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E310 propyl gallate is a kind of ester formed through the condensation of gallic acid and propanol.
E310 propyl gallate appears as a fine white to creamy-white crystalline powder.
E310 propyl gallate has long been used as a kind of antioxidants to be supplied to foods especially animal fats and vegetable oil, being especially effective with polyunsaturated fats.
CAS Number: 121-79-9
Molecular Formula: C10H12O5
Molecular Weight: 212.2
EINECS Number: 204-498-2
Synonyms: Lycopene, all-trans-lycopene, psi,psi-carotene, lycored, Redivivo, Mexoryl SAQ, Tomat-O-Red, all-E-lycopene, Tomato Lycopene, CI 75125, E160d(III), E160d, CAS 502-65-8, C40H56, CHEBI:15948, INS-160D(III), Lyc-O-Mato, Beta-carotene analog names (misc.), DTXSID2046593, UNII-SB0N2N0WV6, Propylester kyseliny gallove;propylesterkyselinygallove;Sustane PG;Tenox PG;tenoxpg;FEMA 2947;FEMA 2974;PROGALLIN P, Capsanthin, all-trans-capsanthin, Capsanthin/capsorubin, beta,kappa-caroten-6-one derivative, Paprika red, CI 75125-related carotenoid, CAS 465-42-9, CHEBI:3375, E160c-related, DTXSID10905012, UNII-420NY1J57N, Norbixin, beta-norbixin, all-trans-norbixin, 6,6'-diapo-psi,psi-carotenedioic acid, Annatto acid form, E160b acid fraction, CAS 542-40-5, CHEBI:7623, DTXSID4031803, UNII-E8M59E17AI, Bixin, cis-bixin, alpha-bixin, methyl hydrogen 6,6'-diapocarotene dioate, Annatto (E160b), cis-form bixin, CAS 6983-79-5, CHEBI:3136, DTXSID1024629, UNII-9L7T4VB66G, beta-carotene, all-trans-beta-carotene, provitamin A, CI 40800, CI 75130, E160a(iii), CAS 7235-40-7, CHEBI:17579, C40H56, NSC-62794, DTXSID3020253, UNII-01YAE03M7J, Tristearin, glyceryl tristearate, glyceryl trioctadecanoate, triglyceride C57H110O6, stearic triglyceride, Dynasan 118, CAS 555-43-1, CHEBI:45956, EINECS 209-097-6, TG(18:0/18:0/18:0)
E310 propyl gallate, as an anti-oxidant, can protect the food and oils from the attack of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals, having an effect similar to the superoxide dismutase.
E310 propyl gallate can also be applied to ethers, emulsion, waxes, and transformer oil as the antioxidants.
E310 propyl gallate is a synthetic antioxidant ester derived from gallic acid, widely used to prevent oxidation of fats and oils in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.
It belongs to the class of phenolic esters (gallates).
E310 propyl gallate is commonly used in lipid-rich systems.
E310 propyl gallate is the propyl ester of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid).
It contains multiple hydroxyl groups on an aromatic ring, which provide antioxidant activity.
This structure enables free radical scavenging.
Physically, it appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder.
It is slightly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents and fats.
E310 propyl gallate has a faint, characteristic odor.
The compound exhibits strong antioxidant properties, protecting fats and oils from oxidation.
It inhibits formation of rancid compounds.
E310 propyl gallate is effective at low concentrations, especially in combination with other antioxidants.
It enhances preservation efficiency.
This improves formulation performance.
It shows synergistic effects with antioxidants like BHA and BHT, improving overall stability.
Combined use increases oxidative protection.
This is common in industrial applications.
The compound is chemically stable under normal conditions, but may degrade under high heat or strong oxidizing environments.
This maintains effectiveness.
E310 propyl gallate is best described as a synthetic phenolic antioxidant used to protect fats and oils from oxidation and rancidity, widely applied in food and industrial lipid systems.
E310 propyl gallate also shows very effective protection in emulsified systems, such as mayonnaise, dressings, and cream-based foods.
It helps stabilize oil droplets against oxidation.
This improves product consistency.
It is particularly useful in animal fat preservation, where it slows oxidative breakdown of tallow and lard.
It maintains texture and odor quality.
This extends storage life.
The compound can act in low-moisture systems, such as powdered fats and dry mixes containing oils.
It remains active even with limited water content.
This improves versatility.
E310 propyl gallate demonstrates good stability during moderate heat processing, such as baking or mild frying.
However, prolonged high temperatures can reduce its activity.
E310 propyl gallate has limited water solubility but good solubility in ethanol and fats, allowing flexible formulation in both food and cosmetic systems.
