PRODUCTS

FUMARIC ACID (E297)

Fumaric Acid (E297) is also used as a sour seasoning and as an intermediate for synthetic resin and mordant.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is mainly used in the processing of meat products and fish products in food.
Fumaric Acid (E297) can be used as acidity regulator, acidulant, antioxidant assistant, pickling accelerator, and perfume.

CAS Number: 110-17-8
EC Number: 203-743-0
MDL: MFCD00002700
Molecular Formula: C4H4O4 / COOH-CH=CHCOOH

SYNONYMS:
Fumaric acid, 2-Butenedioic acid, trans-Butenedioic acid, Allomaleic acid, fumarate, Lichenic acid, Boletic acid, Tumaric acid, (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid, trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, Allomalenic acid, But-2-enedioic acid, trans-2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-2-Butenedioic acid, Fumaricum acid, 2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-, Kyselina fumarova, Butenedioic acid, 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-, USAF EK-P-583, Butenedioic acid, (E)-, FEMA No. 2488, (2E)-2-butenedioic acid, Caswell No. 465E, FEMA Number 2488, NSC-2752, trans-butenedioic acid, Boletic acid, Bbut-2-enedioic acid, Butene dioic acid, 1,2-ethylene dicarboxylic acid, Alpha,beta-ethylene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, 1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, Lichenic acid, allo maleic acid, allo-maleic acid, allo-malenic acid, Tumaric acid, 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-, Allomaleic acid, Tumaric acid, 2-Butenedioic acid, trans-Butenedioic acid, Allomaleic acid, Boletic acid, Lichenic acid, Boletic acid, Allomaleic acid, Trans-butenedioic acid, Trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, 2-Butenedioic Acid, Allomaleic Acid, Boleic Acid, E 297, Lichenic Acid, trans-Butenedioic Acid, Trans Isomer of Maleic Acid, (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid, (2E)-But-2-enedioate, (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid, (E)-2-Butenedioate, (E)-2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-2-butenedioic acid, ion(2-), (E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H, 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-, 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E), 2-(E)-Butenedioate, 2-(E)-Butenedioic acid, 2-butenedioic acid, 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-, 2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-, Allomaleate, Allomaleic acid, Boletate, Boletic acid, Butenedioic acid, (E)-, Fumarate, Fumaric acid, Kyselina fumarova, Lichenate, Lichenic acid, sodium fumarate, trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate, trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, trans-2-Butenedioate, trans-2-Butenedioic acid, trans-Butenedioate, trans-Butenedioic acid, Tumaric acid, e297, Fumarsaeure, trans-But-2-enedioic acid, (2E)-2-Butenedioate, trans-But-2-enedioate, FC 33, Furamag, Mafusol, Fumaric acid, Allomaleic-acid, Boletic-acid, Lichenic acid (VAN), 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-, 1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E), CCRIS 1039, HSDB 710, 2-(E)-Butenedioic acid, Kyselina fumarova [Czech], trans-but-2-enedioic acid, (E)-but-2-enedioic acid, U-1149, ammonium fumarate, (E)-Butenedioic acid, 1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051201, AI3-24236, 6915-18-0, EINECS 203-743-0, fumarate, 10, BRN 0605763, Fumaric acid (NF), Fumaric acid [NF], INS NO.297, DTXSID3021518, UNII-88XHZ13131, CHEBI:18012, E-2-Butenedioic acid, Fumaric acid (8CI), INS-297, NSC2752, ethylenedicarboxylic acid, FC 33 (acid), 88XHZ13131, E297, DTXCID601518, Maleic acid-2,3-13C2, E-297, 2(TRANS)-BUTENEDIOIC ACID, EC 203-743-0, 4-02-00-02202 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), fum, Maleic-2,3-d2 acid, F0067, FUMARIC ACID (II), FUMARIC ACID [II], (E)-2-Butenedioate, Fumaric acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile:Water, FUMARIC ACID (MART.), FUMARIC ACID [MART.], FUMARIC ACID (USP-RS), FUMARIC ACID [USP-RS], (2E)-but-2-enedioate, FUMARIC ACID (USP IMPURITY), FUMARIC ACID [USP IMPURITY], Donitic acid, but-2-enedioicacid, CAS-110-17-8, trans-1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, MALIC ACID IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), MALIC ACID IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], (E)-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, trans-1,2-Ethylenediccarboxylic acid, SODIUM AUROTHIOMALATE IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY), fumarsaure, Allomaleate, Boletate, Lichenate, Acide fumarique, Acido lichenico, fumeric acid, Acido boletico, Acido fumarico, Acidum fumaricum, Acido allomaleico, trans-Butenedioate, NCGC00091192-02, 24461-33-4, 26099-09-2, Fumaric Acid,(S), MFCD00002700, trans-2-Butendisaure, trans-2-Butenedioate, 2-(E)-Butenedioate, Fumaric acid, 99%, Acido trans butendioico, FUM (CHRIS Code), trans-Ethylendicarbonsaure, (Trans)-butenedioic acid, Fumaric acid, >=99%, FEMA Number: 2488, bmse000083, D03GOO, FUMARIC ACID [MI], WLN: QV1U1VQ-T, FUMARIC ACID [FCC], Futrans-2-Butenedioic Acid, SCHEMBL1177, FUMARIC ACID [FHFI], FUMARIC ACID [HSDB], FUMARIC ACID [INCI], FUMARIC ACID [VANDF], MLS002454406, 1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid, 2-butenedioic acid, (2E)-, (2E)-2-Butenedioic acid #, S04-0167, FUMARIC ACID [WHO-DD], CHEMBL503160, FUMARICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate, BDBM26122, CHEBI:22958, 2-Butenedioic acid (2E-(9CI), HMS2270C12, Pharmakon1600-01301022, Fumaric acid, >=99.0% (T), AMY30339, STR02646, Acido trans 1,2-etenedicarbossilico, Tox21_201769, Tox21_302826, 2-Butenedioic acid (2E)- (9CI), Acido trans 1,2-etilendicarbossilico, Fumaric acid, >=99%, FCC, FG, LS-500, NA9126, NSC760395, s4952, AKOS000118896, Fumaric acid, qNMR Standard for DMSO, CCG-266065, CS-W016599, DB01677, HY-W015883, NSC-760395, OR17920, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 051201, NCGC00091192-01, NCGC00091192-03, NCGC00256360-01, NCGC00259318-01, BP-13087, Fumaric acid, tested according to USP/NF, SMR000112117, Fumaric acid, puriss., >=99.5% (T), EN300-17996, Fumaric acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%, C00122, D02308, D85166, Q139857, Fumaric acid, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, J-002389, Fumarate, 2-Butenedioic acid, Trans-Butenedioic acid, Z57127460, F8886-8257, Fumaric acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), 26B3632D-E93F-4655-90B0-3C17855294BA, Fumaric acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), >=99%, Fumaric acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Fumaric acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Fumaric Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 623158-97-4, 2-Butenedioic acid (E)-, trans-Butenedioic Acid, trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic Acid, Allomaleic acid, Boletic acid, Lichenic acid, Tumaric acid, (E)-2-Butenedioic

