E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used industrially as a stabilizer to inhibit autopolymerization of organic peroxides.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as an antioxidant in biodiesel.
In the food industry, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as a preservative for unsaturated vegetable oils and many edible animal fats.

CAS Number: 1948-33-0
EC Number: 217-752-2
MDL Number: MFCD00002344
Chemical formula: C10H14O2

SYNONYMS:
2-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2-tertiary-butylhydroquinone, mono-tert-butylhydroquinone, monotertiary butyl hydroquinone, MTBHQ, TBHQ, tert-butylhydroquinone, 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol, 2-t-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol, 2-t-Butylhydroquinone, 2-tert-Butyl(1,4)hydroquinone, 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol, 2-Tertiary-butylhydroquinone, Mono-tert-butylhydroquinone, Mono-tertiarybutylhydroquinone, t-Butyl hydroquinone, t-Butylhydroquinone, tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol, tert-Butylhydroquinone, tertiary-Butylhydroquinone, HYDROQUINONE, TERT-BUTYL-, MONO-TERT-BUTYLHYDROQUINONE, MONO-TERTIARYBUTYLHYDROQUINONE, MTBHQ, SUSTANE, T-BUTYLHYDROQUINONE, Tertiary Butylhydroquinone FCC (TBHQ), 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol, 2-tert-Butylbenzene-1,4-diol, TBHQ(i), tert-Butylhydroquinone, 1948-33-0, TBHQ, 2-tert-Butylhydroquinone, 2-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol, T-BUTYLHYDROQUINONE, MTBHQ, t-Butyl hydroquinone, 2-t-Butylhydroquinone, Mono-tert-butylhydroquinone, Sustane, 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol, Mono-tertiarybutylhydroquinone, tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol, Tenox TBHQ, tertiary-Butylhydroquinone, Banox 20BA, Hydroquinone, tert-butyl-, 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol, 1,4-Benzenediol, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, 2-tert-Butyl(1,4)hydroquinone, 2-tertiary-butylhydroquinone, tert-Butylhydrochinone, t-BHQ, 2-(tert-butyl)benzene-1,4-diol, 2-t-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol, Hydroquinone, t-butyl-, Butylhydroquinone, tert-, Tertiary butylhydroquinone, NSC 4972, Tenox 20, MFCD00002344, monotertiary butyl hydroquinone, CCRIS 1447, HSDB 838, CHEBI:78886, 1,4-Benzenediol (1,1-dimethylethyl)-, NSC4972, Eastman MTBHQ, NSC-4972, EINECS 217-752-2, BRN 0637923, DTXSID6020220, AI3-61039, tert-butyl-hydroquinone, UNII-C12674942B, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene-1,4-diol, DTXCID60220, BUTYLHYDROQUINONE,TERT-, INS NO.319, C12674942B, INS-319, EC 217-752-2, HYDROQUINONE,TERTIARY BUTYL, 2-tert-butyl-1,4-dihydroxybenzene, NCGC00013051-05, E319, E-319, TERT-BUTYLHYDROQUINONE (II), TERT-BUTYLHYDROQUINONE [II], 2-(tert-Butyl)benzene-1,4-diol(may occur to produce black solid), EYK, TERTIARY BUTYLHYDROQUINONE (MART.), TERTIARY BUTYLHYDROQUINONE [MART.], CAS-1948-33-0, Butylhydroquinone, t-, tert-butyl hydroquinone, 2-(tert-Butyl)-p-hydroquinone, Sustane TBHQ, Tenox TBHO, Tenox TBHQTBHQ, TBHQ (Standard), t-butyl-hydroquinone, tert-Butylhydroquinon, THBQ, 2-t-butyl hydroquinone, tert.-butyl hydroquinone, 2-tert-butyl-hydroquinone, TBHQ [FCC], NCIStruc1_000241, NCIStruc2_000017, SCHEMBL26745, tert-Butylhydroquinone, 97%, MLS002222348, CHEMBL242080, NCI4972, WLN: QR DQ BX1&1&1, KUC109743N, T-BUTYLHYDROQUINONE [HSDB], 1,4-dihydroxy-2-tert-butylbenzene, Tox21_110006, Tox21_110007, Tox21_202309, Tox21_300081, BDBM50065387, CCG-37948, NCGC00013051, s4990, STK372011, AKOS003627061, CS-5774, DB07726, FB40548, HY-100489R, 2-TERT-BUTYL-1,4-HYDROQUINONE, NCGC00013051-01, NCGC00013051-02, NCGC00013051-03, NCGC00013051-04, NCGC00013051-06, NCGC00013051-07, NCGC00013051-08, NCGC00013051-09, NCGC00013051-10, NCGC00090788-01, NCGC00090788-02, NCGC00090788-03, NCGC00090788-04, NCGC00254178-01, NCGC00259858-01, AC-10579, BS-15862, NCI60_004196, SMR001253806, SY001798, 2-(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL)HYDROQUINONE, HYDROQUINONE,TERTIARY BUTYL [VANDF], KSC-241-078-1, tert-Butylhydroquinone, analytical standard, DB-019879, HY-100489, B0833, NS00010294, 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol, 9CI, D70420, EN300-120878, Q662443, BRD-K36452089-001-01-8, BRD-K36452089-001-02-6, F0001-0696, Z1255402624, 217-752-2, E319, Tertiary-butylhydroxyquinone, Tertiary-butyl hydroxyquinol, Butylhydroquinone, Tertiary-butylhydroquinone, Tertiary Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), TBHQ, Tert-Butylhydroquinone, Tertiary Butyl Hydroquinone, T-Butylhydroquinone, Mono-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2-tert-butylhydroquinone, Butylhydroquinone, Tert-butylhydrochinone, Tert-ButylHydroquinone (Tbhq), Mono-tertiarybutylhydroquinone, Tertiary Butyl Hydroxyquinone, Tertiary Butyl Hydroxyphenol, Tertbutylhydroquinone, TBHQ, tert-Butylhydroquinone, 2-tert-Butylhydroquinone, Mono-tert-butylhydroquinone, MTBHQ, 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol, Sustane TBHQ, Tenox TBHQ, Butylhydroquinone, TBHQ, 2-tert-Butylhydroquinone, 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol, Antioxidant (TBHQ-180 ppm), Antioxidant ( E319), Antioxidant (319), Antioxidant (INS 319), Antioxidant (TBHQ INS 319), Antioxidant-Tertiary Butylhydroquinone (INS 319), Antioxidant: TBHQ, Permitted Antioxidant TBHQ (E-319), Permitted Antioxidant [319], Permitted Antioxidant(319), TBHQ Powder (INS 319), Tertiary Butylhydroquinone (Antioxidant E319),