Melting point: 146–149 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 312.03 °C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.210
Vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 20 °C
Refractive index: 1.5140 (estimate)
FEMA: 2947 | E310 propyl gallate
Flash point: 187 °C
Storage temperature: Below +30 °C
Solubility: Ethanol: 50 mg/mL
Form: Powder
pKa: 8.11 (at 25 °C)
Color: White to light beige
Odor: Bland
Biological source: Synthetic
Water solubility: 0.35 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Merck index: 14,7859
BRN: 1877976
Major applications: Diagnostic assay manufacturing; hematology; histology
Cosmetic ingredient functions: Perfuming; antioxidant
InChI: 1S/C10H12O5/c1-2-3-15-10(14)6-4-7(11)9(13)8(12)5-6/h4-5,11-13H,2-3H2,1H3
InChIKey: ZTHYODDOHIVTJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CCCOC(=O)c1cc(O)c(O)c(O)c1
LogP: 1.8
E310 propyl gallate is an antioxidant with antimicrobial activity. It is hepatoprotective in vitro and in vivo, preventing CCl4 induced lipoperoxidation and reduction in polysomes in rat liver.
E310 propyl gallate increases expression of HIF-1α, EPO, and VEGF mRNA levels and the number of normal neurons in rat brains after 8 minutes of forebrain ischemia.
E310 propyl gallate in combination with potassium sorbate is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against S. aureus strains known to produce enterotoxins in food.
E310 propyl gallate is commonly added to foods to prevent autoxidation and microbial growth.
E310 propyl gallate is an odorless powder having a slightly bitter taste.
E310 propyl gallate functions particularly well in stabilizing animal fats and vegetable oils.
With a melting point of 148°C, E310 propyl gallate loses its effectiveness during heat processing and is therefore not suitable in frying applications that involve temperatures exceeding 190°C.
E310 propyl gallate chelates iron ions and forms an unappealing, blue–black complex.
Hence, it is always used with chelators such as citric acid to eliminate the pro-oxidative iron and copper catalysts.
Good synergism is obtained with BHA and BHT; however, application with TBHQ is not permitted. For additional details, refer to Burdock (1997).
E310 propyl gallate works by donating hydrogen atoms from its phenolic hydroxyl groups to free radicals, thereby stopping lipid oxidation chain reactions.
This interrupts peroxide formation in fats.
E310 propyl gallate slows rancidity development.
It is particularly effective in unsaturated fats and oils, which are highly prone to oxidation.
It stabilizes these sensitive lipid structures.
E310 propyl gallate shows strong synergy with other antioxidants such as BHA (E320) and BHT (E321).
Together they provide broader and more stable protection.
This enhances overall antioxidant performance.
E310 propyl gallate has moderate lipophilicity, allowing it to function in both oil phases and partially in emulsions.
This increases its versatility in formulations.
It improves distribution in complex systems.
E310 propyl gallate exhibits metal-chelating properties, helping to reduce oxidation catalyzed by trace metals like iron and copper.
This slows degradation reactions.
This strengthens antioxidant protection.
E310 propyl gallate can provide carry-through protection, remaining active after food processing such as frying or baking.
E310 propyl gallate continues to protect fats during storage.
This extends shelf life.
E310 propyl gallate is often used in packaged foods containing oils, where it prevents rancid odor formation during long-term storage.
It maintains flavor stability.
E310 propyl gallate is light-sensitive to some extent, and prolonged exposure to light can reduce its activity.
E310 propyl gallate is also used in non-food applications, including cosmetics, lubricants, and rubber products, to prevent oxidative degradation.
It stabilizes lipid-based materials.
E310 propyl gallate is a phenolic ester antioxidant with strong radical-scavenging ability, metal-chelating effects, and synergistic performance in lipid protection systems, widely used in food and industrial applications.
E310 propyl gallate may show interaction with proteins and emulsifiers, which can slightly influence texture in complex food systems.
This requires formulation control.
This ensures stability.
E310 propyl gallate is used in cosmetic oils, creams, and fragrances to prevent rancidity of natural oils.
It protects lipid-based ingredients from oxidation.
This improves product shelf life.
E310 propyl gallate is also applied in pharmaceutical lipid-based formulations, helping stabilize active ingredients in oily carriers.
It prevents oxidative degradation.
This supports drug stability.
In industrial materials such as lubricants, adhesives, and polymers, it slows oxidative aging.
E310 propyl gallate helps maintain mechanical properties over time.
E310 propyl gallate is a lipid-soluble phenolic antioxidant with strong radical-scavenging, metal-chelating, and synergistic stabilizing properties, widely used to protect fats, oils, and lipid-based systems in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.
Uses:
E310 propyl gallate is an antioxidant that is the n-propylester of 3,4,5-tri- hydroxybenzoic acid.
E310 propyl gallate has not been reported. it is commercially prepared by esterification of gallic acid with propyl alcohol followed by distillation to remove excess alcohol.
E310 propyl gallate is a known inhibitor of Tyrosinase, a polyphenol oxidase, which is an important enzyme in pigment biosynthesis in various organisms.
