N-PROPANOL

N-propanol is pure, clear liquid with a mild odour and medium volatility.
N-propanol is a primary alcohol and is a colourless liquid.
N-propanol, also known as 1-propanol or n-propyl alcohol, is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C3H7OH.

CAS Number: 71-23-8
Molecular Formula: C3H8O
Molecular Weight: 60.1
EINECS Number: 200-746-9

N-propanol is a mobile, polar solvent which is soluble in water and common organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, glycols, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. 
N-propanol is used as a starting material for a variety of chemical syntheses.
N-propanol is the compound with the hydrogen atom in the propane molecules being replaced by hydroxyl group. 

Because the hydroxyl group can substitute the hydrogen atoms contained in the carbons in the two terminals of carbon chain or middle carbon, thus generating two isomers, n-propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol.
N-propanol is one of the isomers of propanol, with the other isomer being isopropanol (or isopropyl alcohol).

The chemical property of the 1-propanol is similar to that of ethanol. 
N-propanol is the byproduct during the process of the methanol synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. 
At room temperature and normal pressure, it appears as colorless transparent liquid with fragrance odor. 

In industry, N-propanolt is prepared through the reaction between ethylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen under high pressure and cobalt catalysis; alternatively through the hydration of propylene under the action of sulfate or through the catalytic hydrogenation of acetone. 
N-propanol is commonly used as a solvent with irritating effect on the eyes and mucosa. Inhalation of propyl alcohol steam can lead to dizziness, headache and vomiting, etc.

N-propanol is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH and sometimes represented as PrOH or n-PrOH. 
N-propanol is a colourless liquid and an isomer of 2-propanol. 
N-propanol is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly for resins and cellulose esters, and, sometimes, as a disinfecting agent.

N-propanol is a clear, colorless liquid with an alcoholic odor and a characteristic ripe, fruity flavor. 
N-propanol is soluble in water and miscible with organic solvents (Propanols). 
N-propanol has better dissolution properties than ethanol for fats and oils, and dissolves polar resins in the same way as ethanol. 

Cellulose nitrate and poly(vinyl acetate) are, however, almost insoluble. 
For economic reasons N-propanol is of only limited use as a solvent, and is a starting material for esters.
N-propanol has a distinctive alcohol odour and is of average volatility. 

N-propanol is miscible with most organic solvents.
N-propanol is highly flammable.
N-propanol is used as a solvent and an intermediate. 

The end user markets of this product are the cosmetics, washing, motor, printing, coatings and chemical industries.
N-propanol appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol. 
N-propanol flash point 53-77 °F. Autoignites at 700 °F. 

N-propanol, vapors are heavier than air and mildly irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. 
N-propanol is used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquer formulations, dye solutions, antifreezes, rubbing alcohols, soaps, window cleaners, acetone and other chemicals and products.

N-propanol is a colorless liquid with a mild, alcohol-like odor. 
Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were <75 μg/m3 (<31 ppbv) and 200 μg/m3 (81 ppbv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974). 
An odor threshold concentration of 100 ppbv was reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990).

Reported found in the natural aromas of apple, cognac and rum; also formed during alcoholic fermentation. 
N-propanol also reported found in apple, apricot, banana, sweet cherry, papaya, pineapple, orange juice, lingonberry, cranberry, grapes, peas, pineapple, raspberry, strawberry, onion, leek, tomato, ginger, vinegar, many cheeses, butter, fatty fish, fish oil, cooked beef, mutton and pork, beer, several types of bread, pear brandy, Scotch blended whiskey, malt whiskey, cognac, armagnac, weinbrand rum, bourbon whiskey, Irish whiskey, rum, grape wines, cider, sherry, cocoa, tea, roasted filberts and peanuts, honey, soybean, oats, passion fruit, plum, beans, mushroom, apple and plum brandy, gin, rice, rice bran, quince, prickly pear, jackfruit, sake, buckwheat, loquat, wild rice, anise brandy, endive, truffle, arrack, clam, cape gooseberry and Chinese quince.

N-propanol is the parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. 
N-propanol has a role as a protic solvent and a metabolite. 
N-propanol is a short-chain primary fatty alcohol and a member of propan-1-ols.

