PRODUCTS

FOOD ADDITIVE E331

Food additive E331 appears as a white crystalline powder or granular crystals and, given Food additive E331 is a salt, possesses a salty / saline taste with no real detectable odour.
Food additive E331 is a chemical compound, the sodium salt of Citric Acid.
Food additive E331 is obtained by reacting Sodium Citrate with sodium hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate and then crystallized and dehydrated.

CAS Number: 68-04-2
EC number: 200-675-3
Chemical Formula: Na3C6H5O7
Molar Mass: 294.10 g/mol

Synonyms: Trisodium citrate dihydrate, Sodium citrate dihydrate, 6132-04-3, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, Sodium citrate hydrate, 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, trisodium salt, dihydrate, Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrate, Sodium citrate hydrous, SODIUM CITRATE, DIHYDRATE, trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate, MFCD00150031, B22547B95K, trisodium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate;dihydrate, DTXSID1049437, Natrum citricum, Citric acid, trisodium salt, dihydrate, Citronensaeure,Trinatrium-Salz-Dihydrat, N-1560, Natrii citras, dehydrate, SODIUM CITRATE HYDROUS (II), SODIUM CITRATE HYDROUS [II], trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate--water (1/2), Trisodium citrate dihydrate;Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt dihydrate, MFCD00130806, SODIUM CITRATE (EP MONOGRAPH), SODIUM CITRATE [EP MONOGRAPH], tri-sodium citrate dihydrate, TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE (II), TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [II], UNII-B22547B95K, TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE (USP MONOGRAPH), TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [USP MONOGRAPH], sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate, Sodiumcitrate, Tricitrasol, Tricitrasol (TN), Sodium citrate; Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate; Sodium Citrate Dihydrate, Sodium citrate (TN), 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt, hydrate (1:3:2), D05KTE, Sodium citrate [USP:JAN], Sodiumcitratetribasicdihydrate, SODIUM CITRATE [FHFI], DTXCID0029397, Sodium citrate hydrate (JP17), CHEBI:32142, Trisodium citrate dihydrate, ACS, NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K, SODIUM CITRATE HYDRATE [JAN], SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [MI], AKOS025293920, Sodium citrate dihydrate, >=99%, FG, SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [VANDF], BP-31019, SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE [WHO-DD], Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, >=98%, Sodium citrate dihydrate, ACS reagent grade, SODIUM CITRATE, DIHYDRATE [WHO-IP], D01781, F82065, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, AR, >=99%, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, LR, >=99%, Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrate ACS reagent, NATRII CITRAS, DEHYDRATE [WHO-IP LATIN], A833161, A835986, Q22075862, Sodium citrate dihydrate Biochemical grade, Fine Granular, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, USP, 99.0-100.5%, Sodium Citrate Tribasic Dihydrate (Molecular Biology Grade), Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, trisodium 2-oxidanylpropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate, Citric acid trisodium salt dihydrateTrisodium citrate dihydrate, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT), Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, insect cell culture tested, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, JIS special grade, >=99.0%, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, purum p.a., >=99.0% (NT), Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, tested according to Ph.Eur., Trisodium citrate dihydrate, meets USP testing specifications, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, BioXtra, >=99.0% (titration), Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, for molecular biology, >=99%, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Sodium citrate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt, dihydrate, 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, trisodium salt, dihydrate, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 99-101%, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (NT), Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.0% (NT), Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, suitable for amino acid analysis, >=99.0%, Sodium Citrate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.5%, Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, suitable for amino acid analysis, >=98% (titration), powder, Trisodium citrate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:3) [ACD/Index Name], 200-675-3 [EINECS], 68-04-2 [RN], 994-36-5 [RN], Citrate de trisodium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Citric Acid Trisodium Salt, MFCD00012462 [MDL number], RS7A450LGA, Sodium 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate, Sodium Citrate [JAN] [USAN] [Wiki], Sodium citrate anhydrous, Trinatriumcitrat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Tris sodium citrate, trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate, 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, trisodium salt, 114456-61-0 [RN], 205-623-3 [EINECS], 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanenetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt, 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid trisodium salt, 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, trisodium salt, Citnatin, Citrate Concentratedmissing, citrate sodium, citrate trisodium, Citratemissing, Citreme, Citric acid sodium salt anhydrous, Citric acid trisodium salt, anhydrous, Citric acid, trisodium salt, Citrosodina, Citrosodine, Citrosodna, Isolyte E, Natrocitral, Sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate, Sodium citrate (USP), Sodium citrate buffer, SODIUM CITRATE TRIBASIC, Sodium citrate, anhydrous, Synthesis on demand, tri-sodium citrate, Trisodium citrate anhydrous, tris-sodium citrate, UNII-RS7A450LGA

