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Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): C7H4NNaO3S
CAS Number: 128-44-9
EINECS: 204-886-1
Molecular Weight: 205.17
APPLICATIONS
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is used as a sweetening and flavoring agent in food products and beverages.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is also used for masking unpleasant taste in pharmaceutical formulations such as tablets and powders.
Its sweetening power is approximately 300 times more than sucrose.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) may be used as a reference standard for the determination of the analyte in pharmaceuticals by continuous flow spectrophotometric technique.
These Secondary Standards are qualified as Certified Reference Materials.
These are suitable for use in several analytical applications including but not limited to pharma release testing, pharma method development for qualitative and quantitative analyses, food and beverage quality control testing, and other calibration requirements.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium), is an artificial sweetener which is about 400 times sweeter than sugar.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is widely used in the food industry i.a. in soft drinks and sugar-free foods.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is chemically prepared by the oxidation of o-toluenesulfonamide to form insoluble odourless white crystals.
Additionally, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is used to sweeten products such as drinks, candies, cookies, and medicines.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has E number 954 and is approved to use as food additive in EU.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium), CAS# 128-44-9, is an artificial sweetener, available as white crystal or powder.
As the first artificial sweetener discovered, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is still widely used as sweetener in food and beverage.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E954.
The pharmaceutical industry uses E 954 (Saccharin sodium) as a coating on drugs.
Chewable multivitamin and calcium tablets often contain E 954 (Saccharin sodium) to improve their taste.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is also employed in the manufacture of toothpastes, personal health care products and cosmetics.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) can be used in toothpaste, mouthwash and used as a non-nutritive sweetener and stabilizer in a variety of food and drinks.
Bakeries use E 954 (Saccharin sodium) to sweeten baked goods, breads, cookies and muffins and fruit-flavored yogurt, jams/jellies and ice cream.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is commonly used for the following low-calorie and sugar-free products:
-Soft drinks
-Table‐top sweetener packets (you may find it in restaurants or airlines)
-Baked goods
-Chewing gum (saccharin can slowly dissolve in the mouth)
-Dry & canned fruit
-Pickles
-Candy
-Coffee
-Yogurt, desserts, ice-cream, dessert toppings and salad dressings
-Jam, preserves, marmalade
-Vitamin tablets
-Table top sweeteners
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is available in tablets in the market and the tablets are made of sodium bicarbonate, sodium saccharin, silicon dioxide, povidone, and modified cellulose gum.
-Carbonated soft drinks
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) was widely used to sweeten beverages due to its rapid dissolving in water in earlier years.
However, the availability of other low-calorie sweeteners (such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose and neotame), allows manufacturers/consumers to have more choices, and thus make E 954 (Saccharin sodium) less popular as it once was in soft drinks.
-Coke
The purpose of E 954 (Saccharin sodium) in coke’s drinks is as a calorie-free sugar substitute.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) was the first used (approved) non-caloric sweetener in the first generation of Diet Coke and made it successful in 1982.
-Toothpaste
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is commonly used in personal care products such as toothpastes and mouthwash as a sweetening agent, which will not cause tooth decay.
You can find E 954 (Saccharin sodium) in the products with the functions of better taste, good stability and not contributing to the development of cavities.
Also, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is in some toothpaste, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is used as a flavor/sweetener to make fluoride and abrasives in toothpaste taste delicious.
-In low-calorie and sugar-free food & beverage
Research also has shown that health professionals believe E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is especially beneficial to obese individuals and persons with diabetes.
Additionally, research indicates that E 954 (Saccharin sodium) may help to reduce the risk of dental caries.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) continues to be important for a wide range of low-calorie and sugar-free food & beverage applications.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is used in such products as soft drinks, tabletop sweeteners, baked goods, jams, chewing gum, canned fruit, candy, dessert toppings, and salad dressings.
Additionally, personal care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, hygiene/cosmetic products, vitamins, and pharmaceuticals contain E 954 (Saccharin sodium).
