PANTOTHENIC ACID

Pantothenic acid is an essential water-soluble nutrient found in many plant and animal foods.
Pantothenic acid supports the formation of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein, which play key roles in energy metabolism and fatty acid synthesis.
Pantothenic acid is used as a vitamin ingredient in dietary supplements and fortified foods and beverages.

CAS Number: 79-83-4
EC Number: 201-229-0
Molecular Formula: C9H17NO5
Molecular Weight: 219.23 g/mol

Synonyms: pantothenic acid, D-pantothenic acid, vitamin B5, 79-83-4, Chick antidermatitis factor, (+)-Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B-5, Kyselina pantothenova, D(+)-N-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-beta-alanine, Pantothenic acid (d), 3-[[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoic acid, (D,+)-N(alpha-gamma-Dihydroxy-beta,beta-dimethylbutyryl)-beta-alanine, beta-Alanine, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-, (R)-, N-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-beta-alanine, 19F5HK2737, DTXSID9023417, CHEBI:46905, B 5, Vitamin, CHEBI:7916, Cantopal, Calc pantoth, 3-(((2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)amino)propanoic acid, 3-(((2R)-3,3-dimethyl-2,4-bis(oxidanyl)butanoyl)amino)propanoic acid, 3-[[(2R)-3,3-dimethyl-2,4-bis(oxidanyl)butanoyl]amino]propanoic acid, Pantothenate, Zinc, B5, Vitamin, Vitamin B 5, Pantothenate, Calcium, PureVita Vitamin B5, RefChem:6101, DTXCID203417, CHEBI:176840, beta-Alanine, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-,(R)-, 201-229-0, 3-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoic acid, beta-Alanine, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-, PANTOTHENOIC ACID, (D)-(+)-Pantothenic acid, Kyselina pantothenova [Czech], HSDB 1020, Pantothenic Acid [BAN], (R)-pantothenic acid, BRN 1727064, N-[(2R)-2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]-beta-alanine, N-[(2R)-2,4-DIHYDROXY-3,3-DIMETHYLBUTANOYL]-BETA-ALANINE, MFCD00020513, 3-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido]propanoic acid, Pantothenic acid (BAN), (+)-Pantothenate, (+)-(R)-3-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoic acid, 3-[[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butanoyl]amino]propanoic acid, Pantothenic acid, D-, Pantothenic Acid (Technical Grade, Contains Lactone), (R)-N-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-beta-alanine, N-[(2R)-2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]-ss-alanine, d-pantothenate, PAU, EINECS 201-229-0, d-pantothenicaci, pantothenic-acid, UNII-19F5HK2737, delta-Pantothenate, kyselinapantothenova, (+)-pantothenicacid, delta-Pantothenic acid, chickantidermatitisfactor, (R)-3-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propanoic acid, D-(+)-pantothenic acid, (D)-(+)-Pantothenate, bmse000287, SCHEMBL5436, CHEMBL1594, VITAMIN B5 [VANDF], 4-04-00-02569 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), PANTOTHENIC ACID [MI], Pantothenic acid, D- (8CI), GTPL4668, orb1223981, orb1300732, Pantothenic acid (pantothenate), PANTOTHENIC ACID [HSDB], PANTOTHENIC ACID [VANDF], ()-pantothenate;()-vitamin B5, PANTOTHENIC ACID [MART.], VITAMIN B5 [GREEN BOOK], PANTOTHENIC ACID [WHO-DD], GLXC-08188, HMS2090P08, HMS3656K08, HY-B0430, Pantothenic acid, (*Calcium salt*), .beta.-Alanine, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-, (R)-, .beta.-Alanine, N-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]-, EBC-26228, LMFA08020419, NA 9:1;O4, D-Pantothenic acid - Technical grade, AKOS016010488, PANTOTHENIC ACID [ORANGE BOOK], DB01783, MSK001412-100W, NCGC00183031-05, NCGC00183031-08, NCGC00346610-01, AS-75446, FP145946, SY046441, SBI-0206933.P001, NS00069969, SW220291-1, T6480, C00864, D07413, E83797, EN300-113766, D-Pantothenic acid Solution in Water, 100ug/mL, BRD-K29392254-001-02-2, BRD-K29392254-001-03-0, BRD-K29392254-236-01-6, Q63390527, D(+)-N-(2,4-Dihy-droxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-alanine, D(+)-N-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-b-alanine, 4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-n-((r)-beta-alanin, (R)-3-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanamido)propionic Acid, 450B5472-A689-4BCA-9BC1-58691B72D00F, N-[(2R)-2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]-|_-alanine, N-[(2R)-2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]-|A-alanine, 3-((R)-2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butyrylamino)-propionic acid, 3-[[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-butanoyl]amino]propionic acid, beta-Alanine, N-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]-, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-,(R)-.beta.-Alanine, b-Alanine, N-[(2R)-2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]- (9CI), beta-Alanine, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-, (R)- (9CI), N-((2R)-2,4-DIHYDROXY-3,3-DIMETHYL-1-OXOBUTYL)-.BETA.-ALANINE

