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Hyaluronic acid is a completely transparent, non-adhesive, water-soluble and grease-free acid mucopolysaccharide.
Hyaluronic acid's molecular weight is between a few hundred thousand to millions, and it makes up the dermis layer of the skin.
Hyaluronic acid's unique molecular structure and physicochemical properties has many important physiological functions inside the body, such as lubricating joints, adjusting vascular permeability, adjusting proteins, diffusing and transporting water electrolytes, and promoting wound healing.
CAS: 9004-61-9
MF: C14H22NNaO11
MW: 403.31
EINECS: 232-678-0
Hyaluronic acid has a unique water retention effect and has the best known natural moisturizing properties, making Hyaluronic acid the ideal natural moisturizer.
Hyaluronic acid is an essential drug in ophthalmic “sticky surgeries”.
Hyaluronic acid is used in cataract surgery, in which its sodium salt remains in the anterior chamber to maintain depth in the anterior chamber and ensure a clear surgical view.
Hyaluronic acid reduces the occurences of postoperative inflammation and complications, thus improving the vision-correcting effects of the surgery.
Hyaluronic acid is also used in complicated retinol detachment surgery.
Hyaluronic acid has a low molecular weight and is considered the ideal natural moisturizing agent, so it is used as an additive in high-end makeup and as a moisturizer in creams, gels, lotions, masks, and serums.
Hyaluronic acid is also used medically as a moisturizer to improve moisture retention and lubrication, and Hyaluronic acid also expands capillaries and improves skin health.
For example, hyaluronic acid with a low molecular weight can be used as a lubricant in surgeries (such as knee surgery), while those with high molecular weight can be used as surgical lubricant and as a substitute for vitreous in ophthalmic surgery.
A glycosaminoglycan(mucopolysaccharide) that ispart of the matrix of connective tissue.
Hyaluronic acid binds cells togetherand helps to lubricate joints.
Hyaluronic acid may play a role in the migration ofcells at wounds; this activity ceaseswhen hyaluronidase breaks downhyaluronic acid.
A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits.
Hyaluronic acid is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates.
Hyaluronic acid is a natural complex sugar of the glycosaminoglycan family and is a long-chain polymer containing repeating disaccharide units of Na-glucuronate-N-acetylglucosamine.
Hyaluronic acid is indicated for use as a surgical aid in cataract extraction (intra-and extracapsular), IOL implantation, corneal transplant, glaucoma filtration and retinal attachment surgery.
In surgical procedures in the anterior segment of the eye, instillation of hyaluronic acid serves to maintain a deep anterior chamber within corneal endothelium and other surrounding tissues.
Furthermore, Hyaluronic acid's viscoelasticity helps to push back the vitreous face and prevent formation of a postoperative flat chamber.
In posterior segment surgery hyaluronic acid serves as a surgical aid to gently separate, maneuver and hold tissues.
Hyaluronic acid creates a clear field of vision thereby facilitating intra- and post-operative inspection of the retina and photocoagulation.
Hyaluronic acid, also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronic acid is unique among glycosaminoglycans as it is non-sulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large: human synovial HA averages about 7 million Da per molecule, or about 20,000 disaccharide monomers, while other sources mention 3–4 million Da.
The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of hyaluronan in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day.
As one of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, Hyaluronic acid contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and is involved in the progression of many malignant tumors.
Hyaluronic acid is also a component of the group A streptococcal extracellular capsule, and is believed to play a role in virulence.
Also known as Sodium hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a glycosaminoglycan found in various connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
Hyaluronic acid, a long-chain polymer containing repeating disaccharide units of Na-glucuronate-N-acetylglucosamine, occurs naturally on the corneal endothelium, bound to specific receptors for which it has a high affinity.
Hyaluronic acid is used as a surgical aid in variety of surgical procedures performed on the eyeball including cataract extraction (intra- and extracapsular), intraocular lens implantation, corneal transplant, glaucoma filtration, and retina attachment surgery.
Hyaluronic acid is being used intra-articularly to treat osteoarthritis.
Hyaluronic acid has become popular with manufacturers of cosmetics and anti-aging skin care products.
Hyaluronic acid's ability to penetrate skin and hold onto water makes it a popular ingredient in moisturizers, eye creams, facial cleansers, skin repair creams and other anti-aging skin care products.
Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan which is not attached to a central protein but rather widely distributed within the connective, eithelial and nervous tissues.
Hyaluronic acid is therefore frequently found in the vitreous humor and synovial fluid.
Hyaluronic acid is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix.
Hyaluronic acid's main function is that it effectively contributes to the proliferation and migration of cells and can therefore be involved in the progression of malignant tumours.
Hyaluronic acid also helps to protect the joints by increasing the viscosity of the synovial fluid and the elasticity of the cartilage.
In the skin, this molecule fills the intercellular spaces and thus participates in the hydration and cohesion of the tissues.
Hyaluronic acid is also attributed anti-angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory and healing properties.
Industrially, hyaluronic acid is obtained in two different ways: by extracting it from cockerels, after chemical treatment and purification, or by bacterial fermentation (the hyaluronic acid filaments are then synthesised by bacteria).
This second method, developed in 2012, makes Hyaluronic acid possible to reduce the risk of contamination by impurities present in the rooster’s crest.
Its moisturising and plumping capacities therefore make Hyaluronic acid an ingredient of choice for many cosmetic products such as anti-wrinkle and reshaping creams.
Hyaluronic acid Chemical Properties
Storage temp.: −20°C
Solubility: H2O: 5 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: Lyophilized Powder
Color: White
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
InChIKey: MAKUBRYLFHZREJ-IUPJJCKZNA-M
CAS DataBase: Reference 9004-61-9
EPA Substance: Registry System: Hyaluronic acid (9004-61-9)
Structure
Hyaluronic acid is a polymer of disaccharides, which are composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, linked via alternating β-(1→4) and β-(1→3) glycosidic bonds.
Hyaluronic acid can be 25,000 disaccharide repeats in length.
Polymers of hyaluronic acid can range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000 Da in vivo.
The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3–4 million Da, and hyaluronic acid purified from human umbilical cord is 3,140,000 Da; other sources mention average molecular weight of 7 million Da for synovial fluid.
Hyaluronic acid also contains silicon, ranging 350–1,900 μg/g depending on location in the organism.
Hyaluronic acid is energetically stable, in part because of the stereochemistry of its component disaccharides.
Bulky groups on each sugar molecule are in sterically favored positions, whereas the smaller hydrogens assume the less-favorable axial positions.
Hyaluronic acid in aqueous solutions self-associates to form transient clusters in solution.
While Hyaluronic acid is considered a polyelectrolyte polymer chain, hyaluronic acid does not exhibit the polyelectrolyte peak, suggesting the absence of a characteristic length scale between the hyaluronic acid molecules and the emergence of a fractal clustering, which is due to the strong solvation of these molecules.
Benefits
Hyaluronic acid’s main functions include:
Has excellent affinity to water and can regroup water within tissue for better retention and lubrication.
Folds to form a three-dimensional network and produces physiological effects, including producing fluid resistance, maintaining water balance and bodily stability, influencing macromolecule solubility, structure, chemical balance and system osmotic pressure, preventing the spread of pathogens, and promote the condensation of collagen fiber secretory substances.
Forms polymers with inseparable proteins to maintain tissue shape and size and to ensure reversible tissue compression resistance.
Affects macrophages, adherent cells, lymph cells, and natural killer cells.
Serves as an important part of interstitial fluid and is mainly metabolized in the liver.
Liver fiber activity increases Hyaluronic acid synthesis; combined with reduced function during cirrhosis, blood Hyaluronic acid levels may increase abnormally.
Uses
Hyaluronic acid is a naturally derived, non - immunogenic, non - adhesive glycosaminoglycan that plays a prominent role in various wound - healing processes, as Hyaluronic acid as it is naturally angiogenic when degraded to small fragments.
Hyaluronic acid promotes early inflammation which is critical for initiating wound healing, but then moderates later stages of the process, allowing matrix stabilization and reduction of long term inflammation.
Hyaluronic acid is a main source for pharmaceutical, medical and cosmetic application.
hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan component.
Hyaluronic acid occurs naturally in the dermis.
Hyaluronic acid is thought to play a critical role in healthy skin by controlling the physical and biochemical characteristics of epidermal cells.
Hyaluronic acid also regulates general skin activity, such as water content, elasticity, and the distribution of nutrients.
Hyaluronic acid's water-absorption abilities and large molecular structure allow the epidermis to achieve greater suppleness, proper plasticity, and turgor.
Hyaluronic acid is a natural moisturizer with excellent water-binding capabilities.
In a solution of 2 percent hyaluronic acid and 98 percent water, the hyaluronic acid holds the water so tightly that it appears to create a gel.
However, Hyaluronic acid is a true liquid in that it can be diluted and will exhibit a liquid’s normal viscous flow properties.
When applied to the skin, hyaluronic acid forms a viscoelastic film in a manner similar to the way it holds water in the intercellular matrix of dermal connective tissues.
This performance and behavior suggests that hyaluronic acid makes an ideal moisturizer base, allowing for the delivery of other agents to the skin.
Manufacturers claim that the use of hyaluronic acid in cosmetics results in the need for much lower levels of lubricants and emollients in a formulation, thereby providing an essentially greaseless product.
Furthermore, its ability to retain water gives immediate smoothness to rough skin surfaces and significantly improves skin appearance.
For the benefits of hyaluronic acid to be realized in a cosmetic, the product needs to be applied on a regular basis as it is broken down in skin within 24 to 48 hours of application.
note, this is not the case with hyaluronic acid injections as the technology used is different.
Medical uses
Hyaluronic acid has been FDA-approved to treat osteoarthritis of the knee via intra-articular injection.
A 2012 review showed that the quality of studies supporting this use was mostly poor, with a general absence of significant benefits, and that intra-articular injection of HA could possibly cause adverse effects.
A 2020 meta-analysis found that intra-articular injection of high molecular weight HA improved both pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis.
Hyaluronic acid has been used in various formulations to create artificial tears to treat dry eye.
Hyaluronic acid is a common ingredient in skin care products.
Hyaluronic acid is used as a dermal filler in cosmetic surgery.
Hyaluronic acid is typically injected using either a classic sharp hypodermic needle or a micro-cannula.
Some studies have suggested that the use of micro-cannulas can significantly reduce vessel embolisms during injections.
Currently, hyaluronic acid is used frequently as a soft tissue filler due to its bio-compatibility and possible reversibility using Hyaluronidase Complications include the severing of nerves and microvessels, pain, and bruising.
Some side effects can also appear by way of erythema, itching, and vascular occlusion; vascular occlusion is the most worrisome side effect due to the possibility of skin necrosis, or even blindness in a patient.
In some cases, hyaluronic acid fillers can result in a granulomatous foreign body reaction.
Biological synthesis
Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called hyaluronan synthases, of which vertebrates have three types: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3.
These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as Hyaluronic acid is extruded via ABC-transporter through the cell membrane into the extracellular space.
The term fasciacyte was coined to describe fibroblast-like cells that synthesize HA.
Hyaluronic acid synthesis has been shown to be inhibited by 4-methylumbelliferone (hymecromone), a 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivative.
This selective inhibition (without inhibiting other glycosaminoglycans) may prove useful in preventing metastasis of malignant tumor cells.
There is feedback inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (<500 kDa) at high concentrations, but stimulation by high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (>500 kDa), when tested in cultured human synovial fibroblasts.
Bacillus subtilis recently has been genetically modified to culture a proprietary formula to yield hyaluronans, in a patented process producing human-grade product.
Synonyms
NCGC00167966-01
Sodium Hyaluronate,
DSSTox_CID_26750
DSSTox_RID_81875
DSSTox_GSID_46750
HYALURONICACIDSODIUMSALT
CHEMBL1874250
DTXSID20858848
Tox21_112595
AKOS015960603
AC-11740
AC-31947
CAS-9004-61-9
(4xi)-alpha-D-xylo-Hexopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-(3xi)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-(5xi)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose
[BETA-SODIUM-GLUCONATE-(1,3)-BETA-N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE-1,4-]N
COPOLY(BETA-GLUCURONIC ACID-[1->3]-BETA-N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE-[1->4] SODIUM SALT
HYALURONIC ACID NA-SALT
HYALURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT, STREPTOCOCCUS SPECIES
HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM
HYALURONIC ACID HUMAN SODIUM SALT
acid hyaluronic
sodiuM (2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3-((2S,3R,5S,6R)-3-acetaMido-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxyMethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-4,5,6-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylate
