PRODUCTS

E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE)

E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE) = DRY ICE

CAS Number: 124-38-9
EC Number: 204-696-9
Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): CO2

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) (chemical formula CO2) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms, found in the gas state at room temperature.

In the air, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a trace gas in Earth's atmosphere at 417 ppm (about 0.04%) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.

Burning fossil fuels is the primary cause of these increased E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) concentrations and also the primary cause of global warming and climate change.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is soluble in water and is found in groundwater, lakes, ice caps, and seawater.

When E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) dissolves in water E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) forms carbonic acid (H2CO3), which causes ocean acidification as atmospheric CO2 levels increase.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is Normal natural gas.
Part of air and produced by the metabolism of the body.

As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by organisms and geological phenomena.

Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use energy from sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates from E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) and water in a process called photosynthesis, which produces oxygen as a waste product.
In turn, oxygen is consumed and E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is released as waste by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize organic compounds to produce energy by respiration.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is released from organic materials when they decay or combust, such as in forest fires.
Since plants require E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) for photosynthesis, and humans and animals depend on plants for food, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)is necessary for the survival of life on earth.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is 53% more dense than dry air, but is long lived and thoroughly mixes in the atmosphere.
About half of excess E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) emissions to the atmosphere are absorbed by land and ocean carbon sinks.
These sinks can become saturated and are volatile, as decay and wildfires result in the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) being released back into the atmosphere.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is eventually sequestered (stored for the long term) in rocks and organic deposits like coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Sequestered E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is released into the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels or naturally by volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, and when carbonate rocks dissolve in water or react with acids.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is soluble in water, in which it reversibly forms H2CO3 (carbonic acid), which is a weak acid since its ionization in water is incomplete.
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3

Hence, the majority of the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is not converted into carbonic acid, but remains as E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)molecules, not affecting the pH.
The relative concentrations of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), H2CO3, and the deprotonated forms HCO−3 (bicarbonate) and CO2−3(carbonate) depend on the pH.

As shown in a Bjerrum plot, in neutral or slightly alkaline water (pH > 6.5), the bicarbonate form predominates (>50%) becoming the most prevalent (>95%) at the pH of seawater.
In very alkaline water (pH > 10.4), the predominant (>50%) form is carbonate.

The oceans, being mildly alkaline with typical pH = 8.2–8.5, contain about 120 mg of bicarbonate per liter.
Being diprotic, carbonic acid has two acid dissociation constants, the first one for the dissociation into the bicarbonate (also called hydrogen carbonate) ion (HCO3−):

H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3− + H+
Ka1 = 2.5×10−4 mol/L; pKa1 = 3.6 at 25 °C.
Since most of the dissolved E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) remains as E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) molecules, Ka1(apparent) has a much larger denominator and a much smaller value than the true Ka1.

The bicarbonate ion is an amphoteric species that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH of the solution.
At high pH, it dissociates significantly into the carbonate ion (CO32−):

HCO3− ⇌ CO32− + H+
Ka2 = 4.69×10−11 mol/L; pKa2 = 10.329
In organisms carbonic acid production is catalysed by the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is colorless.
At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently high concentrations, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has a sharp, acidic odor.

At standard temperature and pressure, the density of carbon dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m3, about 1.53 times that of air.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has no liquid state at pressures below 0.51795(10) MPa (5.11177(99) atm).

At a pressure of 1 atm (0.101325 MPa), the gas deposits directly to a solid at temperatures below 194.6855(30) K (−78.4645(30) °C) and the solid sublimes directly to a gas above this temperature.
In E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s solid state, carbon dioxide is commonly called dry ice.

Liquid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) forms only at pressures above 0.51795(10) MPa (5.11177(99) atm); the triple point of carbon dioxide is 216.592(3) K (−56.558(3) °C) at 0.51795(10) MPa (5.11177(99) atm).
The critical point is 304.128(15) K (30.978(15) °C) at 7.3773(30) MPa (72.808(30) atm).

Another form of solid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) observed at high pressure is an amorphous glass-like solid.
This form of glass, called carbonia, is produced by supercooling heated E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) at extreme pressures (40–48 GPa, or about 400,000 atmospheres) in a diamond anvil.

This discovery confirmed the theory that E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) could exist in a glass state similar to other members of its elemental family, like silicon dioxide (silica glass) and germanium dioxide.
Unlike silica and germania glasses, however, carbonia glass is not stable at normal pressures and reverts to gas when pressure is released.

At temperatures and pressures above the critical point, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) behaves as a supercritical fluid known as supercritical carbon dioxide.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a colorless, odorless, incombustible gas resulting from the oxidation of carbon.

Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids.
Because E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is soluble in water, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, ice caps, glaciers and seawater.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas.
As of 2019, some scientists have found a way to capture E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) from the air and turn it back into carbon flakes and pure oxygen by using a liquid metal electrocatalyst.

This could have profound impacts in the future if the process can be made viable at an industrial scale.
Not only would the level of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) in the air be decreased, but pure oxygen has a lot of practical uses and the resultant carbon can be used to make carbon nanotubes.

It is approved to use as food additive in EU and generally recognized as safe food substance in US.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a colorless gas with a slightly acidic smell and taste, registered in the international classification of food additives under the code E290.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a heavy, odorless, colorless gas known as carbon dioxide.
A special feature of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is its ability to pass from the solid state immediately to the gaseous state at atmospheric pressure, bypassing the liquid stage (calorizator).

In the liquid state, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is stored at elevated pressure.
The solid state of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)-white crystals – is known as”dry ice”.

Gorenje, the formation of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) occurs during the burning and rotting of organic substances, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is released during the breathing of plants and animals, in nature E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is found in the air and mineral springs.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) appears as a colorless odorless gas at atmospheric temperatures and pressures.
Relatively nontoxic and noncombustible.
Heavier than air and may asphyxiate by the displacement of air.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is Soluble in water.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond.

A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has a role as a solvent, a vasodilator agent, an anaesthetic, an antagonist, a member of greenhouse gas, a human metabolite, a member of food packaging gas, a food propellant, a refrigerant.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a one-carbon compound, a gas molecular entity and a carbon oxide.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a colorless, odorless, incombustible gas resulting from the oxidation of carbon.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), refrigerated liquid appears as a colorless liquid.
Relatively heavier than air and can asphyxiate by the displacement of air.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), solid appears as an odorless, white solid.
Can cause damaging frostbite.
Noncombustible and nontoxic.

Liquefies at -109°F.
Can asphyxiate by displacement of air.
A colourless gas under normal environmental conditions with a slight pungent odour.

Commercial carbon dioxide is shipped and handled as a liquid in pressurised cylinders or bulk storage systems, or in compressed solid blocks of ‘dry ice’.
Solid (dry ice) forms usually contain added substances, such as propylene glycol or mineral oil, as binders

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), Carbodina (E290) (carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide or CO 2 ) is colourless, odorless and tasteless gas widely spread in nature.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) occurs in three aggregate states: gas, liquid and solid.

At low temperatures (-78.5 °C) and under normal atmospheric pressure, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) changes its state,
i.e. E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) changes from solid state to gas or from gas to solid state (also called dry ice) by missing the medium liquid state.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) obtains a liquid state only when freezing and under higher than 6 bar atmospheric pressure (in the cylinder, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is pressed with 65-70 atmospheric pressure).

A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond.
A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used for cooling or freezing products.
In the normal state it is a colorless gas with a slight sour aroma and taste.
The density of the preservative is 1.5 times higher than that of air.

The additive dissolves in water, the carbon dioxide solution and water form carbonic acid.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is part of the air and in various sources of minerals.
Artificially, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is produced by firing limestone and burning coke, and is also released during the fermentation of alcohol.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a colorless, odorless gas vital to life on Earth.
This naturally occurring E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is composed of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms.
Medical E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a liquefied medicinal gas, supplied in cylinders filled to a high pressure.

A colourless gas under normal environmental conditions with a slight pungent odour.
Commercial E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is shipped and handled as a liquid in pressurised cylinders or bulk storage systems, or in compressed solid blocks of ‘dry ice’.

Solid (dry ice) forms of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) usually contain added substances, such as propylene glycol or mineral oil, as binders.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms.

Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation of carbohydrates, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially.
The production of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) by yeast breaking down carbohydrates is the reason bread rises.
Gluten chains in the bread hold the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) in creating the airiness of the bread.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) gas is colorless and odorless.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s aqueous solution has a slightly acidic taste.
At a temperature of 0 °C and under a pressure of 760 mm of mercury, 1 l of carbon dioxide weighs 1.977 g.

At a temperature of 20 °C and under a pressure of 760 mm of mercury, 1 l of water dissolves 878 ml of carbon dioxide, or 1.736 g of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide).
If a flame is placed in a tube of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), the flame is extinguished.

E290 is the E-number of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) used in MAP.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has no color, no odor, and no taste.
Most aerobic bacteria and molds are inhibited from oxidizing and growing as a result of it.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), also known as [CO2] or e 290, belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as other non-metal oxides.
These are inorganic compounds containing an oxygen atom of an oxidation state of -2, in which the heaviest atom bonded to the oxygen belongs to the class of 'other non-metals'.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is possibly neutral.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is an odorless tasting compound.

Outside of the human body, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as rowanberries, safflowers, triticales, strawberry guava, and rambutans.
This could make E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.

A chemical structure of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) includes the arrangement of atoms and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together.
The E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) molecule contains a total of 2 bond(s).
There are 2 non-H bond(s), 2 multiple bond(s) and 2 double bond(s).

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is essential to life on Earth. Land animals, including humans, exhale E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) into the atmosphere, and the gills of fish return it to the water in which they live.
Plants and algae photosynthesize carbon dioxide to life-sustaining carbohydrates.

In today’s world, that long-standing balance has been overshadowed by the burning of fossil fuels.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is an essential component of photosynthesis (also called carbon assimilation).
Photosynthesis is a chemical process that uses light energy to convert E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) and water into sugars in green plants.

These sugars are then used for growth within the plant, through respiration.
The difference between the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of respiration is the basis for dry-matter accumulation (growth) in the plant.

In greenhouse production the aim of all growers is to increase dry-matter content and economically optimize crop yield.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) increases productivity through improved plant growth and vigour.

Some ways in which productivity is increased by E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) include earlier flowering, higher fruit yields, reduced bud abortion in roses, improved stem strength and flower size.
Growers should regard E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) as a nutrient.

For the majority of greenhouse crops, net photosynthesis increases as E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) levels increase from 340–1,000 ppm (parts per million).
Most crops show that for any given level of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), increasing the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) level to 1,000 ppm will increase the photosynthesis by about 50% over ambient E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) levels.

For some crops the economics may not warrant supplementing to 1,000 ppm E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) at low light levels.
For others such as tulips, and Easter lilies, no response has been observed.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) enters into the plant through the stomatal openings by the process of diffusion.
Stomata are specialized cells located mainly on the underside of the leaves in the epidermal layer.
The cells open and close allowing gas exchange to occur.

