PRODUCTS

GLUCONIC ACID

Gluconic acid is used as a drug as part of electrolyte supplementation in total parenteral nutrition.
Gluconic Acid is also used in cleaning products where it helps cleaning up mineral deposits.
Gluconic acid is used to maintain the cation-anion balance on electrolyte solutions.

CAS Number: 526-95-4 (D)
133-42-6 (racemate)
EC Number: 208-401-4
MDL Number: MFCD00004240
Molecular Formula: C6H12O7

SYNONYMS:
D-Gluconic acid, Gluconic acid, D-, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Dextronic acid, Glycogenic acid, Glyconic acid, Maltonic acid, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, NSC 77381, gluconic acid, D-gluconic acid, 526-95-4, dextronic acid, maltonic acid, Glycogenic acid, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Glosanto, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, gluconate, Gluconic acid (VAN), 133-42-6, HSDB 487, D-Gluconsaeure, D-Glukonsaeure, BRN 1726055, EINECS 208-401-4, UNII-R4R8J0Q44B, NSC 77381, R4R8J0Q44B, DTXSID8027169, CHEBI:33198, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, GLUCONAL GA-50, Hexonic acid, DTXCID307169, INS NO.574, DTXSID8042000, INS-574, EC 208-401-4, 4-03-00-01255 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), Dextronate, Glycogenate, Glyconate, Maltonate, NSC-77381, 157663-13-3, E-574, 124423-64-9, GCO, GLUCONIC ACID (MART.), GLUCONIC ACID [MART.], AMMONIUM GLUCONATE, 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate, 19222-41-4, NSC77381, sodium-gluconate, ketogluconic acid, D-?Gluconic acid, Pentahydroxycaproate, SCHEMBL971, bmse000084, GLUCONIC ACID [MI], Pesticide Code: 000104, GLUCONIC ACID [HSDB], GLUCONIC ACID [INCI], GLUCONIC ACID [VANDF], CHEMBL464345, D-Gluconic acid 50% in water, GLUCONIC ACID [WHO-DD], CHEBI:24266, DTXCID201012074, D-Gluconic Acid (50% in Water), GluconicAcid(containsGluconolactone), HY-Y0569, 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy-hexanoate, Tox21_202745, MFCD00004240, s3595, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid, AKOS015895892, DB13180, 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy-hexanoic acid, GLUCONIC ACID (50% IN WATER), NCGC00260293-01, CAS-526-95-4, E574, CS-0015343, G0036, NS00008847, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid solution, C00257, D70789, EN300-7392806, Q407569, W-109086, 6E52B5FC-5676-4139-977A-4D643EDDB159, d-Gluconic acid, Systematic IUPAC name (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Dextronic acid, D-gluconic acid, Dextronic acid, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxy-hexanoate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxy-hexanoic acid, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Aldonate, Aldonic acid, D-Gluco-hexonate, D-Gluco-hexonic acid, D-Gluconate, D-Gluconic acid, D-Gluconsaeure, D-Glukonsaeure, Dextronate, Dextronic acid, GCO, Glosanto, Gluconate, Gluconic acid, Glycogenate, Glycogenic acid, Glyconate, Glyconic acid, Hexonate, Hexonic acid, Maltonate, Maltonic acid, Pentahydroxycaproate, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, D-Gluco-hexonic acid, D-Gluconsaeure, D-Glukonsaeure, Dextronic acid, Glycogenic acid, Hexonic acid, Maltonic acid, D-Gluconate, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoate, D-Gluco-hexonate, Dextronate, Glycogenate, Hexonate, Maltonate, D-Gluconic acid, Gluconate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxy-hexanoate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxy-hexanoic acid, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoate, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, GCO, Glosanto, Glyconate, Glyconic acid, Pentahydroxycaproate, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, Boron gluconate, Gluconic acid (113)indium-labeled, Gluconic acid calcium salt, Gluconic acid cesium(+3) salt, Gluconic acid lanthanum(+3) salt, Gluconic acid sodium salt, Gluconic acid strontium (2:1) salt, Magnerot, Manganese gluconate, Sodium gluconate, Zinc gluconate, Gluconic acid (159)dysprosium-labeled salt, Gluconic acid aluminum (3:1) salt, Gluconic acid ammonium salt, Gluconic acid magnesium (2:1) salt, Gluconic acid (14)C-labeled, Gluconic acid 1-(14)C-labeled, Gluconic acid 6-(14)C-labeled, Gluconic acid cobalt (2:1) salt, Gluconic acid copper salt, Gluconic acid manganese (2:1) salt, Gluconic acid potassium salt, Gluconic acid tin(+2) salt, Gluconic acid zinc salt, Lithium gluconate, Magnesium gluconate, Gluconic acid (99)technecium (5+) salt, Gluconic acid fe(+2) salt dihydrate, Gluconic acid monolithium salt, Gluconic acid monopotassium salt, Gluconic acid monosodium salt, gluconic, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Hexonic acid, Glyconic acid, D-Gluconic acid solution, GLUCONIC ACI, d-gluconicaci, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, glosanto, NSC 77381, D-Gluconic acid, Gluconic acid,D-, Gluconic acid, Maltonic acid, Dextronic acid, Glyconic acid, Glycogenic acid, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, NSC 77381, Gluconal GA-50, Sour Oligo, 723724-74-1, 887830-55-9, 880385-91-1, D-Gluconic Acid Solution, Dextronic Acid, Gluconal GA-50, Gluconic Acid, Glycogenic Acid, Glyconic Acid, Maltonic Acid, Pentahydroxycaproic Acid, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic Acid, D-Gluconic acid, (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Dextronic acid, D-Gluconic acid, Gluconic acid, D-, 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, Dextronic acid, Glycogenic acid, Glyconic acid, Maltonic acid, Pentahydroxycaproic acid, NSC 77381, gluconic acid, d-gluconic acid, dextronic acid, maltonic acid, glycogenic acid, glosanto, gluconate, pentahydroxycaproic acid, gluconic acid, d, d-gluconate