Pantothenic acid is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient.
All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA), which is essential for cellular energy production and for the synthesis and degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

Pantothenic acid is the combination of pantoic acid and β-alanine.
Pantothenic acid's name comes from the Greek πάντοθεν pantothen, meaning "from everywhere", because pantothenic acid, at least in small amounts, is in almost all foods.

Deficiency of pantothenic acid is very rare in humans.
In dietary supplements and animal feed, the form commonly used is calcium pantothenate, because chemically it is more stable, and hence makes for longer product shelf-life, than sodium pantothenate and free pantothenic acid.

Pantothenic acid is a vitamin naturally present in foods, added to foods, and available as a supplement.
Pantothenic acid is used to make coenzyme A, a chemical compound that helps enzymes to build and break down fatty acids as well as perform other metabolic functions, and acyl carrier protein, which is also involved in building fats.

Pantothenic acid is found in a wide variety of foods.
Bacteria in the gut can also produce some pantothenic acid but not enough to meet dietary needs.

Pantothenic acid is part of the B-vitamin family.
All the B vits help your body break down your food for energy but B5 has some specific roles, including production of cholesterol and steroid hormones.

Pantothenic acid, like all B vitamins, is water-soluble so we need to consume enough of it every day to keep our levels topped up.
You can find Pantothenic acid in foods such as chicken, beef, porridge and wholegrain foods.
A Pantothenic acid deficiency is rare, because it is found in almost all meats and vegetables.

Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin.
Pantothenic acid cannot be stored in fat.

Pantothenic acid is found in nearly all foods, with high amounts in seeds and whole grains and in some varieties of stinging nettles (plants in the Urticacae or nettle family).
Royal jelly is the natural product known to contain the most Pantothenic acid. 

Pantothenic acid promotes skin and mucosa growth and resistance to stress or disease.
Pantothenic acid is necessary to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and is instrumental in the synthesis of some hormones. 

Pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement.
The main function of this water-soluble B vitamin is in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein.

CoA is essential for fatty acid synthesis and degradation, transfer of acetyl and acyl groups, and a multitude of other anabolic and catabolic processes.
Acyl carrier protein's main role is in fatty acid synthesis.

A wide variety of plant and animal foods contain pantothenic acid.
About 85% of dietary pantothenic acid is in the form of CoA or phosphopantetheine.

These forms are converted to pantothenic acid by digestive enzymes (nucleosidases, peptidases, and phosphorylases) in the intestinal lumen and intestinal cells.
Pantothenic acid is absorbed in the intestine and delivered directly into the bloodstream by active transport (and possibly simple diffusion at higher doses).

Pantetheine, the dephosphorylated form of phosphopantetheine, however, is first taken up by intestinal cells and converted to pantothenic acid before being delivered into the bloodstream.
The intestinal flora also produces pantothenic acid, but its contribution to the total amount of pantothenic acid that the body absorbs is not known.

Red blood cells carry pantothenic acid throughout the body.
Most pantothenic acid in tissues is in the form of CoA, but smaller amounts are present as acyl carrier protein or free pantothenic acid.