The concentration of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) outside the leaf strongly influences the rate of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) uptake by the plant.
The higher the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) concentration outside the leaf, the greater the uptake of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) by the plant.

Light levels, leaf and ambient air temperatures, relative humidity, water stress and the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) and oxygen (O2) concentration in the air and the leaf, are many of the key factors that determine the opening and closing of the stomata.
Ambient E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) level in outside air is about 340 ppm by volume.

All plants grow well at this level but as E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) levels are raised by 1,000 ppm photosynthesis increases proportionately resulting in more sugars and carbohydrates available for plant growth.
Any actively growing crop in a tightly clad greenhouse with little or no ventilation can readily reduce the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) level during the day to as low as 200 ppm.

The decrease in photosynthesis when E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) level drops from 340 ppm to 200 ppm is similar to the increase when the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) levels are raised from 340 to about 1,300 ppm (Figure 1).
As a rule of thumb, a drop in carbon dioxide levels below ambient has a stronger effect than supplementation above ambient.

USES and APPLICATIONS of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
-Cosmetic Uses: propellants
-Used Propellant, coolant, derived from lime manufacture; may increase the effect of alcohol; typical products are wine, soft drinks, confectionary.

-Used in carbonated drinks for the sparkling effect.
-Also used in modified atmosphere packaging and propellant in gas containers.
-Used carbonated drinks, prepacked foods, cream

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a versatile industrial material, used, for example, as an inert gas in welding and fire extinguishers, as a pressurizing gas in air guns and oil recovery, and as a supercritical fluid solvent in decaffeination of coffee and supercritical drying.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is also a feedstock for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used in gaseous form, either pure or mixed with nitrogen, in procedures designed to render inert.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is an unwanted byproduct in many large scale oxidation processes, for example, in the production of acrylic acid (over 5 million tons/year).
-The frozen solid form of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), known as dry ice, is used as a refrigerant and as an abrasive in dry-ice blasting.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used as a preservative, propellant, antioxidant and acidity regulator.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a byproduct of fermentation of sugars in bread, beer and wine making, and is added to carbonated beverages like seltzer and beer for effervescence.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has a sharp and acidic odor and generates the taste of soda water in the mouth, but at normally encountered concentrations E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is odorless.
-Within the food industry, liquid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is primarily used for cooling and freezing.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has varied commercial uses but one of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s greatest uses as a chemical is in the production of carbonated beverages; E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) provides the sparkle in carbonated beverages such as soda water, beer and sparkling wine.

-Precursor to chemicals:
In the chemical industry, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is mainly consumed as an ingredient in the production of urea, with a smaller fraction being used to produce methanol and a range of other products.

Some carboxylic acid derivatives such as sodium salicylate are prepared using E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) by the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction.

In addition to conventional processes using E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) for chemical production, electrochemical methods are also being explored at a research level.

In particular, the use of renewable energy for production of fuels from E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) (such as methanol) is attractive as this could result in fuels that could be easily transported and used within conventional combustion technologies but have no net E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) emissions.

-Agriculture:
Plants require E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) to conduct photosynthesis.
The atmospheres of greenhouses may (if of large size, must) be enriched with additional E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) to sustain and increase the rate of plant growth.

-Foods:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a food additive used as a propellant and acidity regulator in the food industry.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is approved for usage in the EU (listed as E number E290), US and Australia and New Zealand (listed by its INS number 290).

A candy called Pop Rocks is pressurized with carbon dioxide gas at about 4,000 kPa (40 bar; 580 psi).
When placed in the mouth, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) dissolves (just like other hard candy) and releases the gas bubbles with an audible pop.

Leavening agents cause dough to rise by producing carbon dioxide.
Baker's yeast produces E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) by fermentation of sugars within the dough, while chemical leaveners such as baking powder and baking soda release carbon dioxide when heated or if exposed to acids.

-Beverages:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water.
Traditionally, the carbonation of beer and sparkling wine came about through natural fermentation, but many manufacturers carbonate these drinks with carbon dioxide recovered from the fermentation process.

In the case of bottled and kegged beer, the most common method used is carbonation with recycled E 290 (Carbon Dioxide).
With the exception of British real ale, draught beer is usually transferred from kegs in a cold room or cellar to dispensing taps on the bar using pressurized E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), sometimes mixed with nitrogen.

The taste of soda water (and related taste sensations in other carbonated beverages) is an effect of the dissolved E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) rather than the bursting bubbles of the gas.
Carbonic anhydrase 4 converts to carbonic acid leading to a sour taste, and also the dissolved E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) induces a somatosensory response.

-Winemaking:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) in the form of dry ice is often used during the cold soak phase in winemaking to cool clusters of grapes quickly after picking to help prevent spontaneous fermentation by wild yeast.

The main advantage of using dry ice over water ice is that it cools the grapes without adding any additional water that might decrease the sugar concentration in the grape must, and thus the alcohol concentration in the finished wine.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is also used to create a hypoxic environment for carbonic maceration, the process used to produce Beaujolais wine.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is sometimes used to top up wine bottles or other storage vessels such as barrels to prevent oxidation, though it has the problem that E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) can dissolve into the wine, making a previously still wine slightly fizzy.
For this reason, other gases such as nitrogen or argon are preferred for this process by professional wine makers.

-Stunning animals:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is often used to "stun" animals before slaughter.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry.

-Inert gas:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is one of the most commonly used compressed gases for pneumatic (pressurized gas) systems in portable pressure tools.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is also used as an atmosphere for welding, although in the welding arc, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) reacts to oxidize most metals.

