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CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Preferred IUPAC name: Acetic acid
Systematic IUPAC name: Ethanoic acid
DESCRIPTION:
E260, systematically named ethanoic acid, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H, C2H4O2, or HC2H3O2).
Vinegar is no less than 4% acetic acid by volume, making E260 the main component of vinegar apart from water and other trace elements.
E260 is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid).
E260 is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics.
In households, diluted E260 is often used in descaling agents.
In the food industry, E260 is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment.
In biochemistry, the acetyl group, derived from E260, is fundamental to all forms of life.
When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.
Acetic acid is a simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
E260 has a role as a protic solvent, a food acidity regulator, an antimicrobial food preservative and a Daphnia magna metabolite.
E260 is a conjugate acid of an acetate.
E260, glacial appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong odor of vinegar.
E260 is corrosive to metals and tissue.
E260 is used to make other chemicals, as a food additive, and in petroleum production.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH), also called ethanoic acid, the most important of the carboxylic acids.
A dilute (approximately 5 percent by volume) solution of acetic acid produced by fermentation and oxidation of natural carbohydrates is called vinegar; a salt, ester, or acylal of acetic acid is called acetate.
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Acetic acid has been prepared on an industrial scale by air oxidation of acetaldehyde, by oxidation of ethanol (ethyl alcohol), and by oxidation of butane and butene.
Today acetic acid is manufactured by a process developed by the chemical company Monsanto in the 1960s; it involves a rhodium-iodine catalyzed carbonylation of methanol (methyl alcohol).
Acetic acid is one of the carboxylic acids.
E260 is the second simplest carboxylic acid, after formic acid.
The main uses of E260 are in vinegar and to make cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate. Acetic acid is used as a food additive, where E260 is added for flavor and to regular acidity.
E260 is an important reagent in chemistry, too.
Worldwide, around 6.5 metric tons of acetic acid are used per year, of which approximately 1.5 metric tons per year are produced by recycling.
Most E260 is prepared using petrochemical feedstock.
Acetic acid is a clear, colorless, organic liquid with a pungent odor similar to household vinegar. Acetic acid has a variety of uses, including as a raw material and solvent in the production of other chemical products, oil and gas production, and in food and pharmaceutical industries.
E260 is an aliphatic organic acid.
E260 is a hygroscopic, corrosive liquid with a vinegar-like odor.
E260 can be synthesized by oxidizing acetaldehyde in the presence of manganese or cobalt salts.
E260 is utilized for synthesizing acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate and acetic esters.
Its impact on the degradation of historic paper has been analyzed.
E260 is an organic compound with the formula CH3COOH.
E260 is a carboxylic acid consisting of a methyl group that is attached to a carboxyl functional group.
The systematic IUPAC name of acetic acid is ethanoic acid and its chemical formula can also be written as C2H4O2.
Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid in water and contains between 5% to 20% ethanoic acid by volume.
The pungent smell and the sour taste is characteristic of the E260 present in it.
An undiluted solution of E260 is commonly referred to as glacial acetic acid.
E260 forms crystals which appear like ice at temperatures below 16.6℃.
E260 has a wide range of applications as a polar, protic solvent.
In the field of analytical chemistry, glacial acetic acid is widely used in order to estimate substances that are weakly alkaline.
The global demand for E260 is about 6.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/a), of which approximately 1.5 Mt/a is met by recycling; the remainder is manufactured from methanol.
Vinegar is mostly dilute E260, often produced by fermentation and subsequent oxidation of ethanol.
Acetic acid is a two-carbon, straight-chain fatty acid.
It is the smallest short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and one of the simplest carboxylic acids.
E260 is an acidic, colourless liquid and is the main component in vinegar.
Acetic acid has a sour taste and pungent smell.
E260 is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical that is used in the production of plastic soft drink bottles, photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as many synthetic fibres and fabrics.
In households diluted acetic acid is often used as a cleaning agent.
In the food industry acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator.
Acetic acid is found in all organisms, from bacteria to plants to humans.
The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life.
When bound to coenzyme A (to form acetylCoA) it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.
However, the concentration of free acetic acid in cells is kept at a low level to avoid disrupting the control of the pH of the cell contents.
Acetic acid is produced and excreted in large amounts by certain acetic acid bacteria, notably the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum.
These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil.
Due to their widespread presence on fruit, acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and many other sugar-rich foods spoil.
Several species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium and Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly.
However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter.
Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce acetic acid in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce acetic acid in concentrations up to 20%.
Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent.
Acetic acid can be found in other biofluids such as urine at low concentrations.
Urinary acetic acid is produced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Acetic acid concentrations greater than 30 uM/mM creatinine in the urine can indicate a urinary tract infection, which typically suggests the presence of E. coli or Klebshiella pneumonia in the urinary tract.
Acetic acid is also produced by other bacteria such as Akkermansia, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella and Ruminococcus
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell.
E260 is one of the simplest carboxylic acids and has the chemical formula CH3COOH.
E260 is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical useful for the production of various synthetic fibers and other polymeric materials.
These polymers include polyethylene terephthalate, used mainly in soft drink bottles; cellulose acetate, used mainly for photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate, for wood glue.
In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents.
The food industry uses it (under the food additive code E260) as an acidity regulator.
When acetic acid is dissolved in water, it is termed glacial acetic acid.
Vinegar is no less than 4 per cent acetic acid by volume, aside from water, allowing acetic acid to be the main ingredient of vinegar.
E260 is produced primarily as a precursor to polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate, in addition to household vinegar.
E260 is a weak acid since the solution dissociates only slightly.
But concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can damage the flesh.
The second simplest carboxylic acid is acetic acid (after formic acid).
E260 consists of a methyl group to which a carboxyl group is bound.
For polar and non-polar solvents such as acid, chloroform, and hexane, it is miscible.
The molecules form chains in solid acetic acid, with hydrogen bonds interconnecting individual molecules.
Dimers can be found in the vapour at 120 °C.
In the liquid form, dimers often exist in dilute solutions in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents and, to a certain degree, in pure acetic acid; but are interacted with by solvents that bind to hydrogen.
E260 is normally completely ionized to acetate at physiological phis.
E260 is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats when bound to coenzyme A.
E260 does not exist in natural triglycerides, unlike longer-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids).
Acetic Acid Dehydration:
Dehydration of acetic acid is one of the most important industrial uses of AD in the manufacture of aromatic acids such as terephthalic acid (TA), which involves a high purity of acetic acid.
Two major parts are used in the manufacturing process: oxidation (where p-xylene is catalytically oxidized to produce crude TA) and PTA purification.
E260, present as a solvent in the oxidation reactor but also helpful to the reaction itself, must be isolated from the oxidation-produced water.
For the effective and economical operation of a TA facility, the recovery and storage of the acetic acid solvent are important.
At high water temperatures, water, and acetic acid show a pinch point, make recovering the pure acid very difficult.
Two absorbers (low and high pressure) and an acid dehydration column consist of a traditional acetic acid recovery unit in a PTA phase.
Tall columns of 70–80 trays require the separation of acetic acid and water by traditional distillation. N-butyl acetate, which exhibits minimal miscibility with water and forms a heterogeneous azeotrope (b.p. 90.23°C), which is a typical azeotropic agent.
With all the water being fed to the dehydration column, n-Butyl acetate is added in appropriate amounts to form an azeotrope.
On condensation, the heterogeneous azeotrope forms two phases; an organic layer containing almost pure n-butyl acetate and an aqueous layer phase containing almost pure water.
The organic phase is recycled back to the column of dehydration, while the aqueous phase is fed to a column of stripping.
The amount of acetic acid lost in the aqueous discharge is cut by approximately 40 percent as AD results in a cleaner separation.
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Nomenclature of E260:
The trivial name 'acetic acid' is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name.
The systematic name ethanoic acid, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature.
The name acetic acid derives from acetum, the Latin word for vinegar, and is related to the word acid itself.
Glacial acetic acid is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid.
Similar to the German name Eisessig (ice vinegar), the name comes from the ice-like crystals that form slightly below room temperature at 16.6 °C (61.9 °F) (the presence of 0.1% water lowers its melting point by 0.2 °C).
A common symbol for acetic acid is AcOH, where Ac is the pseudoelement symbol representing the acetyl group CH3−C(=O)−; the conjugate base, acetate (CH3COO−), is thus represented as AcO−.