-Sweeteners blends
The current availability of E 954 (Saccharin sodium) and other low-calorie sweeteners, such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium, neotame, and sucralose, allows manufacturers to utilize a “multiple sweetener approach” — using the most appropriate sweetener, or combination of sweeteners, for a given product.
Blending a variety of low-calorie sweeteners provides products with increased stability, improved taste, lower production costs, and more choices for the consumer.
Additionally, blending E 954 (Saccharin sodium) with one or more low calorie sweeteners can result in sweetness synergy (the resulting sweetness is greater than the sum of the sweetness of the individual sweeteners), which can decrease the total amount of sweetener.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is stable when heated, even in the presence of acids, does not react chemically with other food ingredients, and stores well.
In its acidic form, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is not particularly water-soluble.
The form used as an artificial sweetener is usually its sodium salt.
People restricting their dietary sodium intake sometimes use calcium salt, Calcium Saccharin.
-In toothpaste
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is a sugar substitute for toothpaste, mouthwash, beverages, table-top sweeteners, confectionery, electro-plating and etc.
From our observing, there is lot of toothpaste that contains E 954 (Saccharin sodium).
The use quantity in toothpaste is more than 50% of its total consumption in the market.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) does not promote tooth decay in toothpaste while sugar can.
Toothpaste must have thickeners to stay on the toothbrush and squeeze out of the tube.
It must have detergents to remove fatty films, and water softeners to make the detergents work better, and sweeteners, preferably non-nutritive, so bacteria are not encouraged.
-In the feed
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is intended to be used as a sweetener in feed and water for drinking for piglets, pigs for fattening and veal calves.
The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed(FEEDAP) considers the proposed maximum use level of 150 mg/kg feed as safe for calves and pigs for fattening.
For piglets (sucking and weaned piglets), a lower level of 100 mg/kg complete feed is considered safe.
The corresponding maximum safe concentrations in water for drinking are 30 mg/L for piglets and 50 mg/L for pigs for fattening, respectively.
DESCRIPTION
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is an artificial sweetener with effectively no nutritional value.
Furthermore, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is about 550 times as sweet as sucrose but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is used to sweeten products such as drinks, candies, cookies, and especially for masking bitter taste of some medicines.
Saccharin derives its name from the word "saccharine", meaning "sugary".
The word saccharine is used figuratively, often in a derogative sense, to describe something "unpleasantly over-polite" or "overly sweet".
Both words are derived from the Greek word σάκχαρον (sakkharon) meaning "gravel".
Similarly, saccharose is an obsolete name for sucrose (table sugar).
Saccharin or saccharine, the oldest but controversial artificial sweetener, which has been used as a low-calorie sweetener and sugar substitute in food and beverage for more than 100 years with the European food additive number E954.
With the advantage of lower price and heat stability (250°C, thus suitable for cooking and baking), E 954 (Saccharin sodium) was widely used in food and beverage.
However, its food uses are not as popular as E 954 (Saccharin sodium) used to be, but its market in toothpaste is big.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is available in anhydrous and dihydrated forms, exist in granular, powder, and liquid appearance.
Its granular is often used in situations where E 954 (Saccharin sodium) needs to be dissolved, and powder is usually used in dry mixes and pharmaceuticals.
E954 is the sodium salt of Saccharin.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is the first generation of artificial sweetener, its sweet degree is about 500 times than that of sugar.
Furthermore, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is widely used in toothpaste, mouth wave, drinks, medicines, feed, electricity plating and etc.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is harmless to the human body and it’s can not be absorbed by the body as it can be discharged completely through body metabolism.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has two Specifications in the market, Dehydrate (with 15% water, CAS number 6155-57-3) and Anhydrous(with 6% water, CAS number 128-44-9).
Additionally, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is an artificial sweetener and about 500 times sweeter than sugar.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is commonly used in carbonated soft drinks, chewing gum, yogurt, ice cream, and baked goods.
