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E133
IUPAC name: disodium;2-[[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]amino]phenyl]-[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]azaniumylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1 ylidene]methyl]benzenesulfonate
CAS Number: 3844-45-9
EC Number: 223-339-8
Chemical formula: C37H34N2Na2O9S3
Molar mass: 792.85 g
E133 (Blue 1) is a synthetic organic compound used primarily as a blue colorant for processed foods, medications, dietary supplements, and cosmetics.
E133 is classified as a triarylmethane dye and is known under various names, such as FD&C Blue No. 1 or acid blue 9.
E133 has a color index of 42090.
E133 has the appearance of a blue powder and is soluble in water and glycerol, with a maximum absorption at about 628 nanometers.
E133 is one of the oldest FDA-approved color additives and is generally considered nontoxic and safe.
Production:
E133 is synthetic dye produced by the condensation of 2-formylbenzenesulfonic acid and the appropriate aniline followed by oxidation.
E133 can be combined with tartrazine (E102) to produce various shades of green.
E133 is usually a disodium salt.
The diammonium salt has CAS number 2650-18-2.
Calcium and potassium salts are also permitted.
E133 can also appear as an aluminum lake.
The chemical formation is C37H34N2Na2O9S3.
Related dyes are C.I. acid green 3 (CAS#4680-78-8) and acid green 9 (CAS#4857-81-2). In these dyes, the 2-sulfonic acid group is replaced by H and Cl, respectively.
Many attempts have been made to find similarly colored natural dyes that are as stable as E133.
Blue pigments must possess many chemical traits, including pi-bond conjugation, aromatic rings, heteroatoms and heteroatom groups, and ionic charges in order to absorb low energy red light.
Most natural blue dyes are either unstable, blue only in alkaline conditions, or toxic; good candidates for further research into use as natural dyes include anthocyanin and trichotomine derivatives.
No replacement for E133 has been found for use in beverages.
Applications:
Like many other color additives, the primary use of Blue No. 1 is to correct or enhance natural coloring or to give colorless compounds a vivid hue.
In the United States, of the two approved blue dyes (the other being Indigo carmine, or FD&C Blue #2), E133 is the more common of the two.
As a blue color, E133 is often found in cotton candy, ice cream, canned processed peas, packet soups, bottled food colorings, icings, ice pops, blueberry flavored products, children's medications, dairy products, sweets soft drinks, and drinks, especially the liqueur Blue Curaçao.
E133 is also used in soaps, shampoos, mouthwash and other hygiene and cosmetics applications.
E133 is extensively used as a water tracer agent.
Due to its ability to retain color for long periods of time, E133 outperforms other dye tracers. Additionally, E133 has a low toxicity level that is favorable for the environment.
However, E133 has different impacts on varying soils.
E133 is attracted to and sorbed in acidic soils due to its large size and ionic charge.
Soil composition and flow velocity also affect the level of sorption of E133.
E133 dye within beverages items—such as soda—can be used in the blue bottle experiment.
In such foods, both the dye and reducing agents are incorporated in the same solution.
When the solution is blue, oxygen is present.
On the addition of NaOH, a reaction occurs that removes the oxygen, turning the solution clear.
The dye turns back to blue once it is reoxidized by swirling the solution, incorporating oxygen from the air as an oxidizing agent.
Health and safety:
The dye is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and 95% of the ingested dye can be found in the feces.
When applied to the tongue or shaved skin, E133 can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream.
Due to its nontoxic properties, E133 has been used as a biological stain.
When dissolved in an acidic medium, this dye has been used to stain cell walls, bacteria, and fungal cells.
The dye does not inhibit the growth of any of these species.
For similar reasons, E133 is also being utilized in hemostatic medical devices, most notably the Hemopatch—designed to be placed on bleeding tissues and coagulate the blood.
A low concentration of E133 is placed on the backside of the Hemopatch at 1 cm increments, allowing surgeons to cut precisely and indicate the side of the Hemopatch that is an active hemostatic agent for correct placement.
E133 is an approved food colorant and pharmacologically inactive substance for drug formulations in the EU and the United States.
E133 is also legal in other countries.
E133 has the capacity for inducing allergic reactions in individuals with pre-existing moderate asthma.
In 2003, the U.S. FDA issued a public health advisory to warn health care providers of the potential toxicity of this synthetic dye in enteral feeding solutions.
The following legal limits apply in the EU (E 133) and other countries: 150–300 mg/kg depending on the type of food.
