PRODUCTS

PHENOL CRYSTAL

In molecular biology, Phenol Crystal is used in the extraction of nucleic acid from tissues by using liquid/liquid phenol-chloroform extraction technique.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the preparation of cosmetics, hair colorings and skin lightening preparations.
Phenol Crystal is used in the production of Phenol Crystalic resins, bisPhenol Crystal A, caprolactam, and other chemicals.

CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7
MDL Number: MFCD00002143
Molar Mass: 94.11 g/mol
Chemical Formula: C₆H₅OH
Hill Formula: C₆H₆O

SYNONYMS:
Hydroxybenzene, Carbolic acid, carbolic acid, hydroxybenzene, phenic acid, phenylic acid, oxybenzene, benzenol, phenyl hydrate, monophenol, phenyl hydroxide, phenylic alcohol, phenol, 108-95-2, carbolic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenic acid, Oxybenzene, Benzenol, Phenylic acid, Phenylic alcohol, Monophenol, Phenyl hydrate, Phenyl hydroxide, PhOH, Monohydroxybenzene, Paoscle, Phenole, Izal, Phenyl alcohol, Phenol alcohol, Acide carbolique, Phenol, liquefied, Fenolo, Carbolsaure, Phenosmolin, Fenol, Liquid phenol, Phenol, pure, Benzene, hydroxy-, Rcra waste number U188, Liquefied phenol, Liquified Phenol, Carbolicum acidum, NCI-C50124, Campho-Phenique Gel, phenylalcohol, UN 2312 (molten), Phenol [JAN], UN 1671 (solid), Phenic, Caswell No. 649, Campho-Phenique Liquid, Phenol, molten, 2-allphenol, Baker's P & S liquid & Ointment, Fenol [Dutch, Polish], NSC 36808, Phenol, liquified, Baker's P and S Liquid and Ointment, Monohydroxy benzene, CCRIS 504, Campho-Phenique Cold Sore Gel, Carbolsaeure, FEMA No. 3223, Karbolsaeure, HSDB 113, acide phenique, DTXSID5021124, Phenic alcohol, Phenol, liquified, Synthetic phenol, Phenol, dimer, AI3-01814, RCRA waste no. U188, EINECS 203-632-7, UNII-339NCG44TV, MFCD00002143, NSC-36808, UN1671, UN2312, UN2821, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 064001, 339NCG44TV, CHEBI:15882, Phenol [USP:JAN], ENT-1814, Phenol-3,5-d2, 27073-41-2, CHEMBL14060, DTXCID501124, EC 203-632-7, NSC36808, Phenol, Glass Distilled Under Argon, 65996-83-0, Phenol, solid [UN1671], Phenol (USP:JAN), Phenol, molten [UN2312], NCGC00091454-04, Fenosmoline, Fenosmolin, PHENOL (IARC), PHENOL [IARC], PHENOL (USP-RS), PHENOL [USP-RS], PHENOL (II), PHENOL [II], PHENOL (MART.), PHENOL [MART.], Phenol, >=99.0%, 17442-59-0, PHENOL (EP MONOGRAPH), PHENOL [EP MONOGRAPH], PHENOL (USP MONOGRAPH), PHENOL [USP MONOGRAPH], Carbol, hydroxy benzene, Phenol 100 microg/mL in Methanol, Phenol, liquid, Phenol, solid, Baker's p and s, Phenol, sulfurated, CAS-108-95-2, METACRESOL IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), METACRESOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], (14C)Phenol, HEXYLRESORCINOL IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), HEXYLRESORCINOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], PHENOL (2,3,4,5,6-D5), arenols, Benzophenol, Karbolsaure, Phylorinol, Ulcerease, Hydroxy-benzene, Phenol liquid, Phenol molten, Fungus Fighte, Phenol synthetic, Pandy's reagent, Cepastat lozenges, Fortinia ID, Phenol, labeled with carbon-14, Acidum Carbolicum, Phenol (liquid), 2-phenyl alcohol, Sore ThroatCherry, Phenol, synthetic, Phenol, ultrapure, ABC Sore Throat, HEB Sore Throat, Phenol ACS grade, RugbyCherry Flavor, Sore ThroatMenthol, Sore Throat Spray, Meijer Sore Throat, Sore Throat Cherry, Sore Throat Relief, Liquefied phenol BP, Paoscle (TN), Topcare Sore Throat, Carbolic acid liquid, Phenol (TN), Phenol,(S), TopCareCherry Flavor, Phenol, ACS reagent, PUBLIX Sore Throat, Carbolic acid, liquid, CepastatExtra Strength, Walgreens Sore Throat, 63496-48-0, Sore Throat, Vortex Moisturizer Oral, 1ai7, 1li2, 4i7l, Liquefied phenol (TN), DRx Choice Sore Throat, PHENOL [VANDF], Wild Horse 777 Oral, PHENOL [FHFI], PHENOL [HSDB], PHENOL [INCI], Sore Throat ReliefCherry, Castellani Paint 1.5%, Phenol (JP17/USP), PHENOL [WHO-DD], Phenol, detached crystals, Pain RelievingPetro Carbo, PHENOL [MI], Phenol, >=99%, Sore Throat ReliefMenthol, WLN: QR, Good Neighbor Sore Throat, Liquefied phenol (JP17), bmse000290, bmse010026, C6H5OH, Fenol(DUTCH, POLISH), NICE SORE THROAT Cherry, PHENOL, 80% in ethanol, Phenol, LR, >=99%, Phen-2,4,6-d3-ol-d, HEB Sore ThroatCherry