Pantothenic acid status is not routinely measured in healthy people.
Microbiologic growth assays, animal bioassays, and radioimmunoassays can be used to measure pantothenic concentrations in blood, urine, and tissue, but urinary concentrations are the most reliable indicators because of their close relationship with dietary intake.

With a typical American diet, the urinary excretion rate for pantothenic acid is about 2.6 mg/day.
Excretion of less than 1 mg pantothenic acid per day suggests deficiency.

Like urinary concentrations, whole-blood concentrations of pantothenic acid correlate with pantothenic acid intake, but measuring pantothenic acid in whole blood requires enzyme pretreatment to release free pantothenic acid from CoA.
Normal blood concentrations of pantothenic acid range from 1.6 to 2.7 mcmol/L, and blood concentrations below 1 mcmol/L are considered low and suggest deficiency.
Unlike whole-blood concentrations, plasma levels of pantothenic acid do not correlate well with changes in intake or status.

Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin discovered by Roger J. Williams in 1919.
For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient as it is required to synthesize coenzyme-A (CoA), as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

Pantothenic acid is the amide between pantoic acid and β-alanine and commonly found as its alcohol analog, the provitamin panthenol, and as calcium pantothenate.
Small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole-grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, royal jelly, avocado, and yogurt.

Pantothenic acid is an ingredient in some hair and skin care products.
Only the dextrorotatory (D) isomer of pantothenic acid possesses biological activity.
while the levorotatory (L) form may antagonize the effects of the dextrorotatory isomer.

Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, one of the B vitamins.
Pantothenic acid is synthesized from the amino acid β-alanine and pantoic acid.

Unlike vitamin E or vitamin K, which occurs in several chemically related forms known as vitamers, pantothenic acid is only one chemical compound.
Pantothenic acid is a starting compound in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a cofactor for many enzyme processes.

Pantothenic acid is defined as a component of coenzyme A (CoA), which is essential for various metabolic reactions including protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones.

Pantothenic acid is an important vitamin involved in many bodily functions.
Laboratory testing to determine the level of this vitamin in the body is usually performed on a blood sample.

This test provides important information about a person's overall health and can help identify potential nutritional deficiencies or metabolic disorders.
Pantothenic acid testing is important as it helps ensure that the body receives enough of this vital vitamin, which is necessary for energy production and other important functions.

pantothenic acid, water-soluble vitamin essential in animal metabolism.
Pantothenic acid, a growth-promoting substance for yeast and certain bacteria, appears to be synthesized by bacteria in the intestines of the higher animals.
Pantothenic acid was first isolated from liver cells in 1938 and was first synthesized in 1940.

The vitamin is widespread in nature—especially in yeasts, liver, kidney, eggs, whole grains, and legumes—though it does not exist in its free form in animal tissue.
The nature of the bound form was clarified through the discovery and synthesis (1947–50) of the compound pantetheine, which contains pantothenic acid combined with the compound thioethanolamine.
Pantetheine is part of two larger compounds (coenzyme A and acyl-carrier protein) that promote a large number of metabolic reactions essential for the growth and well-being of animals.

In the absence of pantothenic acid, experimental animals fail to grow, develop skin lesions, and frequently show a graying of the hair.
A dietary deficiency severe enough to lead to clear-cut disease has not been described in humans; however, when a person is severely malnourished, deficiency of the vitamin appears to contribute to the observed weakness and mental depression.
Deficiency can be addressed through vitamin supplementation and diet; natural foods, such as sunflower seeds, and certain manufactured food products, such as breakfast cereals, contain sufficient amounts of pantothenic acid to fulfill dietary needs in humans.

Pantothenic acid is an essential, water-soluble vitamin frequently found in skincare products in the form of provitamin B5 (panthenol).
A key ingredient in Lacinia formulations, this vitamin derives its name from the Greek word *pantos*, meaning "everywhere."