Fumaric Acid (E297), the strongest organic food acid commonly used as a flavoring agent and pH control agent.
Fumaric Acid (E297) provides more sourness than other acidulants, e.g. citric acid (E330) and malic acid (E296) in food.
The European food additive number for Fumaric Acid (E297) is E297.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is a weak organic acid (a dicarboxylic acid) commercially made from maleic acid and with chemical formula C4H4O4.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a precursor for the production of other acids, like L-aspartic acid and L-malic acid.
Fumaric Acid (E297) or trans-butenedioic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.

A white solid, Fumaric Acid (E297), occurs widely in nature.
Fumaric Acid (E297) has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.
Fumaric Acid (E297)'s E number is E297.

The salts and esters of Fumaric Acid (E297) are known as fumarates.
Fumarate can also refer to the C4H2O2−4 ion (in solution).
Fumaric Acid (E297) is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.

Fumaric Acid (E297), a colorless crystalline compound, is a food additive commonly used to enhance acidity and preserve freshness in various food and beverage products.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is naturally found in fruits and vegetables and is also produced synthetically for commercial use.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is a dicarboxylic acid that occurs naturally in various plants and fungi.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a white crystalline compound that is commonly used as a food additive, acidulant, and flavoring agent.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is water-soluble and has a sour taste.

Fumaric Acid (E297) appears as a colorless crystalline solid.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.

Fumaric Acid (E297) has a role as a food acidity regulator, a fundamental metabolite and a geroprotector.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a conjugate acid of a fumarate(1-).
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.

E297, known as Fumaric Acid (E297), is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₄H₄O₄.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a white, odorless crystalline powder that occurs naturally in various fruits and vegetables.
Commercially, Fumaric Acid (E297) is produced through the catalytic isomerization of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low pH.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.
Fumaric Acid (E297) has been reported in Phomopsis velata, Tropicoporus linteus, and other organisms with data available.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV (across all indications) and is indicated for psoriasis and has 1 investigational indication.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is a precursor to L-malate in the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is formed by the oxidation of succinate by succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumarate is converted by fumarase to malate.