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone (tert-Butylhydroquinone, tertiary butylhydroquinone, tBHQ) is a synthetic aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a derivative of hydroquinone, substituted with a tert-butyl group.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a synthetic aromatic organic compound and a phenol-type additive.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone, a derivative of hydroquinone, is substituted with a tert-butyl group and is often used as a food preservative.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone exhibits cytoprotective properties at low concentrations, while at higher concentrations it may exhibit cytotoxic behavior.
The chemical formula of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is C10H14O2 and it is soluble in polar solvents such as water.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone has the potential to be used as an antioxidant in the food industry, as well as in cosmetics and some skin care products.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a food additive and a lipid-antioxidant.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is available in a white or whitish-colored crystalline fine powder.
Recently, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone has been found to provide antibacterial activity.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is most effective when combined with other antioxidants such as:
*Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
*Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a synthetic aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a derivative of hydroquinone, substituted with a tert-butyl group.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a synthetic food grade antioxidant which is an aromatic organic compound approved by European Union (EU).
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a light-colored crystalline powder with slight odor.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone occurs as a white, crystalline solid.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is soluble in alcohol and in ether, and it is practically insoluble in water.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a lipid-antioxidant and food additive for processed foods.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a crystalline fine powder that is white or whitish in hue.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is an additive to preserve processed foods.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a light-colored crystalline product with a slight odor.

Because it’s an antioxidant, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone does not cause discolouration even in the presence of iron, and hence it does not change the taste and flavour of the food.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone appears as white to light tan crystalline powder or a fine beige powder.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is very slight aromatic odor.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone has a role as a food antioxidant.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone belongs to the family of Cumenes.
These are aromatic compounds containing a prop-2-ylbenzene moiety.

A common food additive called E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone suppresses the immune response the body mounts when fighting the flu.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is an additive to preserve processed foods.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone acts as an antioxidant, but unlike the healthy antioxidants you find in fruits and vegetables, it has a controversial reputation.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone’s a light-colored crystalline product with a slight odor.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is made synthetically.