Food additive E331 has the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7.
Food additive E331 is sometimes referred to simply as "sodium citrate", though Food additive E331 can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid.
Food additive E331 possesses a saline, mildly tart flavor, and is a mild alkali.

Food additive E331 is mildly basic and can be used along with Sodium Citrate to make biologically compatible buffers.

Food additive E331 has the chemical formula Na3C6H5O7.
Food additive E331 can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid.

Food additive E331 is lightweight and can be used with Sodium Citrate to make biocompatible buffers.

Food additive E331, one of the sodium salts of citric acid, is a compound found in every living organism and is part of key metabolic pathways in all body cells.
Food additive E331 is found in high concentrations in sour fruits, kiwis, strawberries and many other fruits.
Food additive E331 is commercially prepared by the fermentation of molasses by the mold Aspergillus niger.

Food additive E331, also referred to as Sodium Citrate, Trisodium Salt or Trisodium citrate, is the tribasic salt of citric acid.
Food additive E331 appears as a white crystalline powder or granular crystals and, given Food additive E331 is a salt, possesses a salty / saline taste with no real detectable odour.

Food additive E331 has the CAS number 6132-04-3 and formula Na3C6H5O7.
Food additive E331 is water-soluble, non-toxic and fully biodegradable.

Food additive E331 is the sodium salt of citric acid.
Food additive E331 is white, crystalline powder or white, granular crystals, slightly deliquescent in moist air, freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in alcohol.

Like Sodium Citrate, Food additive E331 has a sour taste.
From the medical point of view, Food additive E331 is used as alkalinizing agent.

Food additive E331 works by neutralizing excess acid in the blood and urine.
Food additive E331 has been indicated for the treatment of metabolic acidosis.

Food additive E331 is a chemical compound, the sodium salt of Citric Acid.
Food additive E331 is obtained by reacting Sodium Citrate with sodium hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate and then crystallized and dehydrated.

Food additive E331 also occurs naturally in citrus fruits.
Food additive E331 is commonly referred to as ‘Sodium Citrate’, but this term is ambiguous as Food additive E331 can also refer to the sodium or monosodium salt.

Food additive E331 is structured in such a way that a sodium atom is attached to each of the three carboxyl groups present.
Similarly, Monosodium Citrate is a chemical compound with one sodium in the molecule and Disodium Citrate is a chemical compound with two sodium atoms.

Food additive E331 is labeled as a food additive with the symbol E331.

Food additive E331 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.
Food additive E331 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Food additive E331 is a tribasic salt of citric acid.
Food additive E331 is produced by complete neutralisation of citric acid with high purity sodium hydroxide or carbonate and subsequent crystallisation and dehydration.
The common hydrate form, Food additive E331 dihydrate, is widely used in foods, beverages and various technical applications mainly as buffering, sequestering or emulsifying agent.

Food additive E331 anhydrous is manufactured from Food additive E331 dihydrate.
Water molecules of the dihydrate crystals are removed by a patented process without destroying the original crystal matrix.

The resulting crystals have a porous matrix that can be used as a carrier for inorganic and/or organic substances like perfumes and surfactants.
Due to Food additive E331 low water content Food additive E331 anhydrous does not add water to the formulation.

Food additive E331 has even the excellent ability to take up surplus water from moisture sensitive formulations thus providing better shelf life to the end product.
Therefore, Food additive E331 anhydrous finds Food additive E331 particular uses in water sensitive formulations like instant drinks as well as tablets and powders in pharmaceuticals and detergents.

Food additive E331 anhydrous occurs as white, granular crystals or as white, crystalline powder.
Food additive E331 is freely soluble in water and practically insoluble in ethanol (96 %).