E310 propyl gallate has also recently been seen to boost biodiesel li pid biosynthesis in cultures.
E310 propyl gallate is widely used in the food industry as a synthetic antioxidant to prevent fat and oil oxidation.
It helps stop rancidity in lipid-containing foods.
In edible oils and fats, it is used to stabilize vegetable oils, animal fats, and frying oils.
It prevents formation of off-flavors and odors.
This improves storage stability.
E310 propyl gallate is applied in snack foods such as chips, crackers, and processed baked goods.
It protects added fats during long storage.
This maintains product quality.
E310 propyl gallate is used in processed meat products and fat-rich foods.
It slows lipid oxidation and preserves freshness.
This improves sensory properties.
In emulsified foods such as mayonnaise, dressings, and sauces, it helps stabilize oil phases.
E310 propyl gallate reduces oxidation in dispersed fat droplets.
This improves product consistency.
E310 propyl gallate is widely used in cosmetics and personal care products, including creams, lotions, and hair products.
It prevents rancidity of natural oils.
This improves formulation stability.
E310 propyl gallate is applied in pharmaceutical lipid-based formulations, such as ointments and capsules.
It protects active ingredients from oxidation.
This supports product integrity.
In animal feed, it stabilizes fat-containing feed ingredients.
E310 propyl gallate prevents spoilage during storage and transport.
This improves feed quality.
E310 propyl gallate is also used in industrial applications such as lubricants, rubber, and plastics.
It slows oxidative degradation of materials.
E310 propyl gallate is used wherever oxidation control and fat stabilization are needed across food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, feed, and industrial systems.
E310 propyl gallate is also used in packaged foods with long shelf life, such as dehydrated meals and instant products.
It protects added fats during storage over months or years.
This improves product stability.
In frozen foods, it helps prevent oxidation of fats during long-term freezing and storage.
It remains effective at low temperatures.
This improves quality after thawing.
E310 propyl gallate is applied in seasoning blends and flavoring oils, where it protects aromatic fat-soluble compounds.
It prevents loss of flavor and aroma.
This improves sensory stability.
E310 propyl gallate is used in confectionery products containing fats, such as chocolate coatings and filled candies.
E310 propyl gallate helps prevent fat bloom and rancid taste.
This improves appearance and taste retention.
In nut products like peanut butter and nut spreads, it protects natural oils from oxidation.
E310 propyl gallate maintains freshness and prevents off-flavors.
This extends shelf life.
E310 propyl gallate is used in pet food products rich in fats and oils.
It prevents rancidity during storage and transport.
This maintains nutritional value.
This improves feed quality.
E310 propyl gallate is applied in cosmetic oils and fragrance systems, where it stabilizes sensitive lipids.
It prevents odor changes over time.
This improves product stability.
In aerosol and spray oil systems, it helps protect carrier oils from oxidative degradation.
E310 propyl gallate maintains performance and shelf life.
This improves formulation durability.
E310 propyl gallate is also used in specialty industrial fluids and synthetic materials, where oxidation resistance is required.
It stabilizes performance under storage conditions.
E310 propyl gallate is used wherever long-term protection of fats, oils, and lipid-based systems against oxidation and rancidity is required across food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, feed, and industrial applications.
Safety Profile:
Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes.
Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.
Mutation data reported.
Combustible when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials.
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
E310 propyl gallate presents moderate hazard potential, especially at high exposure levels or in non-food industrial handling.
It is permitted as a food additive within strict regulatory limits.
Safety depends strongly on dose and exposure route.
Skin contact may cause irritation or allergic sensitization in some individuals.
Repeated exposure can increase sensitivity.
Protective gloves are recommended during handling.
Eye contact can cause moderate irritation, including redness, tearing, and discomfort.
Direct exposure should be avoided.
Immediate rinsing with water is necessary if contact occurs.
Inhalation of dust may cause respiratory irritation, especially in poorly ventilated areas.
Fine particles can irritate the nose and throat.
Adequate ventilation and dust control are recommended.
Ingestion at approved food levels is considered safe by regulatory authorities, but high doses in experimental studies have shown potential toxic effects, including metabolic and cellular stress in animals.
These effects are dose-dependent.
They are not expected at normal dietary intake.
Some studies indicate possible allergic reactions or hypersensitivity, especially in sensitive individuals.
Symptoms may include skin rash or irritation.
This requires caution in susceptible users.
E310 propyl gallate is not highly flammable, but as an organic compound it may contribute to combustion under fire conditions.
Standard fire safety procedures should be followed.
Dust accumulation should be avoided.
E310 propyl gallate is chemically stable under normal conditions, but may degrade under strong light, heat, or oxidizing agents.
Proper storage in cool, dry, and dark conditions is recommended.
This maintains stability and effectiveness.
From an environmental perspective, it may be moderately toxic to aquatic organisms at high concentrations.