(The Ac is not to be confused with the symbol for the element actinium; the context prevents confusion among organic chemists).
To better reflect its structure, acetic acid is often written as CH3–C(O)OH, CH3−C(=O)OH, CH3COOH, and CH3CO2H.
In the context of acid–base reactions, the abbreviation HAc is sometimes used,where Ac in this case is a symbol for acetate (rather than acetyl).
Acetate is the ion resulting from loss of H+ from acetic acid.
The name acetate can also refer to a salt containing this anion, or an ester of acetic acid.
Chemical and Physical Properties of E260:
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Odor: Heavily vinegar-like
Density: 1.049 g cm−3 (liquid); 1.27 g cm−3 (solid)
Melting point: 16 to 17 °C; 61 to 62 °F; 289 to 290 K
Boiling point: 118 to 119 °C; 244 to 246 °F; 391 to 392 K
Solubility in water: Miscible
log P: -0.28[4]
Vapor pressure: 11.6 mmHg (20 °C)[5]
Acidity (pKa): 4.756
Conjugate base: Acetate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -31.54•10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.371 (VD = 18.19)
Viscosity: 1.22 mPa s
Dipole moment: 1.74 D
Thermochemistry:
Heat capacity (C): 123.1 J K−1 mol−1
Std molar entropy (So298): 158.0 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): -483.88–483.16 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): -875.50–874.82 kJ mol−1
Autoignition Temperature: 485 °C
Molecular Weight: 60.05
XLogP3-AA: -0.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 60.021129366
Monoisotopic Mass: 60.021129366
Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 31
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Acetic Acid %: 99,00 Min.
Formic Acid Ratio %: 0,05 Max.
Aldehyde Ratio %: 0,003 Max.
Fe ppm: 0,1
Heavy Metal (Pb) ppm: 0,5 Max.
Sulfate ppm: 1 Max.
Clor ppm: 1 Max.
Permanganate Time minute: 120 Min.
Color/Form: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Pungent
Taste: Burning taste
Solubility:
greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 73° F (NTP, 1992)
Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, benzene; soluble in carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide
Color: ≤ 10 Hazen
Titratable base: ≤ 0.0004 meq/g
Acetic anhydride: ≤ 100 ppm
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 1 ppm
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.5 ppm
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 1 ppm
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.2 ppm
Substances reducing potassium dichromate: passes test
Substances reducing potassium permanganate: passes test
Evaporation residue: ≤ 10 ppm
Dilution test: passes test
Decomposition:
When heated to decomposition it emits irritating fumes.
Stability/Shelf Life:
Stable under normal laboratory storage conditions.
Atmospheric OH Rate Constant:
7.40e-13 cm3/molecule*sec
Henrys Law Constant:
1.00e-07 atm-m3/mole
Corrosivity:
Corrosive organic acid
Glacial acetic acid (100%) is highly corrosive, and its ingestion has produced penetrating lesions of the esophagus and later strictures of the esophagus and pylorus in man.
pH:
Aqueous solution 1.0 molar = 2.4; 0.1 molar = 2.9; 0.01 molar = 3.4
Surface Tension: 27.10 mN/m at 25 °C
Ionization Potential: 10.66 eV
Polymerization:
A drum contaminated with acetic acid was filled with acetaldehyde.
The ensuing exothermic polymerization reaction caused a mild eruption lasting for several hours.
Odor Threshold:
Odor Threshold Range: 0.21 to 1.0 ppm
Refractive Index:
Index of refraction: 1.3720 @ °C/D
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Acidity:
The hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as E260 can separate from the molecule by ionization:
CH3COOH ⇌ CH3CO2− + H+
Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character.
E260 is a weak monoprotic acid. In aqueous solution, it has a pKa value of 4.76.
Its conjugate base is acetate (CH3COO−).
A 1.0 M solution (about the concentration of domestic vinegar) has a pH of 2.4, indicating that merely 0.4% of the acetic acid molecules are dissociated.
However, in very dilute (< 10−6 M) solution E260 is >90% dissociated.
Structure of E260:
In solid E260, the molecules form chains, individual molecules being interconnected by hydrogen bonds.
In the vapour at 120 °C (248 °F), dimers can be detected.
Dimers also occur in the liquid phase in dilute solutions in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, and a certain extent in pure acetic acid, but are disrupted by hydrogen-bonding solvents.
The dissociation enthalpy of the dimer is estimated at 65.0–66.0 kJ/mol, and the dissociation entropy at 154–157 J mol−1 K−1.
Other carboxylic acids engage in similar intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions.
Solvent properties of E260:
Liquid E260 is a hydrophilic (polar) protic solvent, similar to ethanol and water.
With a relative static permittivity (dielectric constant) of 6.2, it dissolves not only polar compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars, but also non-polar compounds such as oils as well as polar solutes. It is miscible with polar and non-polar solvents such as water, chloroform, and hexane.
With higher alkanes (starting with octane), E260 is not miscible at all compositions, and solubility of E260 in alkanes declines with longer n-alkanes.
The solvent and miscibility properties of E260 make it a useful industrial chemical, for example, as a solvent in the production of dimethyl terephthalate.
Biochemistry of E260:
At physiological pHs, acetic acid is usually fully ionised to acetate.
The acetyl group, formally derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life.
When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.
Unlike longer-chain carboxylic acids (the fatty acids), E260 does not occur in natural triglycerides.
However, the artificial triglyceride triacetin (glycerine triacetate) is a common food additive and is found in cosmetics and topical medicines.
E260 is produced and excreted by acetic acid bacteria, notably the genus Acetobacter and Clostridium acetobutylicum.
These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil, and E260 is produced naturally as fruits and other foods spoil.
E260 is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent.
Production of E260:
Purification and concentration plant for E260 in 1884.
E260 is produced industrially both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation.
About 75% of acetic acid made for use in the chemical industry is made by the carbonylation of methanol, explained below.
The biological route accounts for only about 10% of world production, but it remains important for the production of vinegar because many food purity laws require vinegar used in foods to be of biological origin.
Other processes are methyl formate isomerization, conversion of syngas to E260, and gas phase oxidation of ethylene and ethanol.
E260 is often a side product of different reactions, e.g. during heterogeneous catalytic acrylic acid synthesis or fermentative lactic acid production.
As of 2003–2005, total worldwide production of virgin E260 was estimated at 5 Mt/a (million tonnes per year), approximately half of which was produced in the United States.
European production was approximately 1 Mt/a and declining, while Japanese production was 0.7 Mt/a. Another 1.5 Mt were recycled each year, bringing the total world market to 6.5 Mt/a.
Since then the global production has increased to 10.7 Mt/a (in 2010), and further; however, a slowing in this increase in production is predicted.
The two biggest producers of virgin E260 are Celanese and BP Chemicals.
Other major producers include Millennium Chemicals, Sterling Chemicals, Samsung, Eastman, and Svensk Etanolkemi.
Methanol carbonylation:
Most E260 is produced by methanol carbonylation.
The process involves iodomethane as an intermediate, and occurs in three steps.
A catalyst, metal carbonyl, is needed for the carbonylation (step 2).
CH3OH + HI → CH3I + H2O
CH3I + CO → CH3COI
CH3COI + H2O → CH3COOH + HI
Two related processes for the carbonylation of methanol: the rhodium-catalyzed Monsanto process, and the iridium-catalyzed Cativa process.
The latter process is greener and more efficient and has largely supplanted the former process, often in the same production plants.
Catalytic amounts of water are used in both processes, but the Cativa process requires less, so the water-gas shift reaction is suppressed, and fewer by-products are formed.
By altering the process conditions, acetic anhydride may also be produced on the same plant using the rhodium catalysts.
Acetaldehyde oxidation:
Prior to the commercialization of the Monsanto process, most E260 was produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde.
This remains the second-most-important manufacturing method, although it is usually not competitive with the carbonylation of methanol.
The acetaldehyde can be produced by hydration of acetylene.
This was the dominant technology in the early 1900s.
Light naphtha components are readily oxidized by oxygen or even air to give peroxides, which decompose to produce acetic acid according to the chemical equation, illustrated with butane:
2 C4H10 + 5 O2 → 4 CH3CO2H + 2 H2O
Such oxidations require metal catalyst, such as the naphthenate salts of manganese, cobalt, and chromium.