Food additive E331 is a non-toxic, neutral salt with low reactivity.
Food additive E331 is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures.
Food additive E331 anhydrous is fully biodegradable and can be disposed of with regular waste or sewage.

Food additive E331 dihydrate, is widely applied in food, beverages and fillers as a buffering, sequestering or an emulsifying agent.
Food additive E331 used as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, osmotic laxative, functional fluids, solvents cleaning, furnishing care products, laundry dishwashing products and cleaning automobile radiators.

Food additive E331 dihydrate is a tribasic salt of citric acid.
Food additive E331 is produced by complete neutralisation of Food additive E331 with high purity sodium hydroxide or carbonate and subsequent crystallisation.
Food additive E331 dihydrate is widely used in foods, beverages and various technical applications mainly as buffering, sequestering or emulsifying agent.

Food additive E331 dihydrate occurs as white, granular crystals or as white, crystalline powder with a pleasant, salty taste.
Food additive E331 is slightly deliquescent in moist air, freely soluble in water and practically insoluble in ethanol (96 %).

Food additive E331 dihydrate is a non-toxic, neutral salt with low reactivity.
Food additive E331 is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures.
Food additive E331 dihydrate is fully biodegradable and can be disposed of with regular waste or sewage.

Food additive E331 in Food:
Food additive E331 is a food additive with the E number E331.
Food additive E331 is used in a variety of processed food and drink primarily as a flavour enhancer and a preservative.
As an emulsifying agent Food additive E331 is also used in cheesemaking to allow cheese to melt without the separation of oils and fats.

Food additive E331 in food buffers pH levels to help regulate acidity in a variety of foods to balance taste and is also able to impart a tart / sour flavour in a wide variety of drink products.

Usage areas of Food Additive E331:
Food additive E331 is often used as a food additive as a flavoring or preservative.
The E number is E331.

Food additive E331 is used as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Food additive E331 is common as an ingredient in Bratwurst and is also commercially available for drinks and beverage mixes, contributing a tart flavor.

Food additive E331 is found in gelatin mix, ice cream, jam, desserts, powdered milk, processed cheeses, sodas and wine.
Food additive E331 can be used as an emulsifier when making cheese.
Food additive E331 allows the cheese to melt without remaining greasy.

Food additive E331, a conjugate base of a weak acid, can act as a buffering agent or acidity regulator by resisting change in pH.
Food additive E331 is used to control the acidity of some substances, such as gelatin desserts.

Food additive E331 is found in mini milk containers used in coffee machines.
Food additive E331 is a particularly effective substance for removing carbonate scale from boilers without cracking and for cleaning car radiators.

Uses of Food Additive E331:
Food additive E331 has many uses, but is mainly applied in the food industry.
Food additive E331 has similar applications as Citric Acid, so Food additive E331 is usually used as a flavor enhancer, to acidify foods or beverages, or as a preservative.

Food additive E331 is also commonly used in medicine as a drug ingredient, usually for people with urinary tract infections.
Food additive E331 also plays a role as an anticoagulant, which means Food additive E331 inhibits blood clotting.

In addition, Food additive E331 is used in chemistry.
Food additive E331 is a component of buffers and a component of Benedict’s reagent, which is used to detect sugars and aldehydes.
Food additive E331 is also found in cosmetics such as shower gels, shampoos or skin creams, as Food additive E331 gives them the right acidity level and is used as a preservative.

Another application of Food additive E331 is to remove scale from boilers, clean car radiators, and burnt sheet metal or pots.
Food additive E331 is also used in the production of cleaning products, as it softens water, allowing detergents to work more effectively.

Food additive E331 is used in similar applications to citric acid.
These uses include as an acidity regulator in food and drink, as a sequestering agent to prevent limescale inference with soaps and detergents and as an emulsifying agent to aid chemical mixing processes where two separate elements are incapable of mixing (for example oil and water) and helps to keep these mixtures stable once formulated.

Food additive E331 is used in blood collection (anticoagulant), photography, and food production. (sequestering agent, emulsifier, and acidulant)
Permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products.

