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DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE


EC / List no.: 200-679-5
CAS no.: 68-12-2
Mol. formula: C3H7NO

Dimethylformamide is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NC(O)H. 
Commonly abbreviated as Dimethylformamide (although this initialism is sometimes used for dimethylfuran, or dimethyl fumarate), this colourless liquid is miscible with water and the majority of organic liquids. 
Dimethylformamide is a common solvent for chemical reactions. 
Dimethylformamide is odorless, but technical-grade or degraded samples often have a fishy smell due to impurity of dimethylamine. 
Dimethylamine degradation impurities can be removed by sparging degraded samples with an inert gas such as argon or by sonicating the samples under reduced pressure. 
As its name indicates, Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a derivative of formamide, the amide of formic acid. 
Dimethylformamide is a polar (hydrophilic) aprotic solvent with a high boiling point. 
Dimethylformamide facilitates reactions that follow polar mechanisms, such as SN2 reactions.


Structure and properties
As for most amides, the spectroscopic evidence indicates partial double bond character for the C-N and C-O bonds. 
Thus, the infrared spectrum shows a C=O stretching frequency at only 1675 cm−1, whereas a ketone would absorb near 1700 cm−1.
The ambient temperature 1H NMR spectrum shows two methyl signals, indicative of hindered rotation about the (O)C-N bond.
At temperatures near 100 °C, the 500 MHz NMR spectrum of this compound shows only one signal for the methyl groups.

Dimethylformamide is miscible with water.
The vapour pressure at 20 °C is 3.5 hPa.
A Henry's law constant of 7.47 × 10−5 hPa m3 mol−1 can be deduced from an experimentally determined equilibrium constant at 25 °C.
The partition coefficient log POW is measured to −0.85.
Since the density of Dimethylformamide (0.95 g cm−3 at 20 °C) is similar to that of water, significant flotation or stratification in surface waters in case of accidental losses is not expected

Reactions
Dimethylformamide is hydrolyzed by strong acids and bases, especially at elevated temperatures. With sodium hydroxide, Dimethylformamide converts to formate and dimethylamine. 
Dimethylformamide undergoes decarbonylation near its boiling point to give dimethylamine. 
Distillation is therefore conducted under reduced pressure at lower temperatures.

In one of its main uses in organic synthesis, Dimethylformamide was a reagent in the Vilsmeier–Haack reaction, which is used to formylate aromatic compounds.
The process involves initial conversion of Dimethylformamide to a chloroiminium ion, [(CH3)2N=CH(Cl)]+, known as a Vilsmeier reagent, which attacks arenes.

Organolithium compounds and Grignard reagents react with Dimethylformamide to give aldehydes after hydrolysis in a reaction named after Bouveault.

Dimethylformamide forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids such as the soft acid I2, and the hard acid phenol. 
Dimethylformamide is classified as a hard Lewis base and its ECW model base parameters are EB= 2.19 and CB= 1.31.
Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots.

Production
Dimethylformamide was first prepared in 1893 by the French chemist Albert Verley (8 January 1867 – 27 November 1959), by distilling a mixture of dimethylamine hydrochloride and potassium formate.[20]

Dimethylformamide is prepared by combining methyl formate and dimethylamine or by reaction of dimethylamine with carbon monoxide.

Although currently impractical, Dimethylformamide can be prepared from supercritical carbon dioxide using ruthenium-based catalysts.

Applications
The primary use of Dimethylformamide is as a solvent with low evaporation rate. Dimethylformamide is used in the production of acrylic fibers and plastics. 
Dimethylformamide is also used as a solvent in peptide coupling for pharmaceuticals, in the development and production of pesticides, and in the manufacture of adhesives, synthetic leathers, fibers, films, and surface coatings.

Dimethylformamide is used as a reagent in the Bouveault aldehyde synthesis and in the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, another useful method of forming aldehydes.
Dimethylformamide is a common solvent in the Heck reaction.
Dimethylformamide is also a common catalyst used in the synthesis of acyl halides, in particular the synthesis of acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids using oxalyl or thionyl chloride. The catalytic mechanism entails reversible formation of an imidoyl chloride:
Me2NC(O)H + (COCl)2 → CO + CO2 + [Me2N=CHCl]Cl
The iminium intermediate reacts with the carboxylic acid, abstracting an oxide, and regenerating the Dimethylformamide catalyst.


Dimethylformamide penetrates most plastics and makes them swell. Because of this property Dimethylformamide is suitable for solid phase peptide synthesis and as a component of paint strippers.
Dimethylformamide is used as a solvent to recover olefins such as 1,3-butadiene via extractive distillation.
Dimethylformamide is also used in the manufacturing of solvent dyes as an important raw material. 
Dimethylformamide is consumed during reaction.
Pure acetylene gas cannot be compressed and stored without the danger of explosion. 
Industrial acetylene is safely compressed in the presence of dimethylformamide, which forms a safe, concentrated solution. 
The casing is also filled with agamassan, which renders Dimethylformamide (DMF) safe to transport and use.

Proper uses
As a cheap and common reagent, Dimethylformamide has many uses in a research laboratory.
Dimethylformamide is effective at separating and suspending carbon nanotubes, and is recommended by the NIST for use in near infrared spectroscopy of such.
Dimethylformamide can be utilized as a standard in proton NMR spectroscopy allowing for a quantitative determination of an unknown compound.
In the synthesis of organometallic compounds, Dimethylformamide (DMF) is used as a source of carbon monoxide ligands.
Dimethylformamide is a common solvent used in electrospinning.
Dimethylformamide is commonly used in the solvothermal synthesis of Metal–Organic Frameworks.
Dimethylformamide-d7 in the presence of a catalytic amount of KOt-Bu under microwave heating is a reagent for deuteration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

Safety
Reactions including the use of sodium hydride in Dimethylformamide as a solvent are somewhat hazardous; exothermic decompositions have been reported at temperatures as low as 26 °C. 
On a laboratory scale any thermal runaway is (usually) quickly noticed and brought under control with an ice bath and this remains a popular combination of reagents. 
On a pilot plant scale, on the other hand, several accidents have been reported.