Gluconic Acid has a role as a chelator and a Penicillium metabolite.
Gluconic Acid is a conjugate acid of a D-gluconate.
Gluconic Acid is an enantiomer of a L-gluconic acid.

Gluconic acid is prepared by fermentation of glucose, whereby the physiological d-form is produced.
Gluconic Acid is commonly found in salts with sodium and calcium.
Gluconic Acid or gluconate is used to maintain the cation-anion balance on electrolyte solutions.

D-gluconic acid is a Gluconic Acid having D-configuration.
Gluconic Acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Gluconic Acid has been reported in Ascochyta medicaginicola, Tricholoma robustum, and other organisms with data available.

Gluconic Acid is the carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties.
Gluconic acid, found abundantly in plant, honey and wine, can be prepared by fungal fermentation process commercially.
Gluconic Acid and its derivatives can used in formulation of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products as additive or buffer salts.

Aqueous gluconic acid solution contains cyclic ester glucono delta lactone structure, which chelates metal ions and forms very stable complexes.
In alkaline solution, Gluconic Acid exhibits strong chelating activities towards anions, i.e. calcium, iron, aluminium, copper, and other heavy metals.
Gluconic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Gluconic acid aqueous solution finds application as a medium for organic synthesis.
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4CO2H.
A white solid, Gluconic Acid forms the gluconate anion in neutral aqueous solution.

The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates".
Gluconic acid, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose. Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.

Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine.
Gluconic Acid is soluble in water.
Gluconic Acid is one of the most important acids found in nature. Gluconic Acid is a non-hazardous derivative of glucose, which chemically speaking has the form of tartaric acid.

Gluconic Acid's main use is in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Gluconic acid is generally recognised as safe for consumers in most countries around the world, including the United States, the European Union and the Czech Republic.

Gluconic acid is the oxidized form of D-glucose (or dextrose), one of the fundamental building blocks for sugars, polysaccharides, and cellulose.
Like glucose, Gluconic Acid cyclizes in solution, in this case to form an ester (glucono-δ-lactone) rather than a hemiacetal.
Gluconic acid widely exists in nature, especially in fruits and in sucrose-containing substances such as honey.