Food additive E331 in food industry:

Foods:
Food additive E331 is chiefly used as a food additive, usually for flavor or as a preservative.
Food additive E331 E number is E331.

Food additive E331 is employed as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Food additive E331 is common as an ingredient in bratwurst, and is also used in commercial ready-to-drink beverages and drink mixes, contributing a tart flavor.
Food additive E331 is found in gelatin mix[clarification needed], ice cream, yogurt, jams, sweets, milk powder, processed cheeses, carbonated beverages, and wine[citation needed], amongst others.

As a conjugate base of a weak acid, citrate can perform as a buffering agent or acidity regulator, resisting changes in pH.
Food additive E331 is used to control acidity in some substances, such as gelatin desserts.

Food additive E331 can be found in the milk minicontainers used with coffee machines.
Food additive E331 is the product of antacids, such as Alka-Seltzer, when they are dissolved in water.

The pH of a solution of 5 g/100 ml water at 25 °C is 7.5 – 9.0.
Food additive E331 is added to many commercially packaged dairy products to control the PH impact of the gastrointestinal system of humans, mainly in processed products such as cheese and yogurt.

Food additive E331 can be used to optimize the safety and quality of snacks, cereals, bakery products and potato products such as French fries without affecting the production process.

Food additive E331 is found in carbonated beverages, dairy products, confectionery, prepared foods, canned meats and vegetables, margarine, mustard, sauces, mayonnaise, spices, jams, and much more.
This is not surprising, because Food additive E331 has various properties that are important for the food industry.

Firstly, Food additive E331 is used as an acidity regulator to maintain the proper pH of Food additive E331.
Food additive E331 is found in sodas, especially those with lemon flavor, energy drinks, desserts or jams.

Food additive E331 is a sequestering agent, which means Food additive E331 is a substance that binds metal ions, called chelates.
Thanks to this, the consumer is protected from the harmful effects of heavy metals in foods.

Food additive E331 is also an emulsifier – Food additive E331 enables the preparation of a uniform solution from two immiscible liquids.
Food additive E331 is useful, for example, in the production of cheese, as Food additive E331 does not become greasy after melting, because Food additive E331 prevents the separation of fats.

Another use of Food additive E331 in the food industry is as a preservative.
Food additive E331 protects the fats in Food additive E331 from oxidation and rancidity.
Food additive E331 also prevents color changes in foods.

Medical uses:
In 1914, the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin and the Argentine physician and researcher Luis Agote successfully used Food additive E331 as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, with Richard Lewisohn determining Food additive E331 correct concentration in 1915.
Food additive E331 continues to be used today in blood-collection tubes and for the preservation of blood in blood banks.

The citrate ion chelates calcium ions in the blood by forming calcium citrate complexes, disrupting the blood clotting mechanism.
Recently, Food additive E331 has also been used as a locking agent in vascath and haemodialysis lines instead of heparin due to Food additive E331 lower risk of systemic anticoagulation.

In 2003, Ööpik et al. showed the use of Food additive E331 (0.5 g/kg body weight) improved running performance over 5 km by 30 seconds.

Food additive E331 is used to relieve discomfort in urinary-tract infections, such as cystitis, to reduce the acidosis seen in distal renal tubular acidosis, and can also be used as an osmotic laxative.
Food additive E331 is a major component of the WHO oral rehydration solution.

Food additive E331 is used as an antacid, especially prior to anaesthesia, for caesarian section procedures to reduce the risks associated with the aspiration of gastric contents.

Food additive E331 in medicine:
Food additive E331 is not only known as a food additive, but also as an important chemical compound in medicine.
Food additive E331 is used in analytical laboratories where blood tests are performed because Food additive E331 has an anticoagulant effect.

This prevents blood cells from clumping together.
Food additive E331 is then used as a component of solutions for filling hemodialysis catheters.

Food additive E331 lowers the concentration of heparin, which in turn reduces the risks associated with coagulation disorders in patients with kidney disease or blood clotting.
This counteracts side effects during and after dialysis treatment.
This effect is also extremely useful when storing blood or during transfusions.

Food additive E331 is also used as a drug.
Food additive E331 treats kidney stones, gout and reduces the symptoms of metabolic acidosis.