USES and APPLICATIONS of E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is widely used as a synthetic food antioxidant to protect oils and fats from oxidative deterioration and rancidity due to its strong lipid peroxidation activity.
In the food industry, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as a preservative for unsaturated vegetable oils and many edible animal fats.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone does not change colour even in the presence of iron and does not alter the taste or odour of the material to which it is added.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone can be combined with other preservatives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).

As a food additive, its E number is E319.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is added to various foods.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone's main advantage is a longer shelf life.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a common antioxidant that prevents fat oxidation.
Oxidation can cause foods to lose flavour, discolour and deplete nutritional value.

Since oxidation can cause fats to go rancid, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone can also help to extend shelf life and reduce food waste due to spoilage.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is often found in foods such as crackers, fats and oils, chips, doughnuts, some breads, popcorn, other snack foods, and pre-prepared frozen foods.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone has been classified by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as Generally Recognised as Safe or "GRAS".
Stored fats and oils, along with foods containing these ingredients, can become rancid, stale or simply unappetizing over time, and E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone's antioxidant properties help to preserve these fats and oils by removing the oxygen they contain.

In manufacturing, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is usually added to the lipid (fatty) phase.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone can be used in combination with other common antioxidants such as BHT and BHA but not with propyl gallate (PG).

In biodiesel production, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as a stabiliser to inhibit autopolymerisation of organic peroxides.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is particularly widely used as an antioxidant in biodiesel.
The use of antioxidants in biodiesel is particularly relevant when the feedstock is a waste oil, poor quality or old oil.

Concentrations up to 1 kg of antioxidant per tonne of biodiesel are used.
In agriculture and horticulture, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as an ingredient in insecticides to prevent the active substances from becoming stale.

In oil production, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as a petroleum antioxidant and stabiliser.
During extraction, oil contains high levels of unsaturated compounds which react very quickly with air and change their properties, thus losing valuable raw materials.

The addition of an antioxidant preserves all the valuable components in the oil.
In the paint industry, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is also added to varnishes and resins in order to maintain the rheological properties (viscosity, flow, stiffness, etc.) of the products unchanged,

Since the base of these products is of fatty origin, where, when combined with oxygen, the properties of the constituent components change.
In cosmetics, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as a fixative to reduce evaporation rate and improve stability.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used in the manufacture of lipsticks, colognes, moisturisers and other make-up products.

Its function in cosmetics is to stabilise E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone so that the fatty ingredients in the formulation do not change colour, the fragrance does not change aromatic properties, and the creams do not change their rheological properties (flow, viscosity, stiffness).

In perfumery, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as a fixative to lower the evaporation rate and improve stability.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used industrially as a stabilizer to inhibit autopolymerization of organic peroxides.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as an antioxidant in biodiesel.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is also added to varnishes, lacquers, resins, and oil-field additives.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is widely preferred in the food industry to extend the shelf life of foods that are susceptible to oxidation.  
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used to slow the oxidation of various food oils.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone extends the shelf life of foods by preventing the deterioration of fatty acids.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is commonly incorporated into the lipid phase in baking formulations.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone can be used in combination with other common antioxidants such as BHT and BHA but not with propyl gallate (PG).

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used to extend shelf life and can prevent rancidity.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used in vegetable oils and animal fats.
Common applications of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone: Animal fat, dairy products, sauces, mayonnaise, chips, biscuits, breakfast cereals, chewing gum, multivitamin products

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is found in fats and oils.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is an antioxidant used in food, e.g. oils and fats.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is commonly used in foods such as cooking oils, frozen meats (especially fish) and processed foods such as chips and crackers.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone has been used in foods for many decades and serves no function besides increasing a product’s shelf life.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is added to foods to prevent or delay oxidation.
Oxidation causes food to lose flavour quality, colour and can even cause foods to become toxic.

In addition, oxidation causes vitamins to break down, causing food to lose some of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone's nutritional value.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone can increase shelf life and reduce food waste from food spoilage.
Industrial Applications: E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as a stabilizer/antioxidant in varnishes, lacquers, resins, cosmetics, and certain oil field applications.

Biodiesel Production: E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone acts as a stabilizer to inhibit autopolymerization of organic peroxides, enhancing the storage stability of biodiesel, especially when derived from waste or low-quality oils.
Perfumery: E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is utilized as a fixative to reduce the evaporation rate and improve the stability of fragrances.