A fumarate is a salt or ester of the organic compound Fumaric Acid (E297), a dicarboxylic acid.
Fumarate has recently been recognized as an oncometabolite.
Fumaric Acid (E297), CAS# 110-17-8, is a dicarboxylic acid manufactured through catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid, available as White crystalline powder.

Fumaric Acid (E297), E297, CAS No.: 110-17-8, also known as trans-2-Butenedioic acid and known by the chemical formula C4H4O4, is a carboxylic acid derived from butene and is a colorless, flammable crystal.
Fumaric Acid (E297) can be obtained by heating malic acid, by catalytic oxidation of benzene or by bacterial fermentation of glucose.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is naturally found in some plants, being essential in cellular respiration of animal and plant tissues.
Fumaric Acid (E297) Technical Grade is a powdered intermediate and it is alcohol-soluble.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a white, odorless granules or crystalline powder.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water and in ether, and very slightly soluble in chloroform.
Fumaric Acid (E297) powder, E297,CAS No.110-17-8, food acidulent, a common food additive included in many processed foods to keep them stable and to add tartness.

Fumaric Acid (E297) or trans-2-butenedioic acid is an organic acid, more specifically a dicarboxylic acid, with the molecular formula C4H4O4.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a colorless crystalline solid with a fruity taste.
Fumaric Acid (E297) occurs naturally in most fruits and vegetables.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is found in, among other things, the common pigeon fomite, Boletus fomentarius var. pseudoigniarius, lichen and Icelandic moss.
Fumaric Acid (E297) was first prepared from tartaric acid.

A possible synthesis is the oxidation of furfural with a chlorate (such as sodium or potassium chlorate) in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst (usually vanadium(V) oxide).
The current industrial synthesis method of Fumaric Acid (E297) is based on the catalytic isomerization of maleic acid in a strongly acidic solution.

Maleic acid is available from the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride, which in turn is prepared by catalytically oxidizing benzene or butane.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a weak diprotic acid whose acid constants are 3.03 and 4.44.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is an excellent dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions due to the presence of the electron-poor alkene.

This double bond also easily undergoes addition reactions with, for example, hydrogen halides.
Salts and esters of Fumaric Acid (E297) are called fumarates.
For example, dimethyl fumarate is used in the treatment of psoriasis.

The esters are easily prepared by reacting Fumaric Acid (E297) and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst (usually sulfuric acid or p-toluene sulfonic acid).
The salts can be prepared from a classical acid-base reaction with a strong base.

Fumaric Acid (E297) sublimes around 290°C.
Chemical formula of Fumaric Acid (E297) C4H4O4 is a compound in the category of trans-butene dioic acid, unsaturated carboxylic acids with crystals in the form of small prisms with open formula HO2CCH = CHCO2H.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is also called ethylene dicarboxylic acid.
Fumaric Acid (E297) coded E297, found in most vegetables and fruits and is a natural acid.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is usually found in fungi and liver.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is the (cis-) isomer of matureic acid.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a white odorless granule or crystalline powder.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is less soluble in water and ether, soluble in alcohol and very little soluble in chloroform.

Fumaric Acid (E297) (E297) is a naturally occurring organic acid found in various plants, particularly in fruits such as apples, grapes, and berries.
Fumaric Acid (E297) manifests as white crystals, lacking both odor and taste.

Fumaric Acid (E297)'s sour taste, pH-regulating properties, and compatibility with other ingredients make it a valuable ingredient in many consumer products.
Fumaric Acid (E297) for the inhibition of malolactic fermentation in wines.

Fumaric Acid (E297) prevents the onset of malolactic fermentation and can stop MLF in progress.
Fumaric Acid (E297) thus allows the preservation of malic acid and contributes to reducing SO2 levels as part of an action to reduce inputs, or to produce wines without sulphites.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is an organic compound found naturally in various fruits and vegetables, including apples, tomatoes and mushrooms.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a naturally-occurring acid, appreciated for its stabilising and inhibiting properties in a wide range of industries, particularly the food and wine sectors.
In oenology, Fumaric Acid (E297) belongs to the stabiliser family, along with gum arabic, metatartaric acid, CMC, yeast mannoproteins and potassium polyaspartate.

USES and APPLICATIONS of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in the production of unsaturated polyester resins.
This type of resin is characterized by good chemical resistance and heat resistance; the copolymer of Fumaric Acid (E297) and vinyl acetate is a good adhesive.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is used as a food additive-sour agent, used in refreshing drinks, fruit candy, jelly, ice cream, etc., most of which are used in combination with the sour agent citric acid, a monosodium salt made by the reaction of Fumaric Acid (E297) and sodium hydroxide.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is also used as a sour seasoning and as an intermediate for synthetic resin and mordant.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is mainly used in the processing of meat products and fish products in food.
Fumaric Acid (E297) can be used as acidity regulator, acidulant, antioxidant assistant, pickling accelerator, and perfume.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is known for its tart flavor and is utilized in the food industry as an acidulant, pH regulator, and flavor enhancer.