N-propanol shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol. 
Thus it can be converted to alkyl halides; for example red phosphorus and iodine produce n-propyl iodide in 80% yield, while PCl3 with catalytic ZnCl2 gives n-propyl chloride. 
Reaction with acetic acid in the presence of an H2SO4 catalyst under Fischer esterification conditions gives propyl acetate, while refluxing propanol overnight with formic acid alone can produce propyl formate in 65% yield. 

Oxidation of propan-1-ol with Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 gives a 36% yield of propionaldehyde, and therefore for this type of reaction higher yielding methods using PCC or the Swern oxidation are recommended. 
Oxidation with chromic acid yields propionic acid.
N-propanol (also known as 1-propanol, n-propanol alcohol, propan-1-ol, propyl alcohol) is a primary alcohol in which the OH entity is bonded to a primary carbon atom. 

N-propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH) is one of two isomers of propanol (C3H8O); the other is 2-propanol ((CH3)2CHOH). 
N-propanol is a clear, colourless transparent liquid that has a typical sharp musty odour that is comparable with the smell of rubbing alcohol.
N-propanol has a straight-chain structure with a three-carbon (propyl) backbone and a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to one of the carbon atoms, making it a primary alcohol.

N-propanol is a colorless liquid with a slightly sweet, alcoholic odor. 
N-propanol is miscible with water and many organic solvents, making it a versatile solvent in various chemical processes.
Like other alcohols, N-propanol is flammable and can ignite when exposed to an open flame or heat source.

Melting point: -127 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 97 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.804 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 2.1 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 10 mm Hg ( 147 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.384(lit.)
FEMA: 2928 | PROPYL ALCOHOL
Flash point: 59 °F
storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility: H2O: passes test
form: Liquid
pka: >14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993)
color: <10(APHA)
Relative polarity: 0.617
PH: 7 (200g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: Resembles that of ethyl alcohol.
Odor Threshold: 0.094ppm
Evaporation Rate: 1.3
Viscosity: 2.27 mPas at 20°C
Odor Type: alcoholic
explosive limit    2.1-19.2%(V)
Water Solubility: soluble
λmax: λ: 220 nm Amax: ≤0.40
λ: 240 nm Amax: ≤0.071
λ: 275 nm Amax: ≤0.0044
JECFA Number: 82
Merck: 14,7842
BRN: 1098242
Henry's Law Constant: 6.75 (static headspace-GC, Merk and Riederer, 1997)
Exposure limits    TLV-TWA (200 ppm); (500 mg/m3); STEL 250 ppm (625 mg/m3); IDLH 4000 ppm.
Stability: Stable. May form peroxides in contact with air. Incompatible with alkali metals, alkaline earths, aluminium, oxidizing agents, nitro compounds. Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures explosive.
LogP: 0.33

N-propanol is miscible with water and is highly flammable. 
N-propanol is used as a general solvent, fuel additive, degreasing agent, and component in antifreeze. 
N-propanol is naturally formed in small amounts during fermentation processes. 

N-propanol is found as an ingredient in many personal care products where it acts as a solvent and disinfectant. 
Lab Alley N-propanol 99% has a high purity. 
Chemicals offered at such purity levels are suitable for use in analytical labs requiring repetitive, consistent, and reliable results.

N-propanol reacts with alkali metal, nitrides and strong reducing agents to give flammable and/or toxic gases. 
Reacts with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. 
Converted by oxidizing agents to N-propanoll or propionic acid. 

May initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides. 
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents .
N-propanol or propyl alcohol is the two isomeric forms of alcohol such as n-propyl alcohol or 1-propanol and isopropanol or isopropyl alcohol or 2-propanol. 

The general molecular formula of N-propanol is written as C3H8O or C3H7OH. 
Therefore, the propanol molecule contains a carbon chain and a hydroxyl group in its structure. 
N-propanol is an industrially important chemical compound which uses widely as a solvent in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

N-propanol is a less toxic alcohol than methanol and ethanol with a high octane number. 
Therefore, N-propanol is used as fuel in engines. 
But the use of N-propanol in fuel engines is not enough popular due to its production cost and low energy density.

