Source).

SUMMARY
While dosage recommendations don’t exist for D-Limonene, 2 grams daily has been safely used in studies. In addition to supplements, you can obtain D-Limonene from citrus fruits and zest.

Other names of D-limonene:

D-Limonene
Orange peel oil
Citrus peel oil
Citrine
p-mentha-1,8-diene (scientific name)
What is D-limonene? What are the health effects of D-limonene?
Terpene compounds, which are obtained from the peel of citrus fruits, mostly in lemon peel, and give these plants their scent, are called d-limonene. Intense citrus consumption is thought to be one of the reasons for less cancer and cardiovascular diseases in people eating a Mediterranean diet.

Cancer of D-limonene with it has not been prevented or treated.

Anti-inflammatory, wound-healing and tumor-shrinking therapy in laboratory studies. Again, in laboratory studies, it has been shown that D-limonene affects the growth signal pathways in cancer cells and can lead to apoptosis. In animal studies, D-limonene slowed the growth of pancreatic, stomach, colon, skin and lung cancers. It also slowed the formation and progress of animals exposed to cancer-causing substances. However, this has not been seen in anti-cancer patients.

For which medicinal medicine is D-limonene tried?
To prevent and treat cancer
In laboratory studies, a combination of d-limonene and the chemotherapy drug called docetaxel increases the effectiveness against prostate cancer cells. A community study (epidemiological) study reported an inverse association between citrus consumption and squamous cell cancer of the skin. However, these results could not be supported by clinical studies. More research is needed to find that D-limonene is not the prevention or treatment of cancer.

To treat heartburn and reflux
Although it has been tried intensively to concentrate, the limits to support this use, even the d-limonene cause stomach complaints. More are needed in this area.

Side effects of D-limonene
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Allergic skin rash
Trigger asthma
Source

1. Vigushin DM, et al.
Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of d-limonene in advanced cancer patients.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1998.

2. Judge IA, Harris RB, Ritenbaugh C.
Citrus peel use is associated with a reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Nutr Cancer. 2000

3. Topham EJ, Wakelin SH.
D-Limonene contact dermatitis from hand cleaners.
Contact dermatitis. 2003

4. Rabi T, Bishayee A.
d-Limonene sensitizes docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity in human prostate cancer cells: Generation of reactive oxygen species and induction of apoptosis.
 D-LEMONEN (D-LEMONEN)
 
Lemon Peel; Scientific studies investigating the Mediterranean cuisine, which is widely used in cold beverages, have coincidentally found the reason why cancer and chronic diseases are rare.

Liquid D-Limonene; Its homeland is India and the Far East, and it is a herbal medicine containing a special scented oil. Antioxidant substances are available in high amounts.

D-Limonene Liquid active ingredient is found in the peel of other citrus fruits. In addition to cancer, it is beneficial in high blood pressure, lowering of bad cholesterol, increasing good cholesterol, and cardiovascular occlusion.