Additionally, Fumaric Acid (E297) serves as a key ingredient in the production of certain pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial applications due to its versatile properties.
With its widespread applications and regulatory approval for use in food and other industries, Fumaric Acid (E297) remains a valuable component in various manufacturing processes.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
Fumaric Acid (E297) can be used to make 6-methylcoumarin.
When Fumaric Acid (E297) is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is used as a flavoring agent for its sourness taste, and an antimicrobial agent for its hydrophobic characteristic.
Generally, Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in food, beverage, animal nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry.
Cosmetics: Per the “European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients”, Fumaric Acid (E297) acts as a buffering in cosmetic and personal care products.

Fumaric Acid (E297) finds diverse applications in various industries across Europe.
Food and Beverage Industry: Fumaric Acid (E297) is used as an acidulant and pH regulator in various food and beverage products.
Pharmaceutical Industry: Fumaric Acid (E297) is utilized in certain pharmaceutical formulations, including controlled-release tablets.

Chemical Industry: Fumaric Acid (E297) is employed in the production of various chemical compounds.
Food Industry: Fumaric Acid (E297) is used as an acidulant in beverages, candies, baking powders, and other food products to impart a sour taste and act as a preservative.

Beverage Production: Fumaric Acid (E297) is added to beverages to enhance acidity and flavor profile.
Pharmaceuticals: Fumaric Acid (E297) is utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of certain medications.
Chemical Industry: Fumaric Acid (E297) is employed in the production of resins, polymers, and other chemicals.

Cosmetics: Fumaric Acid (E297) is found in some cosmetic products for its acidifying properties and as a pH regulator.
Baked Goods: Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in bread and cake mixes to control acidity and improve texture.
Beverages: Fumaric Acid (E297) is added to fruit drinks and powdered beverage mixes for tartness.

Confectionery: Fumaric Acid (E297) is incorporated into candies and chewing gums to provide a sour flavor.
Processed Foods: Fumaric Acid (E297) is utilized in pie fillings, jams, jellies, and wine to regulate acidity and enhance flavor.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is also used in the production of various chemicals and resins.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is used to make paints and plastics, in food processing and preservation, and for other uses.
As a food additive, Fumaric Acid (E297) is used to impart a tart taste to processed foods.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is also used as an antifungal agent in boxed foods such as cake mixes and flours, as well as tortillas.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is also added to bread to increase the porosity of the final baked product.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used to impart a sour taste to sourdough and rye bread.
In cake mixes, Fumaric Acid (E297) is used to maintain a low pH and prevent clumping of the flours used in the mix.

In fruit drinks, Fumaric Acid (E297) is used to maintain a low pH which, in turn, helps to stabilize flavor and color.
Fumaric Acid (E297) also prevents the growth of E. coli in beverages when used in combination with sodium benzoate.
When added to wines, Fumaric Acid (E297) helps to prevent further fermentation and yet maintain low pH and eliminate traces of metallic elements.

In this fashion, Fumaric Acid (E297) helps to stabilize the taste of wine.
Fumaric Acid (E297) can also be added to dairy products, sports drinks, jams, jellies and candies.
Fumaric Acid (E297) helps to break down bonds between gluten proteins in wheat and helps to create a more pliable dough.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in paper sizing, printer toner, and polyester resin for making molded walls.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is mainly used in meat processing in the food industry as acidity regulator, acidifier and antioxidant.
Fumaric Acid (E297) can keep the aqueous solution at PH3.0 or so, which plays an important role in bacteriostatic and mildew control.

At the same time, Fumaric Acid (E297) is one of the strongest solid acids with sour taste and low absorptance, which helps to prolong the storage life of powder products.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is widely used as acidity regulator.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is affirmed by US FDA as GRAS(generally recognized as safe) and widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E297.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used food additive with acidity regulator and stabilizer roles.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in wines, fine confectionery and pastry products, jelly-like desserts, instant powders for teas and fruit flavored beverages, fillings and icings for pastry products etc.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in various chemical applications.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is used as a flavoring, because it is the sourest tasting of the organic acids.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used as a food acidulent, in Bakery:Tortillas,Breads; Beverages: Fruit Juice Drinks, Wine; Confectioneries:Jellies and Jams;Desserts:Alginate Based Desserts,Gelatin Desserts,Pie Fillings,Egg White Foams; Animal Feed and Industrial Uses.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is sometimes used in the treatment of psoriasis and inhibits the growth of epidermal cells.
Fumaric Acid (E297) (E297) is generally used in beverages and baking as a substitute for tartaric acid and sometimes citric acid.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is a non toxic food acidulent (acidity regulator).
Fumaric Acid (E297) is also used in confectionery to add sourness to the product.