A calorie-free sweetener discovered in 1879.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has been used for sweetening food and beverages since the beginning of the twentieth century.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) was used especially intensively during the World Wars due to the shortage of sugar.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is a white crystal or crystalline powder, odorless or faint aromatic odor with a very sweet taste.
Furthermore, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is very soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is one of the oldest artificial sweeteners on the market.
In fact, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has been used to sweeten foods and drinks for over 100 years.
However, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) wasn’t until the ’60s and ’70s that it became popular as a sugar replacement.
Some say that replacing sugar with E 954 (Saccharin sodium) benefits weight loss, diabetes, and dental health.
Others are skeptical about the safety of all artificial sweeteners, including E 954 (Saccharin sodium).
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is a non-nutritive or artificial sweetener.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is made in a laboratory by oxidizing the chemicals o-toluene sulfonamide or phthalic anhydride.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) looks like white, crystalline powder.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is commonly used as a sugar substitute because it doesn’t contain calories or carbs.
Humans can’t break down E 954 (Saccharin sodium), so E 954 (Saccharin sodium) leaves your body unchanged.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is around 300–400 times sweeter than regular sugar, so you only need a small amount to get a sweet taste.
However, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) can have an unpleasant, bitter aftertaste.
This is why E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is often mixed with other low or zero-calorie sweeteners.
For example, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is sometimes combined with aspartame, another low-calorie sweetener commonly found in carbonated diet drinks.
Food manufacturers often use E 954 (Saccharin sodium) because it’s fairly stable and has a long shelf life.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is safe to consume even after years of storage.
In addition to carbonated diet drinks, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is used to sweeten low-calorie candies, jams, jellies, and cookies.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is also used in many medicines.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) can be used similarly to table sugar to sprinkle onto food, such as cereal or fruit, or used as a sugar substitute in coffee or when baking.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is a white odorless sweet powder that exhibits excellent synergistic properties when blended with other high intensity sweeteners.
Moreover, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is also commercially available in Calcium and Acid forms.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is freely soluble in water and is approximately 300-500 times sweeter than sucrose.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is one of the most common and well-known synthetic sweeteners besides Sucralose and Acesulfame K. Synthetic sweeteners are widely used in the food industry, and can appear on virtually any food.
In addition to the main effect of creating sweetness, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) also acts as a sweetener for products and does not contain calories.
By using a small amount of E 954 (Saccharin sodium), the diet foods completely get the sweetness of the product without producing calories, energy.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is stable in acidic medium.
Hence E 954 (Saccharin sodium) can be used in sour drinks such as orange juice, lemonade, mixed juice.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is a thermostable substance, i.e. it is not easily changed or destroyed by heat.
At high temperatures, the sweetener E 954 (Saccharin sodium) retains its inherent sweetness.
This is the reason why E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is abundant in baked goods such as bread, cookies.
One note when using sweetener E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is that it has a slightly bitter aftertaste along with a metallic smell when used in high concentrations. Therefore, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is often used in combination with other sweeteners such as aspartame in low concentrations to help overcome this drawback.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is the most established of the artificial sweeteners on the market, this mixture of dextrose and E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has been in use for over a century and is found in diet versions of soft drinks.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is 300-500 times sweeter than sugar and contains zero calories.
In 1977, the FDA tried to ban its use after evidence showed E 954 (Saccharin sodium) caused cancer in rats.
Extensive lobbying by the diet food industry allowed products to stay on the shelves as long as they carried warnings about the cancer risks in animals.
This warning was removed in 2001 when the Calorie Control Council insisted the link between animal and human cancers could not automatically be made.
Consumption of E 954 (Saccharin sodium)-sweetened products can benefit diabetics as the substance goes directly through the human digestive system without being digested.
While E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has no food energy, it can trigger the release of insulin in humans due to its sweet taste.
The T1R2/R3 sweet taste receptor exist on the surface of pancreatic beta cells.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is a unique in that it inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at submaximal and maximal glucose concentrations, with the other sweeteners having no effect.