Early methods of synthesizing gluconic acid from glucose included hypobromite oxidation and alkaline hydrolysis.
Now Gluconic Acid is commercially produced by using microbes such as Aspergillus niger to oxidize glucose enzymatically.
More recently, gluconic acid has been investigated as a chelating agent for extracting rare earths (lanthanides) from the fertilizer waste phosphogypsum.

An estimated 100,000 t per year of valuable lanthanides are discarded in this waste product worldwide.
Sulfuric acid is highly effective for recovering the rare earths, but a team led by Richard E. Riman of Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ) showed that gluconic acid and other bioacids are promising alternatives and would be considerably easier than sulfuric acid to treat for disposal.

Gluconic acid, also known as D-gluconic acid, D-gluconate or (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid (also named dextronic acid), is the C1-oxidized form of D-glucose where the aldehyde group has become oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
Gluconic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives.

Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
In aqueous solution, gluconic acid exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.
Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, kombucha tea and wine.

The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates".
Gluconic acid, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose.
Gluconic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans.

The metabolism of gluconate is well characterized in prokaryotes where it is known to be degraded following phosphorylation by gluconokinase.
Glucokinase activity has also been detected in mammals, including humans.
Gluconic acid is produced in the gluconate shunt pathway.

In the gluconate shunt, glucose is oxidized by glucose dehydrogenase (also called glucose oxidase) to furnish gluconate, the form in which D-gluconic acid is present at physiological pH.
Subsequently, gluconate is phosphorylated by the action of gluconate kinase to produce 6-phosphogluconate, which is the second intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway.

This gluconate shunt is mainly found in plants, algae, cyanobacteria and some bacteria, which all use the Entner-Doudoroff pathway to degrade glucose or gluconate; this generates 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate-6-phosphate, which is then cleaved to generate pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Glucose dehydrogenase and gluconate kinase activities are also present in mammals, fission yeast, and flies.

Gluconic acid (GA) and its derivatives, as multifunctional biological chassis compounds, have been widely used in the food, medicine, textile, beverage and construction industries.
For the past few decades, the favored production means of Gluconic Acid and its derivatives are microbial fermentation using various carbon sources containing glucose hydrolysates due to high-yield Gluconic Acid production and mature fermentation processes.

Advancements in improving fermentation process are thriving which enable more efficient and economical industrial fermentation to produce Gluconic Acid and its derivatives, such as the replacement of carbon sources with agro-industrial byproducts and integrated routes involving genetically modified strains, cascade hydrolysis or micro- and nanofiltration in a membrane unit.

These efforts pave the way for cheaper industrial fermentation process of Gluconic Acid and its derivatives, which would expand the application and widen the market of them.
Gluconate, gluconic acid’s conjugate base, is useful as a metal-chelating agent in alkaline solutions.

Gluconic Acid is a component of many cleaning products; and it is used to prevent formation of solids in dairy processing and beer brewing.
Gluconic Acid is composed of an equilibrium mixture of gluconic acid and the gamma and delta lactones.
Gluconic Acid occurs as a light yellow liquid with a slight acetic odor.

Gluconic Acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives.
Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
Gluconic Acid is composed of an equilibrium between the free acid and the two lactones.

This equilibrium is affected by the mixture's concentration and temperature.
A high concentration of the delta-lactone will favor the equilibrium to shift to the formation of gamma-lactone and vice versa.
A low temperature favors formation of glucono-delta-lactone while high temperatures will increase formation of glucono-gamma-lactone.

Under normal conditions, PMP Gluconic Acid 50% exhibits a stable equilibrium contributing to its clear to light yellow color with low level corrosiveness and toxicity.
Gluconic acid has versatile properties through being a polyhydroxycarboxylic acid, with both hydroxyl and carboxyl groups which can react.

Concentrated solutions of gluconic acid contain some lactone (GDL), the neutral cyclic ester, which is less soluble in the cold and possesses no actual acid properties.
About 5 % of GdL are present in the 50 % gluconic acid solution at room temperature.

The outstanding property of gluconic acid is its excellent chelating power, especially in alkaline and concentrated alkaline solutions.
In this respect, Gluconic Acid surpasses all other chelating agents, such as EDTA, NTA and related compounds.
Calcium, iron, copper, aluminum and other heavy metals are firmly chelated in alkaline solution and masked in such a way that their interferences are eliminated.