Pantothenic acid's immense popularity in the cosmetics industry stems from its exceptional ability to support the skin's moisture barrier and impart a silky softness.
Pantothenic acid acts as a humectant, effectively penetrating the upper layers of the skin to lock in environmental moisture, keeping the skin hydrated, vibrant, and plump for extended periods.
Pantothenic acid serves as a veritable moisture reservoir for dry and dehydrated skin.

Uses of Pantothenic Acid:
Pantothenic acid is commonly used to prevent or treat low levels of vitamin B5, which may be caused by various factors.
Pantothenic acid may also be used for other conditions as determined by your health care provider.

Health uses:
Some research from 2014Trusted Source suggests that taking pantethine, a form of pantothenic acid, may reduce blood lipid levels when taken in large amounts alongside a heart-healthy diet.
However, more research is needed to better understand the benefits.

Other research from 2011Trusted Source suggests that taking pantethine and following a heart-healthy diet may help lower total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (or bad cholesterol), and apolipoprotein B. More research is needed to determine whether or not there is a benefit to cholesterol in taking pantethine without also adopting diet changes

Cosmetic uses:
Pantothenic acid in the form of panthenol and dexpanthenol are approved for use in cosmetics by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Dexpanthenol, a chemical made from pantothenic acid, is often added to hair and skin products, as well as makeup, and may help moisturize the skin.

Pantothenic acid can also be applied to the skin to relieve itchiness and promote healing from skin conditions, such as:
Eczema
Insect bites
Poison ivy
Diaper rash

Dexpanthenol may also help prevent and treat skin reactions from radiation therapy.

Dexpanthenol may helpTrusted Source treat mild to moderate childhood atopic dermatitis as well as skin-related side effects of the acne medication isotretinoin.
Some research suggests Pantothenic acid may have a potential benefit in wound healing, though more research is needed.

Before using products containing Pantothenic acid on the skin, or any new skin care product, it’s best to test on a small area, as some people may have reactions to them.

Use in biosynthesis of coenzyme A:
Pantothenic acid is a precursor to CoA via a five-step process.
The biosynthesis requires pantothenic acid, cysteine, and four equivalents of ATP.

Pantothenic acid is phosphorylated to 4′-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase.
This is the committed step in CoA biosynthesis and requires ATP.

A cysteine is added to 4′-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase to form 4'-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC).
This step is coupled with ATP hydrolysis.

PPC is decarboxylated to 4′-phosphopantetheine by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase
4′-Phosphopantetheine is adenylated (or more properly, AMPylated) to form dephospho-CoA by the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyl transferase
Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase.

This final step also requires ATP.
This pathway is suppressed by end-product inhibition, meaning that CoA is a competitive inhibitor of pantothenate kinase, the enzyme responsible for the first step.

Coenzyme A is necessary in the reaction mechanism of the citric acid cycle.
This process is the body's primary catabolic pathway and is essential in breaking down the building blocks of the cell such as carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids, for fuel.

CoA is important in energy metabolism for pyruvate to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) as acetyl-CoA, and for α-ketoglutarate to be transformed to succinyl-CoA in the cycle.
CoA is also required for acylation and acetylation, which, for example, are involved in signal transduction, and various enzyme functions.

In addition to functioning as CoA, this compound can act as an acyl group carrier to form acetyl-CoA and other related compounds; this is a way to transport carbon atoms within the cell.
CoA is also required in the formation of acyl carrier protein (ACP) which is required for fatty acid synthesis.
Pantothenic acid's synthesis also connects with other vitamins such as thiamin and folic acid.

Benefits of Pantothenic Acid:
Pantothenic acid is one of the eight B vitamins.
And like other B vitamins, Pantothenic acid plays an important role in several processes throughout your body. (Bonus: Pantothenic acid also can be a helpful ingredient in your skin care and hair care products.)

“B vitamins act as coenzymes, which means they help to either create enzymes our bodies need or activate enzymes that are in your body so they can go and do their jobs,” Romito shares.
“Some of those enzymes help with digesting foods and converting foods into energy that our cells can use.
Others are used for functions like growing healthy blood cells, replicating DNA or preventing DNA damage.”