Industrial Uses and Environmental Impacts: E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is an antioxidant used particularly in the fuel and varnish sectors and its waste products are important in terms of their environmental impact.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone’s often used with other additives like propyl gallate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone, like many food additives, is used to extend shelf life and prevent rancidity.
Because it’s an antioxidant, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone protects foods with iron from discoloration, which food manufacturers find beneficial.

BHA and E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone are usually discussed together, as the chemicals are closely related: E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone forms when the body metabolizes BHA.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a synthetic aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol (specifically, a derivative of hydroquinone).

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone functions primarily as a highly effective antioxidant, especially for preserving unsaturated vegetable oils and edible animal fats.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a food additive, antioxidant or preservative and is used to prevent fat oxidation and keep the food from getting stale and increasing shelf life thus making it easier to get quick access to affordable food options.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is typically found in fats, vegetables oils and processed foods.

-Food preservative uses of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone:
In foods, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as an antioxidant preservative for unsaturated vegetable oils and many edible animal fats.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone does not cause discoloration even in the presence of iron, and does not change flavor or odor of the material to which it is added.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone can be combined with other preservatives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).
As a food additive, its E number is E319.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is added to a wide range of foods.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone's primary advantage is extending storage life.

-Use of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone in Foods:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is an effective additive for preserving foods that contain components that are sensitive to oxidation, such as oils and fats.
Vegetable oils and processed foods are often treated with E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone to increase shelf life.

It is used in the food industry in combination with other common antioxidants such as BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene).
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as a preservative, particularly in snacks, ready meals and frozen foods.

-Food Industry uses of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is widely used as a synthetic antioxidant to stabilize unsaturated vegetable oils and edible animal fats, preventing oxidative deterioration and rancidity.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is particularly effective in preserving the quality of processed foods, including snacks, baked goods, and frozen products.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone does not alter the taste or odor of the food products to which it is added.

-Food Additive uses of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone's primary use is as a synthetic antioxidant to prevent oxidative deterioration (rancidity) in foods rich in unsaturated fats and oils.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is particularly valued for its high efficacy in polyunsaturated vegetable oils.

-Common applications of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone include:
*Vegetable oils (soybean, canola, cottonseed, etc.) and blends, especially those intended for frying.
*Animal fats (like lard) and shortenings.
*Snack foods that are fried or contain added fats (e.g., potato chips, crackers, instant noodles, processed nuts).
*Margarine.
*Cereals.
*Frozen fish products (especially fat-rich fish).
*Some processed meat and poultry products.
*Chewing gum base.
*Essential oils (as antioxidant).

-E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is commonly used alone or with other phenolic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and propyl gallate (PG) to produce highly effective antioxidant combinations.
Vegetable oils and animal fats in the following processed food may be preserved with E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone:

*Fried foods: chicken nuggets, potato chips, McDonald’s Mighty Wings.
Nuts
Candy
Crackers
Butter
Chocolate
Instant noodles, ramen noodles
Microwave popcorn
Vegetable oils

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is the best oil antioxidant, especially in vegetable oils, such as in peanut oil, blending oil of peanut and soybean.
The antioxidant effect is stronger than the commonly used antioxidant, BHA, BHT, and PG in palm oil and walnut oil.
The antioxidative effect will be better if in combination with citric acid or ascorbic acid.

-Animal fats:
The shelf life of fish oil can be extended after the addition of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone.
The antioxidant effect of 0.02% E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is almost equivalent to that of 0.1% Vitamin E.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is an ideal oil antioxidant not only with good oil solubility, but also does not affect the color of the fish oil.

-Uses of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone:
Fats and oils are important nutrients in our food.
However, under normal conditions, they’re easily oxidized and will gradually deteriorate due to unsaturated fatty acids in it during storage.

Food grade E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a powerful synthetic phenolic antioxidant mainly used for preserving freshness by preventing unsaturated fatty acids in oils and fats from being oxidized & deteriorated.

BENEFITS AND APPLICATIONS OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a common antioxidant that helps to keep fat from oxidizing; otherwise, foods can lose flavour, change colour, and lose nutritional value.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone prevents foods containing iron from discolouration.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone adds a mild aroma to the meal, making it more appealing to the senses.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone extends the shelf life of goods, allowing us to eat more meals while minimising food waste.

HOW E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE WORKS:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone's antioxidant qualities work to preserve fats and oils by removing their oxygen content.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone works by prolonging the shelf life of food and preventing food waste due to spoilage.

CONCENTRATION AND SOLUBILITY OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is recommended that it should be used at a concentration of 4%.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is soluble in water but is insoluble in oil.

PROPERTIES OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
In lipid-containing food formulations, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is highly effective due to the following properties:
*High antioxidant activity in cooking oils and fats.
*Similar to BHA and BHT in its oxidative capacity.
*Soluble in fat.
*Does not react with copper and iron and does not form complex compounds.
*Does not fade the colour of foodstuffs.
*Does not cause off-flavours.
*Citric acid or monoglyceride citrates may be added to improve lipid stabilising properties.

USAGE LEVELS OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone use levels in Europe and USA:
*Fats and oils 0.2% 200 mg/l,
*Bakery 0.2% 200 mg/l (only in cake mixes),
*Cereals 0.2% 200 mg/l (only pre-cooked cereals).
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone (E319) is considered safe in the European Union by the European Food Safety Authority with a tolerable daily intake of 0.7 mg/kg.

ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
*Antioxidant: 
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone inhibits reactions stimulated by oxygen, thus preventing oxidation and rancidity.

*Masking: 
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone reduces or inhibits the odour or the main flavour of the product.

*Perfume: 
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used in perfumes and aromatic raw materials.

CELLULAR EFFECTS AND MECHANISM OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone triggers antioxidant response at the cellular level.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is particularly effective on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) pathway.

By preventing Nrf2 from binding to the Keap1 protein, it increases Nrf2's entry into the cell nucleus and its ability to bind to oxidative stress response elements.
This increases the transcription of antioxidant target genes, thus protecting cells from oxidative damage.

ROLE OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS:
Oxidative stress is the damage caused by free radicals to lipids and other molecules in cells via ROS (reactive oxygen species).
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone contributes to the reduction of oxidative stress via the Nrf2 pathway, activating the cell's own antioxidant defense system and thus protecting cells by preventing lipid peroxidation.

E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE IN MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
Tert-Butylhydroquinone (E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone) is a synthetic antioxidant used as a preservative in foods by preventing the oxidation of fatty acids.
In particular, its ability to prevent lipid peroxidation and combat oxidative stress at the cellular level makes E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone's biochemical effects important.

BENEFITS OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
*Highly effective antioxidant, particularly for preventing rancidity in unsaturated fats and oils.
*E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone provides excellent "carry-through" stability, meaning it remains effective even after exposure to high temperatures during cooking (like deep frying), protecting the food afterward.
*E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone extends the shelf life of fatty foods significantly, maintaining quality and preventing off-flavors.
*Effective even at low concentrations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
*Synthetic phenolic antioxidant.
*Highly soluble in fats and oils, less so in water.
*Potent free radical scavenger.
*Good thermal stability compared to some other antioxidants.

E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE IS ROLE IN THE FUEL AND VARNISH INDUSTRIES:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used as a stabilizer in the fuel industry.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is added as an anti-oxidant additive in biodiesel production and extends the shelf life of the fuel.

In the varnish sector, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is preferred to prevent oxidation of products during melting and evaporation.
Thus, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is aimed to provide long-term protection and preserve the aesthetic appearance of varnishes.

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone can be industrially produced through the following process:

Mixing: 
phosphoric acid is mixed with hydroquinone in a reactor.

Heating: 
the solution is further heated to 55 – 65 °C (131 – 149 °F).
t-butanol is then added and heated up to 75 – 85 °C (167 – 185 °F) for 2 -3 hours.
Centrifugation, washing and dehydration.

Mixing: 
crude E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is mixed with acid solution and heated up to 92 – 95 °C (197.6 – 203 °F).

Second centrifugation: 
the E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone solution is centrifuged once the solution cools to 45 °C (113 °F).

Second reaction: 
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is mixed with ethanol solution.

Filtering: 
once completely dissolved, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is filtered and cooled naturally to allow for crystal formation.

STABILITY OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone exhibits good stability, especially at higher temperatures used in food processing like frying (known as "carry-through" effect).
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone can discolor (often turning pink or brown) in the presence of alkali or iron/copper ions.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone's antioxidant activity stems from the easily donatable hydrogen atoms on the phenolic hydroxyl groups.

WHERE IS E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE FOUND?
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used in fats, including vegetable oils and animal fats.
Many processed foods contain some fats, so E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone’s found in a wide range of products — for example, snack crackers, noodles, and fast and frozen foods.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone’s allowed to be used in the highest concentrations in frozen fish products.
But food isn’t the only place you’ll find E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone’s also included in paints, varnishes, and skin care products.