Use in the automotive industry is common despite significant evidence that welds made in carbon dioxide are more brittle than those made in more inert atmospheres.

When used for MIG welding, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) use is sometimes referred to as MAG welding, for Metal Active Gas, as E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) can react at these high temperatures.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used in many consumer products that require pressurized gas because E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is inexpensive and nonflammable, and because E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) undergoes a phase transition from gas to liquid at room temperature at an attainable pressure of approximately 60 bar (870 psi; 59 atm), allowing far more E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) to fit in a given container than otherwise would.

-Life jackets often contain canisters of pressured E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) for quick inflation.
-Aluminium capsules of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) are also sold as supplies of compressed gas for air guns, paintball markers/guns, inflating bicycle tires, and for making carbonated water.

-High concentrations of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) can also be used to kill pests.
-Liquid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used in supercritical drying of some food products and technological materials, in the preparation of specimens for scanning electron microscopy and in the decaffeination of coffee beans.

-Fire extinguisher:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) can be used to extinguish flames by flooding the environment around the flame with the gas.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) does not itself react to extinguish the flame, but starves the flame of oxygen by displacing it.

Some fire extinguishers, especially those designed for electrical fires, contain liquid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) under pressure.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) extinguishers work well on small flammable liquid and electrical fires, but not on ordinary combustible fires, because they do not cool the burning substances significantly, and when the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) disperses, they can catch fire upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen.

They are mainly used in server rooms.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has also been widely used as an extinguishing agent in fixed fire-protection systems for local application of specific hazards and total flooding of a protected space.

International Maritime Organization standards recognize E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) systems for fire protection of ship holds and engine rooms.

-Used Supercritical E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) as solvent
-Liquid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a good solvent for many lipophilic organic compounds and is used to remove caffeine from coffee.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has attracted attention in the pharmaceutical and other chemical processing industries as a less toxic alternative to more traditional solvents such as organochlorides.
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is also used by some dry cleaners for this reason.

-Medical and pharmacological uses:
In medicine, up to 5% E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) (130 times atmospheric concentration) is added to oxygen for stimulation of breathing after apnea and to stabilize the O2/CO2 balance in blood.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) can be mixed with up to 50% oxygen, forming an inhalable gas; this is known as Carbogen and has a variety of medical and research uses.
-Another medical use are the mofette, dry spas that use carbon dioxide from post-volcanic discharge for therapeutic purposes.

-Energy:
Supercritical E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used as the working fluid in the Allam power cycle engine.

-Fossil fuel recovery:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used in enhanced oil recovery where E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is injected into or adjacent to producing oil wells, usually under supercritical conditions, when E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) becomes miscible with the oil.

This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by between 7% to 23% additional to primary extraction.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) acts as both a pressurizing agent and, when dissolved into the underground crude oil, significantly reduces E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s viscosity, and changing surface chemistry enabling the oil to flow more rapidly through the reservoir to the removal well.

In mature oil fields, extensive pipe networks are used to carry the carbon dioxide to the injection points.

In enhanced coal bed methane recovery, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) would be pumped into the coal seam to displace methane, as opposed to current methods which primarily rely on the removal of water (to reduce pressure) to make the coal seam release E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s trapped methane.

-Bio transformation into fuel:
*Carbon capture and utilization:
It has been proposed that E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) from power generation be bubbled into ponds to stimulate growth of algae that could then be converted into biodiesel fuel.

A strain of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus has been genetically engineered to produce the fuels isobutyraldehyde and isobutanol from E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) using photosynthesis.

Researchers have developed a process called electrolysis, using enzymes isolated from bacteria to power the chemical reactions which convert E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) into fuels.

-Refrigerant:
Liquid and solid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods.

Solid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical.

Solid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is always below −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) at regular atmospheric pressure, regardless of the air temperature.

Liquid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) (industry nomenclature R744 or R-744) was used as a refrigerant prior to the use of dichlorodifluoromethane (R12, a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compound).

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) might enjoy a renaissance because one of the main substitutes to CFCs, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a, a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) compound) contributes to climate change more than E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) does.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) physical properties are highly favorable for cooling, refrigeration, and heating purposes, having a high volumetric cooling capacity.

Due to the need to operate at pressures of up to 130 bars (1,900 psi; 13,000 kPa), E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) systems require highly mechanically resistant reservoirs and components that have already been developed for mass production in many sectors.

In automobile air conditioning, in more than 90% of all driving conditions for latitudes higher than 50°, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) (R744) operates more efficiently than systems using HFCs (e.g., R134a).

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s environmental advantages (GWP of 1, non-ozone depleting, non-toxic, non-flammable) could make it the future working fluid to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, and heat pump water heaters, among others.

Coca-Cola has fielded E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)-based beverage coolers and the U.S. Army is interested in E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) refrigeration and heating technology.

-Minor uses:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is the lasing medium in a carbon-dioxide laser, which is one of the earliest type of lasers.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used in the preparation of some aerogels because of the properties of supercritical carbon dioxide.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) can be used as a means of controlling the pH of swimming pools, by continuously adding gas to the water, thus keeping the pH from rising.
Among the advantages of this is the avoidance of handling (more hazardous) acids.

-Similarly, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is also used in the maintaining reef aquaria, where E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is commonly used in calcium reactors to temporarily lower the pH of water being passed over calcium carbonate in order to allow the calcium carbonate to dissolve into the water more freely, where E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used by some corals to build their skeleton.

-Used as the primary coolant in the British advanced gas-cooled reactor for nuclear power generation.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) induction is commonly used for the euthanasia of laboratory research animals.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a food additive (E number 290) used as a propellant and acidity regulator in the food industry.