Here’s what Pantothenic acid specifically does for your body.

Food metabolism:
Pantothenic acid’s primary goal is to help make and break down fatty acids.
That means Pantothenic acid helps to turn the fats in the foods you eat into energy.
Pantothenic acid does that by making a compound in your body called coenzyme A, which helps turn food into energy your body can use to go about its business.

In people living with a rare genetic condition called pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), Pantothenic acid doesn’t effectively convert into coenzyme A.
That can lead to serious and life-threatening loss of function.

PKAN is very rare.
Pantothenic acid’s estimated to affect between 1 and 3 people per million around the world.

Improving cholesterol:
Some early research has suggested that high doses of one form of Pantothenic acid may help people with hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol).
Some studies have reported that high levels of Pantothenic acid can help lower levels of LDL (“bad” cholesterol) and improve or maintain levels of HDL (“good” cholesterol).

“Pantothenic acid’s still being studied,” Romito says.
“But some research has shown that Pantothenic acid impacts how lipids are processed and utilized in your body, which can lead to improvements in cholesterol.”

In one study of 120 people, researchers showed that participants who took Pantothenic acid supplements had small but significant improvements in cholesterol.

While the research is promising so far, it’s still preliminary.
Future studies will be needed on larger groups of people and following the effects of Pantothenic acid on cholesterol for longer periods of time.

Sources of Pantothenic Acid:

Food:
Almost all plant- and animal-based foods contain pantothenic acid in varying amounts.
Some of the richest dietary sources are beef, chicken, organ meats, whole grains, and some vegetables.

Pantothenic acid is added to various foods, including some breakfast cereals and beverages (such as energy drinks).
Limited data indicate that the body absorbs 40%–61% (or half, on average) of pantothenic acid from foods.

Edible animal and plant tissues contain relatively high concentrations of pantothenic acid.
Food processing, however, can cause significant losses of this compound (20% to almost 80%).

Dietary:
Food sources of pantothenic acid include animal-sourced foods, including dairy foods and eggs.
Potatoes, tomato products, oat-cereals, sunflower seeds, avocado are good plant sources.

Mushrooms are good sources, too.
Whole grains are another source of the vitamin, but milling to make white rice or white flour removes much of the pantothenic acid, as it is found in the outer layers of whole grains.
In animal feeds, the most important sources are alfalfa, cereal, fish meal, peanut meal, molasses, rice bran, wheat bran, and yeasts.

Supplements:
Dietary supplements of pantothenic acid commonly use pantothenol (or panthenol), a shelf-stable analog, which is converted to pantothenic acid once consumed.
Calcium pantothenate – a salt – may be used in manufacturing because it is more resistant than pantothenic acid to factors that deteriorate stability, such as acid, alkali or heat.

The amount of pantothenic acid in dietary supplement products may contain up to 1,000 mg (200 times the Adequate Intake level for adults), without evidence that such large amounts provide any benefit.
According to WebMD, pantothenic acid supplements have a long list of claimed uses, but there is insufficient scientific evidence to support any of them.

As a dietary supplement, pantothenic acid is not the same as pantethine, which is composed of two pantothenic acid molecules linked by a disulfide bridge.
Sold as a high-dose supplement (600 mg), pantethine may be effective for lowering blood levels of LDL cholesterol – a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases – but its long-term effects are unknown, so use should be supervised by a physician.
Dietary supplementation with pantothenic acid does not have the cholesterol-lowering effect as pantethine.

Fortification:
According to the Global Fortification Data Exchange, pantothenic acid deficiency is so rare that no countries require that foods be fortified.

Synthesis of Pantothenic Acid:

Biosynthesis:
Bacteria synthesize pantothenic acid from the amino acids aspartate and a precursor to the amino acid valine.
Aspartate is converted to β-alanine.

The amino group of valine is replaced by a keto-moiety to yield α-ketoisovalerate, which, in turn, forms α-ketopantoate following transfer of a methyl group, then D-pantoate (also known as pantoic acid) following reduction.
β-alanine and pantoic acid are then condensed to form pantothenic acid.