On the 20 of June 2018, the Danish Environmental Protective Agency published an article about the Dimethylformamide's use in squishies. 
The density of the compound in the toy resulted in all squishes being removed from the Danish market.
All squishies were recommended to be thrown out as household waste.

Dimethylformamide  appears as a water-white liquid with a faint fishy odor. 
Flash point 136°F. 
Slightly less dense than water. 
Vapors heavier than air. 
 

Dimethylformamide is a member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. 
Dimethylformamide has a role as a polar aprotic solvent and a hepatotoxic agent. 
Dimethylformamide is a volatile organic compound and a member of formamides. 
Dimethylformamide derives from a formamide.


Dimethylformamide is used as an industrial solvent and in the production of fibers, films, and surface coatings. 

Stability/Shelf Life
Dimethylformamide is stable. 
Dimethylformamide is hygroscopic and easily absorbs water form a humid atmosphere and should therefore be kept under dry nitrogen. 
High purity Dimethylformamide, required for acrylic fibers, is best stored in aluminum tanks. 
Dimethylformamide dose not change under light or oxygen and does not polymerize spontaneously. 
Temperatures >350 °C may cause decomposition to form dimethylamine and carbon dioxide, with pressure developing in closed containers.

Uses
Dimethylformamide is primarily used as an industrial solvent. 
Dimethylformamide solutions are used to process polymer fibers, films, and surface coatings; 
to permDimethylformamide (DMF) easy spinning of acrylic fibers; 
to produce wire enamels, and as a crystallization medium in the pharmaceutical industry.


The most important use of DMF as a solvent for polymers is in the preparation of polyacrylonitrile solutions for the manufacture of fibrous polyacrylonitrile.
In addition DMF is used as a solvent in the preparation of high quality surfaces based on polyurethanes, which are otherwise difficult to solubilize, and Dimethylformamide (DMF) is employed as a solvent for coating surfaces with polyamides.

Pharmaceutical processing and acrylic fiber production; reaction and crystallizing solvent; 
solvent for depositing polyurethane coatings on leather and artificial leather fabrics; 
separation of aliphatic hydrocarbons; 
recovery of CO2 in flue gases; 
quencher and cleaner of hot-dip tinned parts; 
used in high voltage capacitors; industrial paint stripping applications; 
solvent, reagent, and catalyst in organic chemistry

Industry Uses
Functional fluids (closed systems)
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Monomer used in the production of polyimide film
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Consumer Uses
Adhesives and sealants
Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
Monomer used in the production of polyimide film
Personal care products


Methods of Manufacturing    
The direct or one-step synthesis of DMF begins with either pure carbon monoxide or a gas stream containing carbon monoxide. 
This is reacted in a continuous process with Dimethylformamide , by using a solution of alkali alkoxide (usually sodium methoxide) in methanol as catalyst. 
Methyl formate is presumably formed as an intermediate. 
The reaction mixture passes over an external heat exchanger to remove the excess heat generated and to ensure thorough mixing of the components. 
The reaction is conducted between 0.5 and 11 MPa at 50 - 200 °C. The reaction mixture exits the reactor through a decompression chamber. 
In addition to Dimethylformamide , the crude product contains methanol, a certain amount of unreacted Dimethylformamide , dissolved carbon monoxide, and residual catalyst. 
The addition of acid or water deactivates any catalyst present, resulting in the formation of sodium formate. 
Dissolved carbon monoxide, together with inert gases, escapes from the mixture during decompression, and the off-gases are removed by combustion. 
Preliminary distillation is followed by a second distillation in a separate column; here, dimethylformamide is separated from methanol which contains traces of Dimethylformamide . Further distillation results in a product of 99.9%purity.

The two-step process for the synthesis of Dimethylformamide  differs from direct synthesis because methyl formate is prepared separately and introduced in the form of ca. 96% pure (commercial-grade) material. 
Equimolar amounts of methyl formate and N, N-dimethylamine are subjected to a continuous reaction at 60 - 100 °C and 0.1 - 0.3 MPa. 
The resulting product is a mixture of Dimethylformamide  and methanol. 
The purification process involves distillation
No separation of salts is required because no catalysts are involved in the process. 
According to the corrosive properties of both starting materials and products, stainless steel has to be used as the material of construction for production facilities.

General Manufacturing Information
Industry Processing Sectors
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Computer and electronic product manufacturing
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
Photographic film paper, plate, and chemical manufacturing
Plastic material and resin manufacturing
Plastics product manufacturing
Services
Wholesale and retail trade

Dimethylformamide is an organic solvent produced in large quantities throughout the world. 
Dimethylformamide is used in the chemical industry as a solvent, an intermediate & an additive. 
Dimethylformamide is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant slight odor that has poor warning properties & individuals may be exposed through the inhalation of vapor. 


Description    
Dimethylformamide is an organic solvent for vinyl res ins and acetylene, butadiene and acid gases. 
Dimethylformamide caused contact dermatitis in a technician at an epoxy resin manufacturers, and can provoke alcohol-induced flushing in exposed subjects.

Chemical Properties    
Dimethylformamide is a colorless or slightly yellow liquid with a boiling point of 153°C and a vapor pressure of 380 Pa at 20°C. 
Dimethylformamide is freely soluble in water and soluble in alcohols, acetone and benzene. 
Dimethylformamide is used as solvent, catalyst and gas absorbent. 
React violently with concentrated sulfuric acid, fuming nitric acid and can even explode. 
Pure Dimethylformamide is odorless, but industrial grade or modified Dimethylformamide has a fishy smell because Dimethylformamide (DMF) contains impurities of Dimethylamine. 
Dimethylformamide is unstable (especially at high temperatures) in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide or a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, and is hydrolyzed to formic acid and dimethylamine.