Flavor, MLS001065591, Phenol (CGA 73330), Phenol, for molecular biology, BIDD:ER0293, Phenol for disinfection (TN), ABC Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, HEB Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, NICE SORE THROAT Spearmint, Phenol, natural, 97%, FG, CHLORASEPTIC SORE THROAT, Chloraseptic Sore Throat Cherry, Chloraseptic Sore Throat Citrus, Cuticura pain relieving ointment, Sore Throat ReliefCherry Flavor, CARBOLICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], Phenol, AR, >=99.5%, PHENOL,LIQUIFIED [VANDF], BDBM26187, CHEBI:33853, Phenol for disinfection (JP17), Topcare Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, 3f39, Phenol 10 microg/mL in Methanol, PUBLIX Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, Walgreens Sore ThroatCherry Flavor, phenol 0.6% anesthetic oral rinse, Tox21_113463, Tox21_201639, Tox21_300042, DRx Choice Sore ThroatMenthol Flavor, Phenol 5000 microg/mL in Methanol, AKOS000119025, Eos Medicated Pain Relieving Lip Balm, Tox21_113463_1, DB03255, Good Neighbor Sore ThroatCherry Flavor, NA 2821, Phenol, BioXtra, >=99.5% (GC), Phenol, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, UN 1671, UN 2312, UN 2821, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 064001, NCGC00091454-01, NCGC00091454-02, NCGC00091454-03, NCGC00091454-05, NCGC00091454-06, NCGC00091454-07, NCGC00254019-01, NCGC00259188-01, Phenol, JIS special grade, >=99.0%, 61788-41-8, 73607-76-8, AM802906, BP-30160, METHYL SALICYLATE IMPURITY B [EP], SMR000568492, Phenol 1000 microg/mL in Dichloromethane, Phenol, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard, Liquified Phenol (contains 7-10 % water), NS00010045, P1610, P2771, EN300-19432, C00146, D00033, Phenol, unstabilized, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, SALICYLIC ACID IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], Phenol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.5-100.5%, PUBLIX Sore Throat Fast Relief Oral Anesthetic, Q130336, CVS Health Sore Throat Fast Relief Oral Anesthetic, J-610001, Phenol, for molecular biology, ~90% (T), liquid, A13-01814, F1908-0106, Phenol, unstabilized, purified by redistillation, >=99%, Z104473830, InChI=1/C6H6O/c7-6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5,7, Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (GC), Phenol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Liquified Phenol, meets USP testing specifications, >=89.0%, Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, TE-saturated, ~73% (T), phenol;phenol [jan];phenol, pure;phenol phenol [jan] phenol, pure, Phenol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.0-100.5%, Phenol, contains hypophosphorous as stabilizer, loose crystals, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99.5-100.5% (GC), Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, >=99.5% (GC), crystalline (detached), Carbolic Acid, Phenyl, Hydrate, Phenylic Acid, Carbolic acid, Phenic acid, Phenylic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenol, fused, Monohydroxybenzene, Phenol, solid, Carbolic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenic acid, Phenylic acid, Phenyl hydroxide, Phenyl alcohol, Carbolic Acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenyl Alcohol, Phenylic Acid

Phenol Crystal, also known as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C₆H₅OH.
Phenol Crystal appears as a colorless-to-white crystalline solid and has a distinct sweet and tarry odor.
Phenol Crystal (also known as carbolic acid, Phenol Crystalic acid, or benzenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.

Phenol Crystal is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.
The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH).
Phenol Crystal was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 million tonnes a year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks.

Phenol Crystal is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds.
Phenol Crystal is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials.

Phenol Crystal and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, explosives, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.
Phenol Crystal (C₆H₆O) is a versatile compound with several notable properties and applications.