Investigation of saccharin’s dose-response characteristics showed that concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mM stimulated insulin secretion, while concentrations of 1 and 2.5 mM inhibited insulin secretion.
Saccharin’s effect on insulin secretion was shown to be reversible in INS-1 832/13 clonal pancreatic beta cells after chronic exposure to 1 mM saccharin.
Artificial sweeteners may affect insulin secretion via interaction with the sweet taste receptor, also E 954 (Saccharin sodium) may affect other cellular processes linked to insulin secretion, and that these effects are both time- and concentration-dependent
BENEFITS
-Zero glycemic index and beneficial to diabetes
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) may be useful for people with diabetes.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) produces no glycemic response and may help control caloric intake.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is both calorie and carbohydrate free.
It is appropriate to use it for medical and nutrition therapy (MNT) for people with diabetes, and dietetic professionals may incorporate saccharin into the individualized meal plans of their patients who have diabetes.
-Zero calories
Meanwhile, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) produces zero calories and is useful for people trying to control their weight.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) may assist in weight management, control of blood glucose and prevention of dental caries.
Replacing full-calorie products with it may help promote modest weight loss and may facilitate long-term maintenance of weight loss.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has a long history (more than 100 years) of safe use and contributes no calories to the diet because the human body cannot metabolize it. (It is excreted in the same form it is ingested.)
-Tooth health
Does not contribute to tooth decay.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is also inexpensive when compared with the second generation artificial sweeteners (aspartame and acesulfame k) and the third generation artificial sweeteners (sucralose).
Added sugar is a major cause of dental decay.
However, unlike sugar, artificial sweeteners like E 954 (Saccharin sodium) are not fermented into acid by the bacteria in your mouth.
Therefore, using a low-calorie sweetener in place of sugar can reduce your risk of cavities.
This is why E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is often used as a sugar alternative in medicines.
However, it’s important to be aware that foods and drinks containing artificial sweeteners can still contain other ingredients that cause cavities.
These include certain acids in carbonated drinks and naturally occurring sugars in fruit juices.
-Heat Stable
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is 500 times sweeter than sucrose.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has the ability to synergize the sweetening power of both nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners, and its sweetening power is stable with heating.
These factors make E 954 (Saccharin sodium) an excellent food additive in manufactured products.
During such blending of sweeteners, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) can provide stability to maintain the product’s sweetness over a prolonged period of time.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) also has a long shelf life.
As a tabletop sweetener, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is available in granular form (mostly 20-40 mesh and 40-80 mesh).
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is useful for consumers who want to create lower-calorie, lower-sugar versions of their favorite recipes.
Because E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is heat stable it is a good choice for use in cooking, baking, and canning/preserving.
PROPERTIES
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is heat-stable.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) does not react chemically with other food ingredients; as such, it stores well.
Blends of E 954 (Saccharin sodium) with other sweeteners are often used to compensate for each sweetener's weaknesses and faults.
A 10:1 cyclamate–saccharin blend is common in countries where both these sweeteners are legal; in this blend, each sweetener masks the other's offtaste.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is often used with aspartame in diet carbonated soft drinks, so some sweetness remains should the fountain syrup be stored beyond aspartame's relatively short shelf life.
In its acid form, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is not water-soluble.
The form used as an artificial sweetener is usually its sodium salt.
The calcium salt is also sometimes used, especially by people restricting their dietary sodium intake.
Both salts are highly water-soluble: 0.67 g/ml in water at room temperature.
Safety and health effects
In the 1970s, studies performed on laboratory rats found an association between consumption of high doses of E 954 (Saccharin sodium) and the development of bladder cancer.
However, further study determined that this effect was due to a mechanism that is not relevant to humans.
Epidemiological studies have shown no evidence that E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is associated with bladder cancer in humans.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) originally classified saccharin in Group 2B ("possibly carcinogenic to humans") based on the rat studies, but downgraded it to Group 3 ("not classifiable as to the carcinogenicity to humans") upon review of the subsequent research.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has no food energy and no nutritional value.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is safe to consume for individuals with diabetes.