Physical properties    
Clear, colorless to light yellow, hygroscopic, mobile liquid with a faint, characteristic, ammonialike odor. 
An experimentally determined odor threshold concentration of 100 ppmv was reported by Leonardos et al. (1969).

Uses    
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a clear liquid that has been widely used in industries as a solvent, an additive, or an intermediate because of its extensive miscibility with water and most common organic solvents.
Dimethylformamide is primarily used as an industrial solvent.  
Dimethylformamide solutions are used toprocess polymer fibers, films, and surface coatings; to permDimethylformamide (DMF) easy spinning of acrylic fibers; to produce wire enamels, and as a crystallization medium in the pharmaceutical industry.
DMF can also be used for formylation with alkyllithium or Grignard reagents.
Dimethylformamide is used as a reagent in Bouveault aldehyde synthesis and also in Vilsmeier-Haack reaction. 
Dimethylformamide acts as a catalyst in the synthesis of acyl chlorides. Dimethylformamide is used for separating and refining crude from olefin gas. 
Dimethylformamide along with methylene chloride acts as a remover of varnish or lacquers. 
Dimethylformamide is also used in the manufacture of adhesives, fibers and films.
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a solvent with a low evaporation rate, useful for preparing solutions with a variety of hydrophobic organic compounds used in molecular biology applications.
Dimethylformamide was used to solubilize MTT crystals in cell viability assays.
Dimethylformamide was also used in feruloyl esterase activity assay in molds exhibiting high activity of the enzyme.
The world-wide consumption of Dimethylformamide in 2001 was approximately 285, 000 metric tonnes and most of that was used as an industrial solvent.

Production Methods    
Industrial production of Dimethylformamide is via three separate processes (Eberling 1980). 
Dimethylamine in methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide in the presence of sodium methoxide or metal carbonyls at 110-150°C and high pressure. 
Alternately, methyl formate is produced from carbon monoxide and methanol under high pressure at 60-100°C in the presence of sodium methoxide. 
The resulting methyl formate is distilled and then reacted with dimethylamine at 80-100°C and low pressure. 
The third process involves reaction of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and dimethylamine in the presence of halogen-containing transition metal compounds to yield DMF.

Preparation    
Two processes are used commercially to produce dimethylformamide. 
In the direct or one-step process, dimethylamine and carbon monoxide react at 100°C and 200 psia in the presence of a sodium methoxide catalyst to make dimethylformamide. 
The homogenous catalyst is separated from the crude Dimethylformamide, which is then refined to the final product. 
In the indirect process, methyl formate is isolated, and then reacted with dimethylamine to form DMF. 
To obtain methyl formate, two methods may be used - dehydrogenation of methanol and esterification of formic acid.

General Description    
A water-white liquid with a faint fishy odor. 
Flash point 136°F. 
Slightly less dense than water. 
Vapors heavier than air. 

Flammability and Explosibility    
Dimethylformamide is a combustible liquid (NFPA rating = 2). Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to source of ignition and flash back. 
Dimethylformamide vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 2.2 to 15.2%. 
Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight DMF fires.

Industrial uses    
World production capacity of Dimethylformamide is about 225 x 103 tons per year. 
The main application of Dimethylformamide is as solvent in industrial processes, especially for polar polymers such as Polyvinylchloride, polyacrylonitrile and polyurethanes. 
Dimethylformamide solutions of high molecular weight polymers are processed to fibers, films, surface coatings and synthetic leathers. 
Since salts can be dissolved and dissociated in Dimethylformamide, the solutions are used in electrolytic capacitors and certain electrolytic processes.

Chemical Synthesis    
Dimethylformamide is predominantly produced in a single-step reaction between dimethylamine and carbon monoxide under pressure at high temperatures and in the presence of basic catalysts such as sodium methoxide. 
The crude product contains methanol and Dimethylformamide with increased purity (up to 99.9%) is obtained by multiple distillations. 
Alternatively, Dimethylformamide (DMF) can be produced by a two-step process in which methyl formate is prepared separately and, in a second step, reacts with dimethylamine under similar conditions as those described for the single-step reaction. 
No catalysts are involved in the process.

Purification Methods    
Dimethylformamide  decomposes slightly at its normal boiling point to give small amounts of dimethylamine and carbon monoxide. 
The decomposition is catalysed by acidic or basic materials, so that even at room temperature Dimethylformamide  is appreciably decomposed if allowed to stand for several hours with solid KOH, NaOH or CaH2. 
If these reagents are used as dehydrating agents, therefore, they should not be refluxed with the Dimethylformamide . 
Use of CaSO4, MgSO4, silica gel or Linde type 4A molecular sieves is preferable, followed by distillation under reduced pressure. 
This procedure is adequate for most laboratory purposes. 
Larger amounts of water can be removed by azeotropic distillation with *benzene (10% v/v, previously dried over CaH2), at atmospheric pressure: water and *benzene distil below 80o. 
The liquid remaining in the distillation flask is further dried by adding MgSO4 (previously ignited overnight at 300-400o) to give 25g/L. 
After shaking for one day, a further quantity of MgSO4 is added, and the Dimethylformamide  is distillied at 15-20mm pressure through a 3-ft vacuum-jacketed column packed with steel helices. 
However, MgSO4 is an inefficient drying agent, leaving about 0.01M water in the final Dimethylformamide . 
More efficient drying (to around 0.001-0.007M water) is achieved by standing with powdered BaO, followed by decanting before distillation, then with alumina powder (50g/L, previously heated overnight to 500-600o), and distilling from more of the alumina, or by refluxing at 120-140o for 24hours with triphenylchlorosilane (5-10g/L), then distilling at ca 5mm pressure. 
Free amine in Dimethylformamide  can be detected by the colour reaction with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. 
Dimethylformamide has also been purified by drying overnight over KOH pellets and then distilling from BaO through a 10 cm Vigreux column. 
Dimethylformamide has been purified by distilling from K2CO3 under high vacuum and fractionated in an all-glass apparatus. 
The middle fraction is collected, degassed (seven or eight freeze-thaw cycles) and redistilled under as high a vacuum as possible ].