-Food uses of Fumaric Acid (E297):
When compared to other acidulants like citric acid, Fumaric Acid (E297) can be used in dry mix products as it is non-hygroscopic and will not absorb moisture.
This advantage of Fumaric Acid (E297) makes dry mix products do not cake or harden during storage.
In beverage, Fumaric Acid (E297) functions as a PH control agent and enhancing flavor.

-Bakery and tortillas use of Fumaric Acid (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used as a leavening acid in the leavening agent and also acts as a flavoring agent for savory baked goods.
Confectionery and desserts: non-hygroscopic agent.
Chewing gum: slow dissolution and hydrophobicity property, prolongs the sourness in the mouth so that Fumaric Acid (E297) enhances the flavor of chewing gum.

-Food uses of Fumaric Acid (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) has been used as a food acidulant since 1946.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand.

As a food additive, it is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening.

It is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of Fumaric Acid (E297) to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used.
As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips, Fumaric Acid (E297) is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.

The European Commission Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, part of DG Health, found in 2014 that Fumaric Acid (E297) is "practically non-toxic" but high doses are probably nephrotoxic after long-term use.

-Medicine uses of Fumaric Acid (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe.
Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.

In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the ester dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Biogen) significantly reduced relapse and disability progression in a phase 3 trial.
It activates the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, the primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.

-Food uses of Fumaric Acid (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in powder food production because it has low moisture retention in this sector.
Fumaric Acid (E297) can be used as acidity regulator without changing the taste of foods.

Fruit juices, gelatinous desserts, chilled biscuit systems, wines, green foods, and sodium benzoate are used as preservatives, while Fumaric Acid (E297) is preferred to regulate acidity.

In rye and sour dough breads, the aroma density can be adjusted with Fumaric Acid (E297) in the dry mixture stage.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used to improve pore structure in muffin type foods.

Fumaric Acid (E297) is used to extend the life of the confectionery because the moisture absorption rate is very low.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is also used as anti-caking.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in paint and fast-drying inks.

WHY IS THERE FUMARIC ACID (E297) IN WINE?
Fumaric Acid (E297)'s main role is to stop malolactic fermentation, a natural process in which malic acid in wine is converted to lactic acid by bacteria.
By preventing this conversion, Fumaric Acid (E297) preserves the acidity provided by malic acid, which helps maintain the wine’s freshness and taste balance, particularly for certain wines where a marked acidity is required.

HOW EXACTLY DOES FUMARIC ACID (E297) WORK?
Fumaric Acid (E297) inhibits the lactic acid bacteria responsible for malolactic fermentation.
Fumaric Acid (E297) binds to these micro-organisms, stopping their growth and preventing malic acid from being converted to lactic acid.
This process stabilises wine, thus preventing unexpected variations in Fumaric Acid (E297)'s aromatic or taste profile during storage.

HOW IS FUMARIC ACID (E297) USED IN WINE?
Fumaric Acid (E297) is added after alcoholic fermentation, when the winemaker wants to prevent the onset of malolactic fermentation.
Fumaric Acid (E297)'s dosage is meticulously calculated to ensure optimum effectiveness while complying with regulations and preserving the intrinsic qualities of the wine.

BY TYPE of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Both forms of Fumaric Acid (E297) provide acidulation, flavor enhancement, and preservation, but differing solubilities make them suitable for specific applications.

***Fumaric Acid (E297)（HWS）
Solubility:
Fumaric Acid (E297) dissolves in hot water.

Applications:
Fumaric Acid (E297) is often used in applications where Fumaric Acid (E297) can be dissolved in hot processes, such as baking or other food manufacturing processes that involve heating.

Release Rate:
Fumaric Acid (E297) provides a slow release of acidity, suitable for applications requiring controlled acidulation.

Usage:
Fumaric Acid (E297) is commonly used in dry mixes, bakery products, and confectionery.

***Fumaric Acid (E297)（CWS）
Solubility:
Fumaric Acid (E297) dissolves in cold water.

Applications:
Fumaric Acid (E297) is ideal for applications where dissolution at lower temperatures is required, such as in beverages, sauces, and cold-processed foods.

Release Rate:
Fumaric Acid (E297) offers immediate release of acidity, making it suitable for products needing quick acidulation.

Usage:
Fumaric Acid (E297) is frequently used in beverages, dry drink mixes, and cold-processed foods.

PURPOSE IN PRODUCTS of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) serves several functions in food processing:
*Acidity Regulator:
Fumaric Acid (E297) adjusts and maintains the pH levels in foods, contributing to flavor stability and preservation.