Phenol Crystal – extremely volatile, mildly acidic, white crystalline solid derived from the organic phenol (hydroxyl / -OH) compound, also widely known as carbolic acid.
Phenol Crystal is used for phenolisation (full nail avulsion / matrixectomy), Phenol Crystal prevent nail regrowth when applied to the nail matrix.

Predominately produced from benzene through either hydrolysis or chlorobenzene or oxidisation of isopropylbenzene, Phenol Crystal are toxic, combustible and highly corrosive, therefore should be stored and handled with extreme caution.
Phenol Crystal is a reactive organic chemical which is used in a wide variety of chemical products vital to the economy of the world.

Phenol Crystal is an amino acid derivate which is used to protect plants from infections and pests and is made by the natural degradation of organic waste products.
Phenol Crystal is popularly known as Carbolic Acid Liquid and acts as an antimicrobial agent and is used in a variety of pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides.

USES and APPLICATIONS of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is used as starting material or produce as an intermediate in industry.
Phenol Crystal is used plastics, explosive, picric acid and different drugs are made from phenol.
Phenol Crystal is used in dye industry phenols are widely used to make azo dyes.

Phenol Crystal is used as wood preservatives, phenols (like cresols) are also used.
Phenol Crystal is extensively used in a broad and diverse range of industries including production of epoxies, detergents, herbicides and a variety of pharmaceutical medicines and treatments.

Phenol Crystal is used in antiseptics, lozenges, lotions, salves, ointments, cosmetics, paints, polishes, adhesives, lacquers, varnishes and solvents
Phenol Crystal is used as a precursor for cyclohexanone, plastics, nonionic detergents and pharmaceutical drugs like aspirin.
Phenol Crystal acts as an anesthetic in chloraseptic.

Phenol Crystal reacts with acetone to get bisphenol-A, which is used in the synthesis of poly carbonates and epoxide resins.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the manufacture of synthetic resins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, synthetic tanning agents, perfumes, lubricating oils and solvents.

In molecular biology, Phenol Crystal is used in the extraction of nucleic acid from tissues by using liquid/liquid phenol-chloroform extraction technique.
Phenol Crystal is an active component of paint strippers, which is used for the removal of epoxy and polyurethane.
Phenol Crystal is also used in the preparation of cosmetics, hair colorings and skin lightening preparations.

In the field of medicine, Phenol Crystal's spray is useful in helping sore throat.
Phenol Crystal – the crystalline solid formed from the organic phenol compound used widely to treat a variety of skin conditions.
Specifically used by chiropodists, podiatrists and doctors for the phenolisation – for full nail avulsion or matrixectomy, phenol crystals prevent nail regrowth when applied to the nail bed (nail matrix).

Chemical Manufacturing: Phenol Crystal is used in the production of Phenol Crystalic resins, bisPhenol Crystal A, caprolactam, and other chemicals.
Medical Applications: Phenol Crystal is employed as an antiseptic and disinfectant due to its bactericidal properties.

Cosmetics: Phenol Crystal is utilized in low concentrations in some cosmetic products for its preservative qualities.
Laboratory Reagent: Phenol Crystal serves as a standard in calibrating instruments and in various chemical analyses.

-Medical Use of Phenol Crystal:
Phenol Crystal has been utilized in medical treatments, such as in the management of pilonidal disease.

A study demonstrated that combining endoscopic pilonidal sinus treatment with crystallized phenol application effectively prevented recurrence, indicating phenol's therapeutic potential in specific medical procedures.
These properties and applications highlight phenol's significance in both chemical and medical fields.

-Topical anesthetic
Concentrated liquid Phenol Crystal can be used topically as a local anesthetic for otology procedures, such as myringotomy and tympanotomy tube placement, as an alternative to general anesthesia or other local anesthetics.

Phenol Crystal spray, with Phenol Crystal as the active ingredient, is used medically to treat sore throat.
Phenol Crystal is the active ingredient in some oral analgesics.

Concentrated Phenol Crystal liquids are used for permanent treatment of ingrown toe and finger nails, a procedure known as a chemical matrixectomy.
The procedure was first described by Otto Boll in 1945.
Since then, Phenol Crystal has become the agent of choice for chemical matrixectomies performed by podiatrists.

-Neurolysis for relief of knee pain
Clinical studies published in 2023-25 reported that Phenol Crystal was effective as a neurolytic treatment of sensory knee nerves to relieve chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis.
The Phenol Crystal method may be used for people who did not have pain relief from radiofrequency ablation of knee nerves.