Rapid purification: Stir over CaH2 (5% w/v) overnight, filter, then distil at 20mmHg. 
Store the distilled Dimethylformamide  over 3A or 4A molecular sieves. 
For solid phase synthesis, the Dimethylformamide  used must be of high quality and free from amines.


Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a colorless, water-soluble liquid with a faint ammonia-like odor. This organic solvent is used in acrylic fiber spinning, chemical manufacturing, and pharmaceutical production; Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also present in textile dyes and pigments, paint stripping solvents, and coating, printing, and adhesive formulations.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that more than 100,000 workers may be exposed to DMF in the United States]. 
Currently, there is only one producer of DMF in the United States; annual production is between 50 and 60 million pounds.


General description
Dimethylformamide is the commonly employed solvent for chemical reactions. 
Dimethylformamide is a useful solvent employed for the isolation of chlorophyll from plant tissues. 
Dimethylformamide is widely employed reagent in organic synthesis. 
Dimethylformamide plays multiple roles in various reactions such as solvent, dehydrating agent, reducing agent as well as catalyst. 
Dimethylformamide is a multipurpose building block for the synthesis of compounds containing O, -CO, -NMe2, -CONMe2, -Me, -CHO as functional groups.
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a polar solvent commonly used in organic synthesis. 
Dimethylformamide also acts as a multipurpose precursor for formylation, amination, aminocarbonylation, amidation and cyanation reactions.
Application
Dimethylformamide (DMF) (anhydrous) has been used as solvent for the synthesis of cytotoxic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) conjugate AN-152 (a chemotherapeutic drug) and fluorophore C625 [4-(N,N-diphenylamino)-4′-(6-O-hemiglutarate)hexylsulfinyl stilbene]. 
Dimethylformamide may be employed as solvent medium for the various organic reduction reactions.
DMF has been used as a solvent in the following processes:
Multi-step synthesis of L-azidohomoalanine (L-Aha) during the substitution of the mesylate by sodium azide.
Synthesis of phosphine-FLAG®, a detection reagent for metabolic labeling of glycans.
Synthesis of per-O-acetylated 6-azidofucose, a per-O-acetylated azido sugar.
Solvent for many hydrophobic organic compounds.

Product description
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a clear, colorless, hygroscopic liquid with a slight amine odor. 
The solvent properties of Dimethylformamide (DMF) are particularly attractive because of the high dielectric constant, the aprotic nature of the solvent, its wide liquid range and low volatility. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is frequently used for chemical reactions and other applications, which require a high solvency power. 
The product is known as a universal solvent.
The high solubility of polyacrylonitrile in Dimethylformamide (DMF), together with the good miscibility of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in water makes Dimethylformamide (DMF) the preferred solvent for the production of acrylic fibers. 
Also the spinning of polyurethane based elastomers is performed from Dimethylformamide (DMF) based solutions.

Another significant application is the use of Dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent for polyurethane-based coatings on leather and artificial leather fabrics.

Polymers like polyvinylchloride, vinylchloride- vinylacetate copolymers and some polyamides are also readily dissolved in Dimethylformamide (DMF). 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also used in epoxy based formulations.

The pharmaceutical industry uses Dimethylformamide (DMF) as a reaction and crystallization solvent because of its exceptional solvency parameters.

In the petrochemical industry Dimethylformamide (DMF) is used for the purification of acetylene from ethylene and butadiene from C4 streams. 
Also for the separation of aromatics, which can be easily dissolved by Dimethylformamide (DMF) from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Those aliphatics are used in lube oils.

Due to the high solubility of SO2 in Dimethylformamide (DMF), exhaust combustion streams from high sulfur containing fuels can be purified with CO2 being recovered.

Inorganic and organic based residual fluxes are highly soluble in Dimethylformamide (DMF); therefore this solvent is used as a cleaner, for instance to clean hot-dip tinned parts. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also used as industrial paint stripper.

This high solubility of inorganic substances also leads to the application of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in the production of high voltage capacitors.

Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also used as carrier for inks and dyes in various printing and fiber-dying applications.

Dimethylformamide (DMF) is widely used as a solvent, reagent and catalyst in the synthetic organic chemistry.


Applications/uses
Agricultural chemical processing
Fibers
HTF - pharmaceutical processing
Oil or gas processing
Polymer processing
Process solvents
Refining
Textile


Dimethylformamide (DMF) is frequently used as a solvent because of its unique physical properties that allow Dimethylformamide (DMF) to solubilize both organic and inorganic substances. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) has also found broad applications as a catalyst for a variety of chemical transformations and as a donor for many functional groups in synthetic organic chemistry. 
However, DMF is incompatible with a wide variety of substances and has resulted in many incidents over the years. 
Analysis of literature information indicates that those incompatible substances can be categorized as acids, bases, halogenated reagents, oxidants, and reductants. 

Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a clear liquid with high boiling point. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is considered to be biodegradable, but is toxic by inhalation or skin adsorption. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is produced by reaction of dimethylamine and carbon monoxide (single step process).


About Dimethylformamide 
Helpful information
Dimethylformamide  is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 tonnes per annum.