-Methods to administer E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) include placing animals directly into a closed, prefilled chamber containing E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), or exposure to a gradually increasing concentration of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide).
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is also used in several related cleaning and surface-preparation techniques.

-Leavening agents cause dough to rise by producing E 290 (Carbon Dioxide).
Baker's yeast produces E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) by fermentation of sugars within the dough, while chemical leaveners such as baking powder and baking soda release E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) when heated or if exposed to acids.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is also used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water.
-The main application of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is its use as a preservative E290 in the production of carbonated beverages.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is often used in the fermentation process of grape raw materials to control fermentation.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a part of preservatives for storage in packages of meat and dairy products, bakery products, vegetables and fruits.
-“Dry ice” is used as a freezing and cooling agent for the preservation of ice cream, as well as fresh fish and seafood.

-On the territory of our country, it is allowed to use the food additive E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) in the food industry as a preservative and baking powder.
-Used to freeze food, to control chemical reactions, and as a fire extinguishing agent.

-How the baking powder E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) “works” in the process of baking bread and muffins.
-Used as a refrigerant and in making carbonated beverages.
-Used to freeze food, to control chemical reactions and as a fire extinguishing agent.

-Used as a refrigerant.
-Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.
-Solid form is utilized as dry ice.

-Carbonation of water or other beverages:
*from large-scale production to domestic gasifiers;

*Tapping of beer and other draft drinks found in the ho.re.ca sector;
*Removal of air that is in the food packaging (protective atmosphere);

*Extinguishing fire, as for e.g. in E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)extinguishers or fixed fire extinguishing systems;
*Production of dry ice (pellets and solid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)blocks) for food, industrial, pharmaceutical and other uses.

-Given the different uses of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) it is possible to find on the market both “industrial” and “food grade” E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) gas supplies, as well as the most specialized ones.

-The distinction between food E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) and industrial E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is not only a label indicating the intended use of the gas, but depends mainly on its degree of purity:
• technical E 290 (Carbon Dioxide): degree of purity between 95% and 99%;
• pure E 290 (Carbon Dioxide): between 99% and 99.99%;
• very pure E 290 (Carbon Dioxide): between 99.99% and 99.99999%.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) or CO2 is a highly versatile gas that is applied in different sectors such as food and technical – industrial.
-Used Confectionery, carvonated beverage, gassed cream

-Other Uses: Dry ice, stage fog or smoke effects
-"Karbodinas" (E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)) is used in the production of soda drinks, beer, sparkling wine, for rising (fluffing up) pastry.

-This type of gas, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), is also used as a food additive or freezing agent for fast freezing, storage and transportation of raw food or ready-to-cook products.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), "Karbodina" (E290) meets the specific purity criteria of EU Directive No. 231/2012 for food carbon dioxide and can be used in food industry as food additive E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)according to requirements of Annexes II and III of EU Directive No. 1333/2008 in the production of soda drinks, beer and other beverages.

-Food industry:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), "Karbodinas" (E290) is used in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) as well as a replacement of natural rising (fluffing up) products in pastry.

The fermentation-causing yeast and milk acid bacteria extract E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) and it provides the pastry with a porous structure.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), "Carbodina" (E290) used in food industry is the main ingredient of carbonated beverages (soda drinks, beer, sparkling wine).

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), "Karbodinas" (E290) is used for cooling and freezing food products as well as in order to keep their taste and texture without any changes as long as possible and to reduce the amount of natural and artificial preservatives.

In a packaging, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) acts as antibacterial preparation, ie prevents from the proliferation of microorganisms (mould and other dominating aerobic bacteria), suppresses the activity of microbes and, when dissolved in liquid food and fat, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) reduces their pH value.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), "Karbodinas" (E290) accelerates the maturity of fruits and vegetables in green-houses.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used to cool or freeze products.
In the normal state it is a colorless gas with a slight sour aroma and taste.
The density of the preservative is 1.5 times

-E 290 is permitted for use in the manufacture of certain beverages, and in the food industry is permitted within certain limits.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used in baking confectionery and as a leavening agent for dough.

-Liquid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) cylinders are used for fire extinguishers when welding wires.
In the solid state, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used to keep the cold in the freezers.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is widely used in the production of soft drinks, has a beneficial effect on their properties and freshness, in winemaking - to regulate the fermentation process, as well as in the manufacture of some wines to which E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is added, in the production of juices - low concentrations.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), uses in the agri-food chain:
CO2 - E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) or carbon dioxide - is an inert, odorless and colorless gas, naturally present in the atmosphere in limited concentrations.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used in various phases and processes, throughout the agri-food chain:
*greenhouse agriculture (and floriculture) for carbon fertilization and weed control (as an alternative to the use of various chemical substances, e.g. methyl bromide, phosphines, insecticides),

*extraction of substances (e.g. caffeine, CBD) from vegetable raw materials (supercritical E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)),
*cold pasteurization (DPCD, Dense Phase E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)), in the liquid state or supercritical,

*water purification, for the purpose of recarbonation,
*refrigerated transport, production of dry ice, cryogenic freezing (in liquid form, together with nitrogen),

*modified atmosphere packaging (Modified Atmosphere Packaging, MAP), mixed with other gases, for extend the shelf-life of food.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), Used food ingredient or additive
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used as an ingredient or food additive (E 290), as appropriate:
*in the beverage industry, for their carbonation,
*in communities (bars, restaurants, canteens, catering, food truck), for adding to the water to be served not pre-packaged, for tapping beer and soft drinks.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a naturally-occurring gas used as a insufflation gas during minimally invasive surgeries to enlarge and stabilize body cavities to provide better visibility of the surgical area.