*Flavor Enhancer:
Fumaric Acid (E297) provides a tart, fruit-like taste, enhancing the overall flavor profile of various products.

*Preservative:
Fumaric Acid (E297) inhibits mold growth, extending the shelf life of certain baked goods.

FUNCTION of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) serves various functions in different industries.
In the food industry, Fumaric Acid (E297) is used as an acidity regulator, flavor enhancer, and leavening agent.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is also utilized in the production of resins, polymers, and pharmaceuticals due to its chemical properties.

GRADES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Available Grade of Fumaric Acid (E297).
Food Grade: Fumaric Acid (E297) is widely used as acidulants in food and beverage industries.
Foodchem's food grade Fumaric Acid (E297) is available as fine powder(>99% purity).
Feed Grade: Foodchem's feed grade Fumaric Acid (E297) is available as fine powder(>99% purity).

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
*Unsaturated fatty acids
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds

SUBSTITUENTS of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
*Fatty acyl
*Fatty acid
*Unsaturated fatty acid
*Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound

RELATED COMPOUNDS of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
*Fumaryl chloride
*Fumaronitrile
*Dimethyl fumarate
*Ammonium fumarate
*Iron(II) fumarate

ADVANTAGES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
***Mild sourness:
The sourness of Fumaric Acid (E297) is milder than many other organic acids (such as acetic acid, citric acid, etc.), not too sharp or irritating, and can bring a refreshing sour taste to food, especially suitable for foods that require slight acidity adjustment.

***Improve taste:
Fumaric Acid (E297) can effectively improve the taste of food, especially in products such as juice, beverages, candy and dairy products, it can add a refreshing sour taste and make the product more delicious and pleasant.

***Wide application:
Fumaric Acid (E297) is not only used in food and beverages, but also widely used in industries such as cosmetics, medicine and nutritional supplements.
In the food industry, Fumaric Acid (E297) is often used in juice, candy, syrup, beverages and certain sugar-based products.

***Helps to extend the shelf life:
Fumaric Acid (E297) has a certain preservative effect and can inhibit the growth of microorganisms, thereby helping to extend the shelf life of food.
This is very beneficial for improving the storage stability of food.

***Natural source:
Fumaric Acid (E297) is found in some natural foods (such as mushrooms, grapes, wine, etc.).
Although it is usually produced through chemical synthesis or fermentation processes, Fumaric Acid (E297) is still considered a relatively natural food additive.

***Low cost:
Compared with some other organic acids, Fumaric Acid (E297) has a lower production cost, so it is widely used as an economical acidity regulator in many food processing.

BY SOURCE of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Both natural and synthetic Fumaric Acid (E297) are chemically identical, offering the same benefits as food additives, including acidulation, flavor enhancement, and preservation.

*Natural Sources
Fruits and Vegetables:
Many fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes, carrots, and apples, naturally contain Fumaric Acid (E297).
Fumaric Acid (E297) contributes to their tartness & flavor profile.

Fungi and Lichens:
Certain fungi and lichens, including the species of the genus Rhizopus, produce Fumaric Acid (E297) during their metabolic processes.

Human Metabolism:
In the human body, Fumaric Acid (E297) is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), which is essential for cellular respiration and energy production.

*Synthetic Sources
Isomerization of Maleic Acid:
It is commercially produced by converting maleic acid (cis-isomer) to Fumaric Acid (E297) (trans-isomer) through controlled isomerization, ensuring high purity and stability.

Fermentation:
Fermentation of glucose using fungi like Rhizopus oryzae efficiently produces high-purity Fumaric Acid (E297), suitable for food, pharmaceutical applications.

APART FROM FUMARIC ACID (E297)'S USE IN WINE, WHERE ELSE CAN THIS STABILISER BE USED?
Fumaric Acid (E297) is widely used in the food industry for its stabilising and acidifying properties.
Fumaric Acid (E297) can be found in a variety of products such as:
*Dairy products, to add a tangy note.
*Sauces, creams and cold meats, to help preserve them.
*Pickles and tinned vegetables, to preserve their flavour and texture.
*Fruit-based drinks, to balance their taste.

PHYSICAL DETAILS AND PROPERTIES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C₄H₄O₄ and a molecular weight of 116.07 g/mol.
Fumaric Acid (E297) appears as a white crystalline powder with a slightly acidic taste.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is sparingly soluble in water but highly soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents.

PRODUCTION METHODS of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) is primarily produced through the isomerization of maleic acid or catalytic oxidation of furfural.

PRODUCTION AND REACTIONS of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Commercial production is carried out by sugar fermentation and chemical synthesis.
Feomidium can be produced by side reactions under appropriate temperature and conditions.
Salts and esters are known as fumarates.
As a result of hydration of formic acid, conversion to malic acid is observed.