N-propanol alcohol is used as as solvent in lacquers, dopes; to make cosmetics; dental lotions; clea- ners, polishes, and pharmaceuticals; as a surgical antiseptic. 
N-propanol is a solvent for vegetable oils, natural gums and resins; rosin, shellac, certain synthetic resins; ethylcellulose, and butyral; as a degreasing agent; as a chemical intermediate.
N-propanol has high octane number and is suitable for engine fuel usage. 

However, N-propanol is too expensive to use as a motor fuel. 
The research octane number (RON) of propanol is 118, and anti-knock index (AKI) is 108.
N-propanol molecule contains a carbon chain with three carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group. 

The position of the hydroxyl group in n-propyl alcohol and isopropanol is different.
N-propanol's worth noting that N-propanol and isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol) have different properties and uses. 
Isopropanol is often used as a rubbing alcohol, antiseptic, and solvent, while N-propanol is primarily used as a solvent in industrial and chemical applications.

Preparation Of N-propanol:
N-propanol is produced commercially by the oxo process by reacting ethylene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to give propionaldehyde, which is then hydrogenated. 
N-propanol is the major product of catalytic reduction of propanal (→Propanols). 
Reduction is carried out most economically by a continuous vapor-phase process over a heterogeneous catalyst of supported reduced nickel, copper, and/or zinc and manganese metals.

N-propanol is manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of propionaldehyde. 
Propionaldehyde is produced via the oxo process by hydroformylation of ethylene using carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex.

H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH=O
CH3CH2CH=O + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH
A traditional laboratory preparation of N-propanol involves treating n-propyl iodide with moist Ag2O.

Uses Of N-propanol:
N-propanol is used in making n-propyl acetate; and as a solvent for waxes, resins, vegetable oils, and flexographic printing ink. 
N-propanol is produced from the fermentation and spoilage of vegetable matter.
N Propanol is used as a building block for the production of esters, propyl amines and halides. 

Due to its relatively low odour and inertness compared to other alcohols, it is frequently used in food packaging and other food contact applications. 
N-propanol is widely used in the coatings industry due to its ability to improve the drying characteristics of resins and finishes.
N propanol is used in a great many other applications due to its excellent solvent properties, such as printing ink, dispersing agents, pesticides and adhesives. 

N-propanol is used as an additive in cleaners, floor polishes and degreasing fluids and as a component of de-icing agents.
N-propanol a colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.
N-propanol is commonly used as a solvent in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and coatings. 

N-propanols solvency properties make it suitable for dissolving a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds.
N-propanol is used as a reagent in some chemical reactions and processes.
N-propanol can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals.

N-propanol is sometimes used as a cleaning agent or surface disinfectant, particularly in laboratory settings.
In some cases, N-propanol has been used as a fuel additive.
N-propanol are used mainly as solvents for coatings; in antifreeze compositions and household and personal products; and as chemical intermediates for the production of esters, amines, and other organic derivatives. 

As a solvent, 1-propanol is used principally in printing inks, paint, cosmetics, pesticides, cellulose esters and insecticides.
N-propanol is used commercially to produce glycol ethers. 
These are characterized by dual functionality, which imparts high solvency, chemical stability, and water compatibility.

N-propanol is used as a solvent in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, polishes, dental lotions, coatings, lacquers, printing inks, natural gums, pigments, intermediates, dye solutions, antifreeze, fuel additives, paint additives and de-greasing fluids. 
N-propanol is also used as a chemical intermediate to create esters, halides, propyl amines and propyl acetate. 
The end-user markets of this product are the cosmetics, cleaning, motor, printing, coatings and chemical industries.

N-propanol is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, coating products, pharmaceuticals, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases and metal working fluids.
N-propanol has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
N-propanol is used in the following areas: health services and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.

Release to the environment of N-propanol can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release and manufacturing of the substance.
The hydroxyl group (-OH) in N-propanol is what classifies it as an alcohol. 
This functional group is responsible for its chemical reactivity, including its ability to undergo reactions such as oxidation and esterification.

N-propanol can be oxidized to form various products, including propanal (propionaldehyde) and propanoic acid (propionic acid). 
This property can be useful in organic synthesis when the introduction of carbonyl groups or carboxylic acid groups is desired.
N-propanol can react with carboxylic acids to form esters, a reaction that is commonly used in the fragrance and flavor industry to produce various aroma compounds.