-Medical E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) may be used in different situations, e.g. during bodily investigations, to inflate body cavities during surgery (such as key-hole surgery), and in solid form (dry ice) for freezing of tissue and removal of warts.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is commonly used as an insufflation gas for minimal invasive surgery (laparoscopy, endoscopy, and arthroscopy) to enlarge and stabilize body cavities to provide better visibility of the surgical area.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) has been used also in cryotherapy and as respiratory stimulant before and after anesthesia.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) could be used also in expansion of blood vessels if required, to increase E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) level after rapid breathing, and to stimulate breathing after a period of nonbreathing.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), CO2, E290 food grade disposable gas bottles are used for carbonating fizzy beverages such as soda, mineral water, and beer.

-To create the carbonation in soda or beer, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is dissolved in water producing carbonic acid.
The carbonation process happens naturally in many fermented products such as beer, but needs to be introduced into soft drinks.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is widely utilized to extend food’s shelf life.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used for dispensing Lager, Cider, Soft Drinks and some Cask Ales.
-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is also used for dispensation at premises that have gas generation plants fitted in the cellars.

-Bottled E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is blended with Nitrogen, taken from the air, to create the required mixed gas for the product being dispensed.
-As an additive to beverages, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is consumed orally.

-E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is usually administered through the lungs by inhalation.
The major exceptions are when a metered supply is fed into the oxygenator of an extracorporeal circulation of a cardiopulmonary bypass system, and when the gas is used for laparoscopic surgery.

-Among E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s many uses are putting the bubbles in soft drinks and giving beer E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s fizz.
-Food-grade E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is made from natural gas as a byproduct of ammonia production.

FUNCTIONS of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
1. Acidity Regulator / Buffering Agent - Changes or maintains the acidity or basicity of food/cosmetics.
2. Leavening / Raising Agent - Causes or forms gas bubbles in food
3. Packaging Gas / Propellants - Packaging gas used as protection and inhibition of unwanted chemical reactions. Propellants used as a carrier gas to deliver other ingredients
4. Preservative - Prevents and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful

CHEMICAL and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
Structure, bonding and molecular vibrations:
The symmetry of a E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) molecule is linear and centrosymmetric at E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s equilibrium geometry.

The length of the carbon-oxygen bond in E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is 116.3 pm, noticeably shorter than the roughly 140-pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply-bonded functional groups such as carbonyls.

Since E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is centrosymmetric, the molecule has no electric dipole moment.
As a linear triatomic molecule, CO2 has four vibrational modes.

In the symmetric and the antisymmetric stretching modes, the atoms move along the axis of the molecule.
There are two bending modes, which are degenerate, meaning that they have the same frequency and same energy, because of the symmetry of the molecule.

When a molecule touches a surface or touches another molecule, the two bending modes can differ in frequency because the interaction is different for the two modes.

Some of the vibrational modes are observed in the infrared (IR) spectrum: the antisymmetric stretching mode at wavenumber 2349 cm−1 (wavelength 4.25 μm) and the degenerate pair of bending modes at 667 cm−1 (wavelength 15 μm).

The symmetric stretching mode does not create an electric dipole so is not observed in IR spectroscopy, but E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is detected in by Raman spectroscopy at 1388 cm−1 (wavelength 7.2 μm).

In the gas phase, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) molecules undergo significant vibrational motions and do not keep a fixed structure. However, in a Coulomb explosion imaging experiment, an instantaneous image of the molecular structure can be deduced.

Such an experiment has been performed for E 290 (Carbon Dioxide).
The result of this experiment, and the conclusion of theoretical calculations based on an ab initio potential energy surface of the molecule, is that none of the molecules in the gas phase are ever exactly linear.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a potent electrophile having an electrophilic reactivity that is comparable to benzaldehyde or strong α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

However, unlike electrophiles of similar reactivity, the reactions of nucleophiles with E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) are thermodynamically less favored and are often found to be highly reversible.

Only very strong nucleophiles, like the carbanions provided by Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds react with CO2 to give carboxylates:

MR + CO2 → RCO2M
where M = Li or Mg Br and R = alkyl or aryl.
In metal carbon dioxide complexes, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) serves as a ligand, which can facilitate the conversion of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) to other chemicals.

The reduction of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) to CO is ordinarily a difficult and slow reaction:

CO2 + 2 e− + 2H+ → CO + H2O
Photoautotrophs (i.e. plants and cyanobacteria) use the energy contained in sunlight to photosynthesize simple sugars from E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) absorbed from the air and water:

n CO2 + n H2O → (CH2O)n + n O2
The redox potential for this reaction near pH 7 is about −0.53 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode.
The nickel-containing enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase catalyses this process

SOURCES of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) can be obtained by burning carbon-based fuels such as natural gas, propane, and kerosene, or directly from tanks of pure E 290 (Carbon Dioxide).

Each source has potential advantages and disadvantages.
When natural gas, propane or kerosene is burned, not only E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is produced, but also heat is generated that can supplement the normal heating system.

Natural gas, propane and liquid fuels are burned in specialized E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) generators located throughout the greenhouse.

The size of the unit (BTU’;s produced) and the degree of horizontal airflow in the greenhouse determine the number and the location of these units.

The most important feature of a burner should be that it burns the fuel completely.
Some manufacturers make burners in which either natural gas or propane can be used, as well as units with adjustable outputs.

