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E211 Sodium Benzoate can undergo decomposition at high temperatures, which may release potentially hazardous by-products.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a sodium salt of benzoic acid, that is freely soluble in water compared to benzoic acid.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is generally used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals.
CAS Number: 532-32-1
Molecular Formula: C7H5NaO2
Molecular Weight: 144.10317
EINECS No: 208-534-8
Synonyms: E211 Sodium Benzoate, 532-32-1, Sobenate, Antimol, Benzoic acid, sodium salt, Benzoic acid sodium salt, Benzoate sodium, Benzoate of soda, Benzoate, sodium, sodium;benzoate, Sodiumbenzoate, Natrium benzoicum, FEMA No. 3025, Fuminaru, Benzoan sodny, Caswell No. 746, Microcare sb, PUROX S, FEMA Number 3025, Benzoan sodny [Czech], CCRIS 3921, HSDB 696, Benzoesaeure (na-salz), UNII-OJ245FE5EU, EINECS 208-534-8, OJ245FE5EU, benzoic acid sodium, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009103, INS NO.211, DTXSID1020140, E211, AI3-07835, Benzoesaeure (na-salz) [German], INS-211, DTXCID90140, E211 Sodium Benzoate [USAN:JAN], E-211, CHEBI:113455, E211 Sodium Benzoate [USAN:JAN:NF], EC 208-534-8, AMMONUL COMPONENT E211 Sodium Benzoate, UCEPHAN COMPONENT E211 Sodium Benzoate, E211 Sodium Benzoate COMPONENT OF AMMONUL, E211 Sodium Benzoate COMPONENT OF UCEPHAN, Sodium benzoic acid, E211 Sodium Benzoate (II), E211 Sodium Benzoate [II], E211 Sodium Benzoate (MART.), E211 Sodium Benzoate [MART.], E211 Sodium Benzoate (EP MONOGRAPH), E211 Sodium Benzoate [EP MONOGRAPH], C7H5NaO2, MFCD00012463, BzONa, monoE211 Sodium Benzoate, E211 Sodium Benzoate USP, E211 Sodium Benzoate,(S), E211 Sodium Benzoate (TN), SCHEMBL823, CHEMBL1356, E211 Sodium Benzoate [MI], E211 Sodium Benzoate (JP17/NF), E211 Sodium Benzoate [FCC], E211 Sodium Benzoate [JAN], C7-H6-O2.Na, E211 Sodium Benzoate [FHFI], E211 Sodium Benzoate [HSDB], E211 Sodium Benzoate [INCI], E211 Sodium Benzoate [USAN], E211 Sodium Benzoate [VANDF], E211 Sodium Benzoate [USP-RS], E211 Sodium Benzoate [WHO-DD], E211 Sodium Benzoate (Fragrance Grade), Benzoic acid, sodium salt (1:1), HY-Y1316, Tox21_300125, E211 Sodium Benzoate [ORANGE BOOK], AKOS003053000, AKOS015890021, CCG-266169, LS-2390, NCGC00254072-01, CAS-532-32-1, CS-0017788, E 211, FT-0645126, S0593, D02277, A829462, Q423971, J-519752.
E211 Sodium Benzoate appears as a white crystalline chemical with the formula C6H5COONa.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is not considered highly flammable.
E211 Sodium Benzoate has a relatively high flash point and is not expected to contribute significantly to fire hazards.
However, like any organic compound, it can burn under certain conditions.
It is important to handle and store glyceryl monostearate away from open flames and ignition sources.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is generally stable under normal conditions.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
E211 Sodium Benzoate, also known as benzoic acid sodium, is commonly used as food preservatives in food industry, odorless or with slight smell of benzoin, and tastes sweet astringency.
Stable in air, can absorb moisture in open air.
E211 Sodium Benzoate’s naturally found in blueberry, apple, plum, cranberry, prunes, cinnamon and cloves, with weaker antiseptic performance than benzoic acid.
Antiseptic performance of 1.180g E211 Sodium Benzoate is equivalent of about 1g benzoic acid.
In acidic environment, E211 Sodium Benzoate have obvious inhibitory effect on a variety of microorganisms: when pH is at 3.5, 0.05% solution can completely inhibit the growth of yeast; while when pH is above 5.5, it has poor effect on a lot of mold and yeast; hardly has any effect in alkaline solution.
After E211 Sodium Benzoate enters into the body, in the process of biotransformation, it would combine with glycine to be uric acid, or combine with glucuronic acid to be glucosiduronic acid, and all to be eliminated from the body in urine, not to accumulate in the body.