WHAT IS FUMARIC ACID (E297) USED FOR?
Fumaric Acid (E297) is used in the production of polyester resins, polyols, paints and malic acid.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is widely used as a food additive and dietary supplement and sometimes as a substitute for tartaric acid in beverages and baking powder.
The E number of Fumaric Acid (E297) is E297.

NATURAL SOURCES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
PRODUCTION
What are the Natural Sources?
Fumaric Acid (E297) can be naturally found in fumitory, bolete mushrooms, lichen, and Iceland moss.
Also, Fumaric Acid (E297) presents in fruits such as apple and watermelon.
Generally, Fumaric Acid (E297) is less found in most fruits than another two acidulants, citric acid and malic acid.

HOW IS FUMARIC ACID (E297) MADE?
Fumaric Acid (E297) can be produced by the isomerization of maleic acid or glucose fermentation.
The following are the two manufacturing processes:

*Isomerization of Maleic Acid
Commonly the production is chemically synthesized from isomerization of maleic acid which is the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride.

Maleic anhydride is the cis-counterpart of Fumaric Acid (E297).
Fumaric Acid (E297) is manufactured from butane, butene, or benzene from petroleum are the starting materials.

*Sugar fermentation
Fermentation by Rhizopus species using glucose or other carbohydrate substrates.

PROPERTIES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Appearance
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a white or nearly white crystalline powder or granular with a clean, persistent sourness with dryness.
The sourness of Fumaric Acid (E297) is around 1.5 times that of citric acid.

PKa
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a weak organic acid containing two carboxylic acid functional groups and as a result it has two PKa values, PKa1 = 3.03 and PKa2 = 4.44.
Fumaric Acid (E297)'s PKa1 and PKa2 value is higher than that of citrate acid and malic acid.

PH
Fumaric Acid (E297) is an unsaturated di-carbonic acid and it has 2 dissociation equilibrium equations.
Fumaric Acid (E297)'s PH value is 2.03 in the concentration of 100 mM (0.1mol/L).

How to Calculate the PH Value?
The method to calculate its PH is the same way with that of malic acid.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is a relatively strong acid and has a strong buffering property to maintain the pH of the aqueous solution at around 3.0, which is important for preservatives that function around pH 3.0.
Fumaric Acid (E297) helps stabilize the pH of a fruit juice drink, which in turn makes colour and flavour stable.
Therefore, Fumaric Acid (E297) is often used together with preservatives, such as sodium benzoate (E211).

Solubility
In water
Fumaric Acid (E297) has a solubility of 0.5% (0.5g/100ml) at 20°C in water while citric, malic and tartaric acid are all very soluble in water.
The hydrophobic of Fumaric Acid (E297) makes it an effective antimicrobial agent because it can disrupt microbial activity by interacting with lipid materials on the microbial cell wall.

In organic solvents
Fumaric Acid (E297) is soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in oils.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is slightly soluble in acetone with solubility 1.29g/100g at 20°C.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS of FUMARIC ACID (E297)?
*Treatment of Psoriasis
Due to its poor absorption after oral intake, Fumaric Acid (E297) esters, such as monoethyl fumarate (MEF) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are used for the treatment of psoriasis.

SYNTHESIS of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) is produced based on catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low pH.
Fumaric Acid (E297) precipitates from the reaction solution.
Maleic acid is accessible in large volumes as a hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride, produced by catalytic oxidation of benzene or butane.

HISTORIC AND LABORATORY ROUTES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) was first prepared from succinic acid.
A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.

REACTIONS of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
The chemical properties of Fumaric Acid (E297) can be anticipated from its component functional groups.
This weak acid, Fumaric Acid (E297), forms a diester, it undergoes bromination across the double bond, and it is a good dienophile.

BIOSYNTHESIS AND OCCURRENCE of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Fumaric Acid (E297) is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumaric Acid (E297) is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mushrooms (specifically Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss.

Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food.
It is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.

Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate.
Human skin naturally produces Fumaric Acid (E297) when exposed to sunlight.
Fumarate is also a product of the urea cycle.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
Molecular Weight: 116.07 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Exact Mass: 116.01095860 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 116.01095860 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.6Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 119
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 1
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Weight: 116.07
Melting Point: 287 °C

Boiling Point: 156 °C
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 298 - 300 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 290 °C at 1.013 hPa - (sublimed)
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 273 °C - DIN 51758

Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,64 g/cm3 at 20 °C

Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: white colorless crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes

Melting Point: 298.00 to 300.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 156.00 °C. @ 1.70 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.000005 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
CAS number: 110-17-8
EC index number: 607-146-00-X
EC number: 203-743-0
Hill Formula: C₄H₄O₄
Chemical formula: HOOCCHCHCOOH
Molar Mass: 116.07 g/mol
HS Code: 2917 19 80

Boiling point: 290 °C (1013 hPa) (sublimed)
Density: 1.64 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Flash point: 273 °C
Ignition temperature: 375 °C
Melting Point: 287 °C
pH value: 2.1 (4.9 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: <0.001 hPa (20 °C)
Solubility: 4.9 g/l
Chemical formula: C4H4O4

Molar mass: 116.072 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.635 g/cm3
Melting point: 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K)
Solubility in water: 4.9 g/L at 20 °C
Acidity (pKa): pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44 (15 °C, cis isomer)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −49.11·10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment: non zero

Flash Point: > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 0.460
Soluble in:
alcohol
oils, slightly
water, 1.042e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
water, 7000 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Chemical Formula: C4H4O4
Average Molecular Weight: 116.0722
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 116.010958616
IUPAC Name: (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Traditional Name: fumaric acid
CAS Registry Number: 110-17-8
SMILES: OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+
InChI Key: VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N
Molar Weight: 116.07 g/mol
Melting Point: 287.0°C
Boiling Point: 522 °C
Flash Point: 230.0°C
Min. Purity Spec: 99% (HPLC)
Physical Form (at 20°C): Solid
Melting Point: 131-133°C

Density: 1.6
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place
Water Solubility: 24.1 g/L
logP: 0.21
logP: -0.041
logS: -0.68
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.55
Physiological Charge: -2
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 4
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Å²
Rotatable Bond Count: 2

Refractivity: 24.61 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 9.35 Å³
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: Yes
Chemical formula: C4H4O4
Molecular weight: 116.072 g/mol
Density: 1.635 g/cm3
Boiling point: White solid
Melting point: 287 °C

Chemical formula: C4H4O4
(COOH)CH=CH(COOH)
Molar mass: 116.072 g/mol
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.635 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K) (decomposition)
Boiling point: Decomposes
Solubility in water:
0.49 g/100 ml (20 °C)
0.70 g/100 ml (25 °C)
1.07 g/100 ml (40 °C)
2.40 g/100 ml (60 °C)
9.80 g/100 ml (100 °C)

Solubility: Soluble in alcohols
Solubility in acetone: 1.29 g/100 ml (20 °C)
1.72 g/100 ml (29.7 °C)
Solubility in benzene: 0.003 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Solubility in carbon tetrachloride: 0.027 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Solubility in chloroform: 0.02 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Solubility in diethyl ether: 1.01 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Vapor pressure: 1.54·10-4 mmHg at 25 °C
Acidity (pKa): pKa1= 3.03
pKa2= 4.44

Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (So298): 168 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfHo298): -811.7 kJ/mol
Melting Point: 295.0°C to 300.0°C
Color: White
Density: 1.6200g/mL
Flash Point: 230°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Linear Formula: HO2CCH=CHCO2H
Beilstein: 02, IV, 2202

Fieser: 05,319
Merck Index: 15, 4316
Specific Gravity: 1.62
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: 6.3g/l (25°C).
Other solubilities: 0.72g/100g ether (25°C)- 1.72g/100g acetone,
(30°C)- 5.76g/100 g 95% alcohol (30°C),
practically insoluble in chloroform,carbon tetra-,chloride and benzene
IUPAC Name: (2E)-but-2-enedioic acid
Formula Weight: 116.07
Percent Purity: 99+%
Physical Form: Fine Crystalline Powder

Chemical Name or Material: Fumaric acid
Chemical Formula: C4H4O4
Molecular Weight: 116.072 g/mol
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.635 g/cm3
Melting Point: 287 °C (decomposes)
Boiling Point: 156 °C
Solubility in Water: 6.3 g/L at 25 °C
Acidity (pKa): pKa1 = 3.03, pKa2 = 4.44 (15 °C, cis isomer)
Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): −49.11·10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole Moment: non zero
CAS Number: 110-17-8

CAS number: 110-17-8
ChemSpider: 10197150
UNII: 88XHZ13131
EC Number: 203-743-0
DrugBank: DB04299
KEGG: C00122
Chebi: 18012
CHEMBL503160
ATC code: D05AX01
Molecular formula: C4H4O4

Molar mass: 116.07 g / mol
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.635 g / cm3, solid
Melting point: 287 ° C
Solubility in water: 0.63 g / 100 mL
Acid (pKa): pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44
EU classification: Irritant (Xi)
R-phrases: R36
S-phrases: (S2) S26
Other names: Trans-butenedioic acid

FIRST AID MEASURES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Rresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of FUMARIC ACID (E297):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available