Food additive E331 can also be used as a laxative.
Food additive E331 can be used for hypercalcemia, a condition in which the concentration of calcium in the blood is too high.
Food additive E331 works by increasing the excretion of calcium through the urine.

Consumer Uses:
Food additive E331 is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes, air care products, cosmetics and personal care products, water softeners, perfumes and fragrances, water treatment chemicals, coating products, inks and toners, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), fertilisers, adsorbents, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, laboratory chemicals and photo-chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Food additive E331 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Food additive E331 is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products, air care products, perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes, water softeners, water treatment chemicals, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, inks and toners, textile treatment products and dyes, fertilisers, photo-chemicals, cosmetics and personal care products and adsorbents.
Food additive E331 is used in the following areas: health services, building & construction work, mining, agriculture, forestry and fishing and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Food additive E331 is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles and furniture.

Other release to the environment of Food additive E331 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses at industrial sites:
Food additive E331 is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes and water treatment chemicals.
Food additive E331 is used in the following areas: mining, health services and building & construction work.
Food additive E331 is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles, textile, leather or fur, metals, fabricated metal products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and chemicals.

Release to the environment of Food additive E331 can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as processing aid, formulation of mixtures and in the production of articles.
Other release to the environment of Food additive E331 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Other Uses:

Food:
Baby Food, Infant Formula
Bakery
Cereals, Snacks
Confectionery
Dairy
Dairy Alternatives
Desserts, Ice Cream
Flavours
Fruit Preparations, Sweet Spreads
Fruits, Vegetables
Meat Alternatives
Meat, Seafood
Plant-based Products
Ready Meals, Instant Food
Sauces, Dressings, Seasonings

Beverages:
Alcoholic Beverages
Carbonated Soft Drinks
Instant Drinks, Syrups
Juice Drinks
Plant-based
RTD Tea and Coffee
Sports and Energy Drinks
Waters

Healthcare:
Clinical Nutrition
Medical Devices
OTC, Food Supplements
Pharmaceutical Products

Personal Care:
Colour Cosmetics
Fragrances
Hair Care
Oral Care
Skin Care
Soap and Bath Products

Cleaners & Detergents:
Dish Washing
Industrial Cleaners
Laundry Care
Surface Care

Industrial Applications:
Adhesives, Sealants
Agrochemicals, Fertilisers
Construction
Fine Chemicals
Inks, Paints, Coatings
Oil Drilling
Paper
Plastics, Polymers
Textile, Leather

Feed & Pet Food:
Feed
Pet Food

Pharma:
Buffering agent
Chelating agent
Mineral source

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Photographic Processing

Applications of Food Additive E331:
Food additive E331 dihydrate, is widely applied in food, beverages and fillers as a buffering, sequestering or an emulsifying agent.
Food additive E331 used as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, osmotic laxative, functional fluids, solvents cleaning, furnishing care products, laundry dishwashing products and cleaning automobile radiators.

Foods:
Food additive E331 is chiefly used as a food additive, usually for flavor or as a preservative.
Food additive E331 E number is E331.

Food additive E331 is employed as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Food additive E331 is common as an ingredient in bratwurst, and is also used in commercial ready-to-drink beverages and drink mixes, contributing a tart flavor.
Food additive E331 is found in gelatin mix, ice cream, yogurt, jams, sweets, milk powder, processed cheeses, carbonated beverages, and wine,[3] amongst others.

Food additive E331 can be used as an emulsifying stabilizer when making cheese.
Food additive E331 allows the cheese to melt without becoming greasy by stopping the fats from separating.

Buffering:
As a conjugate base of a weak acid, citrate can perform as a buffering agent or acidity regulator, resisting changes in pH.
Food additive E331 is used to control acidity in some substances, such as gelatin desserts.

Food additive E331 can be found in the milk minicontainers used with coffee machines.
Food additive E331 is the product of antacids, such as Alka-Seltzer, when they are dissolved in water.

The pH of a solution of 5 g/100 ml water at 25 °C is 7.5 – 9.0.
Food additive E331 is added to many commercially packaged dairy products to control the pH impact of the gastrointestinal system of humans, mainly in processed products such as cheese and yogurt, although Food additive E331 also has beneficial effects on the physical gel microstructure.