As long as it is within the scope of the normal dosage, it would be harmless to the human body, and it is a safe preservatives.
E211 Sodium Benzoate also can be used for carbonated beverages, concentrated juice, margarine, chewing gum base, jam, jelly, soy sauce, etc. Human acceptable daily intake (ADI) < 5 mg/kg body weight (take benzoic acid as calculation basis).
E211 Sodium Benzoate has big lipophilicity, and it is easy to penetrate cell membrane into the cells, interfere in permeability of cell membrane, and inhibit cell membrane’s absorption of amino acids; cause Ionization acidification of alkaline storage in the cell when entering into, inhibit activity of respiratory enzymes, and stop condensation reaction of acetyl coenzyme A, and thereby achieve the purpose of food antiseptic.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is commonly produced by the neutralization of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with benzoic acid (C6H5COOH), which is itself produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a widely used food preservative, with an E number of E211.
It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water.
E211 Sodium Benzoate can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a salt made of sodium and benzoic acid.
It can be found naturally in fruit and spices like apples, cranberries and cinnamon.
Despite being naturally occurring, it is usually synthesised in a lab when needed in large quantities for cosmetics.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a food additive used as preservative in acidic food and drinks – mostly those with a pH of less than 5.
Added as an anti-fungal, E211 Sodium Benzoate is used to balance the pH inside individual cells, raising the overall acidity of the product and creating an environment in which it is more difficult for fungi to grow.
These fungi can invade food and cause it to spoil, dramatically reducing its shelf life.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a common food preservative and additive that is widely used in the food and beverage industry.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and has the chemical formula C7H5NaO2.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a white, odorless, and crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water.
One of the primary reasons for using E211 Sodium Benzoate as a preservative is its ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeast, and fungi.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is particularly effective in acidic conditions, which makes it suitable for use in acidic foods and beverages such as soft drinks, fruit juices, pickles, and condiments.
E211 Sodium Benzoate an active ingredient in a skin care product like a nutrient or vitamin is used to nourish your skin cells, chances are the same nutrients also make good food for microbes in the air which can colonise product and turn it mouldy.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a Food and Drug Administration-approved nontoxic drug.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is used as a preservative in both cosmetics and food products, where it prevents both bacterial and fungal growth, though it is more active against the latter.
E211 Sodium Benzoate on dissolution in water it affords weakly basic solution.
E211 Sodium Benzoate has anti-corrosive properties.
By including E211 Sodium Benzoate alongside the active ingredient, can extend the life span of the product and fight off the growth of mould.
E211 Sodium Benzoate can be obtained via acid-base reaction between benzoic acid and sodium bicarbonate/sodium hydroxide solution.
E211 Sodium Benzoate determination in fruit juices, sodas, soy sauce, ketchup, peanut butter, cream cheese and other foods by HPLC method has been proposed.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also used as a preservative in food and drink.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is the salt of benzoic acid, an acid that is found naturally in foods like cranberries, apricots, mushrooms, and honey.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has designated it a “generally recognised as safe” ingredient.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a popular ingredient in cosmetics, not because of some amazing skin care property but because it works as a preservative.
Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to E211 Sodium Benzoate, and in rare cases, it can cause adverse reactions or exacerbate certain health conditions.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is always recommended to read food labels and consult with healthcare professionals if you have any concerns.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is the sodium salt form of benzoic acid, and is synthesized by reacting benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide.
While E211 Sodium Benzoate must be manufactured, benzoic acid is found naturally in certain foods such as apples, prunes, plums, greengages, cloves and certain berries.
The independent Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has ruled E211 Sodium Benzoate safe as used in cosmetics, where maximum usage levels range from 0.5–1%.
In its raw form, E211 Sodium Benzoate is a white, crystalline solid that dissolves in water.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is the sodium salt of benzoic acid, widely used as a food preservative (with an E number of E211) and a pickling agent.
E211 Sodium Benzoate works by disrupting the metabolic processes of microorganisms, thus preventing their growth and spoilage of food products.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is important to note that E211 Sodium Benzoate is considered safe for consumption when used within the approved limits set by regulatory authorities, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
E211 Sodium Benzoate is the sodium salt of benzoic acid.
Melting point:>300 °C (lit.)