Dimethylformamide  is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. 
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Dimethylformamide  is most likely to be released to the environment.

Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Dimethylformamide  is most likely to be released to the environment. 
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers
Dimethylformamide  is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Dimethylformamide  is used in the following areas: scientific research and development and health services.
Release to the environment of Dimethylformamide  can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Other release to the environment of Dimethylformamide  is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).
Formulation or re-packing
Dimethylformamide  is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products, plant protection products, perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, polymers and textile treatment products and dyes.
Release to the environment of Dimethylformamide  can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites
Dimethylformamide  is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants, coating products, leather treatment products, plant protection products, perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, polymers and textile treatment products and dyes.
Dimethylformamide  has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Dimethylformamide  is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and furniture.
Release to the environment of Dimethylformamide  can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).
Manufacture
Release to the environment of Dimethylformamide  can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Dimethylformamide (CAS No. 68-12-2) is a colourless liquid at room temperature with a faint amine odour. 
There are many synonyms for this compound, the most common being the acronym DMF.
The molecular mass of DMF is 73.09, as calculated from its empirical formula (C3H7NO).
DMF sold commercially contains trace amounts of methanol, water, formic acid, and dimethylamine.
DMF is miscible in all proportions with water and most organic solvents.
DMF is also a powerful solvent for a variety of organic, inorganic, and resin products.

ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION

Air
The atmospheric pathway is particularly important in determining exposure to Dimethylformamide (DMF). 
This is due to the fact that industrial releases of Dimethylformamide (DMF) into air appear to be considerably larger than releases to other environmental media.
Because of the complete miscibility of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in water, atmospheric Dimethylformamide (DMF) may be transported from air into surface water or soil pore water during rain events.
 Atmospheric Dimethylformamide (DMF) should be present in the vapour phase and therefore should be readily available for leaching out by rainfall.
 Although the efficiency and rate of washout are unknown, precipitation events (i.e., rain, snow, fog) likely shorten the residence time of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in the atmosphere.
As water has an atmospheric half-life of approximately 4 days at Canadian latitudes, this can be considered the minimum atmospheric half-life of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in relation to precipitation.
Chemical degradation of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in air is likely due to reaction with hydroxyl radicals. 
The possibility of photochemical decomposition (i.e., direct photolysis) of Dimethylformamide (DMF) is extremely small. 
Other chemical degradation processes — for example, reaction with nitrate radicals — are not known to significantly affect the fate of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in air.
The reaction rate constant (kOH) for the formamide functional group is unknown. 
However, the degradation half-life of Dimethylformamide (DMF) can be roughly estimated by comparing Dimethylformamide (DMF) with other compounds in terms of their relative atmospheric reactivity.
Based on experiments in chambers, reactivity for Dimethylformamide (DMF) relative to propane is low. 
The kOH of propane is 1.2 × 10–12 cm3 /molecule per second. 
Using the global average hydroxyl radical concentration of 7.7 × 105  molecules/cm3 and the calculation method proposed, the half-life of propane is estimated at approximately 8 days.
Although the degradation half-life of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in air cannot be estimated with certainty, the available evidence therefore suggests that the half-life is at least 8 days (192 h). 
The mean half-life used for fugacitybased fate modelling was 170 h, as Dimethylformamide (DMF) is frequently used to represent a half-life range of 100–300 h. 
This half-life may be underestimated; however, sensitivity analysis on the fugacity-based results indicates that percent partitioning estimates are not sensitive to this parameter, but estimated concentrations are affected.


Surface water and sediment Once released into surface water, Dimethylformamide (DMF) is unlikely to transfer to sediments, biota, or the atmosphere. 
With a Kow of !1.01 (Hansch et al., 1995), Dimethylformamide (DMF) remains in the dissolved form and is not expected to adsorb to the organic fraction of sediments or suspended organic matter. 
This Kow also suggests that Dimethylformamide (DMF) does not concentrate in aquatic organisms; indeed, no bioaccumulation was observed in carp during an 8- week bioaccumulation test. 
With a Henry’s law constant of 0.0345 Pa@m 3/mol, volatilizationfrom water is expected to be slight.
The overall rate of chemical degradation is expected to be very slow in surface water. 
Photochemical decomposition is unlikely in water. 
The photooxidation halflife of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in water was estimated experimentally at 50 days and would be even longer in the natural
environment where other compounds compete for reaction with hydroxyl radicals. 
The rate of hydrolysis of amides like Dimethylformamide (DMF) at normal temperatures in laboratory studies is extremely slow, even under strong acid or base conditions.
The low temperature (generally less than 20 °C) and near-neutral pH of natural surface water therefore limDimethylformamide (DMF) and almost preclude the
hydrolysis of Dimethylformamide (DMF) under normal environmental conditions.
Biodegradation appears to be the primary degradation process in surface water. 
Under experimental conditions, Dimethylformamide (DMF) was degraded, either aerobically or anaerobically, by various microorganisms and algae in activated sludges, over a wide range of concentrations. 
Intermediate biodegradation products include formic acid and dimethylamine, which further degrade to ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. 
In some studies, acclimation periods of up to 16 days preceded quantitative degradation. 
Extended adaptation under specific experimental conditions may also account for negative degradation results observed in a few studies with incubation times #14 days.
Limited degradation was reported in seawater (range 1–42%) (Ursin, 1985), and no degradation was found after 8 weeks’ incubation under anaerobic conditions.
Biodegradation of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in receiving surface waters is unlikely to be affected by the inherent toxicity of Dimethylformamide (DMF) and its biodegradation products. 
Concentrations above 500 mg/litre in effluent reduced the efficiency of treatment systems using activated sludge. 
However, even with continuous releases, such high concentrations of Dimethylformamide (DMF) are not anticipated in natural waters. 
In a river die-away test, an initial concentration of 30 mg Dimethylformamide (DMF)/litre completely disappeared within 3 and 6 days from unacclimated and acclimated water, respectively (Dojlido, 1979).
The mineralization rate of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in seawater was less than 3% in 24 h for initial concentrations of 10 µg/litre and 100 µg/litre. 
However, 20% was mineralized in 24 h at a concentration of 0.1 µg/litre. 
A half-life of 55 h was used for water in the fugacity-based fate modelling described.
 No information is available on the half-life of Dimethylformamide (DMF) in sediments. 
Recommend a half-life in sediment of 170 h based on the assumption that reactivity in sediment is slower than in soil. 