CELL PROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone acts as an antioxidant that protects cells from external stress and is thus an important factor that stabilizes cell tissues.
It is known to activate the intracellular antioxidant defense system to prevent cell damage caused by oxidative stress.

In addition, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone manages the activity of enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase, which helps the body cleanse and repair toxic components.

The possible benefits of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone are being investigated in processes such as diabetes, the degradation of important molecules for cartilage tissue such as chondrocytes and aggrecan, and cartilage degeneration.
The use of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone in the management of such diseases could potentially improve quality of life by preserving tissue structure.

ORIGIN OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is obtained from a hydroquinone substituted with a tert-butyl group.
In 1972, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone was FDA-approved for its use as a food antioxidant.

In 1998, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone was authorized as a food additive by the FAO/WHO Expert Committee,
and in 2004 its approval was confirmed by the European Food Safety Authority.

FUNCTION OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
In baking, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone provides many benefits:
*Antioxidation: 
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is used by preventing oxidation and rancidity of unsaturated oils and animal fats.

*Antibacterial: 
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone prevents the proliferation of certain bacteria.

*Shelf-life extension: 
via reducing fat oxidation.

NUTRITION OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is an approved food additive.
However, recent consumers’ push for replacing E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone and other synthetic antioxidants with natural products have convinced food manufacturers to seek other natural alternatives.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone acceptable daily intake (ADI) should not exceed 0.2 mg/kg of body weight.

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone, as a synthetic antioxidant, has both antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and offers potential therapeutic benefits against a variety of chronic diseases.

MEDICAL POTENTIAL OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
Tert-Butylhydroquinone (E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone) is a compound with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.
In particular, it has been observed in studies that E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone has the potential to protect against the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a promising agent in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
For example, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone has attracted attention due to its effects on chondrocyte cells in cartilage tissue in combating conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

There are signs that these substances may slow the progression of the disease.
It has been investigated that E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone may also have a protective effect against atheroprotection and hypertension triggered by high salt consumption.
However, more scientific studies are needed on the scope and mechanisms of these effects.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a derivative of hydroquinone and is an aromatic organic compound.
One hydroxyl group in hydroquinone has been replaced by tert-butyl groups, which determines the chemical name and properties of the substance.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone, also commonly known as tertiary butylhydroquinone, is a phenol type compound.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone, with the chemical formula C10H14O2, has the following structural properties:
Molecular Weight of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is 166.22 g/mol

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone occurs in the form of white powder crystals with a special odor.
Melting Point of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is approximately 126.5-128.5°C
Boiling Point of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is approximately 300°C.

The chemical structure of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone makes it stable and effective in a variety of applications, such as a food antioxidant.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone retains the aromatic ring structure typical of phenols while being used as a food preservative and antioxidant.

As its molecular formula suggests, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone consists of two hydroxyl groups and a tert-butyl group.
This structure contributes to the antioxidant properties of E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone, with the hydroxyl groups providing radical scavenging ability and the tert-butyl group providing steric stability to the molecule.

IS E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE SAFE TO EAT?
Yes, although it may cause side effects such as stomach tumors at very high doses, the safety has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).

FDA
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone may be safely used as an antioxidant alone or in combination with BHA and/or BHT and with the maximum use level 0.02% of oil or fat content in food.

EFSA
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is listed in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 as an authorised food additive and categorized in “ additives other than colours and sweeteners”

WHAT PRODUCTS IS E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE USED IN?
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is found in fats and oils, some breads, pre-made frozen foods, crackers, packaged dinners, popcorn and other snacks.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is also used as a potential antioxidant in edible oils, fish, meats, cereals, dairy products and mayonnaise.
In cosmetics, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is found in lipsticks, eye shadows, blushers, hair dyes and lastly, it is also found in some pharmaceutical products.

WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE?
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is a synthetic antioxidant.
E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is not naturally occurring and is produced through chemical processes.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is commonly used in the food industry to extend the shelf life of various products by preventing oxidation and rancidity.
Yes, E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone is produced synthetically and is considered vegan and vegetarian.

HOW DOES E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE WORK?
Fats and oil-rich foods often suffer from spoilage during processing, storage, and transportation.
Free radicals are generated from unsaturated fatty acids after oils & fats exposed to light, oxygen, metal ions and bacteria.

And following several reactions, unsaturated fatty acids convert to hydroxides and secondary oxidation products which can change the physical and chemical properties of oils and fats (e.g. color, flavor, smell and nutritional value), and finally shorten the shelf life and make the oils & fats or the foods deteriorate or even make foods become toxic.

E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone provides hydrogen free radicals which terminate the above free radical chain transfer reaction of unsaturated fatty acids.
This is the mechanism of how E 319 Tertiary-butyl hydroquinone works as an antioxidant.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
Chemical formula: C10H14O2
Molar mass: 166.220 g·mol−1
Density: 1.050 g/mL
Melting point: 127 to 129 °C (261 to 264 °F; 400 to 402 K)
Acidity (pKa): 10.80±0.18
Appearance Form: powder

Colour: white
Odour: characteristic
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: 4,56 at 25 °C
Melting point/freezing point Melting point/range: 127 - 129 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 295 °C
Flash point: 91 °C - closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available

Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapour pressure: No data available
Vapour density: No data available
Relative density: 0,78 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Water solubility: 2.887,35 g/l at 25 °C - OECD Test Guideline 105 - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water log Pow: 1,52 at 25 °C 

Molar Mass: 166.22 g/mol
Appearance: White to light tan or beige crystalline powder or solid.
Odor: Has a faint characteristic odor. 1 
Solubility:
Practically insoluble in water (less than 1 g/100 mL).
Soluble in ethanol, acetone, ether, ethyl acetate.
Readily soluble in edible fats and oils (this is key to its effectiveness). 2 
Melting Point: 126.5–128.5 °C

Boiling Point: Approximately 295-300 °C (may decompose).
Density: Approximately 1.05 g/cm³
Appearance: White or tan powder with a light characteristic odour.
Other names: Tert-butylhydroquinone, tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol 3 
CAS number: 1948-33-0
Chemical formula: C10H14O2
Molecular weight: 166.220

Stability: With high thermal stability, no discoloration in the presence of metal ions (e.g. iron, copper). 4 
Solubility: practically insoluble in water, easy to dissolve in oils & fats and organic solvents 2 
Molecular Weight: 166.22 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 166.099379685 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 166.099379685 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5 Ų 5 

Heavy Atom Count: 12
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 148
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Chemical Name: Tertiary Butylhydroquinone
IUPAC Name: 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol
CAS Number: 1948-33-0
EC Number: 217-752-2
E Number: E319
Molecular Formula: C₁₀H₁₄O₂
Molecular Weight: 166.22 g/mol
Appearance: White to light tan crystalline powder
Density: 1.05 g/cm³ (at 20 °C)

Melting Point: 126.5–128.5 °C
Boiling Point: Approximately 295 °C
Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water (1 mg/L at 20 °C), 
freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and organic solvents
pKa: Approximately 10.8
LogP: 1.521 at 25 °C
Flash Point: 171 °C
Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions;
incompatible with strong bases and oxidizing agents
Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place, away from strong light and heat

EC Number (European Community Number): 217-752-2
CAS Number (Chemical Abstracts Service Number): 1948-33-0 
Chemical formula: C10H14O2
Molar mass: 166.220 g·mol−1 1 
Appearance: Tan powder
Density: 1.050 g/mL
Melting point: 127 to 129 °C (261 to 264 °F; 400 to 402 K)
Boiling point: 273 °C (523 °F; 546 K)
Solubility in water: Slightly soluble
Acidity (pKa): 10.80±0.18

IUPAC: 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol 1 
INCI: TBHQ
CAS: 1948-33-0
Molar mass: 166.22 g/mol
Density: 1,05 g/cm3 ( 20 °C)
Solubility:
Sparingly soluble in water:
1mg/L ( 20 °C)
50g/L ( 95 °C)
Freely soluble in alcohol, ether, organic solvents

FIRST AID MEASURES of E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
-General advice:
Consult a physician. 
-If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. 
Consult a physician.
-In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water. 
Consult a physician.
-In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
-If swallowed: 
Rinse mouth with water. 
Consult a physician.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment. 
Ensure adequate ventilation. 
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. 
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel. 
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
-Control parameters:
*Components with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
*Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. 
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use face shield and safety glasses 
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves. 
Wash and dry hands.
*Control of environmental exposure: 
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. 
Store in cool place.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of E 319 TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROQUINONE:
-Reactivity: 
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.