GLUCONATE

Gluconate is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH. 
Gluconate is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.
    
CAS Number: 526-95-4
EC Number: 208-401-4
IUPAC Name: (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
Chemical Formula: C6H12O7

Other names: D-gluconate, Gluconate ion, gluconate, Gluconate anion, Gluconate [RXNORM], D-Gluconic acid, ION(1-), 608-59-3, UNII-W552L9Y4VZ, W552L9Y4VZ, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate, Dextronate, Glycogenate, Glyconate, Maltonate, ZINC GLUCONATE, 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate, D-gluconate ion, GLUCONATE [VANDF], CHEBI:18391, DTXSID60896805, RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M, NCGC00164076-03, AB00376880_03, Q27103046

In aqueous solution at neutral pH, Gluconate forms the gluconate ion. 
The salts of Gluconate are known as "gluconates". 
Gluconate, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose. 
Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.

Chemical structure
The chemical structure of Gluconate consists of a six-carbon chain, with five hydroxyl groups positioned in the same way as in the open-chained form of glucose, terminating in a carboxylic acid group. 
In aqueous solution, Gluconate exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.

Production
Gluconate preparation was first reported by Hlasiwetz and Habermann in 1870 and involved the chemical oxidation of glucose. 
In 1880, Boutroux prepared and isolated Gluconate using the glucose fermentation.

Contemporary methods for the Gluconate production utilize variations of glucose (or other carbohydrate-containing substrate) oxidation using fermentation or noble metal catalysis.

Occurrence and uses
Gluconate occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine. 
As a food additive (E574), it is now known as an acidity regulator.

The gluconate anion chelates Ca2+, Fe2+, Al3+, and other metals, including lanthanides and actinides. 
It is also used in cleaning products, where it dissolves mineral deposits, especially in alkaline solution.

Gluconate is also an electrolyte present in certain solutions, such as "plasmalyte a", used for intravenous fluid resuscitation.

Gluconate is also used in building and construction as a concrete admixture (retarder) to slow down the cement hydration reactions, and to delay the cement setting time. 
It allows for a longer time to lay the concrete, or to spread the cement hydration heat over a longer period of time to avoid too high a temperature and the resulting cracking.
Retarders are mixed in to concrete when the weather temperature is high or to cast large and thick concrete slabs in successive and sufficiently well-mixed layers.

Gluconate aqueous solution finds application as a medium for organic synthesis.

Description    
Gluconic acid (also known as gluconate) is an organic compound occurring widely in nature arising from the glucose oxidation. 
It is naturally found in fruit, honey and wine. 
It can also be used as a food additive to regulate acidity and a cleaning agent in alkaline solution. 
Its calcium salt, calcium gluconate can be used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid and avoid necrosis of deep tissues as well as treating the verapamil poisoning and hypocalcemia in hospitalized patient. 
Some salts of gluconate can also be used to treat malaria (quinidine gluconate) and anemia (ferrous gluconate). 
In microbiology, gluconate is a common carbon source that can be supplemented to the medium for cell growth.

Description    
Gluconate is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH. 
It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-penta hydroxy hexanoic acid.
In aqueous solution at neutral pH, Gluconate forms the gluconate ion. 
The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates". 
Gluconate, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose. 
Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.

Chemical Properties    
clear yellow to brownish-yellow solution

d-Gluconic acid is an acid sugar composed of white crystals with a milk-acidic taste. 
In aqueous solutions, it is in equilibrium with gamma- and delta-gluconolactones. 
It is prepared by enzymatic oxidation of glucose and strains of the microorganisms used to supply the enzyme action are nonpathogenic and nontoxicogenic to man or other animals. 
Gluconate is used as a component of bottle rinsing formulations, at levels not to exceed good manufacturing practice.

Physical properties    
The chemical structure of Gluconate consists of a six-carbon chain with five hydroxyl groups terminating in a carboxylic acid group.
In aqueous solution, Gluconate exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.

Occurrence    
Gluconate occurs naturally in fruit, honey, kombucha tea, and wine. 
As a food additive ( E574 ), it is an acidity regulator. 
It is also used in cleaning products where it dissolves mineral deposits especially in alkaline solution. 
The gluconate anion chelates Ca2+,Fe2+, Al3+, and other metals. 
In 1929 Horace Terhune Herrick developed a process for producing the salt by fermentation.

Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid; calcium gluconate injections may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep tissues. 
Quinine gluconate is a salt between Gluconate and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria. 
Zinc gluconate injections are used to neuter male dogs. 
Iron gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.

Uses:
A chemical used in glycolytic pathway studies.
Gluconate is an acidulant that is a mild organic acid which is the hydrolyzed form of glucono-delta-lactone. 
It is prepared by the fermentation of dextrose, whereby the physiological d-form is produced. 
It is soluble in water with a solubility of 100 g/100 ml at 20°c. 
It has a mild taste and at 1% has a ph of 2.8. it functions as an antioxidant and enhances the function of other antioxidants. in beverages, syrups, and wine, it can eliminate calcium turbidities. 
It is used as a leavening component in cake mixes, and as an acid component in dry-mix desserts and dry beverage mixes.

Gluconate occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine. 
As a food additive it is an acidity regulator. 
It is also used in cleaning products.
Definition    A soluble crystalline organic acid made by the oxidation of glucose (using specific molds). It is used in paint strippers.