Soil and groundwater
Fugacity-based fate modelling and the miscibility of Dimethylformamide (DMF) indicate that some of the Dimethylformamide (DMF) released into the atmosphere can reach the ground, in part, at least, through rainfall (DMER & AEL, 1996).1,2 Once in soils, Dimethylformamide (DMF) will be degraded by chemical and biological processes or leached into groundwater.
As rain fills the available pore space in soils, Dimethylformamide (DMF) is incorporated into the pore water.
With an octanol/ water partition coefficient of !1.01, Dimethylformamide (DMF) will not tend to adsorb to humic material. 
Weak bonds with the mineral phase are possible but likely insignificant because of the high solubility of Dimethylformamide (DMF).
Biological degradation and, to a lesser extent, chemical processes operating in surface water would also likely affect Dimethylformamide (DMF) contained in soil pore water . 
As for surface water, biodegradation should therefore be the primary breakdown mechanism in soils.
A soil bacterial culture acclimated to small amounts of petroleum and petroleum products degraded Dimethylformamide (DMF) under aerobic conditions within 18 h, indicating a soil biodegradation half-life similar to
the one observed in water. 
A somewhat longer conservative half-life of 55 h was used in fugacity-based fate modelling.
The miscibility of Dimethylformamide (DMF) and its low Henry’s law constant indicate limited volatilization from moist soils. 
However, Dimethylformamide (DMF) will be efficiently removed from soils by leaching into groundwater, likely at the same speed as water percolates through the soil.
 This is supported by a calculated organic carbon/water partition coefficient (Koc) of 7 and a soil sorption coefficient (Kom) of about 50, estimated from quantitative structure–activity relationships, which both indicate that Dimethylformamide (DMF) is mobile in soils. 
If Dimethylformamide (DMF) reaches groundwater, Dimethylformamide (DMF) will be slowly degraded anaerobically.


Applications
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is commonly used as a solvent. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is used as a reagent in Bouveault aldehyde synthesis and also in Vilsmeier-Haack reaction. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) acts as a catalyst in the synthesis of acyl chlorides. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is used for separating and refining crude from olefin gas. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) along with methylene chloride acts as a remover of varnish or lacquers. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also used in the manufacture of adhesives, fibers and films.


Dimethylformamide is primarily used as an industrial solvent.  
Dimethylformamide solutions are used to process polymer fibers, films, and surface coatings; to permDimethylformamide (DMF) easy spinning of acrylic fibers; to produce wire enamels, and as a crystallization medium in the pharmaceutical industry. 


Physical Properties
The chemical formula for dimethylformamide is C3H7NO, and its molecular weight is 73.09 g/mol.
Dimethylformamide occurs as a colorless to slightly yellow hygroscopic liquid that is miscible with water.

Dimethylformamide has a fishy, unpleasant odor with an odor threshold of 2.2 parts per million (ppm)
(6.6 mg/m ).
The vapor pressure for dimethylformamide is 3.7 mm Hg at 25 °C, and its log octanol/water partition
coefficient (log Kow) is -1.01.

Dimethylformamide Formula
Dimethylformamide, also known as N,N-Dimethylmethanamide, is an organic solvent used in the chemical industry to manufacture fibers, films and coatings.

Formula and structure: The dimethylformamide chemical formula is C3H7NO and Dimethylformamide (DMF) molar mass is 73.10 g mol-1. 
The extended formula is CHON(CH3)2 and the molecule is formed by an amide group O=CH-N-R and the nitrogen has two methyl groups bond. 
The molecular is planar, because even when the nitrogen does not have a double bond (which needs a planar sp2 hybridization); there are some resonance structures that show the nitrogen needs a sp2 conformation (see the structures below). 
Its chemical structure can be written as below, in the common representations used for organic molecules.

Occurrence: The natural occurrence of dimethylformamide (DMF) has not been reported.

Preparation: The synthesis of dimethylformamide is performed using N,N-methylamine and a solution of sodium methoxide; them a stream of gas carbon monoxide is passed through the solution at 50-150 ºC. Methanol is used as catalyst of the reaction.

Physical properties: Dimethylformamide is a clear to colorless liquid with a fishy ammoniacal. 
Its density is 0.948 g mL-1. The melting point is -60.5 ºC, and the boiling point is 152-154 ºC.
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is miscible in water and most of the organic solvents.

Chemical properties: Dimethylformamide is an excellent solvent. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) can be hydrolyzed by strong acids and bases to form a carboxylic acid and an amine. 
DMF can also react through a decarbonylation to produce dymethylamine. 
Dimethylformamide reacts with several chemical compounds such as: alkaline metals, azides, hydrides, bromine, chlorine, magnesium nitrate, etc. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) also can catalyze thesynthesis of acyl halides.

Uses: Dimethyl formamide is used mostly in the manufacture of fibers, plastics, coatings and acrylic products and some adhesives, rubbers and films. 
Dimethyl formamide is a solvent used to prepared several medicaments by the pharmaceutical industry. 
Moreover, some oils processes use the DMF to recover olefins. 
In laboratories, Dimethylformamide (DMF) is used as solvent to analysis of NMR spectroscopy.