Density: 1,44 g/cm3
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
FEMA: 3025 | E211 Sodium Benzoate
Flash point: >100°C
storage temp.: room temp
solubility: H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
pka: 4.03[at 20 ℃]
form: Crystals, Granules, Flakes or Crystalline Powder
color: White
PH: 7.0-8.5 (25℃, 1M in H2O)
Odor: odorless
Water: Solubility,soluble
Merck: 14,8582
BRN: 3572467
Stability:Stable, but may be moisture senstive. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkalis, mineral acids.
LogP: 1.88
E211 Sodium Benzoate is found naturally in some fruits such as plums, prunes or apples.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is an organic alcohol found in many fruits and teas.
E211 Sodium Benzoate has a hydroxyl group (-OH), while the related compound, Benzoic Acid has a carboxyl group (-COOH).
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a synthetic chemical produced when benzoic acid, which is found naturally in some fruits and spices, is combined with sodium hydroxide.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a preservative that can be found in acidic foods such as salad dressings, carbonated drinks, jams, juices, and condiments.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also found in mouthwashes, silver polishes, cough syrups, soaps, and shampoos.
E211 Sodium Benzoate does not occur naturally, but benzoic acid is found in many plants, including cinnamon, cloves, tomatoes, berries, plums, apples, and cranberries (2Trusted Source).
E211 Sodium Benzoate is synthesised or artificially prepared from the substances benzoic acid and sodium hydroxide.
Additionally, certain bacteria produce benzoic acid when fermenting dairy products like yogurt (1, 3Trusted Source).
E211 Sodium Benzoate is used as an antifungal preservative in cosmetics and in food under the name E211.
E211 Sodium Benzoate, Calcium Benzoate and Potassium Benzoate are salts of Benzoic Acid.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is an ester of Benzyl Alcohol and Benzoic Acid.
E211 Sodium Benzoate, also known as Benzoic acid sodium salt , can be made by chemically by reacting sodium hydroxide with Benzoic acid.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is odorless or with a slight smell of Benzoin, and tastes sweet astringency.
Stable in air E211 Sodium Benzoate can absorb moisture in open air as a preservative it is bacteriostatic and fungistatic under acidic conditions.
E211 Sodium Benzoate as a food additive, E211 Sodium Benzoate has the E number E211.
Since E211 Sodium Benzoate contains a natural ingredient, it is probably safe, right? After all, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Canadian Health Protection Branch have pronounced this chemical preservative to be acceptable when consumed in low amounts.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a preservative added to some sodas, packaged foods, and personal care products to prolong shelf life.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is best known as a preservative used in processed foods and beverages to extend shelf life, though it has several other uses.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a common food preservative and a mold inhibitor.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is most effective in low acid foods and beverages and baked goods such as breads, cakes, pies, tortillas and many others.
E211 Sodium Benzoate’s an odorless, crystalline powder made by combining benzoic acid and sodium hydroxide.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a good preservative on its own, and combining it with sodium hydroxide helps it dissolve in products.
When E211 Sodium Benzoate is combined with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in acidic conditions, such as in certain beverages, it can form E211 Sodium Benzoate.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a known carcinogen and may pose health risks if consumed in excessive amounts.
There have been claims that E211 Sodium Benzoate, along with certain food colorings, may contribute to hyperactivity or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in some susceptible individuals, particularly in children.
E211 Sodium Benzoate, the scientific evidence regarding this link is limited and inconclusive.
While the risk is low when used within regulatory limits, under certain conditions (such as exposure to heat, light, or acidic conditions), E211 Sodium Benzoate can react with other ingredients to form benzene.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a potent carcinogen and should be minimized in food and beverage products.
Regulatory authorities monitor and set limits on the amount of benzene allowed in consumer products.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is therefore very effective against fungi, yeasts and bacteria.
It is made quite easily with soda, water and benzoic acid.
Heat it to emit over carbon dioxide, and then add active carbon to decolorize it for half an hour.
Do suction filtration, after filtrate gets concentrated, put it into flaker tray, dry it to be sheets in the drum, crush it, and then E211 Sodium Benzoate is made.
Consumption rate of benzoic acid (99.5%) 1045kg/t and sodium bicarbonate (98%) 610kg/t.
Use 32% soda solution to neutralize benzoic acid in the pot to reach PH value of 7.5, and neutralization temperature is 70℃.
Use 0.3% active carbon to decolorize the neutralized solution, vacuum filter it, concentrate, dry it and then it comes to powdered E211 Sodium Benzoate.