Definition    
Gluconate: An opticallyactive hydroxycarboxylic acid,CH2(OH)(CHOH)4COOH. It is the carboxylicacid corresponding to the aldosesugar glucose, and can be madeby the action of certain moulds.

Biotechnological Production    
Currently, Gluconate is commercially produced by submerged fed-batch cultivations of Aspergillus niger using glucose as substrate. A. niger produces citric acid and Gluconate growing on glucose. 
The product concentration and yields of the product depend on the fermentation conditions. 
For optimal Gluconate production, high glucose concentrations (110–250 g.L-1), low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the medium, a limitation of metal ion concentrations, a pH value in the range of 4.5–6.5, and high aeration rates for the oxygen supply are needed.

Much research has been carried out to find new ways for cheaper production. 
Different microorganisms have been studied (e.g. G. oxydans, Z. mobilis, A. methanolicous, and P. fluorescence. 
Moreover, new microbial strains have been developed by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
Additionally, the fermentation process and recovery have been optimized. 
New inexpensive substrates (e.g. cornstarch, grape or banana must, figs, and cheese whey) have been tested.
One example of a new and efficient production process of Gluconate is the cultivation of Aureobasidium pullulans growing on glucose.

Using a continuous process with biomass retention by crossover filtration, a product concentration of 375 g.L-1, a yield of 0.83 g of Gluconate per gram of glucose, and a productivity of 17 g.L-1.h-1 could be achieved at a residence time of 22 h. In this process, 100 % of the glucose is converted. 
This process might be interesting for industrial applications. 
In continuous Gluconate production with immobilized mycelia of A. niger, product concentrations of 120–140 g.L-1 have been achieved.

Gluconate is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties. 
Gluconate, found abundantly in plant, honey and wine, can be prepared by fungal fermentation process commercially. 
This agent and its derivatives can used in formulation of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products as additive or buffer salts. 
Aqueous Gluconate solution contains cyclic ester glucono delta lactone structure, which chelates metal ions and forms very stable complexes. 
In alkaline solution, this agent exhibits strong chelating activities towards anions, i.e. calcium, iron, aluminium, copper, and other heavy metals.

D-gluconic acid is a Gluconate having D-configuration. 
Gluconate has a role as a chelator and a Penicillium metabolite. 
Gluconate is a conjugate acid of a D-gluconate. 
Gluconate is an enantiomer of a L-gluconic acid.

Gluconate is a natural product found in Daphnia pulex, Cannabis sativa, and other organisms with data available.

Industry Uses
Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
Plating agents and surface treating agents
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Various types of soaps, car washes, grill and oven cleaners.
Water treatment seperation
Chemical distribution

Consumer Uses    
Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
Air care products
Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
Cleaning and furnishing care products
Chemical distribution

General Manufacturing Information
Industry Processing Sectors
All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Custom compounding of purchased resin
Fabricated metal product manufacturing
Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing.
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade

Gluconate is a mild organic acid, neither caustic nor corrosive and with an excellent sequestering power. 
Non-toxic and readily biodegradable (98 % after 2 days), it occurs naturally in plants, fruits and other foodstuffs such as wine (up to 0.25 %) and honey (up to 1 %). 
Gluconate is prepared by fermentation of glucose, whereby the physiological d-form is produced.

Gluconate has versatile properties through being a polyhydroxycarboxylic acid, with both hydroxyl and carboxyl groups which can react.

Concentrated solutions of Gluconate contain some lactone (GdL), the neutral cyclic ester, which is less soluble in the cold and possesses no actual acid properties. 
About 5 % of GdL are present in the 50 % Gluconate solution at room temperature.

The outstanding property of Gluconate is its excellent chelating power, especially in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions. 
In this respect, it surpasses all other chelating agents, such as EDTA, NTA and related compounds. 
Calcium, iron, copper, aluminium and other heavy metals are firmly chelated in alkaline solution and masked in such a way that their interferences are eliminated.

About Gluconate
Helpful information
Gluconate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.

Gluconate is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
Gluconate is used in the following products: coating products, adsorbents, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, fertilisers, metal surface treatment products, inks and toners, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, paper chemicals and dyes, plant protection products, textile treatment products and dyes, washing & cleaning products, water softeners and water treatment chemicals.

Other release to the environment of Gluconate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.

Widespread uses by professional workers
Gluconate is used in the following products: coating products and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay. Gluconate is used in the following areas: mining, agriculture, forestry and fishing, building & construction work, health services and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.

Gluconate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products and electrical, electronic and optical equipment. Other release to the environment of Gluconate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.

Formulation
Gluconate is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, fertilisers, metal surface treatment products, inks and toners, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products, metal working fluids, paper chemicals and dyes, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, washing & cleaning products, water softeners and water treatment chemicals.

Release to the environment of Gluconate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of Gluconate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Uses at industry
Gluconate is used in the following products: coating products, pH regulators and water treatment products and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
Gluconate is used in the following areas: mining, agriculture, forestry and fishing, building & construction work, health services and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
Gluconate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.

Release to the environment of Gluconate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release, manufacturing of the substance and formulation of mixtures.
Other release to the environment of Gluconate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Gluconate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of Gluconate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.