Dimethylformamide is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NC(O)H. 
Commonly abbreviated DMF, this colourless liquid is miscible with water and majority of organic liquids. 
DMF is a common solvent for chemical reactions. 
Pure dimethylformamide is odorless whereas technical grade or degraded dimethylformamide often has a fishy smell due to impurity of dimethylamine. 
Its name is derived from the fact that Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a derivative of formamide, the amide of formic acid.

Dimethylformamide is a polar (hydrophilic) aprotic solvent with a high boiling point. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) facilitates reactions that follow polar mechanisms, such as SN2 reactions. 
Dimethylformamide can be synthesized from formic acid and dimethylamine.
Dimethylformamide is not stable in the presence of strong bases like sodium hydroxide or strong acids such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid and is hydrolyzed back into formic acid and dimethylamine, especially at elevated temperatures.

Structure and properties
Due to the contribution of the two possible resonance structures of an amide, the bond order of the carbonyl C=O bond is reduced, while that of the carbon-nitrogen bond is increased. 
Thus the infrared spectrum of DMF shows a lower C=O stretching frequency at 1675 cm-1 than an unsubstuted C=O bond. 
Also, because of the partial double bond character, the rotation about the C-N axis is slow, making the two methyl groups inequivalent on the NMR time scale, giving rise to two singlets of 3 protons each at δ 2.97 and 2.88,instead of one singlet of 6 protons in the proton NMR spectrum.

 
Applications
The primary use of dimethylformamide is as a solvent with low evaporation rate. 
Dimethylformamide is used in the production of acrylic fibers and plastics. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also used as a solvent in peptide coupling for pharmaceuticals, in the development and production of pesticides, and in the manufacture of adhesives, synthetic leathers, fibers, films, and surface coatings.

Dimethylformamide (DMF) is used as a reagent in the Bouveault aldehyde synthesis and in the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, another useful method of forming aldehydes.

DMF penetrates most plastics and makes them swell. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) therefore frequently occurs as a component of paint strippers.

Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also used in the manufacturing of solvent dyes as an important raw material. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is consumed during reaction.

Production
Dimethyl formamide is produced with catalyzed reaction of dimethyl amine and carbon monoxide at low pressure and temperature. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) may also be prepared on a laboratory scale by reacting dimethylamine with formic acid.

Dimethylformamide is a clear, hygroscopic liquid with a slight amine odor. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) was first synthesized in 1893 by heating a mixture of sodium formate and dimethylammonium chloride and later prepared by direct reaction of dimethylamine with formic acid. 
Although Dimethylformamide (DMF) does not occur widely in nature, traces of DMF have been detected in sausages, cooked mushrooms, grapes, and wine. 
The solvent properties of DMF are particularly attractive. 
Because of its high dielectric constant, aprotic nature, wide liquid range, and low volatility, Dimethylformamide (DMF) is frequently used for chemical reactions and other applications requiring high dissolving power. 
DMF is often referred to as the universal solvent.
Important uses are in the production and processing of polymers. Dimethylformamide (DMF) is used as a spinning solvent for polyacrylonitrile fiber and polyurethane fiber (Spandex), and production of synthetic leather. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also used in many processes in the production of pharmaceuticals. 
DMF is not used in a consumer setting so its toxicity is relatively low.

DMF (dimethylformamide) is a recommended solvent for labeling reactions using NHS esters. 
However, when DMF is stored in air, Dimethylformamide (DMF) deteriorates slowly absorbing moisture, and releasing dimethylamine. 
These impurities rapidly destroy NHS ester function, decrease labeling efficiency, and even make labeling reaction fail.

Dimethylformamide solvent requires special drying and preparation, which is often not available in all laboratories.

This product contains ready-to use solvent which is guaranteed to be useable for the labeling. Tubes with high quality, dry, and amine-free DMF are packed under argon.


Production
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is predominantly produced in a single-step reaction between dimethylamine and carbon monoxide under pressure at high temperatures and in the presence of basic catalysts such as sodium methoxide. 
The crude product contains methanol and Dimethylformamide (DMF) with increased purity (up to 99.9%) is obtained by multiple distillations (HSDB, 2015). 
Alternatively, Dimethylformamide (DMF) can be produced by a two-step process in which methyl formate is prepared separately and, in a second step, reacts with dimethylamine under similar conditions as those described for the single-step reaction.
No catalysts are involved in the process.
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is listed as a high production volume chemical by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), indicating that this chemical is produced or imported at levels greater than 1000 tonnes per year in at least one member country or region. 
The OECD 2007 list of high production volume chemicals was compiled on the basis of submissions from eight member countries (including Australia, Canada, Japan, and the USA) in addition to the list
provided by the European Union.
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also listed as a high production volume chemical in the USA by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicating that > 1 million pounds [~450 tonnes] were produced in or imported into the USA in 1990 and/or 1994.
The annual production volume of N,Ndimethylformamide (excluding imports) in the USA remained constant between 1986 and 2002, and was reported to be between 50 and 100 million pounds [approximately 20 000 and 45 000 tonnes]. 
The annual production and import volume of nine USA companies was about 50 million pounds [~25 000 tonnes] and the total annual production volume in the European Union ranged from 50 000 to 100 000 tonnes in 2000.
No production volumes could be traced for Asia, but more than 300 suppliers of Dimethylformamide (DMF) could be identified globally, including >  200 in Asia, > 60 in the USA, and > 30 in the European Union.

Use
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is used predominantly as an aprotic solvent in the manufacture of polyacrylonitrile fibres, and trends in its production parallel those of the polyacrylic fibre industry. 
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is also used in the manufacture of high quality polyurethane and polyamide coatings (e.g. for leather or artificial leather fabrics), which are otherwise difficult to solubilize, and where a solvent with a slow rate of evaporation is needed.
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is commonly used as a solvent in the electronics industry, in pesticides, in industrial paint-stripping applications, and as a reaction and crystallizing solvent in the pharmaceutical industry.
Dimethylformamide (DMF) has limited use as a selective solvent for the separation of aliphatic hydrocarbons such as the
extraction of acetylene or butadiene from hydrocarbon streams.


Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a clear, colorless, water-soluble liquid that is used primarily as a dipolar aprotic solvent. 
DMF is miscible with water in all proportions and is a powerful solvent for a variety of organic, inorganic, and resin products.

Dimethylformamide is a colorless organic solvent that is used in the synthesis of organic compounds and acts as a catalyst in carboxylation reactions. 
Dimethylformamide is a low to moderate hazard material and the risk of adverse health effects associated with both occupational and consumer use of this chemical is anticipated to be low to moderate.
Dimethylformamide is used in industrial settings only and will not be present within consumer products.
When handled responsibly within industrial settings, the potential for exposure and subsequent risk can be minimized, allowing dimethylformamide to be used safely.

Chemical Identity
Name: Dimethylformamide
Chemical name (IUPAC): N,N Dimethylmethanamide
CAS number(s): 68-12-2
EC number: 200-679-5
Molecular formula: C3H7NO


Uses and Applications
Dimethylformamide is used as an industrial solvent and in the production of fibers, films, and surface coatings. 
It is also used as a solvent in the production of polyethane-coated textiles and synthetic fibers.

IUPAC NAMES: 
dimethyl formamide
Dimethylformamid
DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
Dimethylformamide
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide
DMF, Formic acid dimethylamide
N,N Dimethylmethanamide
N,N-dimethyl formamide
n,n-dimethylformamid
Dimethylformamide 
Dimethylformamide 
Dimethylformamide 
Dimethylformamide 
Dimethylformamide 
Dimethylformamide 
Dimethylformamide , DMF, Formic acid dimethylamide
Dimethylformamide ; Dimethyl formamide
Dimethylformamide ; dimethyl formamide
N,N-dimethylmethanamide
n,n-dimethylmethanamide
N,N-dimetilformamida

SYNONYMS: 
amide,n,n-dimethyl-formicaci
Dimethylamid kyseliny mravenci
dimethylamidkyselinymravenci
Dimethylformamide (DMF), 99.9+%, HPLC GRAD E
N N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE 99.8% A.C.S. &
Dimethylformamide (DMF), 4X25 ML
Dimethylformamide (DMF), MOLECULARBIOLOGY REAGENT
Dimethylformamide (DMF) NEUTRAL MARKER*FOR CAPILLARY
Dimethylformamide (DMF), ANHYDROUS, 99.8%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), >=99.8%, A.C.S. REAGENT
N N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE DIST. 1 L
Dimethylformamide (DMF), 99.8%, A.C.S. REA
Dimethylformamide (DMF) PESTANAL
Dimethylformamide (DMF) TECHNICAL, 5 L
Dimethylformamide (DMF) R. G.
Dimethylformamide (DMF) 'B&J BRAND'
DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE, 1000MG, NEAT
Dimethylformamide (DMF)Spectroscopic
DimethylformamideForHplc&Spectroscopy
N,N'-DimethylformamideA.R.
DimethylformamideGr
DimethylFormamide,Acs
Dimethylformamide (DMF),ACS,99.8+%
Dimethylformamide (DMF),HPLCGrade,99.7+%
Dimethylformamide (DMF),99%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), nonaqueous titration grade, for analysis, 99+%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), spectro grade, for analysis ACS, 99.8+%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), water <50 ppm, extra dry over mol. sieve, 99.8%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), water <50 ppm, extra dry, 99.8%
Dimethylformamide (DMF) REAGENT (ACS)
Dimethylformamide (DMF), anhydrous
Dimethylformamide (DMF), hplc grade
Dimethylformamide (DMF), 99.8%, WATER <50 PPM, EXTRA DRY OVER MOLECULAR SIEVE
Dimethylformamide (DMF), 99+%, NONAQUEOUS TITRATION GRADE, FOR ANALYSIS
Dimethylformamide (DMF),99.8+%, FOR ANALYSIS ACS
Dimethylformamide (DMF), for spectroscopy
Dimethylformamide (DMF), for analysis
Dimethylformamide (DMF), AcroSeal, Extra Dry
Dimethylformamide (DMF), DNAse, RNAse and Protease free, for molecular biology
Dimethylformamide (DMF), AcroSeal, Extra Dry over Molecular Sieve
Dimethylformamide (DMF), nonaqueous titration grade, for analysis
Dimethylformamide (DMF), spectro grade, for analysis ACS
Dimethylformamide (DMF), for analysis ACS
Dimethylformamide (DMF), for analysis ACS, 99.8+%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), for analysis, 99.5%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), for HPLC, 99.5%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), for peptide synthesis, 99.8%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), for spectroscopy, 99+%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), DNAse, RNAse and Protease free, for molecular biology, 99.8%
Dimethylformamide (DMF), extra pure, 99+%
Dimethylformamide (DMF),99+%,for analysis,nonaqueous titration grade
Dimethylformamide (DMF),99.8%,for molecular biology,DNAse, RNAse and Protease free
Dimethylformamide (DMF),99.8%,Extra Dry
Dimethylformamide (DMF),99.8%,Extra Dry over Molecular Sieve
Dimethylformamide (DMF),99.8%,for peptide synthesis
Dimethylformamide (DMF),99.8+%,for analysis ACS,spectro grade
Dimethylformamide (DMF) ,99.9% [ACS/HPLC Certified]
Dimethylformamide (DMF) ,99.9%

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