ISOLATION nad PRODUCTION of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) can be obtained by distillation from air, but the method is inefficient.
Industrially, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is predominantly an unrecovered waste product, produced by several methods which may be practiced at various scales.

The combustion of all carbon-based fuels, such as methane (natural gas), petroleum distillates (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane), coal, wood and generic organic matter produces E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) and, except in the case of pure carbon, water.
As an example, the chemical reaction between methane and oxygen:

CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O
Iron is reduced from its oxides with coke in a blast furnace, producing pig iron and E 290 (Carbon Dioxide):

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a byproduct of the industrial production of hydrogen by steam reforming and the water gas shift reaction in ammonia production.

These processes begin with the reaction of water and natural gas (mainly methane).
This is a major source of food-grade E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) for use in carbonation of beer and soft drinks, and is also used for stunning animals such as poultry.

In the summer of 2018 a shortage of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) for these purposes arose in Europe due to the temporary shut-down of several ammonia plants for maintenance.

Carbonates:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is produced by thermal decomposition of limestone, CaCO3 by heating (calcining) at about 850 °C (1,560 °F), in the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO), a compound that has many industrial uses:

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Acids liberate E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) from most metal carbonates.
Consequently, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) may be obtained directly from natural carbon dioxide springs, where E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is produced by the action of acidified water on limestone or dolomite.

The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) is shown below:

CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + H2CO3
The carbonic acid (H2CO3) then decomposes to water and E 290 (Carbon Dioxide):

H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O
Such reactions are accompanied by foaming or bubbling, or both, as the gas is released.
They have widespread uses in industry because they can be used to neutralize waste acid streams.

Fermentation:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is a by-product of the fermentation of sugar in the brewing of beer, whisky and other alcoholic beverages and in the production of bioethanol.

Yeast metabolizes sugar to produce E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) and ethanol, also known as alcohol, as follows:

C6H12O6 → 2 CO2 + 2 C2H5OH
All aerobic organisms produce E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) when they oxidize carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins.

The large number of reactions involved are exceedingly complex and not described easily.
The equation for the respiration of glucose and other monosaccharides is:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Anaerobic organisms decompose organic material producing methane and carbon dioxide together with traces of other compounds. Regardless of the type of organic material, the production of gases follows well defined kinetic pattern.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) comprises about 40–45% of the gas that emanates from decomposition in landfills (termed "landfill gas").
Most of the remaining 50–55% is methane.

E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE), IN EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, having a global average concentration of 415 parts per million by volume (or 630 parts per million by mass) as of the end of year 2020.

Atmospheric E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) concentrations fluctuate slightly with the seasons, falling during the Northern Hemisphere spring and summer as plants consume the gas and rising during northern autumn and winter as plants go dormant or die and decay.

Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller variations aloft.
In urban areas concentrations are generally higher and indoors they can reach 10 times background levels.

While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies.

Light emission from the Earth's surface is most intense in the infrared region between 200 and 2500 cm−1, as opposed to light emission from the much hotter Sun which is most intense in the visible region.

Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.
Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.

E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE), IN THE OCEANS:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3−) and carbonate (CO32−).
There is about fifty times as much E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) dissolved in the oceans as exists in the atmosphere.

The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) emitted by human activity.

Biological role:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is an end product of cellular respiration in organisms that obtain energy by breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism.

This includes all plants, algae and animals and aerobic fungi and bacteria.

In vertebrates, the E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the skin (e.g., amphibians) or the gills (e.g., fish), from where E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) dissolves in the water, or to the lungs from where E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is exhaled.

During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.

Photosynthesis and carbon fixation:
Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis uses E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, commonly abbreviated to RuBisCO, is the enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, the production of two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate from E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) and ribulose bisphosphate, as shown in the diagram at left.

RuBisCO is thought to be the single most abundant protein on Earth.

Phototrophs use the products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the biosynthesis of more complex organic molecules, such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins.

These are used for their own growth, and also as the basis of the food chains and webs that feed other organisms, including animals such as ourselves.
Some important phototrophs, the coccolithophores synthesise hard calcium carbonate scales.

A globally significant species of coccolithophore is Emiliania huxleyi whose calcite scales have formed the basis of many sedimentary rocks such as limestone, where what was previously atmospheric carbon can remain fixed for geological timescales.

The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide).

Plants also emit E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) during respiration, and so the majority of plants and algae, which use C3 photosynthesis, are only net absorbers during the day.

Though a growing forest will absorb many tons of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) each year, a mature forest will produce as much E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) from respiration and decomposition of dead specimens (e.g., fallen branches) as is used in photosynthesis in growing plants.

Contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral, mature forests can continue to accumulate carbon and remain valuable carbon sinks, helping to maintain the carbon balance of Earth's atmosphere.

Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) from the atmosphere.

COMPARISON BETWEEN FOOD GRADE E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE) AND INDUSTRIAL CARBON DIOXIDE:
The main difference between industrial and food E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) are the controls carried out on the gas which the cylinders are filled, both as purity and as standard required during the bottling phases.

While for industrial gas the level of purity is defined only by the specifications of the manufacturer, for that classified as food E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) there are well-defined limits on gas purity, and on the maximum permitted percentages of other gases or contaminants.

In particular, the reference legislation is the European Regulation no. EU 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down the specifications for food additives.

This regulation has been taken up and deepened by E.I.G.A. (European Industrial Gases Association) in the document doc. 126/20 “Minimum Specifications for Food Gas Applications.

This results in the obligation of instrumental chemical analysis for each gas lot that is supplied, and the consequent issue of a specific analysis certificate.