The typical reaction is conducted at temperatures and pressures designed to be as hot as possible while still keeping the butane a liquid.
Typical reaction conditions are 150 °C (302 °F) and 55 atm.
Side-products may also form, including butanone, ethyl acetate, formic acid, and propionic acid. These side-products are also commercially valuable, and the reaction conditions may be altered to produce more of them where needed.
However, the separation of acetic acid from these by-products adds to the cost of the process.
Under similar conditions and using similar catalysts as are used for butane oxidation, the oxygen in air to produce acetic acid can oxidize acetaldehyde.
2 CH3CHO + O2 → 2 CH3CO2H
Using modern catalysts, this reaction can have an E260 yield greater than 95%.
The major side-products are ethyl acetate, formic acid, and formaldehyde, all of which have lower boiling points than E260 and are readily separated by distillation.
Ethylene oxidation:
Acetaldehyde may be prepared from ethylene via the Wacker process, and then oxidised as above.
In more recent times, chemical company Showa Denko, which opened an ethylene oxidation plant in Ōita, Japan, in 1997, commercialised a cheaper single-stage conversion of ethylene to E260.
The process is catalyzed by a palladium metal catalyst supported on a heteropoly acid such as silicotungstic acid.
Similar process use the same metal catalyst on silicotungstic acid and silica:
C2H4 + O2 → CH3CO2H
It is thought to be competitive with methanol carbonylation for smaller plants (100–250 kt/a), depending on the local price of ethylene.
The approach will be based on utilizing a novel selective photocatalytic oxidation technology for the selective oxidation of ethylene and ethane to acetic acid.
Unlike traditional oxidation catalysts, the selective oxidation process will use UV light to produce acetic acid at ambient temperatures and pressure.
Oxidative fermentation:
For most of human history, acetic acid bacteria of the genus Acetobacter have made acetic acid, in the form of vinegar.
Given sufficient oxygen, these bacteria can produce vinegar from a variety of alcoholic foodstuffs. Commonly used feeds include apple cider, wine, and fermented grain, malt, rice, or potato mashes. The overall chemical reaction facilitated by these bacteria is:
C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O
A dilute alcohol solution inoculated with Acetobacter and kept in a warm, airy place will become vinegar over the course of a few months.
Industrial vinegar-making methods accelerate this process by improving the supply of oxygen to the bacteria.
The first batches of vinegar produced by fermentation probably followed errors in the winemaking process.
If must is fermented at too high a temperature, acetobacter will overwhelm the yeast naturally occurring on the grapes.
As the demand for vinegar for culinary, medical, and sanitary purposes increased, vintners quickly learned to use other organic materials to produce vinegar in the hot summer months before the grapes were ripe and ready for processing into wine.
This method was slow, however, and not always successful, as the vintners did not understand the process.
One of the first modern commercial processes was the "fast method" or "German method", first practised in Germany in 1823. In this process, fermentation takes place in a tower packed with wood shavings or charcoal.
The alcohol-containing feed is trickled into the top of the tower, and fresh air supplied from the bottom by either natural or forced convection.
The improved air supply in this process cut the time to prepare vinegar from months to weeks.
Nowadays, most vinegar is made in submerged tank culture, first described in 1949 by Otto Hromatka and Heinrich Ebner.
In this method, alcohol is fermented to vinegar in a continuously stirred tank, and oxygen is supplied by bubbling air through the solution.
Using modern applications of this method, vinegar of 15% acetic acid can be prepared in only 24 hours in batch process, even 20% in 60-hour fed-batch process.
Anaerobic fermentation:
Species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium or Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly without creating ethanol as an intermediate.
The overall chemical reaction conducted by these bacteria may be represented as:
C6H12O6 → 3 CH3COOH
These acetogenic bacteria produce acetic acid from one-carbon compounds, including methanol, carbon monoxide, or a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen:
2 CO2 + 4 H2 → CH3COOH + 2 H2O
This ability of Clostridium to metabolize sugars directly, or to produce acetic acid from less costly inputs, suggests that these bacteria could produce acetic acid more efficiently than ethanol-oxidizers like Acetobacter.
However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter.
Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce vinegar in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce vinegar in concentrations up to 20%.
At present, it remains more cost-effective to produce vinegar using Acetobacter, rather than using Clostridium and concentrating it.
As a result, although acetogenic bacteria have been known since 1940, their industrial use is confined to a few niche applications.
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Uses of E260:
E260 is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds.
The largest single use of E260 is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production.
The volume of E260 used in vinegar is comparatively small.
Industrially, E260 is used in the preparation of metal acetates, used in some printing processes; vinyl acetate, employed in the production of plastics; cellulose acetate, used in making photographic films and textiles; and volatile organic esters (such as ethyl and butyl acetates), widely used as solvents for resins, paints, and lacquers.
Biologically, acetic acid is an important metabolic intermediate, and it occurs naturally in body fluids and in plant juices.
E260 is used as an antiseptic due to its antibacterial qualities
The manufacture of rayon fibre involves the use of ethanoic acid.
Medically, E260 has been employed to treat cancer by its direct injection into the tumour.
Being the major constituent of vinegar, it finds use in the pickling of many vegetables.
The manufacture of rubber involves the use of ethanoic acid.
E260 is also used in the manufacture of various perfumes.
E260 is widely used in the production of VAM (vinyl acetate monomer).
When two molecules of E260 undergo a condensation reaction together, the product formed is acetic anhydride.
E260 is used in a number of topical medical preparations, including the destruction of warts, in eardrops, as an expectorant, liniment and astringent.
E260 is used in the manufacture of a number of chemical compounds, plastics, pharmaceuticals, dyes, insecticides, photographic chemicals, vitamins, antibiotics, cosmetics and hormones.
E260 is used as an antimicrobial agent, latex coagulant and oil-well acidifier.
E260 is used in textile printing, as a preservative in foods and as a solvent for gums, resins and volatile oils.
E260 is used as a sour agent added in vinegar, pickled vegetables, and sauce, and as a raw material for spice.
The chemical reagent for the processing of chemical compounds is acetic acid.
In the production of vinyl acetate monomer, acetic anhydride, and ester production, the use of acetic acid is important.
Vinyl Acetate Monomer: Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) processing is the main application of acetic acid. Vinyl acetate undergoes polymerization to produce polyvinyl acetate or other polymers, which are components of paints and adhesives.
The reaction consists of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst.
2CH3COOH+2C2H4+O2→2CH3CO2CH=CH2+2H2O
Wood glue also utilizes vinyl acetate polymers.
Acetic Anhydride: Acetic anhydride is the result of the condensation of two acetic acid molecules. Significant use is the worldwide processing of acetic anhydride, utilizing about 25 per cent to 30 per cent of global acetic acid production.
The key method includes acetic acid dehydration to give ketene at 700-750 °C.
CH3CO2H→CH2=C=O+H2O
CH3CO2H+CH2=C=O→CH3CO2O
E260 is great for general disinfection and fighting mould and mildew since acetic acid kills fungi and bacteria.
E260 is useful in a range of traditional and green cleaning materials, such as mould and mildew cleaners, floor cleaners, sprays for cleaning and dusting, and roof cleaners, either as vinegar or as an element.
The acetyl group is in use widely in the biochemistry field.
Products made from acetic acid are an effective metabolizer of carbohydrates and fats when bound to coenzyme A.
As a treatment for otitis externa, it is the best and most effective drug in a health system on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.
Acetic Acid in Goods Manufacturing:
Acetic acid is an important chemical reagent used to produce acetate, adhesives, glues, and synthetic fabrics.
Acetic acid is also used in electroplating where a metal coating is deposited onto an object by placing it in a solution that contains a specific metal salt.
The solution needs to be conductive and acids that donate hydrogen ions create ideal conditions. Furthermore, electroplating can only occur within a solution and metal salts only dissolve in solutions with a low (acidic) pH value.
Acetic acid is a raw material used for the production of cellulose acetate, acetic anhydride (plastics) and chloroacetic acid used in the production of dyes and pesticides as well as certain drugs.
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Importance in Biochemistry:
Acetic acid ionizes to form acetate at physiological pH.
The acetyl group is essential to all life.
Acetic acid bacteria (e.g., Acetobacter and Clostridium acetobutlicum) produce acetic acid.
Fruits produce acetic acid as they ripen.
In humans and other primates, acetic acid is a component of vaginal lubrication, where it acts as an antibacterial agent.
When the acetyl group binds to coenzyme A, the holoenzyme is used in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
Acetic Acid in Medicine:
E260 , even at 1 percent concentration, is an effective antiseptic, used to kill Enterococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci, and Pseudomonas.
Dilute E260 may be used to control skin infections of antibiotic bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas.
The injection of E260 into tumors has been a cancer treatment since the early 19th century.
The application of dilute E260 is a safe and effective treatment for otitis externa.
E260 is also used as a quick cervical cancer screening test.
E260 swabbed onto the cervix turns white in one minute if cancer is present.
E260 as a Solvent:
In its liquid state, CH3COOH is a hydrophile (readily dissolves in water) and also a polar, protic solvent.
A mixture of acetic acid and water is, in this manner, similar to a mixture of ethanol and water.
Acetic acid also forms miscible mixtures with hexane, chloroform, and several oils.
However, E260 does not form miscible mixtures with long-chain alkanes (such as octane).
The desirable solvent properties of acetic acid, along with its ability to form miscible mixtures with both polar and non-polar compounds, make it a very important industrial solvent.
E260 is widely used in the industrial preparation of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT).
Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar, which contains 4 to 18% acetic acid.
E260 is used as a food preservative and food additive.
Large quantities of acetic acid are used to make products such as ink for textile printing, dyes, photographic chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, rubber and plastics.
E260 is also used in some household cleaning products to remove lime scale.
One of the most common ways consumers may come into contact with acetic acid is in the form of household vinegar, which is naturally made from fermentable sources such as wine, potatoes, apples, grapes, berries and grains.
E260 is a clear solution generally containing about 5 percent acetic acid and 95 percent water.
E260 is used as a food ingredient and can also be an ingredient in personal care products, household cleaners, pet shampoos and many other products for the home:
Food Preparation: E260 is a common food ingredient, often used as a brine in pickling liquids, vinaigrettes, marinades and other salad dressings.
E260 also can be used in food preparation to help control Salmonella contamination in meat and poultry products.
Cleaning: E260 can be used throughout the home as a window cleaner, to clean automatic coffee makers and dishes, as a rinsing agent for dishwashers, and to clean bathroom tile and grout.
E260 can also be used to clean food-related tools and equipment because it generally does not leave behind a harmful residue and requires less rinsing.
Gardening: In concentrations of 10 to 20 percent, acetic acid can be used as a weed killer on gardens and lawns.
When used as an herbicide, the E260 can kill weeds that have emerged from the soil, but does not affect the roots of the weed, so they can regrow.
When E260 is at 99.5 percent concentration, it is referred to as glacial acetic acid.
Glacial acetic acid has a variety of uses, including as a raw material and solvent in the production of other chemical products.
Industrial applications for glacial acetic acid include:
Vinyl Acetate, cellulose fibers and plastics: Acetic acid is used to make many chemicals, including vinyl acetate, acetic anhydride and acetate esters.
Vinyl acetate is used to make polyvinyl acetate, a polymer used in paints, adhesives, plastics and textile finishes.
Acetic anhydride is used in the manufacture of cellulose acetate fibers and plastics used for photographic film, clothing and coatings.
Acetic acid is also used in the chemical reaction to produce purified terephthalic acid (PTA), which is used to manufacture the PET plastic resin used in synthetic fibers, food containers, beverage bottles and plastic films.
Solvents: Acetic acid is a hydrophilic solvent, similar to ethanol.
E260 dissolves compounds such as oils, sulfur and iodine and mixes with water, chloroform and hexane.
Acidizing oil and gas: E260 can help reduce metal corrosion and scale build-up in oil and gas well applications.
E260 is also used in oil well stimulation to improve flow and increase production of oil and gas.
Pharmaceuticals and vitamins: The pharmaceutical industry uses E260 in the manufacture of vitamins, antibiotics, hormones and other products.
Food Processing: E260 is commonly used as a cleaning and disinfecting product in food processing plants.
Other uses: Salts of E260 and various rubber and photographic chemicals are made from acetic acid.
E260 and its sodium salt are commonly used as a food preservative
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Preparation of Acetic acid-CH3COOH:
Acetic acid is produced industrially via the carbonylation of methanol.
The chemical equations for the three steps involved in this process are provided below.
CH3OH (methanol) + HI (hydrogen iodide) → CH3I (methyl iodide intermediate) + H2O
CH3I + CO (carbon monoxide) → CH3COI (acetyl iodide)
CH3COI + H2O → CH3COOH (acetic acid) + HI
Here, a methyl iodide intermediate is generated from the reaction between methanol and hydrogen iodide.
This intermediate is then reacted with carbon monoxide and the resulting compound is treated with water to afford the acetic acid product.
It is important to note that a metal carbonyl complex must be used as a catalyst for step 2 of this process.
Other Methods of Preparing E260:
Some naphthalene salts of cobalt, chromium, and manganese can be employed as metal catalysts in the oxidation of acetaldehyde.
The chemical equation for this reaction can be written as:
O2 + 2CH3CHO → 2CH3COOH
Ethylene (C2H4) can be oxidized into acetic acid with the help of a palladium catalyst and a heteropoly acid, as described by the following chemical reaction.
O2 + C2H4 → CH3COOH
Some anaerobic bacteria have the ability to directly convert sugar into acetic acid.
C6H12O6 → 3CH3COOH
It can be noted that no ethanol intermediates are formed in the anaerobic fermentation of sugar by these bacteria.
Physical Properties of E260:
Even though ethanoic acid is considered to be a weak acid, in its concentrated form, it possesses strong corrosive powers and can even attack the human skin if exposed to it.
Some general properties of acetic acid are listed below.
Ethanoic acid appears to be a colourless liquid and has a pungent smell.
At STP, the melting and boiling points of ethanoic acid are 289K and 391K respectively.
The molar mass of acetic acid is 60.052 g/mol and its density in the liquid form is 1.049 g.cm-3.
The carboxyl functional group in ethanoic acid can cause ionization of the compound, given by the reaction: CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO– + H+
The release of the proton, described by the equilibrium reaction above, is the root cause of the acidic quality of acetic acid.
The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of ethanoic acid in a solution of water is 4.76.
The conjugate base of acetic acid is acetate, given by CH3COO–.
The pH of an ethanoic acid solution of 1.0M concentration is 2.4, which implies that it does not dissociate completely.
In its liquid form, E260 is a polar, protic solvent, with a dielectric constant of 6.2.
The metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in many animals is centred around the binding of acetic acid to coenzyme A.
Generally, this compound is produced via the reaction between methanol and carbon monoxide (carbonylation of methanol).
Chemical Properties of E260:
The chemical reactions undergone by acetic acid are similar to those of other carboxylic acids.
When heated to temperatures above 440℃, this compound undergoes decomposition to yield either methane and carbon dioxide or water and ethenone, as described by the following chemical equations.
CH3COOH + Heat → CO2 + CH4
CH3COOH + Heat → H2C=C=O + H2O
Some metals such as magnesium, zinc, and iron undergo corrosion when exposed to acetic acid. These reactions result in the formation of acetate salts.
2CH3COOH + Mg → Mg(CH3COO)2 (magnesium acetate) + H2
The reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium results in the formation of magnesium acetate and hydrogen gas, as described by the chemical equation provided above.
Other Reactions:
E260 reacts with alkalis and forms acetate salts, as described below.
CH3COOH + KOH → CH3COOK + H2O
This compound also forms acetate salts by reacting with carbonates (along with carbon dioxide and water).
Examples of such reactions include:
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate) → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
The reaction between PCl5 and ethanoic acid results in the formation of ethanoyl chloride.
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Vinyl acetate monomer:
The primary use of E260 is the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM).
In 2008, this application was estimated to consume a third of the world's production of E260.
The reaction consists of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst, conducted in the gas phase.
2 H3C−COOH + 2 C2H4 + O2 → 2 H3C−CO−O−CH=CH2 + 2 H2O
Vinyl acetate can be polymerised to polyvinyl acetate or other polymers, which are components in paints and adhesives.
Ester production:
The major esters of acetic acid are commonly used as solvents for inks, paints and coatings.
The esters include ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and propyl acetate.