-Chemicals use of Phenol Crystal:
The major uses of Phenol Crystal, consuming two thirds of its production, involve its conversion to precursors for plastics.
Condensation with acetone gives bisPhenol-A, a key precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins.

Condensation of Phenol Crystal, alkylPhenol, or diPhenol with formaldehyde gives Phenolic resins, an example of which is Bakelite.
Partial hydrogenation of Phenol Crystal gives cyclohexanone, a precursor to nylon.
Nonionic detergents are produced by alkylation of Phenol Crystal to give the alkylPhenols, e.g., nonylPhenol, which are then subjected to ethoxylation.

Phenol Crystal is also a versatile precursor to a large collection of drugs, most notably aspirin but also many herbicides and pharmaceutical drugs.
Phenol Crystal is a component in liquid–liquid Phenol–chloroform extraction technique used in molecular biology for obtaining nucleic acids from tissues or cell culture samples.

Depending on the pH of the solution either DNA or RNA can be extracted.
Phenol Crystal is so inexpensive that it also attracts many small-scale uses.

Phenol Crystal is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the aviation industry for the removal of epoxy, polyurethane and other chemically resistant coatings.
Due to safety concerns, Phenol Crystal is banned from use in cosmetic products in the European Union and Canada.

PROPERTIES OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 ml (0.895 M).
Homogeneous mixtures of Phenol Crystal and water at Phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible.
The sodium salt of Phenol Crystal, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble.

Phenol Crystal is a combustible solid (NFPA rating = 2).
When heated, Phenol Crystal produces flammable vapors that are explosive at concentrations of 3 to 10% in air.
Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight Phenol Crystal fires.

*Acidity
Phenol Crystal is a weak acid.
In aqueous solution in the pH range ca. 8 - 12 it is in equilibrium with the Phenol Crystalate anion C6H5O− (also called phenoxide or carbolate):
C6H5OH ⇌ C6H5O− + H+

Phenol Crystal is more acidic than aliphatic alcohols.
Its enhanced acidity is attributed to resonance stabilization of Phenol Crystalate anion.
In this way, the negative charge on oxygen is delocalized on to the ortho and para carbon atoms through the pi system.

An alternative explanation involves the sigma framework, postulating that the dominant effect is the induction from the more electronegative sp2 hybridised carbons; the comparatively more powerful inductive withdrawal of electron density that is provided by the sp2 system compared to an sp3 system allows for great stabilization of the oxyanion.

In support of the second explanation, the pKa of the enol of acetone in water is 10.9, making it only slightly less acidic than Phenol Crystal (pKa 10.0).
Thus, the greater number of resonance structures available to phenoxide compared to acetone enolate seems to contribute little to its stabilization.
However, the situation changes when solvation effects are excluded.

*Hydrogen bonding
In carbon tetrachloride and in alkane solvents, Phenol Crystal hydrogen bonds with a wide range of Lewis bases such as pyridine, diethyl ether, and diethyl sulfide.
The enthalpies of adduct formation and the −OH IR frequency shifts accompanying adduct formation have been compiled.
Phenol Crystal is classified as a hard acid.

*Tautomerism
Phenol Crystal exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with its unstable keto tautomer cyclohexadienone, but the effect is nearly negligible.
The equilibrium constant for enolisation is approximately 10−13, which means only one in every ten trillion molecules is in the keto form at any moment.

The small amount of stabilisation gained by exchanging a C=C bond for a C=O bond is more than offset by the large destabilisation resulting from the loss of aromaticity.

Phenol Crystal therefore exists essentially entirely in the enol form.
4, 4' Substituted cyclohexadienone can undergo a dienone–Phenol Crystal rearrangement in acid conditions and form stable 3,4‐disubstituted Phenol Crystal.

For substituted Phenol Crystals, several factors can favor the keto tautomer:
(a) additional hydroxy groups (see resorcinol)
(b) annulation as in the formation of naphthols, and
(c) deprotonation to give the Phenol Crystalate.

Phenoxides are enolates stabilised by aromaticity.
Under normal circumstances, phenoxide is more reactive at the oxygen position, but the oxygen position is a "hard" nucleophile whereas the alpha-carbon positions tend to be "soft".

REACTIONS OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The enhanced nucleophilicity is attributed to donation pi electron density from O into the ring.
Many groups can be attached to the ring, via halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and related processes.

Phenol Crystal is so strongly activated that bromination and chlorination lead readily to polysubstitution.
The reaction affords 2- and 4-substituted derivatives.
The regiochemistry of halogenation changes in strongly acidic solutions where PhOH2]+ predominates.