N-propanol is not typically used in alcoholic beverages intended for consumption. However, it is sometimes found in small quantities as an impurity in alcoholic drinks, and its presence can be a concern due to its potential health effects.
N-propanol is less toxic than methanol (methyl alcohol) but more toxic than ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. 

Ingesting N-propanol can be harmful and may cause symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, central nervous system depression. 
N-propanol is important to avoid ingestion and to seek medical attention if exposure occurs.

N-propanol is subject to regulations and safety standards in various industries, particularly those where it is used as a solvent or in chemical processes. 
Regulatory agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may have specific guidelines for its handling and use.
N-propanol is widely used in the manufacturing and processing of various products, including paints, coatings, printing inks, and adhesives. 

N-propanols solvency properties make it valuable for dissolving and carrying other substances in these applications.
N-propanol is also used as fuel in engines due to its high-octane count.  
However, due to its expensive nature and low energy gains, it is not commonly used.

N-propanol is used as a solvent in antifoaming in cosmetics, perfumes, flavours, fragrances, air care products, cleaning and furnishing products, paints, coatings, inks, personal care products, soaps and window cleaner.
N-propanol forms an azeotrope with water at approximately 88.5% by weight of N-propanol. 
This means that at this specific composition, the mixture of N-propanol and water boils at a constant temperature, making it challenging to separate them by simple distillation. 

Special distillation techniques are required to break the azeotrope and obtain pure N-propanol or water.
N-propanol can be further modified or derivatized to create other chemicals with specific properties and applications. 
For example, it can be converted into various esters, acetates, and other derivatives that find uses in different industries, including the fragrance and flavor industry.

N-propanol is valued as a solvent in industrial processes because it can dissolve a wide range of organic compounds, including resins, oils, waxes, and many other substances. 
This makes it useful in cleaning, coating, and formulation processes.
N-propanol is also known by its systematic name, 1-propanol, to indicate its straight-chain structure. 

N-propanol may also be referred to as n-propyl alcohol.
N-propanol is distinct from isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol), which has a branched chain structure and is widely used as a disinfectant, rubbing alcohol, and solvent in various household and medical applications.
The environmental impact of N-propanol largely depends on its use and disposal. 

When used as a solvent in industrial processes, efforts should be made to minimize emissions and follow proper disposal protocols to prevent contamination of soil and water.
N-propanol is typically produced through the hydration of propylene, a petrochemical feedstock. 
The hydration process involves the addition of water to propylene under controlled conditions to form N-propanol.

Safety Profile Of N-propanol:
N-propanol poison by subcutaneous route. 
N-propanol moderately toxic by inhalation, ingestion, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes. 
N-propanol a skin and severe eye irritant. 

N-propanol a flammable liquid and dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. 
N-propanol explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame. 
N-propanol ignites on contact with potassium-tert- butoxide. 

N-propanol dangerous upon exposure to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. 
To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. 
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Health Hazard Of N-propanol:
Target organs: skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tracts, and respiratory system. Toxic routes: ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact.
Ingestion causes headache, drowsiness,abdominal cramps, gastrointestinal pain,ataxia, nausea, and diarrhea. 

N-propanol may cause dermatitison repeated skin contact. 
N-propanol although thetoxicity of 1-propanol is low, at a highconcentration it may produce a narcoticeffect, as well as irritation of the eyes, nose,and throat..

Fire Hazard Of N-propanol:
Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. 
N-propanol vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. 
N-propanol vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. 

Most vapors are heavier than air. 
They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). 
N-propanol vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. 