They are typically produced by catalyzed reaction from acetic acid and the corresponding alcohol:
H3C−COOH + HO−R → H3C−CO−O−R + H2O, R=A general alkyl group
Eg. :- C2H5COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O. Or, ethanol and ethanoic acid gives ethyl ethanoate + water.
Most acetate esters, however, are produced from acetaldehyde using the Tishchenko reaction.
In addition, ether acetates are used as solvents for nitrocellulose, acrylic lacquers, varnish removers, and wood stains.
First, glycol monoethers are produced from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with alcohol, which are then esterified with acetic acid.
The three major products are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (EEA), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EBA), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA, more commonly known as PGMEA in semiconductor manufacturing processes, where it is used as a resist solvent).
This application consumes about 15% to 20% of worldwide E260.
Ether acetates, for example EEA, have been shown to be harmful to human reproduction.
Acetic anhydride:
The product of the condensation of two molecules of E260 is acetic anhydride.
The worldwide production of acetic anhydride is a major application, and uses approximately 25% to 30% of the global production of acetic acid.
The main process involves dehydration of acetic acid to give ketene at 700–750 °C.
Ketene is thereafter reacted with acetic acid to obtain the anhydride:
CH3CO2H → CH2=C=O + H2O
CH3CO2H + CH2=C=O → (CH3CO)2O
Acetic anhydride is an acetylation agent.
As such, its major application is for cellulose acetate, a synthetic textile also used for photographic film.
Acetic anhydride is also a reagent for the production of heroin and other compounds.
Use as solvent:
Glacial acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent, as noted above.
It is frequently used as a solvent for recrystallization to purify organic compounds.
Acetic acid is used as a solvent in the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), the raw material for polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
In 2006, about 20% of acetic acid was used for TPA production.
E260 is often used as a solvent for reactions involving carbocations, such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
For example, one stage in the commercial manufacture of synthetic camphor involves a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of camphene to isobornyl acetate; here acetic acid acts both as a solvent and as a nucleophile to trap the rearranged carbocation.
Glacial E260 is used in analytical chemistry for the estimation of weakly alkaline substances such as organic amides.
Glacial E260 is a much weaker base than water, so the amide behaves as a strong base in this medium.
It then can be titrated using a solution in glacial acetic acid of a very strong acid, such as perchloric acid.
Medical use:
E260 injection into a tumor has been used to treat cancer since the 1800s.
E260 is used as part of cervical cancer screening in many areas in the developing world.
The acid is applied to the cervix and if an area of white appears after about a minute the test is positive.
Acetic acid is an effective antiseptic when used as a 1% solution, with broad spectrum of activity against streptococci, staphylococci, pseudomonas, enterococci and others.
It may be used to treat skin infections caused by pseudomonas strains resistant to typical antibiotics.
While diluted acetic acid is used in iontophoresis, no high quality evidence supports this treatment for rotator cuff disease.
As a treatment for otitis externa, it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Foods:
E260 has 349 kcal (1,460 kJ) per 100 g.
Vinegar is typically no less than 4% acetic acid by mass.
Legal limits on E260 content vary by jurisdiction.
Vinegar is used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods.
Table vinegar tends to be more diluted (4% to 8% acetic acid), while commercial food pickling employs solutions that are more concentrated.
The proportion of E260 used worldwide as vinegar is not as large as commercial uses, but is by far the oldest and best-known application.
Reactions:
Acetic acid undergoes the typical chemical reactions of a carboxylic acid.
Upon treatment with a standard base, it converts to metal acetate and water.
With strong bases (e.g., organolithium reagents), it can be doubly deprotonated to give LiCH2CO2Li. Reduction of acetic acid gives ethanol.
The OH group is the main site of reaction, as illustrated by the conversion of acetic acid to acetyl chloride.
Other substitution derivatives include acetic anhydride; this anhydride is produced by loss of water from two molecules of acetic acid.
Esters of acetic acid can likewise be formed via Fischer esterification, and amides can be formed. When heated above 440 °C (824 °F), acetic acid decomposes to produce carbon dioxide and methane, or to produce ketene and water:
CH3COOH → CH4 + CO2
CH3COOH → CH2CO + H2O
Reactions with inorganic compounds
Acetic acid is mildly corrosive to metals including iron, magnesium, and zinc, forming hydrogen gas and salts called acetates:
Mg + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
Because aluminium forms a passivating acid-resistant film of aluminium oxide, aluminium tanks are used to transport acetic acid.
Metal acetates can also be prepared from acetic acid and an appropriate base, as in the popular "baking soda + vinegar" reaction:
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → NaCH3COO + CO2 + H2O
A colour reaction for salts of acetic acid is iron(III) chloride solution, which results in a deeply red colour that disappears after acidification.
A more sensitive test uses lanthanum nitrate with iodine and ammonia to give a blue solution.
Acetates when heated with arsenic trioxide form cacodyl oxide, which can be detected by its malodorous vapours.
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Other derivatives:
Organic or inorganic salts are produced from acetic acid.
Some commercially significant derivatives:
Sodium acetate, used in the textile industry and as a food preservative (E262).
Copper(II) acetate, used as a pigment and a fungicide.
Aluminium acetate and iron(II) acetate—used as mordants for dyes.
Palladium(II) acetate, used as a catalyst for organic coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction.
Halogenated acetic acids are produced from acetic acid. Some commercially significant derivatives:
Chloroacetic acid (monochloroacetic acid, MCA), dichloroacetic acid (considered a by-product), and trichloroacetic acid. MCA is used in the manufacture of indigo dye.
Bromoacetic acid, which is esterified to produce the reagent ethyl bromoacetate.
Trifluoroacetic acid, which is a common reagent in organic synthesis.
Amounts of acetic acid used in these other applications together account for another 5–10% of acetic acid use worldwide.
History of E260:
Vinegar was known early in civilization as the natural result of exposure of beer and wine to air, because acetic acid-producing bacteria are present globally.
The use of E260 in alchemy extends into the 3rd century BC, when the Greek philosopher Theophrastus described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art, including white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, a green mixture of copper salts including copper(II) acetate.
Ancient Romans boiled soured wine to produce a highly sweet syrup called sapa.
Sapa that was produced in lead pots was rich in lead acetate, a sweet substance also called sugar of lead or sugar of Saturn, which contributed to lead poisoning among the Roman aristocracy.
In the 16th-century German alchemist Andreas Libavius described the production of acetone from the dry distillation of lead acetate, ketonic decarboxylation.
The presence of water in vinegar has such a profound effect on acetic acid's properties that for centuries chemists believed that glacial acetic acid and the acid found in vinegar were two different substances.
French chemist Pierre Adet proved them identical.
In 1845 German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesised acetic acid from inorganic compounds for the first time.
This reaction sequence consisted of chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride, followed by pyrolysis to tetrachloroethylene and aqueous chlorination to trichloroacetic acid, and concluded with electrolytic reduction to acetic acid.
By 1910, most glacial acetic acid was obtained from the pyroligneous liquor, a product of the distillation of wood.
The acetic acid was isolated by treatment with milk of lime, and the resulting calcium acetate was then acidified with sulfuric acid to recover acetic acid.
At that time, Germany was producing 10,000 tons of glacial acetic acid, around 30% of which was used for the manufacture of indigo dye.
Because both methanol and carbon monoxide are commodity raw materials, methanol carbonylation long appeared to be attractive precursors to acetic acid.
Henri Dreyfus at British Celanese developed a methanol carbonylation pilot plant as early as 1925.
However, a lack of practical materials that could contain the corrosive reaction mixture at the high pressures needed (200 atm or more) discouraged commercialization of these routes.
The first commercial methanol carbonylation process, which used a cobalt catalyst, was developed by German chemical company BASF in 1963. In 1968, a rhodium-based catalyst (cis−[Rh(CO)2I2]−) was discovered that could operate efficiently at lower pressure with almost no by-products.
US chemical company Monsanto Company built the first plant using this catalyst in 1970, and rhodium-catalyzed methanol carbonylation became the dominant method of acetic acid production (see Monsanto process).
In the late 1990s, the chemicals company BP Chemicals commercialised the Cativa catalyst ([Ir(CO)2I2]−), which is promoted by iridium for greater efficiency.
This iridium-catalyzed Cativa process is greener and more efficient and has largely supplanted the Monsanto process, often in the same production plants.
Interstellar medium:
Interstellar acetic acid was discovered in 1996 by a team led by David Mehringer using the former Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory and the former Millimeter Array located at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory.