Gluconic acid is stable at the boiling point even of concentrated alkaline solutions.
However, Gluconic Acid is easily and totally degraded in waste water treatment plants
Gluconic acid is a naturally-occurring, organic carboxylic acid.

Gluconic Acid and its derivatives are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, cleaning solutions, and food products.
In alkaline solution, Gluconic Acid is a strong chelating agent towards heavy metal anions.
Gluconic Acid is an inorganic compound happens to be the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-penta-hydroxyhexanoic acid.

Gluconic Acid is easily found in honey, plant, and wine.
Gluconic acid is produced by the oxidation of the first carbon of glucose with antiseptic and chelating properties.
Gluconic Acid is an organic compound.

Gluconic Acid is also one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6- pental-hydroxy hexanoic acid.
Furthermore, in aqueous solution at neutral pH, the gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion.

Moreover, we know the salts of gluconic acid by the name of ‘gluconates’.
Also, some drugs are injected into the body in the form of gluconates.

USES and APPLICATIONS of GLUCONIC ACID:
Food Industry: Gluconic Acid is used as an acidity regulator, sequestrant, and leavening agent
Pharmaceuticals: Gluconic Acid is used in mineral supplements (e.g., calcium gluconate, iron gluconate)
Cosmetics & Personal Care: Gluconic Acid is used as a pH adjuster and chelating agent in skincare formulations

Cleaning Products: Common in biodegradable and eco-friendly cleaners due to Gluconic Acid's ability to remove mineral deposits
Construction: Gluconic Acid is used in cement and concrete mixtures to improve workability and delay setting time
Textile Industry: Gluconic Acid is employed in dyeing and finishing processes as a stabilizer

Agriculture: Gluconic Acid is used in fertilizers and plant growth formulations
We use the gluconate anion for chelates (a bonding between ions and metal ions) of Ca2+,Fe2+,Al3+, and other metals.
These metals include lanthanides (a series of chemical elements that consist of 15 metallic elements of atomic number 57-71).

Also, another series of metals called actinides (is also refer to a series of chemical elements that consist of 5 metallic elements whose atomic number is between 89-103).
We also use gluconic acid in cleaning products, where it dissolves mineral deposits, especially in alkaline solution.

In the food industry, gluconic acid is used as an acidity regulator, sequestering agent, antioxidant, stabilizer and chelating agent.
Gluconic Acid can be found in many different products such as beverages, fruits and vegetables, confectionery, dairy products, baked goods and many others.
Gluconic acid has the ability to improve the shelf life of foods and at the same time their taste.

In the pharmaceutical industry, Gluconic Acid is used as a component of various medicinal products, including calcium gluconate, which is administered when the body is deficient in calcium.
At the same time, gluconic acid is also used in cosmetics, mainly as a toning and moisturising ingredient in various lotions, creams and serums. It reacts with minerals and heavy metals and thus removes them from the skin.

Gluconic Acid is used chelating Agents in Micronutrient for better Plant/Crop Growth
Gluconic Acid is used for metal cleaning formulations for rust and stain removal of metal surfaces.
Gluconic Acid is used in metal finishing baths for aluminium etching.

Gluconic Acid is used In metal plating processing baths.
Gluconic Acid is used in cleaning formulations in dairy and beer industry for removal of milk and beer stone.
Gluconic Acid is used in bottle washing formulations for removal of calcium scales and labels.

Gluconic Acid is used in textile industry as stabilizers for dye baths and bleach baths.
Gluconic Acid is used in water – based paint formulations and in alkaline paint stripping formulations.
Gluconic Acid is used in leather tanning and dyeing processes.

Gluconic Acid is used in mortar and concrete admixes as retarder and plasticizer (after neutralization with alkali).
Gluconic Acid is used as raw material for the manufacture of gluconate salts like Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Manganese.
Gluconic Acid is used as a food additive, it acts as an acidity regulator.

In the form of a gel, we use calcium gluconate to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid.
Furthermore, in severe cases for avoiding the necrosis of deep tissues, they use calcium gluconate injections.
In hospitalized patients, they use it to treat hypocalcemia (a condition in which the body has a lower amount of calcium in the blood).

Most noteworthy, gluconate is an electrolyte present in certain solutions, such as “plasmalyte a” that hospitals use for intravenous fluid revival.
For the treatment of malaria, they use quinine gluconate (a salt of gluconic acid and quinine), which they give through intramuscular injection.
Gluconic acid is a multifunction carbonic acid and it is used extensively in various applications with its physiological and chemical characteristics.

As a food additive Gluconic Acid is an acidity regulator.
Gluconic Acid is also used in cleaning products.
Gluconic acid has many industrial uses.

In humans, gluconic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder called the transaldolase deficiency.
Gluconic acid has been found to be a metabolite in Aspergillus
Gluconic Acid is used as a chelating agent in the food industry for cheese/tofu, meat, pasta/rice, and salad dressings/sauces.

-Medicine USES OF Gluconic acid
In medicine, Gluconic Acid is used most commonly as a biologically neutral carrier of Zn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and K+ to treat electrolyte imbalance.
Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid; calcium gluconate injections may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep tissues, as well as to treat hypocalcemia in hospitalized patients.

Gluconic Acid is also an electrolyte present in certain solutions, such as "plasmalyte a", used for intravenous fluid resuscitation.
Quinine gluconate is a salt of gluconic acid and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria.
Ferrous gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia

PROPERTIES OF GLUCONIC ACID:
Gluconic Acid's liquid form is colorless to light yellow or clear syrupy liquid and its solid-state is a white crystalline powder.
Gluconic Acid has a mild acidic taste and its melting point is 131oC.
Gluconic acid density is 1.234 g/mL at 25oC.
Gluconic Acid is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol and insoluble in ether and most of the other organic solvents.

OCCURRENCE OF GLUCONIC ACID:
Gluconate salts, gluconate esters, and gluconic acid occur widely in nature, due to such species arise from the oxidation of glucose.
Naturally, gluconic acid occurs in fruits, honey, and wine.
However, in 1929, scientist Horace Terhune Herrick developed a method that can produce Gluconic Acid's salts by fermentation.
Also, Gluconic Acid is a known acidity regulator and is a food additive (E574).

HISTORICAL ROLE OF GLUCONIC ACID:
Historical role in development of deep-tank fermentation
The production of gluconic acid by deep-tank fermentation (aerated, pH controlled, and stirred >1000 L tanks) of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger in 1929, for use as a food acidity regulator and cleaning agent, was the first successful use of deep-tank fermentation by Pfizer.

This expertise later led to Pfizer's successful use of deep-tank fermentation of Penicillium fungi in February 1944, to rapidly scale up penicillin production, resulting in sufficient penicillin to treat the American and British battle casualties of the June 6th Allied D-Day invasion of World War II.

GLUCONIC ACID FORMULA AND STRUCTURE:
The molecular formula of gluconic acid is C6H12O7 and the condensed structural formula is HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH.
Gluconic Acid's chemical structure consists of six carbon chains with five hydroxyl groups (OH) that are put in the same way as in the open chained form of glucose, ending in a carboxylic acid group.

In addition, in the aqueous solution, gluconic acid exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester of gluconic delta-lactone.
Gluconic Acid's molar mass is 196.16 g/mol.

NOTES OF GLUCONIC ACID:
Store Gluconic Acid in cool place.
Keep Gluconic Acid container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store Gluconic Acid away from strong oxidizing agents.

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS OF GLUCONIC ACID:
*Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
*Medium-chain fatty acids
*Hydroxy fatty acids
*Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives
*Monosaccharides
*Alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives
*Secondary alcohols
*Polyols
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Primary alcohols
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds

SUBSTITUENTS OF GLUCONIC ACID:
*Gluconic_acid
*Medium-chain hydroxy acid
*Medium-chain fatty acid
*Beta-hydroxy acid
*Hydroxy fatty acid
*Alpha-hydroxy acid
*Fatty acyl
*Fatty acid
*Hydroxy acid
*Monosaccharide
*Secondary alcohol
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Carboxylic acid
*Polyol
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Alcohol
*Carbonyl group
*Primary alcohol
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Aliphatic acyclic compound

STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF GLUCONIC ACID:
The gluconic acid structure features 6 carbon chain along with 5 hydroxyl groups placed in the general open-chain format of glucose, ending with the carboxylic acid group.
Gluconic acid exists in balance state in the aqueous state in the presence of cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.
The structural formula of Gluconic Acid is as shown below in the picture.

OCCURRENCE AND USES OF GLUCONIC ACID:
Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine.
As a food additive (E574[12]), Gluconic Acid is now known as an acidity regulator.
The gluconate anion chelates Ca2+, Fe2+, K+, Al3+, and other metals, including lanthanides and actinides.
Gluconic Acid is also used in cleaning products, where it dissolves mineral deposits, especially in alkaline solution.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF GLUCONIC ACID:
The chemical structure of gluconic acid consists of a six-carbon chain, with five hydroxyl groups positioned in the same way as in the open-chained form of glucose, terminating in a carboxylic acid group.
Gluconic Acid is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid.

PRODUCTION OF GLUCONIC ACID:
Gluconic acid is typically produced by the aerobic oxidation of glucose in the presence of the enzyme glucose oxidase.
The conversion produces gluconolactone and hydrogen peroxide.
The lactone spontaneously hydrolyzes to gluconic acid in water.

C6H12O6 + O2 → C6H10O6 + H2O2
C6H10O6 + H2O → C6H12O7
Variations of glucose (or other carbohydrate-containing substrate) oxidation using fermentation or noble metal catalysis.

Gluconic acid was first prepared by Hlasiwetz and Habermann in 1870 and involved the chemical oxidation of glucose.
In 1880, Boutroux prepared and isolated gluconic acid using the glucose fermentation.

PROPERTIES AND BENEFITS OF GLUCONIC ACID:
*Chelating Ability:
Effectively binds to metal ions like calcium, iron, and magnesium

*Non-Toxic & Biodegradable:
Environmentally friendly and safe for human consumption

*Mild Organic Acid:
Less corrosive than stronger acids like hydrochloric acid

*Enhances Mineral Absorption:
Gluconic Acid is used in food and supplements to improve bioavailability of minerals

*pH Regulation:
Gluconic Acid helps maintain stable acidity in formulations

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of GLUCONIC ACID:
Molecular Weight: 196.16 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -3.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 6
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
Exact Mass: 196.05830272 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 196.05830272 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 138 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 170
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: C6H12O7
Molar mass: 196.155 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless crystals
Melting point: 131 °C (268 °F; 404 K)
Solubility in water: 316 g/L

Acidity (pKa): 3.86
Color: White to Yellow
Beilstein: 03, 542
Merck Index: 15, 4492
Formula Weight: 196.16
Percent Purity: 49 to 55% (Titrimetry other)
Density: 1.23 g/mL
Physical Form: Crystals or Crystalline Powder
Specific Gravity: 1.22 to 1.25 (20°C)
Chemical Name or Material: Gluconic acid

Physical state: Liquid
Color: Light brown
Odor: Slightly sourish
Melting point/freezing point: Not available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 105 - 106 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): Not available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: Not available
Flash point: Not available
Autoignition temperature: Not available
Decomposition temperature: Distillable in an undecomposed state at normal pressure
pH: 2.2 at 500 g/l at 20 °C

Viscosity: Not available
Water solubility at 20 °C: Soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water - Not available
Vapor pressure: Not available
Density: 1.24 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: Not available
Relative vapor density: Not available
Particle characteristics: Not available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive
Oxidizing properties: None

Other safety information: Not available
Molecular Weight: 194.13900 g/mol
Molecular Formula: C6H10O7
Purity: 95%
Solubility: Water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (estimated)
Assay: 0.98
EINECS: 209-401-7
Grade: Industrial grade
Chemical Formula: C6H12O7
Average Molecular Weight: 196.1553 g/mol
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 196.058302738 g/mol

IUPAC Name: (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
Traditional Name: Gluconate
CAS Registry Number: 526-95-4
SMILES: OCC@@HC@@HC@HC@@HC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H12O7/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t2-,3-,4+,5-/m1/s1
InChI Key: RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N
Melting point: 15 °C
Boiling point: 102 °C
Alpha: D20 -6.7° (c = 1)
Density: 1.23
Refractive index: 1.4161
Storage temperature: Store below +30°C

Solubility: DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly), Water
Form: Crystalline Powder or Crystals
pKa: pK (25°) 3.60
Color: White to light yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.234
Odor: Commercial 50 aq. soln. lt. amber, faint odor of vinegar
Optical activity: [α]/D +9.0 to 15.5°
Water Solubility: Soluble in water
Appearance: Colourless crystals
Taste: Mild acid taste
Molar mass: 196.155 g/mol
IUPAC Name: D-Gluconic acid

Systematic IUPAC name: (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
Chemical Formula: C6H12O7
CAS DataBase Reference: 526-95-4
EPA Substance Registry System: D-Gluconic acid (526-95-4)
Hydrogen bond donor count: 6
Hydrogen bond acceptor count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
PSA: 138.45000
XLogP3: -3.4
Appearance: Ammonium gluconate is a white solid with a weak odor of ammonia.
Density: 1.24 g/cm3 @ Temp: 25 °C

Boiling Point: 102ºC
Flash Point: 375.2ºC
Refractive Index: 1.4161
Water Solubility: Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25°C: 100 (good)
Storage Conditions: Store at RT.
Molecular form: C6H12O7
Appearance: Clear Colorless to Pale Yellow Solution
Mol. Weight: 196.16
Storage: 2-8°C Refrigerator
Shipping Conditions: Ambient
Applications: NA

EC Number: 201-742-8
CAS Number: 526-95-4
Molecular Formula: C₆H₁₂O₇
Molecular Weight: 196.16 g/mol
Exact Mass: 196.0583 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow liquid or crystalline solid
Density: ~1.24 g/cm³ (for aqueous solution)
Melting Point: ~131°C (crystalline form)
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Solubility: Highly soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol
pH (in solution): Acidic (~pH 2-4)

Flash Point: Non-flammable
Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Boiling Point: 105 - 106 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 1.24 g/cm³ (20 °C)
pH Value: 2.2 (500 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Chemical Formula: C6H12O7
Molar Mass: 196.155 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless crystals
Melting Point: 131 °C (268 °F; 404 K)
Solubility in Water: 316 g/L

Acidity (pKa): 3.86
CAS Registry Number: 526-95-4
IUPAC Name: potassium (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate
Molecular Formula: C6H11KO7
InChI Key: HLCFGWHYROZGBI-JJKGCWMISA-M
SMILES: [K+].OCC@@HC@@HC@HC@@HC([O-])=O
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 234.25
Synonym: potassium gluconate

Chemical Formula: C6H12O7
Average Molecular Weight: 196.1553
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 196.058302738
IUPAC Name: (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
Traditional Name: gluconate
CAS Registry Number: 526-95-4
SMILES: OCC@@HC@@HC@HC@@HC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C6H12O7/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t2-,3-,4+,5-/m1/s1
InChI Key: RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-N

Physical State: Liquid
Color: Light brown
Odor: Slightly sourish
Melting Point/Freezing Point: No data available
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: 105 - 106 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (Solid, Gas): No data available
Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: No data available
Flash Point: No data available
Autoignition Temperature: No data available
Decomposition Temperature: Distillable in an undecomposed state at normal pressure.

pH: 2.2 at 500 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity:
Viscosity, Kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, Dynamic: No data available
Water Solubility at 20 °C: Soluble
Partition Coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor Pressure: No data available
Density: 1.24 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Relative Density: No data available
Relative Vapor Density: No data available
Particle Characteristics: No data available

Explosive Properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing Properties: None
Other Safety Information: No data available
Chemical Formula: C6H12O7
Molecular Weight: 196.155 g/mol
Melting Point: 131 °C
Chemical Names: Dextronic acid and D-Gluconic acid
Solubility: Soluble in water
Acidity (pKa): 3.86

FIRST AID MEASURES of GLUCONIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of GLUCONIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of GLUCONIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of GLUCONIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,40 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: > 30 min
*Respiratory protection:
Not required.
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of GLUCONIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of GLUCONIC ACID:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available