PANTOTHENIC ACID

Pantothenic Acid is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient.
All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA), which is essential for cellular energy production and for the synthesis and degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Pantothenic Acid is the combination of pantoic acid and β-alanine. 

CAS:    79-83-4
MF:    C9H17NO5
MW:    219.24
EINECS:    201-229-0

Synonyms
(+)-pantothenicacid;(d,+)-n(alpha-gamma-dihydroxy-beta,beta-dimethylbutyryl)-beta-alanine;4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-n-((r)-beta-alanin;chickantidermatitisfactor;D(+)-N-(2,4-Dihy-droxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-alanine;d-pantothenicaci;kyselinapantothenova;N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-,(R)-.beta.-Alanine

Pantothenic Acid's name comes from the Greek πάντοθεν pantothen, meaning "from everywhere", because pantothenic acid, at least in small amounts, is in almost all foods.
Deficiency of pantothenic acid is very rare in humans.
In dietary supplements and animal feed, the form commonly used is calcium pantothenate, because chemically Pantothenic Acid is more stable, and hence makes for longer product shelf-life, than sodium pantothenate and free pantothenic acid.
Pantothenic Acid is a pantothenic acid having R-configuration. 
Pantothenic Acid has a role as an antidote to curare poisoning, a human blood serum metabolite and a geroprotector. 
Pantothenic Acid is a vitamin B5 and a pantothenic acid. 
Pantothenic Acid is a conjugate acid of a (R)-pantothenate.
Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, one of the B vitamins. 
Pantothenic Acid is synthesized from the amino acid β-alanine and pantoic acid (see biosynthesis and structure of coenzyme A figures). 
Unlike vitamin E or vitamin K, which occurs in several chemically related forms known as vitamers, pantothenic acid is only one chemical compound. 
Pantothenic Acid is a starting compound in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a cofactor for many enzyme processes.

Pantothenic Acid is vitamin B5. 
Pantothenic Acid is widely found in both plants and animals including meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk.
Pantothenic Acid helps the body utilize carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. 
Pantothenic Acid is also important for maintaining healthy skin. 
Pantothenic Acid is available as D-pantothenic acid, as well as dexpanthenol and calcium pantothenate, which are chemicals made in the lab from D-pantothenic acid.
People most commonly use pantothenic acid for pantothenic acid deficiency. 
Dexpanthenol, a chemical similar to pantothenic acid, is used for skin irritation, nasal swelling, wound healing, and other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.
Pantothenic Acid is also known as pantothenic acid. 
Pantothenic Acid is one of the 8 water-soluble B vitamins and is converted to Pantethine in the body. 
Pantothenic Acid is not a vitamin.
Although Pantothenic Acid is available in many foods (pantos is Greek for plentiful) namely animal products, green leafy vegetables and unprocessed grains, Pantothenic Acid is however broken down during the processing of foods. 

Bacteria in the colon also make pantothenic acid but Pantothenic Acid isn't known whether people absorb their own self manufactured B5 in significant amounts. 
Pantothenic Acid is needed in the manufacture of Coenzyme A (CoA) (See Acetyl-CoA Support Formula) and acyl carrier protein (ACP), two compounds that are critical in burning fats and carbohydrates in energy metabolism. 
Pantothenic Acid not only helps the body convert carbohydrates to Glucose (for energy) but also helps the body use stored fats. 
Pantothenic Acid and biotin (B7) are types of B vitamins. 
They are water-soluble, which means that the body can't store them. 
If the body can't use the entire vitamin, the extra amount leaves the body through the urine. 
The body keeps a small reserve of these vitamins. 
They have to be taken on a regular basis to maintain the reserve.
Pantothenic Acid is an essential nutrient that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. 
The main function of this water-soluble B vitamin is in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein.