C6H5COOH+Na2CO3→C6H5COONa
To get it by toluene oxidation made benzoic acid reacting with sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is prepared by adding benzoic acid to a hot concentrated solution of sodium carbonate until effervescence ceases.
The solution is then evaporated, cooled and allowed to crystallize or evaporate to dryness, and then granulated.
Uses Of E211 Sodium Benzoate:
E211 Sodium Benzoate is commonly used as a preservative in non-alcoholic beverages such as soft drinks, energy drinks, sports drinks, and flavored water.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is primarily used as a preservative in various food and beverage products.
It helps to prevent the growth of microorganisms, extending the shelf life of these products.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is commonly found in carbonated drinks, fruit juices, jams, jellies, salad dressings, condiments, and processed foods.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder that emits a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also an important preservative of acid type food.
It transforms into effective form of benzoic acid during application.
E211 Sodium Benzoate agent is a very important preservative of acid type fodder.
It transforms into effective form of benzoic acid during application.
E211 Sodium Benzoate for application range and dosage. In addition, it also can be used as food preservative.
E211 Sodium Benzoate used in the research of pharmaceutical industry and plant genetic, also used as dye intermediates, fungicide and preservatives.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is used as food additive (preservative), fungicide in pharmaceutical industry, dye mordant, plasticizer in plastic industrial, and also used as organic synthetic intermediate of spices and others.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a preservative.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is bacteriostatic and fungistatic under acidic conditions.
It is most widely used in acidic foods such as salad dressings (vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (vinegar), and condiments.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also used as a preservative in medicines and cosmetics.
As a food additive, E211 Sodium Benzoate has the E number E211.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is much better than benzoic acid at dissolving in water.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is one of its most characteristic physical properties.
Although the excipient E211 Sodium Benzoate conserves slightly better than E211 Sodium Benzoate, you can compensaté for this by either using a little more or lowering the pH by adding an acid to your product.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also used in fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix, a powder that emits a whistling noise when compressed into a tube and ignited.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also one of the fastest burning rocket fuels and provides a lot of thrust and smoke.
It does have its downsides: there is a high danger of explosion when the fuel is sharply compressed because of the fuel's sensitivity to impact.
E211 Sodium Benzoate can act as a food preservative.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is most widely used in acidic foods such as salad dressings (for example acetic acid in vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (acetic acid), condiments, and frozen yogurt toppings.
E211 Sodium Benzoate helps maintain the freshness and quality of these beverages by preventing microbial spoilage.
E211 Sodium Benzoate can be found in certain dairy products like yogurt, cheese, and ice cream.
E211 Sodium Benzoate helps prevent the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms and extends the shelf life of these perishable products.
Many condiments and sauces, including ketchup, mayonnaise, mustard, and soy sauce, may contain E211 Sodium Benzoate as a preservative.
It helps prevent bacterial growth and maintains the flavor and quality of these products.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is sometimes used as a preservative in pet food and animal feed to ensure its safety and extend its shelf life.
E211 Sodium Benzoate helps protect against the growth of bacteria and molds that can lead to spoilage and contamination.
In water treatment applications, E211 Sodium Benzoate can be used as a corrosion inhibitor and to control microbial growth in cooling towers and industrial water systems.
E211 Sodium Benzoate helps prevent the formation of scale and biofilm, which can negatively impact system efficiency.
E211 Sodium Benzoate has been studied for its potential use as a plant growth regulator and for disease control in agriculture and horticulture.
It may have fungicidal properties and can be used to inhibit the growth of certain plant pathogens.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is sometimes used in fireworks compositions to produce green-colored flames when ignited.
E211 Sodium Benzoate acts as a colorant and helps generate the desired visual effects.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is used in a variety of personal care products, including hair care products (shampoos, conditioners, styling products), skin care products (lotions, creams, cleansers), and oral care products (toothpaste, mouthwash).
E211 Sodium Benzoate serves as a preservative to maintain the product's stability and prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi.
E211 Sodium Benzoate can be found in certain cleaning products, such as liquid soaps, detergents, and disinfectants.
E211 Sodium Benzoate helps inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extends the shelf life of these products.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is utilized as a preservative in adhesives and sealants.
E211 Sodium Benzoate helps prevent microbial growth, ensuring the integrity and stability of the product.
In the oil and gas sector, E211 Sodium Benzoate is sometimes used as a corrosion inhibitor in drilling fluids, production fluids, and pipeline systems.
It helps protect metal surfaces from corrosion caused by water, acids, and bacteria.
E211 Sodium Benzoate has been used in the photographic industry as a developing agent in certain photographic processes with the advent of digital photography, its use in this industry has significantly declined.
E211 Sodium Benzoate can be used as a dye auxiliary in textile printing and dyeing processes.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also used as a preservative in medicines and cosmetics.
E211 Sodium Benzoate Under these conditions it is converted into benzoic acid (E210), which is bacteriostatic and fungistatic.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is generally not used directly due to its poor water solubility.
Concentration as a food preservative is limited by the FDA in the U.S. to 0.1% by weight.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also allowed as an animal food additive at up to 0.1%, per the Association of American Feed Control Officials.
E211 Sodium Benzoate has been replaced by potassium sorbate in the majority of soft drinks in the United Kingdom.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a preservative used in skincare products to prevent the overgrowth of microorganisms, it is a mold inhibitor that helps to reduce the growth of mold and bacteria.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is widely used as a preservative in food, medicine, cosmetics and animal feeds.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is used in the treatment of hyperammonemia and urea cycle disorders.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is used in the fireworks as a fuel in whistle mix.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is also used in the preparation of toothpaste and mouthwashes.
E211 Sodium Benzoate finds application in most of the acidic foods such as salad dressings (vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbonic acid), jams and fruit juices (citric acid), pickles (vinegar), and condiments.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is produced by the neutralization of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide.
E211 Sodium Benzoate also has applications beyond the food industry.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is used in various personal care products, such as cosmetics, shampoos, and lotions, to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is employed as a corrosion inhibitor in automotive antifreeze and as a medication in certain pharmaceutical formulations.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is a also the preservative found in many foods and soft drinks.
Many soft drinks contain E211 Sodium Benzoate as both a preservative, and to enhance the flavour effect of their high-fructose corn syrup.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is most commonly added to acidic foods like cider vinegars, pickles, condiments, jams and conserves, and soy sauce to control mold, bacteria, yeasts, and other microbes.
E211 Sodium Benzoate interferes with their ability to make energy.
E211 Sodium Benzoate only converts to benzoic acid in acidic environments, it is not used for its anti-microbial action unless the pH is below about 3.6.
Safety Profile Of E211 Sodium Benzoate:
E211 Sodium Benzoate has been recommended that caffeine and E211 Sodium Benzoate injection should not be used in neonates; however, E211 Sodium Benzoate has been used by others in the treatment of some neonatal metabolic disorders.
E211 Sodium Benzoate has been suggested that there is a general adverse effect of benzoate preservatives on the behavior of 3-yearold children, which is detectable by parents, but not by a simple clinical assessment.
In combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C, E300), E211 Sodium Benzoate and potassium benzoate form benzene, a known carcinogen.
However, in most beverages that contain both, the benzene levels are below those considered dangerous for consumption.
E211 Sodium Benzoate can be toxic to aquatic organisms and may persist in the environment.
Proper disposal practices and wastewater treatment can help minimize environmental contamination.
E211 Sodium Benzoate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory authorities when used in accordance with approved limits.
The FDA and other regulatory agencies have set specific maximum levels for its use in food products.
However, it is worth noting that excessive consumption of foods and drinks containing E211 Sodium Benzoate, especially in combination with certain other substances, may have potential health effects.
For instance, when E211 Sodium Benzoate is combined with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) or citric acid, it can form benzene, a known carcinogen.
To minimize the formation of benzene, manufacturers are required to limit the levels of these substances in products containing E211 Sodium Benzoate.
Ingested E211 Sodium Benzoate is conjugated with glycine in the liver to yield hippuric acid, which is excreted in the urine.
Symptoms of systemic benzoate toxicity resemble those of salicylates.
Whereas oral administration of the free-acid form may cause severe gastric irritation, benzoate salts are well tolerated in large quantities: e.g. 6 g of E211 Sodium Benzoate in 200mL of water is administered orally as a liver function test.
Clinical data have indicated that E211 Sodium Benzoate can produce nonimmunological contact urtcaria and nonimmunological immediate contact reactions.
However, it is also recognized that these reactions are strictly cutaneous, and E211 Sodium Benzoate can therefore be used safely at concentrations up to 5%.
This nonimmunological phenomenon should be considered when designing formulations for infants and children.
Other adverse effects include anaphylaxis and urticarial reactions, although a controlled study has shown that the incidence of urticaria in patients given benzoic acid is no greater than that with a lactose
placebo.