Safety limit for foods and drugs: 0.1 mg/day per kg body weight.
The ADI for E133 is 6 mg/kg.
Biomedical research
E133 and similar dyes such as brilliant blue G are inhibitors to purinergic receptors—receptors that are responsible for inflammatory responses and other cell process.
Scientists who were conducting in-vivo studies of compounds to lessen the severity of inflammation following experimental spinal cord injury had previously tested a compound called OxATP to block a key ATP receptor in spinal neurons.
However, OxATP has toxic side effects and must be injected directly into the spinal cord; in searching for alternatives they noted that E133 has a similar structure.
This led them to test a related dye, brilliant blue G (also known as Coomassie brilliant blue) in rats, which improved recovery from spinal cord injury while temporarily turning them blue.
When human washed platelets are evaluated using turbidimetry it was found that E133 affects platelet aggregation by blocking the Panx1 channels.
These inhibitory effects on collagen-induced shape change and maximal aggregation were shown by high (1 mM) concentrations of the dye but not by lower concentrations (100 μM).
The 1 mM effective concentration is 1.59 times greater than the approximately 0.63 mM maximal allowable E133 concentration according to the European Food Safety Authority.
Scientists are performing studies to better understand the effects of E133 during vein graft explantation.
E133 hinders the purinergic receptors, limiting cell proliferation that may lead to intimal hyperplasia.
The effects of E133 were tested on rat aortic cells.
E133 was found that E133 had a positive impact in limiting the development of intimal hyperplasia following a vein graft procedure.
Melting Point: 283 °C
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 10
Rotatable Bond Count: 9
Exact Mass: 792.12218275
Monoisotopic Mass: 792.12218275
Topological Polar Surface Area: 203 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 53
Complexity: 1510
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
About E133:
E133 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
E133 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Consumer Uses:
E133 is used in the following products: biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), fertilisers, plant protection products, air care products, cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes, textile treatment products and dyes and inks and toners.
Other release to the environment of E133 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Service life:
Other release to the environment of E133 is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials). E133 can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper), stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).
Widespread uses by professional workers:
E133 is used in the following products: inks and toners, paper chemicals and dyes, cosmetics and personal care products, plant protection products, textile treatment products and dyes, non-metal-surface treatment products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and fertilisers.
E133 is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, printing and recorded media reproduction and building & construction work.
E133 is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products and pulp, paper and paper products.
Other release to the environment of E133 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Formulation or re-packing:
E133 is used in the following products: paper chemicals and dyes, inks and toners, coating products and textile treatment products and dyes.
Release to the environment of E133 can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Uses at industrial sites:
E133 is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, paper chemicals and dyes, inks and toners, textile treatment products and dyes, metal surface treatment products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), plant protection products and fertilisers.
E133 is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing and building & construction work.
E133 is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products, wood and wood products, plastic products, chemicals and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Release to the environment of E133 can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and in the production of articles.
Manufacture:
Release to the environment of E133 can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
E133 (also known as FD&C Blue No.1, Food Blue 2, Acid Blue 9, D&C Blue No. 4, Alzen Food Blue No. 1, Alphazurine, Atracid Blue FG, Erioglaucine, Eriosky blue, Patent Blue AR, Xylene Blue VSG, and C.I. 42090) is a colorant that may be added to foods and other substances to induce a color change.
E133 has the appearance of a reddish-blue powder.
E133 is soluble in water; solution has maximum absorption at about 630 nm.
E133 is a synthetic dye derived from coal tar.
E133 can be combined with tartrazine (E102) to produce various shades of green.
E133 is often found in ice cream, tinned processed peas, dairy products, sweets, and drinks.
E133 is also used in soaps, shampoos, and other hygiene and cosmetics applications.
In soil science, E133 is applied in tracing studies to visualize infiltration and water distribution in the soil.
E133 has previously been banned in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, E133aly, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland among others but has been certified as a safe food additive in the EU and is today unbanned in most of the countries.
In the United States production exceeds 1 million pounds annually, and daily consumption is around 16 mg per person.
E133 has the capacity for inducing an allergic reaction.
E133 is one of the colorants that the Hyperactive Children's Support Group and the Feingold Association recommends to be eliminated from the diet of children. The National Institutes of Health concluded that color additives do not cause hyperactivity.
E133, also known under commercial names, is a colorant for foods and other substances to induce a color change.
E133 has a color index of 42090.
E133 has the appearance of a reddish-blue powder.
E133 is soluble in water, and the solution has a maximum absorption at about 630 nanometer.
E133 is a synthetic dye derived from coal tar.
E133 can be combined with tartrazine (E102) to produce various shades of green.
As a blue color, E133 is often found in ice cream, tinned processed peas, dairy products, sweets, and drinks.
E133 is also used in soaps, shampoos, and other hygiene and cosmetics applications.
In soil science, E133 is applied in tracing studies to visualize infiltration and water distribution in the soil.
E133, European permitted synthetic food color, is a free-flowing blendable water soluble dye powder, free from lumps or visible impurities.
E133 has a pure dye content no lower than 85% and the C.I. E133 consists essentially of disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate and its isomers and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.
Advantages:
Better than water-soluble colors.
Better stability to Acids and Alkalies.
Virtually insoluble in solvents and have minimum bleeding in the water.
Provide bright and vivid colors.
Suitable for products that contain oils and fats and also those lacking sufficient moisture for dissolving colors.
Properties:
Lakes are available in very fine powder form.
Resistance against air ad moisture.
Insoluble in water, alcohols, and organic solvents.
Having increased shelf life of end product.
Other Properties:
Fastness to light: As Food Colors are bonded with Aluminium Hydrate, the rate of discoloration is reduced in comparison to Parent Dye which helps in preventing fading of the color in the end product.
Opacity: These are opaque and dispersible that help to cover any surface with a low quantity of colors.
Shade: These colors produce different tint/shades with different strength of parent food colors that remain constant on applying any number of Coatings.
Mottling: Lake colors are insoluble in water, thus preventing migration of colors that helps in preventing mottling on the product.
Applications:
Lake colors are used in every type of
Edible preparation
Pharmaceutical
Cosmetic products
Plastic packaging materials
E133s other process-based usage includes
Baking:
Cakes
Icings
Oil-based preparations
Confectionery:
Candy
Chocolates
Peppermints
Cosmetic & personal care products:
Lipsticks
Powders
Mascara
Dairy products:
Milk products
Yogurts
Sauces
Pharmaceuticals:
Tablet coating
Film coating
Compressed tablets
E133 has been previously evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1970 and the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1975.
Both committees established an ADI of 12.5 mg/kg bw/day.
In 1984, the SCF revised the ADI to 10 mg/kg bw/day, based on new long-term studies.
The Panel concluded that the present dataset on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, genotoxicity, subchronic, reproductive, developmental and long-term toxicity, and carcinogenicity give reason to revise the ADI of 10 mg/kg bw/day allocated by the SCF in 1984.
The Panel considered that the NOAEL of 631 mg/kg bw/day from the chronic toxicity study in rat can be used to allocate a new ADI to E133.
By application of an uncertainty factor of 100, the Panel established a new ADI to E133 equal to 6 mg/kg bw/day.
The Panel concluded that at the maximum reported levels of use of E133, refined intake estimates (Tier 3) are lower than the ADI of 6 mg/kg bw/day.
The Panel concluded that at Tier 2 the intake estimates are below the ADI at the mean for both adults and children and at the higher level for adults, but above the ADI at the higher level (95th percentile) for children.
E133 was found to be a useful dye tracer to stain the flow paths of water in soil media.
Being neutral or anionic, it is not strongly adsorbed by negatively charged soil constituents. The dye is used in food because its general toxicity is low.
However, to stain the flow paths of water in soil, fairly large concentrations are required to ensure good visibility of the tracer.
Therefore, toxic effects cannot be entirely excluded, and assessing the environmental risk is a necessity, especially when field research is conducted in an environmental context.
A literature review was carried out to compile data on E133 toxicity.
The literature suggests that there is no carcinogenicity or mutagenicity to rodents.
E133 does not accumulate in plants or animals, but degrades slowly in the environment.
From the toxicological point of view the dye can be considered as a suitable and environmentally acceptable tracer for studying solute transport in soil, especially in the field.
E133 is a colorant for foods and other substances to induce a color change.
E133 is found in ice cream, canned processed peas, packet soups, bottled food colorings, icings, ice pops, blue raspberry flavored products, dairy products, sweets and drinks.
E133 is also used in soaps, shampoos, mouthwash and other hygiene and cosmetics applications.
In soil science, E133 is applied in tracing studies to visualize infiltration and water distribution in the soil.
E133, also known as Blue 1 or Patent Blue AR is a synthetic dye primarily used as a blue colorant for medications, processed foods, dietary supplements, and cosmetics.
E133 is categorized as a triarylmethane dye and is known by various other names such as acid blue 9 or FD&C blue no. 1.
E133 is usually combined with tartrazine (E102) to produce various shades of green.
E133 has a color index of 42090 and is also known as E133.
E133 is a disodium salt and has the appearance of a blue powder. E133 is soluble in water and glycerol, with an absorption limit of about 628 nm.
Blue 1 is one of the oldest FDA-approved food color additives and is generally considered to be safe and nontoxic.
E133 is widely used in processed commercial food items to provide them with an artificial green color.
E133 is also added to various food items to make them look attractive, enhance the naturally occurring color, and provide color to colorless products.
The global E133 colors market is mainly driven by the surging demand for exotic-looking food items, as well as rising consumer preference for innovative and tasty food and beverages.
Penetration of the internet is expected to lead to the increasing use of social media platforms, which would also push the need for aesthetically appealing food and beverages.
As per the report, demand for E133 colorants is anticipated to grow at approximately 9,500 metric tons by 2032.
As people are becoming more aware of the negative impact of synthetic food ingredients, need for natural food ingredients is rising, which would propel the demand for organic E133 colors.
Rapid expansion of the food processing industry with rising internet penetration, as well as affordability and accessibility would drive sales of E133 colors in the evaluation period.
As the beverage industry has found no other replacement for E133 colors, it is also expected to create high demand in future.
Blue food colorants must have multiple chemical properties like aromatic rings, pi-bond conjugation, heteroatoms, and ionic charges to absorb low-energy red light.
The majority of natural blue dye attempts are either unstable, blue only in alkaline conditions, or toxic.
Synthetic colors such as E133 are cost-effective and thus would generate high demand, as compared to natural colors.
The E133 colors market is set to be driven by their increasing application in the food and beverage industry.
Compared to natural blue colorants, E133 colors make the food or beverage brighter, as well as add greater vibrancy and stability.
These colors are extensively utilized in frozen, convenience, ready to eat, processed, and baked foods, as well as carbonated drinks, alcoholic beverages, juices, and sauces.
E133 is not only used in the food and beverages industry but also utilized in soaps, mouthwashes, shampoos, and other personal care products owing to its non-toxic nature.
E133 can outperform other dye tracers at a fast pace and is thus used as a water tracing agent.
E133 colors are sometimes poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.
Also, stringent regulations controlling the use of colorants in a few regions and rising inclination of consumers towards organic food colorants are expected to hamper growth.
Key food and beverage manufacturers are nowadays using natural food colors like spirulina colorants to provide safety to consumers, which may also hinder growth.
Based on application, the dairy, beverage, bakery, fruit fillings, and candy/confectionery segments are expected to account for the largest share in the global E133 colors market.
E133 colors are extensively used in dairy products, sweets, gummy bears, cotton candies, ice creams, packaged soups, icings, ice pops, blueberry flavored products, children's medications, and soft drinks.
E133 Food Color Additive mainly comprises toluene-2-sulfonate, disodium alpha-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-alpha-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino, cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) as well as its subsidiary coloring matters and isomers in combination with sodium chloride/sodium sulfate as principal uncolored component.
The organic compounds it contains other than coloring matters include combination of 2-, 3- and 4-formyl benzene sulfonic acids (Not more than 1.5%) and 3((ethyl)(4-sulfophenyl)amino) methyl benzene sulfonic acid (Not more than 0.3%).
The E133 acid–base properties in aqueous solutions have been studied and its ionization constants have been defined by tristimulus colorimetry and spectrophotometry methods.
The scheme of the acid–base dye equilibrium has been proposed and a diagram of the distribution of its ionic-molecular forms has been built.
E133 has been established that the dominant form of the dye was the electroneutral form, which molar absorptivity (ε625 = 0.97 × 105) increases with the increase of the dielectric permittivity of the solvent.
E133 has been shown that the replacement of polar solvents by less polar ones is causing a bathochromic shift of the maximum absorption band of the dye, the value of which is correlated with the value of the Hansen parameter.
Tautomerization constants have been defined in a number of solvents and associated with the value of the Dimroth-Reichardt parameter.
E133 is the disodium salt of 4-{4-(N-ethyl-p-sulfobenzylamino-phenyl)-(2-sulfoniumphenyl)-methyene}-[1-(N-ethyl-N-p-sulfobenzyl)-Δ2, 5-cyclohexadienimine].
E133 is manufactured by a condensation reaction of benzaldehyde-o-sulfonic acid and α-(N-ethylanilino)-m-toluenesulfonic acid.
E133 is very soluble in water, glycerol, and glycol, and slightly soluble in ethanol.
E133 is stable in a wide range of pH.
E133 has been frequently used as a dye tracer to stain flow pathways in porous media.
As an ionic organic molecule, the dye interacts in a complicated manner with the solid phase.
For an adequate interpretation of stained flow pathways, the sorption characteristics of the dye need to be better understood.
In this study, we investigate the suitability of E133 as a dye tracer in vadose zone hydrology.
The objectives were to test the effect of aqueous solution chemistry on dye absorption spectra, and to evaluate the effect of ionic strength and type of cations on dye sorption to soils.
Batch sorption studies were conducted with three different soils and different ionic strengths of the background solution.
Ionic strength was adjusted with eitherCaCl or KCl.
Sorption isotherms conformed to the Langmuir model, with the sorption capacity 2 ranging over one order of magnitude.
Substantial sorption was found for the soil sample with the highest clay content and the lowest pH.
Increasing ionic strength led to increased sorption of E133.
The type of background cation, Ca or K, did not influence sorption.
In aqueous solution, the absorption spectrum of E133 is not sensitive to pH nor ionic strength.
E133 has been proposed as a suitable dye tracer to visualize flow pathways in the vadose zone.
The dye is one of the two blue colorants certified in the US for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics.
As food dye, it possesses relatively low toxicity to organisms, and E133 is therefore an attractive compound to use in environmental studies,
particularly because many other dye tracers in use are considerably more toxic than food dyes.
The bright greenish blue hue makes.
E133 readily visible in most soil and rock materials found in the vadose zone, discriminating it from yellow and red food colorants which are
often more difficult to see in soil materials.
The high water solubility and the dominantly anionic properties due to three sulfonic acid groups render the dye relatively mobile in most soils. The combination of the three characteristics (toxicity, visibility, and mobility) make E133 an appealing tracer.
Demand for E133 colors is expected to grow at approximately 9,500 metric tons by 2032.
E133 colors are widely used in processed commercial food, thereby providing them with an artificial green color.
These are also added to food items to enhance their naturally occurring color, make them attractive, and enable consumers to identify the product from afar.
E133 color is also called Blue 1.
The global E133 market is mainly driven by growing demand for exotic-looking food items with unique flavors and textures.
Increasing influence of social media platforms is set to encourage consumers to purchase aesthetically appealing food and beverages.
Synonyms:
3844-45-9
Acid Blue 9
Brilliant Blue
FD&C Blue No. 1
Erioglaucine disodium salt
Erioglaucine
Alphazurine FG
Blue 1206
Food Blue No. 1
FD & C Blue no. 1
Dolkwal Brilliant Blue
Acid Sky Blue A
Hexacol Brilliant Blue A
E133 supra
FD and C Blue No. 1
C.I. Food Blue 2
Food Blue 1
C.I. ACID BLUE 9, DISODIUM SALT
UNII-PPQ093M8HR
Usacert Blue No. 1
1206 Blue
Canacert E133
MFCD00012141
PPQ093M8HR
FD&C Blue 1
CHEBI:82411
FD&C blue No.1
Acid Blue 9;FD&C Blue No. 1;E133
Fenazo Blue XI
Merantine Blue EG
Cosmetic Blue Lake
blue no. 1
Japan Blue No. 1
Intracid Pure Blue L
FDC Blue No. 1
Erioglaucin A
Food Blue Dye No. 1
Aizen Food Blue No. 2
CCRIS 97
Modr Kysela 9
Blue FCF
Food Blue No.1
Modr Brilantni FCF
Usacert FD and C Blue No. 1
E133, disodium salt
Brilliant Blue E 133
D&C Blue No. 1
E133
EINECS 223-339-8
HSDB 7972
Erioglaucine sodium salt
FD&C Blue #1
DSSTox_CID_189
DSSTox_RID_75422
DSSTox_GSID_20189
SCHEMBL124486
C37H34N2Na2O9S3
CHEMBL3184128
DTXSID2020189
Erioglaucine (C.I. 42090)
AMY22374
Tox21_300516
AKOS037643360
NCGC00254363-01