The certification confirms that that specific batch of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is suitable for applications in the food sector, and at the same time serves as a protection for the final consumer.

Also for those who use carbon dioxide in aquariums, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) being a natural fertilizer, food E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is used in aquaria to promote the growth of plants and to regulate the pH of water.

E 290 Food-Grade Carbon Dioxide:
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) or CO2 in food E 290, is considered by European legislation as a food additive, number “E290”.
For this reason E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is essential that E 290 (Carbon Dioxide)'s purity is guaranteed and therefore is qualified for food use.

On the other hand, E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is also necessary to ensure best practices in handling, transport and storage in order to avoid any possible contamination and to ensure the most complete traceability.

HISTORY of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) was the first gas to be described as a discrete substance.
In about 1640, the Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont observed that when he burned charcoal in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting ash was much less than that of the original charcoal.

His interpretation was that the rest of the charcoal had been transmuted into an invisible substance he termed a "gas" or "wild spirit" (spiritus sylvestris).
The properties of E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) were further studied in the 1750s by the Scottish physician Joseph Black.

He found that limestone (calcium carbonate) could be heated or treated with acids to yield a gas he called "fixed air."
He observed that the fixed air was denser than air and supported neither flame nor animal life.

Black also found that when bubbled through limewater (a saturated aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide), it would precipitate calcium carbonate.

He used this phenomenon to illustrate that E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) is produced by animal respiration and microbial fermentation.

In 1772, English chemist Joseph Priestley published a paper entitled Impregnating Water with Fixed Air in which he described a process of dripping sulfuric acid (or oil of vitriol as Priestley knew it) on chalk in order to produce E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), and forcing the gas to dissolve by agitating a bowl of water in contact with the gas.

E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) was first liquefied (at elevated pressures) in 1823 by Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday.

The earliest description of solid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide) (dry ice) was given by the French inventor Adrien-Jean-Pierre Thilorier, who in 1835 opened a pressurized container of liquid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide), only to find that the cooling produced by the rapid evaporation of the liquid yielded a "snow" of solid E 290 (Carbon Dioxide).

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
Molecular Weight: 44.01
Appearance Form: Liquefied gas
Odour: No data available
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -78,5 °C - lit.

Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapour pressure: 57.249 hPa at 20 °C
Vapour density: 1,52 - (Air = 1.0)
Relative density: No data available

Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Auto-ignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature:
No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available

Molecular Weight: 44.009
XLogP3-AA: 0.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 43.989829239
Monoisotopic Mass: 43.989829239
Topological Polar Surface Area: 34.1 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 3

Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 18.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: No

Water Solubility: 186 g/L
logP: -0.63
logP: -0.28
logS: 0.63
Physiological Charge: 0
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 2
Hydrogen Donor Count: 0

Polar Surface Area: 34.14 Å²
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Refractivity: 6.38 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 2.57 Å³
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: Yes

Appearance: colorless clear gas (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Boiling Point: -88.46 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Vapor Pressure: 28293.11133 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: -204.00 °F. TCC ( -131.10 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w): 0.830 (est)
Soluble in: water, 2.572e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

FIRST AID MEASURES of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
-Description of first aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.

*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.

*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.

*If swallowed:
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Clean up promptly by sweeping or vacuum.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

-Further information:
Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
-Control parameters:
--Components with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.

*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 480 min

Splash contact:
Material: Chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,6 mm
Break through time: 30 min

-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Store in cool place.
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of E 290 (CARBON DIOXIDE):
-Reactivity:
No data available

-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.

-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

-Conditions to avoid:
No data available

-Incompatible materials:
No data available

-Other decomposition products:
No data available

SYNONYMS:
carbon dioxide
carbonic anhydride
Dry ice
carbonic acid gas
Carbonic acid anhydride
Carbonica
Carbon oxide, di-
methanedione
Kohlendioxyd
Kohlensaure
Khladon 744
CO2
Anhydride carbonique
Dioxomethane
Cardice
Drikold
HSDB 516
R 744
UN1013
UN1845
UN2187
UNII-142M471B3J
Carbon oxide (CO2)
CHEBI:16526
142M471B3J
E290
After-damp
E-290
AER Fixus
Caswell No. 163
carbondioxide
dioxidocarbon
epoxyketone
Dricold
carbon dioxid
dry-ice
Dioxomethane #
methane, dioxo-
Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid
Carbonic acid, gas
Makr carbon dioxide
Carbon-12 dioxide
Carbon dioxide (TN)
CARBON-DIOXIDE
Dry ice (solid form)
Carbon dioxide (JP17/USP)
Carbon dioxide, >=99.8%
INS NO.290
CHEMBL1231871
DTXSID4027028
BDBM10856
Carbon dioxide, solid or dry ice
INS-290
[CO2]
NSC-81688
DB09157
UN 1013
UN 1845
UN 2187
Carbon dioxide, puriss., >=99.998%
E 290
FT-0690212
Q1997
C00011
Carbon dioxide [UN1013] [Nonflammable gas]
Carbon dioxide, Messer(R) CANgas, 99.995%
D00004
Carbon dioxide, solid or dry ice [UN1845] [Class 9]
Carbon dioxide (99.8%), cylinder of 14 L, analytical standard
Carbon dioxide (99.8%), cylinder of 48 L, analytical standard
Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid [UN2187] [Nonflammable gas]
Carbon oxide
Carbon-12 dioxide
Carbonic acid anhydride
Carbonic acid gas
Carbonic anhydride
CO(2)
CO2
[CO2]
e 290
e-290
e290
R-744
Anhydride, carbonic
Dioxide, carbon