It was first detected in the Sagittarius B2 North molecular cloud (also known as the Sgr B2 Large Molecule Heimat source).
Acetic acid has the distinction of being the first molecule discovered in the interstellar medium using solely radio interferometers; in all previous ISM molecular discoveries made in the millimetre and centimetre wavelength regimes, single dish radio telescopes were at least partly responsible for the detections.
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT E260:
What is E260 used for?
The most popular application of E260 is its use in vinegar.
E260 is also extremely useful in the production of the vinyl acetate monomer (often abbreviated to VAM).
This monomer is an important prerequisite in the production of paints and adhesives.
Is E260 a strong acid?
No, CH3COOH is a weak acid.
E260 undergoes complete dissociation only when it is reacted with a strong base.
Hydrochloric acid is a much stronger acid than E260.
How can acetic acid be prepared?
E260 can be prepared by reacting methanol with hydrogen iodide and adding carbon monoxide to the product (methyl iodide) in order to obtain acetyl iodide.
Upon hydrolysis, acetyl iodide yields acetic acid.
Is E260 a vinegar ?
Vinegar is a solution of E260 in water and contains between 5% to 8% ethanoic acid by volume.
Substituents of E260:
• Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
• Carboxylic acid
• Organic oxygen compound
• Organic oxide
• Hydrocarbon derivative
• Organooxygen compound
• Carbonyl group
• Aliphatic acyclic compound
Safety Information About E260:
Consumer Exposure:
Food-grade vinegar used as a multipurpose food additive is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Like with any other acid, consumption of excess vinegar can worsen symptoms of upper gastrointestinal tract inflammatory conditions such as heartburn or indigestion, and excessive consumption of vinegar can damage tooth enamel.
Occupational Exposure:
Occupational exposure to glacial acetic acid, the purest form of acetic acid, can occur through inhalation and skin or eye contact.
E260 is corrosive to skin and eyes.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set standards for exposure to acetic acid.
Acetic acid has an OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 10 parts per million (ppm) over an 8-hour work shift.
Symptoms of exposure to E260 vapors at that level can include eye, nose and throat irritation.
At 100 ppm, marked lung irritation and possible damage to lungs, eyes and skin might result. Exposure to E260 can also cause pharyngeal edema and chronic bronchitis.
In general, exposure to E260 in concentrations above those in commercial products and preparations should be avoided, as skin and eye irritation can occur even at relatively highly diluted acid solutions.
Firefighting:
Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:
Some of these materials may react violently with water.
SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.
Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.
Do not get water inside containers.
FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.
Non-Fire Response:
Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material.
For hydrazine, absorb with DRY sand or inert absorbent (vermiculite or absorbent pads).
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Protective Clothing:
Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Acetic acidexternal link:
Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT (>10%) - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. (>10%)
Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED (>10%) - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. (>10%)
Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED (>10%) - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. (>10%)
Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.
Provide:
• EYEWASH (>5%) - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. (>5%)
• QUICK DRENCH (>50%) - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure.
[Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed.
The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances.
In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (>50%)
First Aid:
EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.
Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.
IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.
INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.
INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital.
CAS Number: 64-19-7
EC Number: 200-580-7
Chemical formula: C2H4O2
Molar mass: 60.052 g•mol−1
Synonyms:
MeSH Entry Terms
Acetic Acid
Acetic Acid Glacial
Acetic Acid, Glacial
Glacial Acetic Acid
Glacial, Acetic Acid
Vinegar
Depositor-Supplied Synonyms:
acetic acid
ethanoic acid
64-19-7
Ethylic acid
Acetic acid, glacial
Acetic acid glacial
Glacial acetic acid
Vinegar acid
Methanecarboxylic acid
Acetasol
Essigsaeure
Acide acetique
Vinegar
Aci-jel
Azijnzuur
Acido acetico
Kyselina octova
Octowy kwas
Pyroligneous acid
HOAc
Azijnzuur [Dutch]
Ethanoic acid monomer
acetyl alcohol
Aceticum acidum
Essigsaeure [German]
ethoic acid
Caswell No. 003
Otic Tridesilon
Octowy kwas [Polish]
Otic Domeboro
Acetic acid (natural)
Acide acetique [French]
Acido acetico [Italian]
Kyselina octova [Czech]
AcOH
Carboxylic acids, C2-3
Acetic acid, water solutions
FEMA No. 2006
acetic acid-
ethanoate
UN2789
UN2790
MeCOOH
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 044001
NSC 132953
BRN 0506007
Acetic acid, diluted
AI3-02394
methane carboxylic acid
CH3COOH
CH3-COOH
CH3CO2H
10.Methanecarboxylic acid
CHEMBL539
68475-71-8
CHEBI:15366
Ethanoat
Shotgun
MFCD00036152
Acetic acid, of a concentration of more than 10 per cent, by weight, of acetic acid
Acetic acid [JAN]
NSC-132953
NSC-406306
C2:0
Perchloric acid solution
Orlex
Vosol
E 260
E-260
WLN: QV1
Acetic acid solution, not less than 50% but more than 80% acid, by mass [UN2790] [Corrosive]
Acetic acid solution, with more than 10% and less than 50% acid, by mass [UN2790] [Corrosive]
Acetic acid, glacial or acetic acid solution, >80% acid, by mass [UN2789] [Corrosive]
Acetic acid, >=99.7%
Acetic acid, aqueous solution
FEMA Number 2006
Acetic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.7%
ACY
HSDB 40
CCRIS 5952
NSC-111201
NSC-112209
NSC-115870
NSC-127175
EINECS 200-580-7
Acetic acid 0.25% in plastic container
Acetopyrine
Acopyrine
Ethylate
acetic aicd
acetic-acid
Acidum aceticum
Glacial acetate
acetic cid
actic acid
acetic -acid
Distilled vinegar
Methanecarboxylate
Acetic acid, glacial [USP:JAN]
Nat. Acetic Acid
Acetasol (TN)
Acetic acid,glacial
Acetic Acid Natural
Vinegar (Salt/Mix)
Acetic acid, propionic acid distillate
MeCO2H
Undiluted Acetic Acid
Oxytocin identification
3,3'-(1,4-phenylene)dipropiolic acid