People with sulfonamide allergies can experience allergic reactions to E 954 (Saccharin sodium), as it is a sulfonamide derivative and can cross-react.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) in toothpaste can cause burning sensations, swelling, and rashes of the mouth and lips in sensitive individuals.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) has been the subject of extensive scientific research.
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is one of the most studied ingredients in the food supply.
Although the totality of the available research indicates E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is safe for human consumption, there has been controversy over its safety.
The basis for the controversy rests primarily on findings of bladder tumors in some male rats fed with high doses.
Considerable research, however, indicates safety at human levels of consumption.
In addition, the level of human consumption of is very small compared to the levels used in rat studies.
Further, although past research found an increased risk of bladder tumors in male rats ingesting with high amounts, additional research has discovered that the mechanism by which the tumors developed was specific to male rats and does not apply in humans.
The average user ingests less than one ounce of the sweetener each year.
The following scientific data demonstrates its safety:
Extensive research on human populations has established no association between sodium saccharin and cancer.
More than 30 human studies indicated E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is safety at human levels of consumption.
These studies include multiple generations of users.
In 14 single-generation animal studies involving several species of animals, E 954 (Saccharin sodium) did not induce cancer in any organ, even at exceptionally high dose levels.
The body does not metabolize it and does not react with DNA (nucleic acid present in all living cells).
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) is approved in more than 100 countries around the world and has been determined to be safe by regulatory agencies around the world, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Health Canada, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) of the World Health Organization (WHO).
In summary, research conducted over the past 25 years and a history of human use of over 100 years overwhelmingly demonstrate that E 954 (Saccharin sodium) does not cause cancer in humans.
HISTORY
E 954 (Saccharin sodium) was produced first in 1879, by Constantin Fahlberg, a chemist working on coal tar derivatives in Ira Remsen's laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.
Fahlberg noticed a sweet taste on his hand one evening, and connected this with the compound benzoic sulfimide on which he had been working that day.
Fahlberg and Remsen published articles on benzoic sulfimide in 1879 and 1880.
In 1884, then working on his own in New York City, Fahlberg applied for patents in several countries, describing methods of producing this substance that he named E 954 (Saccharin sodium).
Two years later, he began production of the substance in a factory in a suburb of Magdeburg in Germany.
Fahlberg would soon grow wealthy, while Remsen merely grew irritated, believing he deserved credit for substances produced in his laboratory.
On the matter, Remsen commented, "Fahlberg is a scoundrel.
It nauseates me to hear my name mentioned in the same breath with him."
Although E 954 (Saccharin sodium) was commercialized not long after its discovery, until sugar shortages during World War I, its use had not become widespread.
Its popularity further increased during the 1960s and 1970s among dieters, since saccharin is a calorie-free sweetener.
In the United States, saccharin is often found in restaurants in pink packets; the most popular brand is "Sweet'n Low".
Because of the difficulty of importing sugar from the West Indies, the British Saccharin Company was founded in 1917 to produce saccharin at its Paragon Works near Accrington, Lancashire.
Production was licensed and controlled by the Board of Trade in London.
Production continued on the site until 1926.
SYNONYMS
Benzosulphamide;
o-sulphobenzimide;
o-suphobenzoic acid imide;
Glucide; Glucid;
Saccharin sodium;
Saccharin potassium;
Saccharin calcium
1,2-benziso-thiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt
1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt
1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt (1:1)
1,1-Dioxide-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, sodium salt
1,1-Dioxo-1,2-benzothiazol-3-one
1,1-dioxo-1,2-benzothiazol-3-one
1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one
1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt
1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt
1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt
1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt (saccharin sodium anhydrous)
1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt dihydrate
1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt (1:1)
1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one,1,1-dioxide, sodium salt dihydrate
3-oxo-2,3 dihidro-benzo(d)izotiazol- 1,1-dioxid