Pantothenic Acid Chemical Properties
Melting point: 178-179℃
alpha: D25 +37.5°
Boiling point: 360.05°C (rough estimate)
density: 1.266
refractive index: 1.4315 (estimate)
storage temp.: Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly), Water (Slightly)
form: Oil to Gel
pka: 4.30±0.10(Predicted)
color: Colourless
Stability: Hygroscopic
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: HAIR CONDITIONING
SKIN CONDITIONING
ANTISTATIC
Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR): D-PANTOTHENIC ACID (79-83-4)
InChI: InChI=1/C9H17NO5/c1-9(2,5-11)7(14)8(15)10-4-3-6(12)13/h7,11,14H,3-5H2,1-2H3,(H,10,15)(H,12,13)/t7-/s3
InChIKey: GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-KPOCXSGKNA-N
LogP: -0.856 (est)
EPA Substance Registry System: Pantothenic Acid (79-83-4)

Colorless or light yellow viscous oily liquid. 
Easy to absorb moisture, unstable. 
Acid, alkali, heat can accelerate its decomposition. 
Pantothenic Acid is insoluble in benzene, chloroform, slightly soluble in ether, pentanol, soluble in water, ethyl acetate, dioxane and glacial acetic acid.

Physical properties    
Pantothenic Acid is composed of β-alanine joined to 2,4-dihydroxy-3,3- dimethylbutyric acid via an amide linkage. 
The molecule has an asymmetric center, and only the R-enantiomer, usually called D-(+)pantothenic acid, is biologically active and occurs naturally. 
Appearance: Pantothenic Acid is a yellow, viscous oil. 
Pantothenic Acid's calcium and other salts, however, are colorless crystalline substances; calcium pantothenate is the main product of commerce. 
Solubility: neither form is soluble in organic solvents, but each is soluble in water and ethanol. 
Stability: aqueous solu tions of pantothenic acid are unstable when heated under acidic or alkaline conditions.

Uses    
Pantothenic Acid is a member of the B complex vitamins; essential vitamin for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A in mammalian cells.
Occurs ubiquitously in all animal and plant tissue. 
The richest common source is liver, but jelly of the queen bee contains 6 times as much as liver. 
Rice bran and molasses are other good sources.
Pantothenic Acid is water-soluble. 
Pantothenic Acid is required for proper growth and maintenance of the body and is involved in body processes such as energy release from carbohydrates and metabolism of fatty acids. 
Pantothenic Acid is relatively stable through storage and is found in liver, eggs, and meat.

Manufacturing Process    
Isobutylaldehyde reacted with formaldehyde in the presence potassium chromate as a result 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-propanal was obtained.
The 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-propanal was treated by sodium cyanide so 2,4dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butironitrile was prepared.
The 2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butironitrile was treated hydrochloric acid and D,L-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-dihydro-furan-2-one (D,L-pantolacton) was obtained. 
The racemic mixture of D- and L-pantolactons was a division of Dand L- isomers by the adding of α-phenylethylamine.
So D-pantolacton was isolated.
Acrylic acid contacted with NH3and β-alanine was obtained.
D-Pantalacton reacted with β-alanine as a result 3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3dimethyl-butyrylamino)-propanoic acid was produced

Synthesis
Biosynthesis
Bacteria synthesize pantothenic acid from the amino acids aspartate and a precursor to the amino acid valine. 
Aspartate is converted to β-alanine. 
The amino group of valine is replaced by a keto-moiety to yield α-ketoisovalerate, which, in turn, forms α-ketopantoate following transfer of a methyl group, then D-pantoate (also known as pantoic acid) following reduction.
β-alanine and pantoic acid are then condensed to form pantothenic acid.

Industrial synthesis
The industrial synthesis of pantothenic acid starts with the aldol condensation of isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde. 
The resulting hydroxypivaldehyde is converted to its cyanohydrin derivative. 
which is cyclised to give racemic pantolactone. 
This sequence of reactions was first published in 1904.
Synthesis of the vitamin is completed by resolution of the lactone using quinine, for example, followed by treatment with the calcium or sodium salt of β-alanine.