HOOCCH3
Acidum aceticum glaciale
Acetic Acid (Recovered)
Acetic acid LC/MS Grade
Acetic acid, ACS reagent
DSSTox_CID_4394
Acetic Acid Solution, 1N
bmse000191
bmse000817
bmse000857
Otic Domeboro (Salt/Mix)
EC 200-580-7
Acetic acid (JP17/NF)
DSSTox_RID_77386
NCIOpen2_000659
NCIOpen2_000682
DSSTox_GSID_24394
Acetic acid, glacial (USP)
Buffer Solution, pH 4.64
4-02-00-00094 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
Glacial acetic acid (JP17)
UN 2790 (Salt/Mix)
INS No. 260
GTPL1058
INS NO.260
Acetic Acid Glacial HPLC Grade
Acetic acid solution, for HPLC
Acetic acid, analytical standard
Acetic acid, Glacial USP grade
DTXSID5024394
Acetic acid, puriss., >=80%
INS-260
Acetic acid, 99.8%, anhydrous
Acetic acid, AR, >=99.8%
Acetic acid, LR, >=99.5%
Acetic Acid, Glacial Reagent ACS
DTXSID901022438
Acetic acid solution, 1 N, 1 M
Acetic acid, extra pure, 99.8%
Acetic acid, 99.5-100.0%
Acetic acid, Glacial, ACS Reagent
STR00276
ZINC5224164
Acetic acid, puriss., 99-100%
Tox21_301453
Acetic acid, glacial, >=99.85%
BDBM50074329
LMFA01010002
NSC132953
NSC406306
STL264240
TCLP extraction fluid 2 (Salt/Mix)
Acetic acid, 1% v/v aqueous solution
Acetic acid, 4% v/v aqueous solution
Acetic acid, Environmental Grade Plus
Acetic acid, for HPLC, >=99.8%
AKOS000268789
Buffer Solution (Acetate), pH 4.01
DB03166
MCULE-8295936189
UN 2789
Acetic acid, >=99.5%, FCC, FG
Acetic acid, natural, >=99.5%, FG
Acetic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
CAS-64-19-7
Acetic acid, USP, 99.5-100.5%
NCGC00255303-01
4843-45-2
Acetic acid 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Acetic acid solution, 25% w/w, aqueous
Acetic acid solution, 56% w/w, aqueous
Acetic acid solution, 60% w/w, aqueous
Acetic Acid solution, 84% w/w, aqueous
Acetic acid, 0.1N Standardized Solution
Acetic acid, 1.0N Standardized Solution
Acetic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
Buffer Solution (Acetate), pH 4.0-4.6
DB-085748
612-EP0930075A1
612-EP1441224A2
612-EP2269610A2
612-EP2269977A2
612-EP2269978A2
612-EP2269985A2
612-EP2269986A1
612-EP2269988A2
612-EP2269989A1
612-EP2269990A1
612-EP2269991A2
612-EP2269992A1
612-EP2269993A1
612-EP2269994A1
612-EP2269998A2
612-EP2270001A1
612-EP2270002A1
612-EP2270006A1
612-EP2270008A1
612-EP2270010A1
612-EP2270011A1
612-EP2270012A1
612-EP2270013A1
612-EP2270014A1
612-EP2270015A1
612-EP2270016A1
612-EP2270018A1
612-EP2270113A1
612-EP2270505A1
612-EP2272509A1
612-EP2272516A2
612-EP2272517A1
612-EP2272537A2
612-EP2272813A2
612-EP2272817A1
612-EP2272822A1
612-EP2272825A2
612-EP2272827A1
612-EP2272831A1
612-EP2272832A1
612-EP2272834A1
612-EP2272835A1
612-EP2272841A1
612-EP2272842A1
612-EP2272847A1
612-EP2272848A1
612-EP2272849A1
612-EP2272935A1
612-EP2272972A1
612-EP2272973A1
612-EP2274983A1
612-EP2275102A1
612-EP2275105A1
612-EP2275401A1
612-EP2275403A1
612-EP2275404A1
612-EP2275407A1
612-EP2275409A1
612-EP2275410A1
612-EP2275411A2
612-EP2275412A1
612-EP2275413A1
612-EP2275414A1
612-EP2275417A2
612-EP2275420A1
612-EP2275421A1
612-EP2275469A1
612-EP2277507A1
612-EP2277622A1
612-EP2277848A1
612-EP2277858A1
612-EP2277861A1
612-EP2277862A2
612-EP2277864A1
612-EP2277866A1
612-EP2277867A2
612-EP2277871A1
612-EP2277872A1
612-EP2277874A1
612-EP2277875A2
612-EP2277877A1
612-EP2277878A1
612-EP2277880A1
612-EP2277881A1
612-EP2279750A1
612-EP2280000A1
612-EP2280001A1
612-EP2280003A2
612-EP2280004A1
612-EP2280006A1
612-EP2280008A2
612-EP2280009A1
612-EP2280010A2
612-EP2280012A2
612-EP2280013A1
612-EP2280020A1
612-EP2280021A1
612-EP2281563A1
612-EP2281813A1
612-EP2281815A1
612-EP2281817A1
612-EP2281818A1
612-EP2281819A1
612-EP2281820A2
612-EP2281821A1
612-EP2281823A2
612-EP2281824A1
612-EP2284146A2
612-EP2284147A2
612-EP2284149A1
612-EP2284150A2
612-EP2284151A2
612-EP2284152A2
612-EP2284153A2
612-EP2284155A2
612-EP2284156A2
612-EP2284157A1
612-EP2284159A1
612-EP2284160A1
612-EP2284161A1
612-EP2284162A2
612-EP2284163A2
612-EP2284164A2
612-EP2284167A2
612-EP2284168A2
612-EP2284169A1
612-EP2284170A1
612-EP2284174A1
612-EP2284178A2
612-EP2284179A2
612-EP2284920A1
612-EP2286795A1
612-EP2286811A1
612-EP2287140A2
612-EP2287147A2
612-EP2287148A2
612-EP2287150A2
612-EP2287152A2
612-EP2287153A1
612-EP2287155A1
612-EP2287156A1
612-EP2287160A1
612-EP2287161A1
612-EP2287162A1
612-EP2287163A1
612-EP2287165A2
612-EP2287166A2
612-EP2287167A1
612-EP2287940A1
612-EP2289509A2
612-EP2289510A1
612-EP2289518A1
612-EP2289868A1
612-EP2289876A1
612-EP2289879A1
612-EP2289883A1
612-EP2289885A1
612-EP2289890A1
612-EP2289892A1
612-EP2289893A1
612-EP2289894A2
612-EP2289897A1
612-EP2289965A1
612-EP2292088A1
612-EP2292227A2
612-EP2292228A1
612-EP2292231A1
612-EP2292233A2
612-EP2292234A1
612-EP2292576A2
612-EP2292586A2
612-EP2292589A1
612-EP2292590A2
612-EP2292592A1
612-EP2292593A2
612-EP2292595A1
612-EP2292596A2
612-EP2292597A1
612-EP2292599A1
612-EP2292602A1
612-EP2292603A1
612-EP2292604A2
612-EP2292606A1
612-EP2292610A1
612-EP2292611A1
612-EP2292615A1
612-EP2292617A1
612-EP2292619A1
612-EP2292620A2
612-EP2292621A1
612-EP2292622A1
612-EP2292628A2
612-EP2295053A1
612-EP2295055A2
612-EP2295401A2
612-EP2295402A2
612-EP2295406A1
612-EP2295409A1
612-EP2295411A1
612-EP2295412A1
612-EP2295413A1
612-EP2295414A1
612-EP2295415A1
612-EP2295416A2
612-EP2295417A1
612-EP2295418A1
612-EP2295419A2
612-EP2295421A1
612-EP2295423A1
612-EP2295425A1
612-EP2295426A1
612-EP2295427A1
612-EP2295430A2
612-EP2295431A2
612-EP2295432A1
612-EP2295433A2
612-EP2295434A2
612-EP2295437A1
612-EP2295438A1
612-EP2295439A1
612-EP2295441A2
612-EP2295503A1
612-EP2298312A1
612-EP2298729A1
612-EP2298731A1
612-EP2298734A2
612-EP2298735A1
612-EP2298742A1
612-EP2298743A1
612-EP2298744A2
612-EP2298745A1
612-EP2298746A1
612-EP2298747A1
612-EP2298748A2
612-EP2298750A1
612-EP2298754A1
612-EP2298755A1
612-EP2298756A1
612-EP2298757A2
612-EP2298758A1
612-EP2298759A1
612-EP2298761A1
612-EP2298763A1
612-EP2298766A1
612-EP2298767A1
612-EP2298768A1
612-EP2298770A1
612-EP2298771A2
612-EP2298772A1
612-EP2298775A1
612-EP2298776A1
612-EP2298777A2
612-EP2298778A1
612-EP2298779A1
612-EP2298780A1
612-EP2298828A1
612-EP2301533A1
612-EP2301534A1
612-EP2301536A1
612-EP2301538A1
612-EP2301544A1
612-EP2301912A2
612-EP2301916A2
612-EP2301918A1
612-EP2301922A1
612-EP2301923A1
612-EP2301928A1
612-EP2301929A1
612-EP2301931A1
612-EP2301933A1
612-EP2301934A1
612-EP2301935A1
612-EP2301937A1
612-EP2301938A1
612-EP2301939A1
612-EP2301940A1
612-EP2301983A1
612-EP2302382A2
612-EP2302383A2
612-EP2305219A1
612-EP2305248A1
612-EP2305250A1
612-EP2305254A1
612-EP2305257A1
612-EP2305260A1
612-EP2305627A1
612-EP2305633A1
612-EP2305636A1
612-EP2305637A2
612-EP2305640A2
612-EP2305641A1
612-EP2305643A1
612-EP2305646A1
612-EP2305647A1
612-EP2305648A1
612-EP2305649A1
612-EP2305650A1
612-EP2305651A1
612-EP2305652A2
612-EP2305653A1
612-EP2305654A1
612-EP2305655A2
612-EP2305657A2
612-EP2305659A1
612-EP2305660A1
612-EP2305662A1
612-EP2305663A1
612-EP2305664A1
612-EP2305666A1
612-EP2305667A2
612-EP2305668A1
612-EP2305670A1
612-EP2305671A1
612-EP2305672A1
612-EP2305673A1
612-EP2305674A1
612-EP2305675A1
612-EP2305676A1
612-EP2305678A1
612-EP2305679A1
612-EP2305681A1
612-EP2305682A1
612-EP2305683A1
612-EP2305684A1
612-EP2305687A1
612-EP2305689A1
612-EP2305695A2
612-EP2305696A2
612-EP2305697A2
612-EP2305698A2
612-EP2305769A2
612-EP2305808A1
612-EP2305825A1
612-EP2308479A2
612-EP2308492A1
612-EP2308510A1
612-EP2308562A2
612-EP2308812A2
612-EP2308828A2
612-EP2308831A1
612-EP2308833A2
612-EP2308838A1
612-EP2308839A1
612-EP2308841A2
612-EP2308842A1
612-EP2308847A1
612-EP2308848A1
612-EP2308849A1
612-EP2308850A1
612-EP2308851A1
612-EP2308854A1
612-EP2308855A1
612-EP2308857A1
612-EP2308858A1
612-EP2308861A1
612-EP2308864A1
612-EP2308865A1
612-EP2308867A2
612-EP2308869A1
612-EP2308870A2
612-EP2308872A1
612-EP2308873A1
612-EP2308874A1
612-EP2308875A1
612-EP2308877A1
612-EP2308879A1
612-EP2308880A1
612-EP2308882A1
612-EP2308883A1
612-EP2308960A1
612-EP2309584A1
612-EP2311451A1
612-EP2311453A1
612-EP2311455A1
612-EP2311494A1
612-EP2311796A1
612-EP2311797A1
612-EP2311798A1
612-EP2311799A1
612-EP2311801A1
612-EP2311802A1
612-EP2311803A1
612-EP2311805A1
612-EP2311806A2
612-EP2311807A1
612-EP2311808A1
612-EP2311809A1
612-EP2311810A1
612-EP2311811A1
612-EP2311814A1
612-EP2311816A1
612-EP2311817A1
612-EP2311818A1
612-EP2311820A1
612-EP2311821A1
612-EP2311822A1
612-EP2311823A1
612-EP2311824A1
612-EP2311825A1
612-EP2311826A2
612-EP2311827A1
612-EP2311829A1
612-EP2311830A1
612-EP2311831A1
612-EP2311834A1
612-EP2311835A1
612-EP2311837A1
612-EP2311838A1
612-EP2311839A1
612-EP2311840A1
612-EP2311842A2
612-EP2311850A1
612-EP2314295A1
612-EP2314571A2
612-EP2314574A1
612-EP2314575A1
612-EP2314576A1
612-EP2314577A1
612-EP2314578A1
612-EP2314579A1
612-EP2314581A1
612-EP2314582A1
612-EP2314583A1
612-EP2314585A1
612-EP2314586A1
612-EP2314587A1
612-EP2314588A1
612-EP2314589A1
612-EP2314590A1
612-EP2314593A1
612-EP2315303A1
612-EP2316450A1
612-EP2316452A1
612-EP2316457A1
612-EP2316458A1
612-EP2316459A1
612-EP2316824A1
612-EP2316825A1
612-EP2316826A1
612-EP2316827A1
612-EP2316828A1
612-EP2316829A1
612-EP2316831A1
612-EP2316834A1
612-EP2316835A1
612-EP2316836A1
612-EP2316837A1
612-EP2316905A1
612-EP2316906A2
612-EP2316937A1
612-EP2371797A1
612-EP2371798A1
612-EP2371799A1
612-EP2371800A1
612-EP2371802A1
612-EP2371803A1
612-EP2371804A1
612-EP2371810A1
612-EP2371811A2
612-EP2371814A1
612-EP2372017A1
612-EP2374454A1
612-EP2374526A1
612-EP2374538A1
612-EP2374786A1
612-EP2374895A1
612-EP2377510A1
612-EP2377842A1
612-EP2377843A1
612-EP2380568A1
612-EP2380661A2
612-EP2380867A1
612-EP2380874A2
Acetic acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
Acetic acid, >=99.99% trace metals basis
Acetic acid, JIS special grade, >=99.7%
Acetic acid, purified by double-distillation
FT-0621735
FT-0621743
FT-0621764
FT-0661109
FT-0661110
Y1308
Acetic acid, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%
8426-EP2269978A2
8426-EP2269985A2
8426-EP2269991A2
8426-EP2270001A1
8426-EP2270006A1
8426-EP2272509A1
8426-EP2272825A2
8426-EP2272848A1
8426-EP2275102A1
8426-EP2275105A1
8426-EP2275403A1
8426-EP2275413A1
8426-EP2275421A1
8426-EP2277848A1
8426-EP2277867A2
8426-EP2277874A1
8426-EP2280003A2
8426-EP2280008A2
8426-EP2281819A1
8426-EP2284150A2
8426-EP2284151A2
8426-EP2284152A2
8426-EP2284153A2
8426-EP2284155A2
8426-EP2284156A2
8426-EP2284157A1
8426-EP2284164A2
8426-EP2286811A1
8426-EP2286812A1
8426-EP2287140A2
8426-EP2287148A2
8426-EP2287150A2
8426-EP2287156A1
8426-EP2289893A1
8426-EP2292589A1
8426-EP2292593A2
8426-EP2292603A1
8426-EP2292604A2
8426-EP2295409A1
8426-EP2295410A1
8426-EP2295412A1
8426-EP2295413A1
8426-EP2295419A2
8426-EP2295428A2
8426-EP2295432A1
8426-EP2295433A2
8426-EP2295437A1
8426-EP2295503A1
8426-EP2298312A1
8426-EP2298743A1
8426-EP2298762A2
8426-EP2298770A1
8426-EP2298775A1
8426-EP2298776A1
8426-EP2298780A1
8426-EP2298783A1
8426-EP2301928A1
8426-EP2301930A1
8426-EP2301933A1
8426-EP2301940A1
8426-EP2305250A1
8426-EP2305637A2
8426-EP2305640A2
8426-EP2305660A1
8426-EP2305682A1
8426-EP2305689A1
8426-EP2305695A2
8426-EP2305696A2
8426-EP2305697A2
8426-EP2305698A2
8426-EP2308840A1
8426-EP2308841A2
8426-EP2308861A1
8426-EP2308867A2
8426-EP2308870A2
8426-EP2308879A1
8426-EP2311806A2
8426-EP2311807A1
8426-EP2311808A1
8426-EP2311818A1
8426-EP2311826A2
8426-EP2311829A1
8426-EP2311831A1
8426-EP2311840A1
8426-EP2311842A2
8426-EP2314295A1
8426-EP2314576A1
8426-EP2314586A1
8426-EP2316824A1
8426-EP2316831A1
8426-EP2316834A1
Acetic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=99%
Bifido Selective Supplement B, for microbiology
C00033
D00010
Q47512
12812-EP2295402A2
12812-EP2316470A2
12812-EP2316831A1
Acetic acid, glacial, electronic grade, 99.7%
A834671
Acetic acid, >=99.7%, SAJ super special grade
SR-01000944354
SR-01000944354-1
Acetic acid solution, SAJ first grade, 27.0-33.0%
Glacial acetic acid, meets USP testing specifications
Acetic acid, >=99.7%, suitable for amino acid analysis
Acetic acid, >=99.7%, for titration in non-aqueous medium
Acetic acid, for luminescence, BioUltra, >=99.5% (GC)
UNII-00IBG87IQW component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-2AY78S427U component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-4U092XZF0K component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-726I6TE06G component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-EGV6V52K6N component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-F6R2N217HS component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-IEU56G3J9C component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-LGW5H38VE3 component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-N4G9GAT76C component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-NSF067KU1M component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
UNII-T2I226K69M component QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Acetic acid, glacial or acetic acid solution, >80% acid, by mass
Acetic acid solution, not less than 50% but more than 80% acid, by mass
Acetic acid solution, with more than 10% and less than 50% acid, by mass
Acetic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.8%
Acetic acid, semiconductor grade MOS PURANAL(TM) (Honeywell 17926)
Glacial acetic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Acetic acid, Acculute Standard Volumetric Solution, Final Concentration 1.0N
Acetic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.8%
Glacial Acetic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
158461-04-2
Acetic acid, glacial, PharmaGrade, USP, JP, Ph Eur, Manufactured under appropriate GMP controls for pharma or biopharmaceutical production.
Acetic acid, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, FCC, 99.8-100.5%