Chemistry:
Food additive E331 is a component in Benedict's qualitative solution, often used in organic analysis to detect the presence of reducing sugars such as glucose.

Medicine:
In 1914, the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin and the Argentine physician and researcher Luis Agote successfully used Food additive E331 as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions, with Richard Lewisohn determining Food additive E331 correct concentration in 1915.
Food additive E331 continues to be used today in blood-collection tubes and for the preservation of blood in blood banks.

In 2003, Ööpik et al. showed the use of Food additive E331 (0.5 g/kg body weight) improved running performance over 5 km by 30 seconds.

Food additive E331 is used as an antacid, especially prior to anaesthesia, for caesarian section procedures to reduce the risks associated with the aspiration of gastric contents.

Boiler descaling:
Food additive E331 is a particularly effective agent for removal of carbonate scale from boilers without removing them from operation and for cleaning automobile radiators.

Healthcare:

Effervescent tablets and preparations:
The reaction of citric acid and bicarbonate liberates carbon dioxide, which aids the dissolution of active ingredients and improves palatability.
Effervescent systems are widely used in denture-cleaning products, as well as pain relief and vitamin tablets.

Pharmaceutically active substances — many are supplied as their citrate salt.

pH control:
Citric acid, with sodium or potassium citrate, is an efficient buffering system used in a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications for improving stability and (where appropriate) enhancing the activity of preservatives.

Flavor:
The sharp, acid taste of citric acid (which is often used to enhance fruit flavors) can help mask the unpleasant, medicinal taste of pharmaceuticals.

Antioxidant:
The citrate ion is a powerful chelating agent for trace metal ions.

Blood anticoagulant:
The citrate ion will chelate calcium, thereby reducing the tendency for blood to clot.

Diuretic – potassium citrate has diuretic properties.
Clinical Nutrition Medical Devices
OTC, Food Supplements Pharmaceutical Products
Color Cosmetics Deodorants
Fragrances Hair Care
Oral Care Skin Care Soap and Bath Products

Cleaners & Detergents:
The major components of cleaning products are surfactants and builders.
Other ingredients are added to provide a variety of functions, e.g., increasing cleaning performance for specific soils/surfaces, ensuring product stability, and supplying a unique identity to a product.

Complex phosphates and Food additive E331 are common sequestering builders.
Builders enhance or maintain the cleaning efficiency of the surfactant.

The primary function of builders is to reduce water hardness.
This is done either by sequestration or chelation (holding hardness minerals in solution); by precipitation (forming an insoluble substance); or by ion exchange (trading electrically charged particles).
Builders can also supply and maintain alkalinity, which assists cleaning, especially of acid soils; help keep removed soil from redepositing during washing, and emulsify oily and greasy soils.

Dish Washing Industrial Cleaners:

Laundry Care Surface Care:

Industrial
Sodium Citrate is employed as an industrial cleaner to clear steam blocks and hot water systems of calcium and rust layers.
As a chemical polish, Sodium Citrate is used to treat aluminum, copper and other metal surfaces.

Sodium Citrate and citrates are used as buffering and complexing agents in electro-plating baths.
The building and textile industries also take advantage of Sodium Citrate’s outstanding chelating ability as well as Food additive E331 non-toxicity.

Examples include set retarding of gypsum plasters and textile finishing.
Further industrial applications of Sodium Citrate and citrates range from desulphurisation of flue gas and oil recovery to the decontamination of radioactive nuclear reactor materials.

Adhesives, Sealants, Agrochemicals, Fertilizers
Construction, Fine Chemicals
Inks, Paints, Coatings, Metal Surface Treatment
Oil Drilling Ore Mining and Refining
Paper, Plastics, Polymers
Textile, Leather

Main Functions of Food Additive E331:
pH regulator
Chelating agent
Buffering agent
Flavour enhancer
Stabiliser
Emulsifying agent

Properties of Food Additive E331:
Food additive E331 is in the form of a white, odorless powder with a slightly salty taste.
Food additive E331 occurs as a hydrate in combination with water.