Phenol Crystal reacts with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitroPhenol and 4-nitroPhenol while with concentrated nitric acid, additional nitro groups are introduced, e.g. to give 2,4,6-trinitroPhenol.
Friedel Crafts alkylations of Phenol Crystal and its derivatives often proceed without catalysts.

Alkylating agents include alkyl halides, alkenes, and ketones.
Thus, adamantyl-1-bromide, dicyclopentadiene), and cyclohexanones give respectively 4-adamantylPhenol, a bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) derivative, and a 4-cyclohexylPhenol.

Alcohols and hydroperoxides alkylate Phenol in the presence of solid acid catalysts (e.g. certain zeolite).
Cresols and cumyl Phenol can be produced in that way.

Aqueous solutions of Phenol Crystal are weakly acidic and turn blue litmus slightly to red.
Phenol Crystal is neutralized by sodium hydroxide forming sodium phenate or Phenolate, but being weaker than carbonic acid, it cannot be neutralized by sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide.

C6H5OH + NaOH → C6H5ONa + H2O
When a mixture of Phenol Crystal and benzoyl chloride are shaken in presence of dilute sodium hydroxide solution, phenyl benzoate is formed.
This is an example of the Schotten–Baumann reaction:

C6H5COCl + HOC6H5 → C6H5CO2C6H5 + HCl
Phenol Crystal is reduced to benzene when it is distilled with zinc dust or when its vapour is passed over granules of zinc at 400 °C:

C6H5OH + Zn → C6H6 + ZnO
When Phenol Crystal is treated with diazomethane in the presence of boron trifluoride (BF3), anisole is obtained as the main product and nitrogen gas as a byproduct.

C6H5OH + CH2N2 → C6H5OCH3 + N2
Phenol Crystal and its derivatives react with iron(III) chloride to give intensely colored solutions containing phenoxide complexes.

PRODUCTION OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Because of Phenol Crystal's commercial importance, many methods have been developed for its production, but the cumene process is the dominant technology.

Cumene process
Accounting for 95% of production (2003) is the cumene process, also called Hock process.
It involves the partial oxidation of cumene (isopropylbenzene) via the Hock rearrangement: Compared to most other processes, the cumene process uses mild conditions and inexpensive raw materials.

For the process to be economical, both Phenol Crystal and the acetone by-product must be in demand.
In 2010, worldwide demand for acetone was approximately 6.7 million tonnes, 83 percent of which was satisfied with acetone produced by the cumene process.
A route analogous to the cumene process begins with cyclohexylbenzene.

It is oxidized to a hydroperoxide, akin to the production of cumene hydroperoxide.
Via the Hock rearrangement, cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide cleaves to give Phenol Crystal and cyclohexanone.
Cyclohexanone is an important precursor to some nylons.

OXIDATION OF BENZENE, TOLUENE, CYCLOHEXYLBENZENE:
The direct oxidation of benzene (C6H6) to Phenol Crystal is possible, but it has not been commercialized:
C6H6 + O → C6H5OH
Nitrous oxide is a potentially "green" oxidant that is a more potent oxidant than O2.

Routes for the generation of nitrous oxide however remain uncompetitive.
An electrosynthesis employing alternating current gives Phenol Crystal from benzene.
The oxidation of toluene, as developed by Dow Chemical, involves copper-catalyzed reaction of molten sodium benzoate with air:

C6H5CH3 + 2 O2 → C6H5OH + CO2 + H2O
The reaction is proposed to proceed via formation of benzyoylsalicylate.

Autoxidation of cyclohexylbenzene give the hydroperoxide.
Decomposition of this hydroperoxide affords cyclohexanone and Phenol Crystal.

*Older methods
Early methods relied on extraction of Phenol Crystal from coal derivatives or the hydrolysis of benzene derivatives.

*Hydrolysis of benzenesulfonic acid
The original commercial route was developed by Bayer and Monsanto in the early 1900s, based on discoveries by Wurtz and Kekule.

The method involves the reaction of strong base with benzenesulfonic acid, proceeding by the reaction of hydroxide with sodium benzenesulfonate to give sodium phenoxide.
Acidification of the latter gives Phenol Crystal.

The net conversion is:
C6H5SO3H + 2 NaOH → C6H5OH + Na2SO3 + H2O

*Hydrolysis of chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene can be hydrolyzed to Phenol Crystal using base (Dow process) or steam (Raschig–Hooker process):
C6H5Cl + NaOH → C6H5OH + NaCl

C6H5Cl + H2O → C6H5OH + HCl
These methods suffer from the cost of the chlorobenzene and the need to dispose of the chloride byproduct.

*Coal pyrolysis
Phenol Crystal is also a recoverable byproduct of coal pyrolysis.
In the Lummus process, the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid is conducted separately.

*Miscellaneous methods
Phenyldiazonium salts hydrolyze to Phenol Crystal.
The method is of no commercial interest since the precursor is expensive.

C6H5NH2 + HCl + NaNO2 → C6H5OH + N2 + H2O + NaCl
Salicylic acid decarboxylates to Phenol Crystal

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
*Acidity:
Phenol Crystal is a weak acid, with a pKa of approximately 9.95 in water.
This acidity is due to the resonance stabilization of the phenoxide anion formed upon deprotonation.

*Hydrogen Bonding:
Phenol Crystal can form hydrogen bonds with various Lewis bases, such as pyridine and diethyl ether, which influences its solubility and reactivity.

*Tautomerism:
Phenol Crystal exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with its keto form, cyclohexadienone.
However, the equilibrium heavily favors the enol form (Phenol Crystal) due to the stability provided by aromaticity.

*Reactivity:
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution:
The hydroxyl group activates the aromatic ring, making Phenol Crystal highly reactive toward electrophilic substitution reactions, such as halogenation, nitration, and sulfonation.

*Oxidation:
Phenol Crystal can be oxidized to produce quinones, which are important compounds in various chemical processes.

PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Molecular formula: C6H6O / C6H5OH
Classification: organic hydroxyl (-OH) group; 108-95-2 CAS#; 94.11 g/mol
Phenol Crystal is a colorless to white-pink crystals with sweet, medicinal odour

Phenol Crystal is highly soluble in water and alcohol (phenol ability to form strong hydrogen bonds)
Alternative product of Phenol Crystal identification: carbolic acid; phenic acid; phenylic acid; hydroxybenzene; phenol, fused; monohydroxybenzene; phenol, solid.

SOLUBILITY OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether, benzene, glycerol, acetone, carbon disulfide and aqueous alkali hydroxides.

NOTES OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is air and light sensitive.
Keep Phenol Crystal the container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Phenol Crystal is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases and strong acids.

OCCURRENCES OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is a normal metabolic product, excreted in quantities up to 40 mg/L in human urine.
The temporal gland secretion of male elephants showed the presence of Phenol Crystal and 4-methylPhenol during musth.

Phenol Crystal is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
Phenol Crystal is ingested from the plants the beaver eats.

Phenol Crystal is a measurable component in the aroma and taste of the distinctive Islay scotch whisky, generally ~30 ppm, but it can be over 160ppm in the malted barley used to produce whisky.
This amount is different from and presumably higher than the amount in the distillate.

BIODEGRADATION OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Cryptanaerobacter Phenolicus is a bacterium species that produces benzoate from Phenol Crystal via 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Rhodococcus Phenolicus is a bacterium species able to degrade Phenol Crystal as the sole carbon source.

BENEFITS AND USES OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal is used in pesticides to ward off pests and pathogens from infecting the plants and to promote plant growth.
Phenol Crystal deters pests and small insects from eating the plants and destroying the yields.
Phenol Crystal helps in improving the productivity of crops by protecting them from microbes.

Phenol Crystal is simple to administer during the planting season.
Phenol Crystal does not get absorbed by the plants and is therefore safe for use on plants and crops.
Phenol Crystal has a longer shelf life and is highly stable.

HOW PHENOL CRYSTAL WORKS:
Phenol Crystal works by protecting the plants and crops from insects, microbes, pests, and weeds.
Phenol Crystal works by forming a layer on top of the soil and releasing substances that kill pests.

TIME OF APPLICATION OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal can be used during the dry summer or winter months.
Phenol Crystal should be used at least once every three months to avoid a resurgence of pests and insects in the fields.

RECOMMENDED USAGE OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
For spraying, the recommended usage of Phenol Crystal is 2% weight by volume.
Use 5–10 kg/acre for solid application.

HOW TO USE PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Spray Phenol Crystal directly onto the soil early in the morning or late in the evening.
Phenol Crystal should be added to a sprayer or mixing tank that is already filled with fresh water.

HISTORY OF PHENOL CRYSTAL:
Phenol Crystal was discovered in 1834 by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who extracted it (in impure form) from coal tar.
Runge called Phenol Crystal "Karbolsäure" (coal-oil-acid, carbolic acid).

Coal tar remained the primary source until the development of the petrochemical industry.
French chemist Auguste Laurent extracted Phenol Crystal in its pure form, as a derivative of benzene, in 1841.

In 1836, Auguste Laurent coined the name "phène" for benzene; this is the root of the word "Phenol" and "phenyl".
In 1843, French chemist Charles Gerhardt coined the name "phénol".

The antiseptic properties of Phenol Crystal were used by Sir Joseph Lister in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery.
Lister decided that the wounds had to be thoroughly cleaned.

He then covered the wounds with a piece of rag or lint covered in Phenol Crystal.
The skin irritation caused by continual exposure to Phenol Crystal eventually led to the introduction of aseptic (germ-free) techniques in surgery.

Lister's work was inspired by the works and experiments of his contemporary Louis Pasteur in sterilizing various biological media.
He theorized that if germs could be killed or prevented, no infection would occur.
Lister reasoned that a chemical could be used to destroy the micro-organisms that cause infection.

Meanwhile, in Carlisle, England, officials were experimenting with sewage treatment using carbolic acid to reduce the smell of sewage cesspools.
Having heard of these developments, and having previously experimented with other chemicals for antiseptic purposes without much success, Lister decided to try carbolic acid as a wound antiseptic.

He had his first chance on August 12, 1865, when he received a patient: an eleven-year-old boy with a tibia bone fracture which pierced the skin of his lower leg.
Ordinarily, amputation would be the only solution.

However, Lister decided to try carbolic acid.
After setting the bone and supporting the leg with splints, he soaked clean cotton towels in undiluted carbolic acid and applied them to the wound, covered with a layer of tin foil, leaving them for four days.

When he checked the wound, Lister was pleasantly surprised to find no signs of infection, just redness near the edges of the wound from mild burning by the carbolic acid.
Reapplying fresh bandages with diluted carbolic acid, the boy was able to walk home after about six weeks of treatment.

By 16 March 1867, when the first results of Lister's work were published in the Lancet, he had treated a total of eleven patients using his new antiseptic method.
Of those, only one had died, and that was through a complication that was nothing to do with Lister's wound-dressing technique.
Now, for the first time, patients with compound fractures were likely to leave the hospital with all their limbs intact

— Richard Hollingham, Blood and Guts: A History of Surgery
Before antiseptic operations were introduced at the hospital, there were sixteen deaths in thirty-five surgical cases.
Almost one in every two patients died.
After antiseptic surgery was introduced in the summer of 1865, there were only six deaths in forty cases.

The mortality rate had dropped from almost 50 per cent to around 15 per cent.
It was a remarkable achievement

— Richard Hollingham, Blood and Guts: A History of Surgery
Phenol Crystal was the main ingredient of the "carbolic smoke ball," an ineffective device marketed in London in the 19th century as protection against influenza and other ailments, and the subject of the famous law case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. In the tort law case of Roe v Minister of Health, Phenol Crystal was used to sterilize anaesthetic packed in ampoules, in which it contaminated the anaesthetic through invisible micro-cracks and caused paraplegia to the plaintiffs.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
CAS NO. : 108-95-2
Chemical Formula : C6H6O
Molecular Weight : 94.11
Other Trade Name : Carbolic acid/Phenylic acid
Appearance (Colour): White
Appearance (Form): Crystalline compound
Solubility: 5% aq.solution is clear & colourless
Assay (GC): min. 99.5%
Melting Point: 40 - 41°C
pH (5% aq. solution): 4.5 - 6.0
UN No. : 1671
MDL Number: MFCD00002143

InChI Key: ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 94.11 g/mol
XLogP3: 1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 94.041864811 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 94.041864811 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 46.1

Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical Formula: C6H5OH
Molar Mass: 94.11 g/mol
Boiling Point: 181.7 °C
Density: 1.07 g/cm³
Melting Point: 40.5 °C

Solubility: Soluble in water
Physical State: Crystalline flakes
Odor: Stinging
Melting Point/Freezing Point: 40 - 42 °C (as per literature)
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: 182 °C (as per literature)
Flash Point: 81 °C at approximately 1.013 hPa (closed cup, DIN 51758)
Autoignition Temperature: 715 °C at approximately 1.013 hPa
pH: Approximately 5 at 50 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity: Dynamic viscosity is 3,437 Pas at 50.00 °C
Water Solubility: 87 g/l at 25 °C
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): log Pow is 1.47 at 30 °C (ECHA),
indicating low bioaccumulation potential

Vapor Pressure: 0.53 hPa at 20.0 °C
Density: 1.071 g/mL at 25 °C (literature value)
Surface Tension: 38.2 mN/m at 50.0 °C
Relative Vapor Density: 3.2 at 20 °C (Air = 1.0)
Density: 1.07 g/cm³ at 20 °C
Explosion Limit: 1.3 - 9.5% (V)
Flash Point: 81 °C
Ignition Temperature: 595 °C
Melting Point: 38 - 43 °C
pH Value: 5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor Pressure: 0.2 hPa at 20 °C
Bulk Density: 620 kg/m³
Solubility: 84 g/l

Boiling Point (bp): 182 °C (literature value)
Melting Point (mp): 40 - 42 °C (literature value)
Transition Temperature: Solidification point is ≥ 40 °C
Density: 1.071 g/mL at 25 °C (literature value)
Suitability: In accordance with the appearance of the solution
CAS Number: 108-95-2
Empirical Formula: C6H5O
Molecular Weight: 94.11 g/mol
EC Number: 203-632-7
MDL Number: MFCD00002143
CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Index Number: 604-001-00-2
EC Number: 203-632-7

Grade: Ph Eur, ChP, JP, USP
Hill Formula: C₆H₆O
Chemical Formula: C₆H₅OH
Molar Mass: 94.11 g/mol
HS Code: 2907 11 00
Density: 1.07 g/cm3 (at 20 °C)
Explosion Limit: 1.3 - 9.5% (by volume)
Flash Point: 79.0 °C
Ignition Temperature: 595 °C
Melting Point: 38 - 43 °C
pH Value: 5 (50 g/l in H₂O at 20 °C)
Vapor Pressure: 0.2 hPa (at 20 °C)

Bulk Density: 620 kg/m³
Solubility: 84 g/l
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
IUPAC Name: phenol
Molecular Formula: C6H6O
InChI Key: ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: OC1=CC=CC=C1
Molecular Weight: 94.11 g/mol
CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7
EC Index Number: 604-001-00-2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 94.11
Hill Formula: C₆H₆O

Appearance: Colorless-to-white crystalline solid
Odor: Sweet and tarry
Density: 1.07 g/cm³
Melting Point: 40.5°C
Boiling Point: 181.7°C
Solubility in Water: 8.3 g/100 mL at 20°C
Vapor Pressure: 0.4 mmHg at 20°C
pKa: 9.95 in water
Physical state: crystalline, flakes
Color: No data available
Odor: stinging
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/range: 40 - 42 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 182 °C - lit.

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 81 °C at ca.1.013 hPa - closed cup - DIN 51758
Autoignition temperature: 715 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: ca.5 at 50 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity: Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 3,437 Pas at 50,00 °C
Water solubility: 87 g/l at 25 °C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: 1,47 at 30 °C
Vapor pressure: 0.53 hPa at 20.0 °C
Density: 1.071 g/mL at 25 °C - lit.

Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: Surface tension 38.2 mN/m at 50.0 °C
Relative vapor density: 3.2 at 20 °C - (Air = 1.0)
CAS: 108-95-2
Color: Colorless to White
Boiling Point: 182.0°C
Infrared Spectrum: Authentic
Molecular Formula: C6H6O
MDL Number: MFCD00002143

Residue after Evaporation: 0.05% max.
Merck Index: 15, 7354
InChI Key: ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
IUPAC Name: phenol
PubChem CID: 996
Viscosity: 3.437 mPa.s (50°C)
Percent Purity: 99+%
Physical Form: Loose Crystals
Melting Point: 39.0°C to 42.0°C
Density: 1.0700g/mL
Flash Point: 79°C
Assay Percent Range: 99% min. (GC)
Linear Formula: C6H5OH
Beilstein: 06, 110

Fieser: 01,828; 13,166; 14,88
Specific Gravity: 1.07
Solubility Information: Solubility in water: 8.4g/L (20°C).
Other solubilities: soluble in aq. alkali hydroxides,
soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, glycerol,
carbon disulfide and fixed oils,
1g/12mL benzene, practically insoluble in petroleum ether
SMILES: OC1=CC=CC=C1
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 94.11
ChEBI: CHEBI:15882
Formula Weight: 94.11
Grade: Biochemistry
Chemical Name or Material: Phenol, 99+%

FIRST AID MEASURES of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
*In case of skin contact:
After contact with skin:
Rinse out with polyethylene glycol 400 or a mixture of polyethylene glycol 300/ethanol 2:1 and wash with plenty of water.
If neither is available wash with plenty of water.
Immediately take off contaminated clothing.
Call a physician immediately.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses
*If swallowed:
Give water to drink (two glasses at most).
Seek medical advice immediately.
Do not attempt to neutralise.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Use tightly fitting safety goggles.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Viton
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact
Material: Viton
Minimum layer thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
Use flame retardant antistatic protective clothing.
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A-(P3)
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
*Advice on protection against fire and explosion:
Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces, and sources of ignition.
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Keep tightly closed.
Keep dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Hygroscopic.
Store under inert gas.
Light sensitive.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PHENOL CRYSTAL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).