Synonyms Of N-propanol:
1-propanol
propanol
Propan-1-ol
Propyl alcohol
n-propanol
71-23-8
n-Propyl alcohol
ethylcarbinol
Policosanol
optal
1-hydroxypropane
osmosol extra
Propylic alcohol
Propanol-1
1-Propyl alcohol
n-Propan-1-ol
Propanole
Propanolen
Alcohol, propyl
Propanoli
Ethyl carbinol
Alcool propilico
Alcool propylique
Propylowy alkohol
n-Propyl alkohol
Albacol
142583-61-7
propane-1-ol
1-PROPONOL
propylalcohol
Propyl alcohol, normal
Caswell No. 709A
FEMA No. 2928
FEMA Number 2928
Propyl alcohol (natural)
Propyl alcohol, n-
Propyl-d7 alcohol
NSC 30300
CCRIS 3202
HSDB 115
n-Propylalkohol
EINECS 200-746-9
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 047502
n-PrOH
UNII-96F264O9SV
BRN 1098242
DTXSID2021739
CHEBI:28831
AI3-16115
Propylan-propyl alcohol
96F264O9SV
Propyl-1,1-d2 alcohol
MFCD00002941
NSC-30300
UN 1274
Propyl-3,3,3-d3 alcohol
DTXCID001739
PROPANOL-2,2-D2
62309-51-7
PROPYL ALCOHOL (PROPANOL)
EC 200-746-9
4-01-00-01413 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
1-Propanol, anhydrous
1-Propanol-D1
Propanol; Propan-1-ol
POL
Propanole [German]
Propanolen [Dutch]
Propanol, 1-
Propanoli [Italian]
PROPANOL (EP MONOGRAPH)
PROPANOL [EP MONOGRAPH]
PROPYL ALCOHOL (MART.)
PROPYL ALCOHOL [MART.]
PROPYL-2-D1 ALCOHOL
1 Propanol
Alcool propilico [Italian]
Alcool propylique [French]
n-Propyl alkohol [German]
PROPANOL-1,1,2,2-D4
Propylowy alkohol [Polish]
UN1274
Hydroxypropane
ethyl methanol
n-propylalcohol
normal propanol
ASTM Method D7059 Calibration Mixture 1 500-1200 microg/mL in Toluene
ASTM Method D7059 Calibration Mixture 2 500-600 microg/mL in Toluene
ASTM Method D7059 Calibration Mixture 3 300-500 microg/mL in Toluene
ASTM Method D7059 Calibration Mixture 4 150-500 microg/mL in Toluene
ASTM Method D7059 Calibration Mixture 5 100-500 microg/mL in Toluene
ASTM Method D7059 Calibration Mixture 6 25-500 microg/mL in Toluene
ASTM Method D7059 Calibration Mixture 7 5-500 microg/mL in Toluene
nPrOH
HOPr
PrOH
normal propyl alcohol
Caswell No 709A
188894-71-5
70907-80-1
89603-83-8
N-Propanol ACS grade
n-C3H7OH
1-Propanol, HPLC Grade
bmse000446
N-PROPANOL [HSDB]
PROPANOL [WHO-DD]
1-Propanol, >=99%
PROPYL ALCOHOL [MI]
Pesticide Code: 047502
PROPYL ALCOHOL [FCC]
WLN: Q3
CHEMBL14687
PROPYL ALCOHOL [FHFI]
PROPYL ALCOHOL [INCI]
1-PROPANOL [USP-RS]
1-Propanol, analytical standard
1-Propanol, JIS special grade
1-Propanol, >=99%, FG
1-Propanol, LR, >=99%
1-Propanol, >=99.80%
BDBM36153
1-Propanol, anhydrous, 99.7%
1-Propanol, p.a., 99.5%
1-Propanol, AR, >=99.5%
AMY11110
NSC30300
Tox21_302440
1-Propanol, Spectrophotometric Grade
LMFA05000101
n-Propanol or propyl alcohol, normal
STL264225
1-Propanol, natural, >=98%, FG
Hydroxypropyl cellulose-SL (HPC-SL)
1-Propanol, >=99% (GC), purum
AKOS000249219
1-Propanol, for HPLC, >=99.5%
1-Propanol, for HPLC, >=99.9%
DB03175
1-Propanol, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
1-Propanol, HPLC grade, >=99.5%
CAS-71-23-8
1-Propanol, purum, >=99.0% (GC)
NCGC00255163-01
1-Propanol 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
PROPYL-1,1,3,3,3-D5 ALCOHOL
1-Propanol, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
FT-0608280
FT-0608281
FT-0627482
P0491
1-Propanol, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.0%
EN300-19337
C05979
Q14985
A837125
InChI=1/C3H8O/c1-2-3-4/h4H,2-3H2,1H
J-505102
1-Propanol, for inorganic trace analysis, >=99.8%
VOC Mixture 669 500-5000 microg/mL in Triacetin
F0001-1829
1-Propanol, puriss. p.a., Reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.5% (GC)
1-Propanol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
n-Propanol or propyl alcohol, normal [UN1274] [Flammable liquid]
1-Propanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
5VQ