Food additive E331 is characterized by the fact that Food additive E331 is hygroscopic, so Food additive E331 easily absorbs and combines with water.
Therefore, Food additive E331 should be stored under such conditions that Food additive E331 is protected from moisture.
Although Food additive E331 is a salt of an acid, Food additive E331 has an alkaline pH.

Typical Properties:
Dihydrate
White
Granular crystals or crystalline powder
Typical, practically odourless
Pleasantly salty
Freely soluble in water
Practically insoluble in ethanol (96 %)
Non-toxic
Low reactive
Chemically and microbiologically stable
Fully biodegradable

Action Mechanism of Food Additive E331:
Food additive E331 chelates free calcium ions preventing them from forming a complex with tissue factor and coagulation factor VIIa to promote the activation of coagulation factor X.
This inhibits the extrinsic initiation of the coagulation cascade.

Food additive E331 may also exert an anticoagulant effect via a so far unknown mechanism as restoration of calcium concentration does not fully reverse the effect of citrate.
Food additive E331 is a weak base and so reacts with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to raise the pH.

Food additive E331 Food additive E331 further metabolized to bicarbonate which then acts as a systemic alkalizing agent, raising the pH of the blood and urine.
Food additive E331 also acts as a diuretic and increases the urinary excretion of calcium.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Food Additive E331:

MeSH Pharmacological Classification:

Buffers:
A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution.
When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

Food Preservatives:
Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.

Anticoagulants:
Agents that prevent BLOOD CLOTTING.

Manufacturing Method of Food Additive E331:
Prepare the Food additive E331 buffer by mixing the Food additive E331, hydrochloric acid, and ultrapure water together in a 2L beaker or conical flask.
Use a magnetic stirrer to ensure that all reagents are properly dissolved.

Adjust to pH 6.01 with the 0.5% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 0.5% (v/v) hydrochloric acid solutions.
Add this solution to the pressure cooker.

Place the pressure cooker on the hotplate and turn Food additive E331 on to full power.
Do not secure the lid of the pressure cooker at this point; simply rest Food additive E331 on top.

While waiting for the pressure cooker to come to the boil, dewax and rehydrate the paraffin sections by placing them in three changes of xylene for 3 min each, followed by three changes of IMS or methanol for 3 min each, followed by cold running tap water.
Keep them in the tap water until the pressure cooker comes to the boil.

Once the pressure cooker is boiling, transfer the slides from the tap water to the pressure cooker.
Take care with the hot solution and steam—use forceps and gloves. Secure the pressure cooker lid following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Once the cooker has reached full pressure (see manufacturer’s instructions), time for 3 min.

When 3 min has elapsed, turn off the hotplate and place the pressure cooker in an empty sink.
Activate the pressure release valve (see the manufacturer’s instructions) and run cold water over the cooker.

Once depressurized, open the lid and run cold water into the cooker for 10 min.
Take care with the hot solution and steam.

Continue with an appropriate immunochemical staining protocol.

Identifiers of Food Additive E331:
CAS Number:
68-04-2
6132-04-3 (dihydrate)
6858-44-2 (pentahydrate)

ChEMBL: ChEMBL1355
ChemSpider: 5989
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.614
E number: E331iii (antioxidants, ...)
PubChem CID: 6224
RTECS number: GE8300000

UNII:
RS7A450LGA
B22547B95K (dihydrate)

CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2026363
InChI: InChI=1S/C6H8O7.3Na/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;3*+1/p-3
Key: HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K
InChI=1/C6H8O7.3Na/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;3*+1/p-3
Key: HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-DFZHHIFOAL
SMILES: C(C(=O)[O-])C(CC(=O)[O-])(C(=O)[O-])O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]

CAS number: 6132-04-3
EC number: 200-675-3
Grade: Ph Eur,BP,JP,USP,E 331
Hill Formula: C₆H₅Na₃O₇ * 2 H₂O
Molar Mass: 294.10 g/mol
HS Code: 2918 15 00

Product Code: NA2043
CAS Number: 6132-04-3
Assay (purity): USP
Purity method: by titration
Molecular weight: 294.10
Form: solid
Appearance: white powder
Melting point: 300C
Boiling point: 309.6C
Titration: 99.0-101.0%
Titration type: with HCLO4
Molecular formula: Na3C6H5O7 · 2H2O
Linear formula: HOC(COONa)(CH2COONa)2 · 2H2O

Properties of Food Additive E331:
Chemical formula: Na3C6H5O7
Molar mass: 258.06 g/mol (anhydrous), 294.10 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Density: 1.7 g/cm3
Melting point: > 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K) (hydrates lose water ca. 150 °C)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water: Pentahydrate form: 92 g/100 g H2O (25 °C)

Melting Point: 300°C (anhydrous substance)
pH value: 7.5 - 9.0 (50 g/l, H₂O, 25°C)
Bulk density: 600 kg/m3
Solubility: 720 g/l

Molecular Weight: 294.10 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 9
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 293.99396471 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 293.99396471 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 143Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 18
Complexity: 211
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 6
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Food Additive E331:
Assay (Perchloric acid titration, calc. on anhydrous substance (Ph Eur)): 99.0 - 101.0 %
Assay (Perchloric acid titration, previously dried substance) (JP/USP): 99.0 - 100.5 %
Identity (Na): passes test
Identity (Citrate): passes test
Identity (reaction upon ignition): passes test
Appearance: white to almost white crystals
Appearance of solution (100 g/l, CO₂-free water): clear and colorless
Acidity or alkalinity: passes test
pH (50 g/l CO₂-free water): 7.5 - 8.5
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 50 ppm
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 150 ppm
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 5 ppm
Al (Aluminium): ≤ 5 ppm
As (Arsenic): ≤ 1 ppm
Hg (Mercury): ≤ 1 ppm
Pb (Lead): ≤ 1 ppm
Oxalate (as C₂H₂O₄): ≤ 100 ppm
Tartrate (C₄H₄O₆): passes test
Residual solvents (ICH (Q3C)): excluded by manufacturing process
Readily carbonisable substance: passes test
Water (according to Karl Fischer): 11.0 - 13.0 %
Loss on drying (180 °C, 18 h): 10.0 - 13.0 %

Related compounds of Food Additive E331:
Monosodium citrate
Disodium citrate
Calcium citrate
Citric acid

Names of Food Additive E331:

IUPAC names:
1,2,3-propanetricarboylic acid, 2-hydroxy- trisodium salt, dihydrate
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, trisodium sal
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetrioïc acid, trisodium salt
Ascorbato di sodio trisodico anidro E331
Citric acid trisodium salt, Sodium citrate tribasic, Sodium citrate
sodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
SODIUM CITRATE
Sodium citrate
sodium citrate
Sodium citrate
sodium citrate dihydrate
Sodium Citrate dihydrate
Sodium Citrate- OR 10
Tri sodium citrate
Tri Sodium Citrate
Trinatiumcitrat dihydrat
Trinatrium-2-hydroxypropan-1,2,3-tricarboxylat
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3- tricarboxylate
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate dihydrate
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylateTrisodium citrate
Trisodium 3-hydroxy-3- carboxylate-1,5-pentanedicaroxylate
TRISODIUM CITRATE
Trisodium Citrate
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate
Trisodium Citrate
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate (dihydrate)
trisodium citrate 2-hidrate
Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate
trisodium citrate dihydrate
Trisodium citrate, Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Trisodium citrate; Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
trisodium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate;dihydrate

Preferred IUPAC name:
Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate

Regulatory process names:
Sodium citrate anhydrous
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate

Trade names:
Citrate de trisodium, dihydrate
Citrato de trisodio, dihidrato
Sodio citrato
SODIUM CITRATE
Sodium Citrate
SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE
Tri-Sodium Citrate Dihydrate
Trinatriumcitraatdihydraat
Trinatriumcitrat-Dihydrat
Trisodio citrato diidrato
Trisodium citrate
trisodium citrate
TRISODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE
Trisodium citrate dihydrate
TRISODIUM CITRATR

Other names:
Sodium citrate
Trisodium citrate
Citrosodine
Citric acid, trisodium salt
E331

Other identifiers:
1000844-65-4
1648840-06-5
183748-56-3
2095548-08-4
6132-04-3
68-04-2
8055-55-8
856354-90-0