Industrial synthesis
The industrial synthesis of pantothenic acid starts with the aldol condensation of isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde.
The resulting hydroxypivaldehyde is converted to its cyanohydrin derivative.

which is cyclised to give racemic pantolactone.
This sequence of reactions was first published in 1904.

Synthesis of the vitamin is completed by resolution of the lactone using quinine, for example, followed by treatment with the calcium or sodium salt of β-alanine.

History of Pantothenic Acid:
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who isolated a complex of water-soluble micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines.
When this presumption was later determined not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name, hence "vitamin".

Vitamin nomenclature was alphabetical, with Elmer McCollum calling these fat-soluble A and water-soluble B.
Over time, eight chemically distinct, water-soluble B vitamins were isolated and numbered, with pantothenic acid as vitamin B5.

The essential nature of pantothenic acid was discovered by Roger J. Williams in 1933 by showing it was required for the growth of yeast.
Three years later Elvehjem and Jukes demonstrated that Pantothenic acid was a growth and anti-dermatitis factor in chickens.

Williams dubbed the compound "pantothenic acid", deriving the name from the Greek word pantothen, which translates as "from everywhere".
His reason was that he found it to be present in almost every food he tested.

Williams went on to determine the chemical structure in 1940.
In 1953, Fritz Lipmann shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism", work he had published in 1946.

Stability and Reactivity of Pantothenic Acid:

Chemical stability:
Stable under normal ambient and recommended handling conditions.

Reactivity:
Accumulation of fine dust may create an explosion hazard.

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents may cause violent reactions.

Hazardous decomposition products:
Combustion may release carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.

Handling and Storage of Pantothenic Acid:

Safe handling:
Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and contact with skin and eyes.

Hygiene measures:
Wash thoroughly after handling and clean contaminated clothing before reuse.

Storage conditions:
Keep containers tightly closed, dry, and away from incompatible materials.

Storage temperature:
Follow the supplier’s instructions.
The reviewed technical grades require frozen storage, approximately −20°C.

First Aid Measures of Pantothenic Acid:

Inhalation:
Move to fresh air and seek medical advice if symptoms persist.

Skin contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and rinse skin thoroughly with water.

Eye contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Seek medical advice if discomfort persists.

Ingestion:
Rinse mouth and contact a doctor if feeling unwell.

Firefighting Measures of Pantothenic Acid:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Water spray, foam, dry powder, or carbon dioxide.

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
Direct water jet.

Special hazards:
Combustion may produce toxic fumes.

Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing.

Additional precautions:
Prevent contaminated firefighting water from entering drains.

Accidental Release Measures of Pantothenic Acid:

Personal precautions:
Ventilate the area and avoid dust exposure.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent entry into soil, drains, and waterways.

Cleanup methods:
Collect mechanically into suitable closed containers without generating dust.

Disposal:
Dispose of collected material according to applicable regulations.

Exposure Controls / Personal Protective Equipment of Pantothenic Acid:

Engineering controls:
Provide exhaust ventilation, eyewash facilities, and a safety shower.

Respiratory protection:
Use approved particulate respiratory protection when dust is generated.

Hand protection:
Wear compatible chemical-resistant gloves.

Eye protection:
Wear safety goggles.

Skin protection:
Wear suitable protective clothing.

Identifiers of Pantothenic Acid:
CAS number: 79-83-4
Molecular formula: C9H17NO5
Molecular weight: 219.23 g/mol
PubChem CID: 6613

IUPAC name: 3-[[(2R)-2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoic acid
CAS number: 79-83-4
EC / EINECS number: 201-229-0
Molecular formula: C9H17NO5
Molecular weight: 219.23 g/mol
PubChem CID: 6613
UNII: 19F5HK2737
InChIKey: GHOKWGTUZJEAQD-ZETCQYMHSA-N

Properties of Pantothenic Acid:
Molecular Weight: 219.23 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: -1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
Rotatable Bond Count: 6
Exact Mass: 219.11067264 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 219.11067264 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 107 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 15
Complexity: 239
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes