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PHENYL HYDROXIDE

Phenyl hydroxide, with the molecular formula C₆H₅OH, is a white crystalline solid that is mildly acidic and highly reactive, used primarily in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic fibers.
Phenyl hydroxide is both a historical antiseptic and a key industrial chemical, essential for synthesizing materials such as polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, and various pharmaceuticals.
Phenyl hydroxide is corrosive and toxic, capable of causing severe burns and systemic toxicity upon exposure, making careful handling and storage crucial.

CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7
Molecular Formula: C6H5OH
Molecular Weight: 94.11

Synonyms: phenol, 108-95-2, carbolic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenic acid, Oxybenzene, Phenylic acid, Phenylic alcohol, Benzenol, Monophenol, Phenyl hydrate, Phenyl hydroxide, PhOH, Monohydroxybenzene, Phenyl alcohol, Paoscle, Phenole, Izal, Phenol alcohol, Phenol, liquefied, Acide carbolique, Phenosmolin, Fenolo, Phenol homopolymer, Benzene, hydroxy-, Carbolsaure, Fenosmolin, Fenosmoline, Fenol, Liquid phenol, Carbolic oil, Liquefied phenol, Phenol, pure, Fenolo [Italian], Phenole [German], Rcra waste number U188, Campho-Phenique Gel, Phenol [JAN], Phenic, Carbolsaure [German], Campho-Phenique Liquid, NCI-C50124, Liquified Phenol, Phenol, molten, Baker's P & S liquid & Ointment, Carbolicum acidum, Fenol [Dutch, Polish], Baker's P and S Liquid and Ointment, Monohydroxy benzene, Phenol, sulfurated, Un 2812 (solution), UN 2312 (molten), Acide carbolique [French], UN 1671 (solid), NSC 36808, Campho-Phenique Cold Sore Gel, Anbesol, Phenic alcohol, Synthetic phenol, 2-allphenol, Phenol, dimer, RCRA waste no. U188, Phenol, liquified, MFCD00002143, UN1671, UN2312, UN2821, AI3-01814, NSC-36808, CHEMBL14060, 339NCG44TV, DTXSID5021124, CHEBI:15882, Phenol (or solutions with 5% or more phenol), ENT-1814, 27073-41-2, Phenol, solid [UN1671] [Poison], Phenol, molten [UN2312] [Poison], NCGC00091454-04, Phenol solutions [UN2821] [Poison], DSSTox_CID_1124, Phenol, >=99.0%, DSSTox_RID_75955, DSSTox_GSID_21124, 17442-59-0, 61788-41-8, Caswell No. 649, phenylalcohol, hydroxy benzene, Phenol 100 microg/mL in Methanol, Phenol, liquid, Phenol, solid, Baker's p and s, CAS-108-95-2, CCRIS 504, FEMA No. 3223, HSDB 113, (14C)Phenol, Phenol [USP:JAN], PHENOL (2,3,4,5,6-D5), EINECS 203-632-7, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 064001, arenols, UNII-339NCG44TV, Benzophenol, Carbolsaeure, Karbolsaeure, Extracts, coal tar oil alk., acide phenique, Hydroxy-benzene, Phenol solution, Phenol liquid, Phenol molten, Phenol solutions, Phenol synthetic, Phenol,liquified, Phenolated water, Pandy's reagent, Cepastat lozenges, Phenol, labeled with carbon-14, Phenol (liquid), 2-phenyl alcohol, Phenol, synthetic, Phenol, ultrapure, Phenol ACS grade, EINECS 262-972-4, Paoscle (TN), Carbolic acid liquid, Phenol polymer-bound, Phenol (Granulated), Phenol (TN), Phenol,(S), Phenol, ACS reagent, Carbolic acid, liquid, 1ai7, 1li2, 4i7l, Liquefied phenol (TN), PHENOL [VANDF], PHENOL [FHFI], PHENOL [HSDB], PHENOL [IARC], PHENOL [INCI], Phenol (JP17/USP), PHENOL [USP-RS], PHENOL [WHO-DD], Phenol, detached crystals, PHENOL [II], PHENOL [MI], Phenol, >=99%, PHENOL [MART.], WLN: QR, Liquefied phenol (JP17), bmse000290, bmse010026, C6H5OH, Fenol(DUTCH, POLISH), EC 203-632-7, PHENOL, 80% in ethanol, Phenol, LR, >=99%, 63496-48-0, 65996-83-0, MLS001065591, Phenol, for molecular biology, BIDD:ER0293, PHENOL [EP MONOGRAPH], Phenol for disinfection (TN), Phenol, natural, 97%, FG, PHENOL [USP MONOGRAPH], Cuticura pain relieving ointment, CARBOLICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], Phenol, AR, >=99.5%, PHENOL,LIQUIFIED [VANDF], BDBM26187, CHEBI:33853, Phenol for disinfection (JP17), Phenolated water for disinfection, Salicylic acid related compound c, 3f39, Phenol 10 microg/mL in Methanol, Phenol solution, 1.0 M in THF, NSC36808, ZINC5133329, Phenol, Glass Distilled Under Argon, Tox21_201639, Tox21_300042, Phenol 5000 microg/mL in Methanol, phenol;phenol [jan];phenol, pure;phenol phenol [jan] phenol, pure, STL194294, AKOS000119025, Tox21_113463_1, DB03255, NA 2821, Phenol, BioXtra, >=99.5% (GC), Phenol, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, UN 1671, UN 2312, UN 2821, NCGC00091454-01, NCGC00091454-02, NCGC00091454-03, NCGC00091454-05, NCGC00091454-06, NCGC00091454-07, NCGC00254019-01, NCGC00259188-01, Phenol solution, 1 M in dichloromethane, Phenol, JIS special grade, >=99.0%, 73607-76-8, AM802906, BP-30160, METHYL SALICYLATE IMPURITY B [EP], SMR000568492, Phenol 1000 microg/mL in Dichloromethane, Phenol, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard, Liquified Phenol (contains 7-10 % water), METACRESOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], FT-0645154, FT-0673707, FT-0693833, P1610, P2771, Phenol stock solution, 100 mg/dL, standard, C00146, D00033, Phenol, unstabilized, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, SALICYLIC ACID IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], HEXYLRESORCINOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], Phenol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.5-100.5%, Phenol, >=96.0% (calc. on dry substance, T), Q130336, J-610001, Phenol, for molecular biology, ~90% (T), liquid, F1908-0106, Phenol, unstabilized, purified by redistillation, >=99%, SALICYLIC ACID RELATED COMPOUND C [USP IMPURITY], Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (GC), Phenol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Liquified Phenol, meets USP testing specifications, >=89.0%, Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, TE-saturated, ~73% (T), Phenol solution, 5000 mug/mL in methanol, certified reference material, Phenol solution, certified reference material, 500 mug/mL in methanol, Phenol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.0-100.5%, p-Hydroxy polystyrene (100-200 mesh, 0.5-1.5 mmol/g)@CRLFMFCD03703209, Phenol solution, 100 mug/mL in acetonitrile, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard, Phenol, contains hypophosphorous as stabilizer, loose crystals, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99.5-100.5% (GC), Phenol solution, BioReagent, Equilibrated with 10??mM Tris HCl, pH??8.0, 1??mM EDTA, for molecular biology, Phenol solution, BioReagent, Saturated with 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH??4.3 +/- 0.2, for molecular biology, Phenol, polymer-bound, 100-200 mesh, extent of labeling: 0.5-1.5 mmol/g loading, 1 % cross-linked with divinylbenzene, Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, >=99.5% (GC), crystalline (detached)

Phenyl hydroxide is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.
Phenyl hydroxide is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.

The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH).
Mildly acidic, Phenyl hydroxide requires careful handling because Phenyl hydroxide can cause chemical burns.

Phenyl hydroxide was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 million tonnes a year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks.
Phenyl hydroxide is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds.

Phenyl hydroxide is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials.
Phenyl hydroxide and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.

Phenyl hydroxide consists of a hydroxyl group and a phenyl group attached to each other.
Phenyl hydroxide considerably dissolves in water.

Earlier Phenyl hydroxide was used as carbolic soap.
Phenyl hydroxide is mildly acidic and is corrosive to the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin.

Phenyl hydroxide is a crystalline solid white in colour and needs to be handled with care as it can cause chemical burns.
Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered Phenyl hydroxide in the year 1834.

Phenyl hydroxide was extracted from coal tar.
Phenyl hydroxide is also known as Phenyl hydroxideic acid.
If a compound is consisting of a six-membered aromatic ring and bonded to a hydroxyl group directly, then it can be referred to as Phenyl hydroxide.

Carbolic acid (commonly known as Phenyl hydroxide) is an aromatic chemical molecule with the molecular formula C6H5OH and the molecular formula C6H5OH.
Phenyl hydroxide is a flammable white crystalline substance.

Phenyl hydroxide is the simplest member of the Phenyl hydroxide family of organic compounds.
Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) are sometimes known as carbolic acids because of their extreme acidity.

Because of resonance, the Phenyl hydroxide molecule has a partial positive charge on the oxygen atom, and the anion created by the loss of a hydrogen ion is similarly resonance stabilised.
Phenyl hydroxide is hydroxybenzene by definition.

Phenyl hydroxide is known by the name Phenyl hydroxide.
The IUPAC name for it would be Phenyl hydroxide, which was derived similarly to the IUPAC names for aliphatic alcohols

Phenyl hydroxide is a part of industrial paint strippers used for the removal of epoxy, polyurethane, and other chemically resistant coatings in the aviation industry.
Phenyl hydroxide derivatives can be used in cosmetics preparation, including sunscreens, hair colouring, skin lightening preparations, and skin toners/exfoliators.

Phenyl hydroxide can be considered a weak acid.
Phenyl hydroxide is in equilibrium with the Phenyl hydroxideate anion C6H5O− (also called phenoxide) in aqueous solutions that are within the pH range 5-6.

One reason, for why Phenyl hydroxide is more acidic than aliphatic compounds, is that it contains an OH group and the aromatic ring resonance stabilizes the phenoxide anion.
Phenyl hydroxide is an organic compound which is considerably soluble in water, dissolving about 84.2 g in 1000 mL (to form a 0.895 M solution).

Homogenous Phenyl hydroxide-water mixtures at Phenyl hydroxide to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible.
The Phenyl hydroxide sodium salt, sodium phenoxide, is much more soluble in water.

Phenyl hydroxide is also known as carbolic acid.
Phenyl hydroxide is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.

Phenyl hydroxide consists of a hydroxyl group and a phenyl group attached to each other.
In addition, Phenyl hydroxide considerably dissolves in water.
Earlier Phenyl hydroxide was used as carbolic soap.

Phenyl hydroxide is mildly acidic and is corrosive to the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin.
Phenyl hydroxide is a crystalline solid white in colour and needs to be handled with care as it can cause chemical burns.

Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered Phenyl hydroxide in the year 1834.
PPhenyl hydroxide was extracted from coal tar.

Moreover, Phenyl hydroxide is also known as Phenyl hydroxideic acid.
If a compound is consisting of a six-membered aromatic ring and bonded to a hydroxyl group directly, then it can be referred to as Phenyl hydroxide.

Phenyl hydroxide is a colorless to light-pink, crystalline solid with a sweet, acrid odor.
Exposure to Phenyl hydroxide may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and nervous system.

Some symptoms of exposure to Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) are weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, muscle aches, and pain.
Severe exposure can cause liver and/or kidney damage, skin burns, tremor, convulsions, and twitching.

Workers may be harmed from exposure to Phenyl hydroxide.
The level of harm depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done.

Phenyl hydroxide is an antiseptic and disinfectant.
Furthermore, Phenyl hydroxide is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores.

Phenyl hydroxide has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching.
Phenyl hydroxide is also used as an oral analgesic or anesthetic in products such as Chloraseptic to treat pharyngitis.

Additionally, Phenyl hydroxide and its related compounds are used in surgical ingrown toenail treatment, a process termed Phenyl hydroxideization.
Research indicates that parental exposure to Phenyl hydroxide and its related compounds are positively associated with spontaneous abortion.
During the second world war, Phenyl hydroxide injections were used as a means of execution by the Nazis.

Phenyl hydroxide is a toxic compound whose vapours are corrosive to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
More to that, Phenyl hydroxide is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.
Phenyl hydroxide is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.

The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH).
Mildly acidic, Phenyl hydroxide requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns.

Phenyl hydroxide is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M).
Homogeneous mixtures of Phenyl hydroxide and water at Phenyl hydroxide to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible.
The sodium salt of Phenyl hydroxide, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble.

In carbon tetrachloride and alkane solvents Phenyl hydroxide hydrogen bonds with a wide range of Lewis bases such as pyridine, diethyl ether, and diethyl sulfide.
The enthalpies of adduct formation and the −OH IR frequency shifts accompanying adduct formation have been studied.

Phenyl hydroxide is classified as a hard acid which is compatible with the C/E ratio of the ECW model with EA = 2.27 and CA = 1.07.
The relative acceptor strength of Phenyl hydroxide toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by C-B plots.

Phenyl hydroxide is a strong nucleophile with a nucleophilicity comparable to the one of carbanions or tertiary amines.
Phenyl hydroxide can react at both its oxygen or carbon sites as an ambident nucleophile.

Generally, oxygen attack of Phenyl hydroxide is kinetically favored, while carbon-attack is thermodynamically preferred.
Mixed oxygen/carbon attack and by this a loss of selectivity is usually observed if the reaction rate reaches diffusion control.

Phenyl hydroxide exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with its unstable keto tautomer cyclohexadienone, but only a tiny fraction of Phenyl hydroxide exists as the keto form.
The equilibrium constant for enolisation is approximately 10−13, which means only one in every ten trillion molecules is in the keto form at any moment.
The small amount of stabilisation gained by exchanging a C=C bond for a C=O bond is more than offset by the large destabilisation resulting from the loss of aromaticity.

Phenyl hydroxide therefore exists essentially entirely in the enol form.
4,4' Substituted cyclohexadienone can undergo a dienone–Phenyl hydroxide rearrangement in acid conditions and form stable 3,4‐disubstituted Phenyl hydroxide.

Phenoxides are enolates stabilised by aromaticity.
Under normal circumstances, phenoxide is more reactive at the oxygen position, but the oxygen position is a "hard" nucleophile whereas the alpha-carbon positions tend to be "soft".

Phenyl hydroxide is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The enhance nucleophilicity is attributed to donation pi electron density from O into the ring.
Many groups can be attached to the ring, via halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and related processes.

Phenyl hydroxide's ring is so strongly activated that bromination and chlorination lead readily to polysubstitution.
Further to that, Phenyl hydroxide reacts with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitroPhenyl hydroxide and 4-nitroPhenyl hydroxide while with concentrated nitric acid, additional nitro groups are introduced, e.g. to give 2,4,6-trinitroPhenyl hydroxide.

Phenyl hydroxide is both a manufactured chemical and a natural substance.
In addition, Phenyl hydroxide is a colorless-to-white solid when pure.
Phenyl hydroxide is a liquid.

Phenyl hydroxide has a distinct odor that is sickeningly sweet and tarry.
You can taste and smell Phenyl hydroxide at levels lower than those that are associated with harmful effects.
Phenyl hydroxide evaporates more slowly than water, and a moderate amount can form a solution with water.

Moreover, Phenyl hydroxide is used primarily in the production of Phenyl hydroxideic resins and in the manufacture of nylon and other synthetic fibers.
Phenyl hydroxide is also used in slimicides (chemicals that kill bacteria and fungi in slimes), as a disinfectant and antiseptic, and in medicinal preparations such as mouthwash and sore throat lozenges.

Phenyl hydroxide may be lethal by skin absorption.
Furthermore, Phenyl hydroxide does not react with water.
Phenyl hydroxide is stable in normal transportation.

Phenyl hydroxide is reactive with various chemicals and may be corrosive to lead, aluminum and its alloys, certain plastics, and rubber.
Freezing point of Phenyl hydroxide is about 105 °F.

Density of Phenyl hydroxide is 8.9 lb / gal.
Phenyl hydroxide is used to make plastics, adhesives and other chemicals.

Phenyl hydroxide is hydroxybenzene; Carbolic Acid.
More to that, Phenyl hydroxide is used as a germicidal agent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis.
Phenyl hydroxide is highly toxic; corrosive to the skin.

Phenyl hydroxide causes local and systemic toxic effects upon entering the body via ingestion, skin absorption (of any phase) or inhalation.
Locally, Phenyl hydroxide may result in irritation of the nose, throat and eyes, and skin burns.
Acute poisoning causes an increased respiration rate, followed by a decreased respiration rate, decreased body temperature, cyanosis, muscular weakness, weak or occasionally rapid pulse and coma.

Death is usually the result of respiratory failure.
Chronic exposure to Phenyl hydroxide is typified by systemic problems.

These include vertigo, digestive difficulties, skin eruptions, nervous problems and headaches.
Death may occur when liver or kidney problems become severe.

Uses of Phenyl Hydroxide:
The major uses of Phenyl hydroxide, consuming two thirds of its production, involve its conversion to precursors for plastics.
Condensation with acetone gives bisPhenyl hydroxide-A, a key precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins.

Condensation of Phenyl hydroxide, alkylPhenyl hydroxides, or diPhenyl hydroxides with formaldehyde gives Phenyl hydroxideic resins, a famous example of which is Bakelite.
Partial hydrogenation of Phenyl hydroxide gives cyclohexanone, a precursor to nylon.

Nonionic detergents are produced by alkylation of Phenyl hydroxide to give the alkylPhenyl hydroxides, e.g., nonylPhenyl hydroxide, which are then subjected to ethoxylation.
Phenyl hydroxide is also a versatile precursor to a large collection of drugs, most notably aspirin but also many herbicides and pharmaceutical drugs.

Phenyl hydroxide is a component in liquid–liquid Phenyl hydroxide–chloroform extraction technique used in molecular biology for obtaining nucleic acids from tissues or cell culture samples.
Depending on the pH of the solution either DNA or RNA can be extracted.

Medical:
Phenyl hydroxide was widely used as an antiseptic.
Phenyl hydroxides use was pioneered by Joseph Lister

From the early 1900s to the 1970s Phenyl hydroxide was used in the production of carbolic soap.
Concentrated Phenyl hydroxide liquids are used for permanent treatment of ingrown toe and finger nails, a procedure known as a chemical matrixectomy.

The procedure was first described by Otto Boll in 1945.
Since that time Phenyl hydroxide has become the chemical of choice for chemical matrixectomies performed by podiatrists.

Concentrated liquid Phenyl hydroxide can be used topically as a local anesthetic for otology procedures, such as myringotomy and tympanotomy tube placement, as an alternative to general anesthesia or other local anesthetics.
Phenyl hydroxide also has hemostatic and antiseptic qualities that make it ideal for this use.

Phenyl hydroxide spray, usually at 1.4% Phenyl hydroxide as an active ingredient, is used medically to treat sore throat.
Phenyl hydroxide is the active ingredient in some oral analgesics such as Chloraseptic spray, TCP and Carmex.

Niche uses:
Phenyl hydroxide is so inexpensive that it also attracts many small-scale uses.
Phenyl hydroxide is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the aviation industry for the removal of epoxy, polyurethane and other chemically resistant coatings.

Due to safety concerns, Phenyl hydroxide is banned from use in cosmetic products in the European Union and Canada.

Phenyl hydroxide is used as a precursor in drugs
Phenyl hydroxide is used as an antiseptic

Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of nylon
Phenyl hydroxide is used to preserve vaccines

Phenyl hydroxide is used in oral analgesics
Derivatives of Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) are used in beauty products like hair colour and sunscreen

Phenyl hydroxide is used in the synthesis of plastics
Phenyl hydroxide is used to produce detergents and carbonates

Applications of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Phenyl hydroxide is extensively used in the production of Phenyl hydroxideic resins, which find applications in plastics, adhesives, and coatings.
Phenyl hydroxide serves as a key building block for the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds, including analgesics and antiseptics.
Phenyl hydroxide is utilized in the production of synthetic fibers like nylon and rayon, enhancing their strength and flame resistance.

In the electrical and electronics industry, Phenyl hydroxideic resins derived from Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) are used as insulation materials in electrical equipment and circuit boards.
Phenyl hydroxide is employed in the manufacturing of brake and clutch components in the automotive industry due to its heat resistance and mechanical strength.

Phenyl hydroxide is used as a chain regulator in the production of synthetic rubber, improving its mechanical properties and stability.
Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of bisPhenyl hydroxide-A (BPA), which is a key ingredient in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins.

In the textile industry, Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of resins and finishes that enhance the properties of textiles, such as strength and durability.
Phenyl hydroxide is utilized in the production of photographic chemicals, including developers, fixers, and toners.

Phenyl hydroxide is used in the formulation of wood adhesives and finishes, improving the bonding strength and moisture resistance of wood products.
Phenyl hydroxide serves as a precursor for the production of caprolactam, a key ingredient in the manufacturing of nylon.

Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of flame retardants used in various industries to enhance the fire resistance of materials.
Phenyl hydroxide is used as a denaturing agent in laboratory protocols to render certain substances unfit for consumption.

Phenyl hydroxide is employed in the production of resins and composites used in laminates, molded products, coatings, and casting compounds.
Phenyl hydroxide is utilized in the production of herbicides and plant growth regulators in agriculture.

Phenyl hydroxide can be used as a preservative in cosmetic and personal care products to extend their shelf life.
Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of dyes and pigments for various industries, including textiles and printing.

Phenyl hydroxide is employed in the manufacturing of sealants and caulks, providing adhesive properties and resistance to moisture and weathering.
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of disinfectants and antiseptics, helping to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Phenyl hydroxide serves as a raw material for the production of epoxy resins, which are widely used in adhesives, coatings, and structural materials.

Phenyl hydroxide is utilized in the formulation of perfumes and fragrances, adding distinct scents and fixative properties to the final products.
Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of heat transfer fluids used in various industries, including HVAC systems and thermal management.

Phenyl hydroxide is used in waste treatment processes to neutralize or remove pollutants from wastewater and industrial effluents.
Phenyl hydroxide is employed as a reagent in analytical chemistry techniques for various types of analyses and measurements.
Phenyl hydroxide can be utilized in the production of specialty chemicals, such as antioxidants, plasticizers, and surfactants, catering to specific industrial needs.

These sentences highlight the diverse range of applications that Phenyl hydroxide finds in numerous industries and sectors.
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of epoxy resins, which are widely utilized as a versatile adhesive and protective coating in construction, aerospace, and marine industries.

Phenyl hydroxide serves as a key ingredient in the manufacturing of polyurethane foams and elastomers, providing insulation and cushioning properties.
Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of synthetic detergents, contributing to their cleansing and emulsifying capabilities.

Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of Phenyl hydroxideic foam insulation materials, which provide excellent thermal insulation properties in buildings and industrial applications.
Phenyl hydroxide is employed in the production of carbon black, a pigment used in printing inks, coatings, and rubber products.

Phenyl hydroxide is utilized in the synthesis of resorcinol, a compound used in the production of adhesives, flame retardants, and pharmaceuticals.
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the formulation of hair dyes and colorants, providing long-lasting color and coverage.

Phenyl hydroxide is employed as a stabilizer and antioxidant in the rubber and polymer industries to prevent degradation and extend product lifespan.
Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of disinfectant sprays and wipes, playing a crucial role in maintaining cleanliness and hygiene.

Phenyl hydroxide is used as a precursor for the synthesis of salicylic acid, which is a key ingredient in various pharmaceuticals and skincare products.
Phenyl hydroxide is utilized in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates, such as aspirin and antipyretic drugs.

Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of synthetic tanning agents used in the leather industry to improve the durability and quality of leather goods.
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of petroleum additives, such as octane enhancers and lubricant additives.

Phenyl hydroxide serves as a reagent in the production of Phenyl hydroxidephthalein, which is commonly used as a pH indicator in laboratories.
Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of polymeric flocculants used in wastewater treatment to facilitate solid-liquid separation.

Phenyl hydroxide is employed in the synthesis of resins used in dental materials, such as dental composites and adhesives.
Phenyl hydroxide is used as a stabilizer and preservative in the food industry, particularly in the production of beverages, sauces, and processed foods.

Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of antioxidants for food products, preventing oxidation and extending shelf life.
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of inkjet inks, providing color stability and adhesion properties.

Phenyl hydroxide is employed in the production of herbicide formulations, helping to control unwanted plant growth in agriculture and landscaping.
Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of synthetic lubricants and greases, offering enhanced performance and stability.

Phenyl hydroxide is used in the synthesis of bisPhenyl hydroxide-F, which is a key ingredient in the production of epoxy resins with improved heat and chemical resistance.
Phenyl hydroxide serves as a starting material for the synthesis of Phenyl hydroxideic antioxidants used in rubber, plastics, and lubricants to prevent degradation from heat and oxidation.

Phenyl hydroxide finds application in the production of resin-coated proppants used in hydraulic fracturing to enhance oil and gas recovery in the petroleum industry.
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites, providing strength and lightweight properties for applications in aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods industries.

Phenyl hydroxide has a wide range of applications across various industries.

Here are some of Phenyl hydroxide's common applications:

Production of Plastics:
Phenyl hydroxide is a key raw material for the production of Phenyl hydroxideic resins, which are widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, such as bakelite and Phenyl hydroxideic molding compounds.

Chemical Intermediates:
Phenyl hydroxide serves as an important intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, herbicides, dyes, and explosives.

Disinfectants and Antiseptics:
Phenyl hydroxide's antimicrobial properties make it suitable for use as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
Phenyl hydroxide can be found in products like throat sprays, mouthwashes, and topical antiseptic solutions.

Adhesives and Coatings:
Phenyl hydroxideic resins derived from Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) are used as binders in adhesives, coatings, and laminates due to their excellent bonding and heat-resistant properties.

Wood Preservation:
Phenyl hydroxide-based wood preservatives, such as creosote, are used to protect wood from decay, insect infestation, and fungal growth in applications like railroad ties, utility poles, and outdoor timber.

Pharmaceutical Industry:
Phenyl hydroxide is used as a starting material in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds, including analgesics, antiseptics, and antipyretics.

Fragrances and Perfumes:
Phenyl hydroxide derivatives are employed in the production of fragrances and perfumes to enhance the scent and fixative properties of the final product.

Polymer Industry:
Phenyl hydroxide is utilized in the production of epoxy resins, polycarbonates, polyurethanes, and polyester resins, contributing to the manufacturing of a wide range of products, including coatings, adhesives, foams, and insulation materials.

Agriculture:
Phenyl hydroxide is used as an intermediate in the production of herbicides and plant growth regulators for agricultural purposes.

Chemical Laboratories:
Phenyl hydroxide finds applications in chemical laboratories as a reagent in various organic synthesis reactions, as well as a denaturing agent.

Textile Industry:
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of synthetic fibers like nylon and rayon.
Phenyl hydroxide helps in the manufacturing of resins and finishes that enhance the strength, durability, and flame resistance of textiles.

Electrical and Electronics:
Phenyl hydroxideic resins derived from Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) are widely used in the electrical and electronics industry.
They are used as insulation materials in electrical equipment, circuit boards, switches, and connectors due to their excellent electrical properties and heat resistance.

Automotive Industry:
Phenyl hydroxideic resins are utilized in the manufacturing of brake and clutch components, gaskets, and seals due to their heat resistance, mechanical strength, and friction properties.

Rubber Industry:
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of synthetic rubber, where it acts as a chain regulator during the polymerization process, improving the mechanical properties and stability of the rubber.

Chemical Manufacturing:
Phenyl hydroxide serves as a reagent and intermediate in various chemical synthesis reactions.
Phenyl hydroxide is used to produce compounds like bisPhenyl hydroxide-A (BPA), caprolactam, salicylic acid, Phenyl hydroxidephthalein, and others.

Photographic Industry:
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the production of photographic chemicals, including developers, fixers, and toners.

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products:
Small amounts of Phenyl hydroxide and its derivatives are used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as lotions, creams, and hair dyes, as preservatives and fragrance ingredients.

Resins and Composites:
Phenyl hydroxide is used in the manufacturing of resins and composites for various applications, including laminates, molded products, coatings, and casting compounds.

Analytical Chemistry:
Phenyl hydroxide can be employed as a standard or reference material in analytical chemistry techniques, such as spectrophotometry or chromatography.

Waste Treatment:
Phenyl hydroxide can be utilized in waste treatment processes, such as wastewater treatment and waste disposal, to neutralize or remove pollutants.

Properties of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Phenyl hydroxide is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M).
Homogeneous mixtures of Phenyl hydroxide and water at Phenyl hydroxide to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible.

The sodium salt of Phenyl hydroxide, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble.
Phenyl hydroxide is a combustible solid (NFPA rating = 2).

When heated, Phenyl hydroxide produces flammable vapors that are explosive at concentrations of 3 to 10% in air.
Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight Phenyl hydroxide fires.

Synthesis of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Phenyl hydroxides can be synthesized by the following methods.

From sulphonic acids (by alkali fusion of sodium benzene sulphonate)
The first commercial process for the synthesis of Phenyl hydroxide.

Sodium benzene sulphonate is fused with sodium hydroxide at 573K to produce sodium phenoxide, which upon acidification yields Phenyl hydroxide.
From diazonium salts (by the hydrolysis of diazonium salt – laboratory method)

Reactions of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Neutral Phenyl hydroxide substructure "shape".
An image of a computed electrostatic surface of neutral Phenyl hydroxide molecule, showing neutral regions in green, electronegative areas in orange-red, and the electropositive Phenyl hydroxideic proton in blue.

Phenyl hydroxide water phase diagram: Certain combinations of Phenyl hydroxide and water can make two solutions in one bottle.
Phenyl hydroxide is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.

The enhanced nucleophilicity is attributed to donation pi electron density from O into the ring.
Many groups can be attached to the ring, via halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and related processes.

Phenyl hydroxide is so strongly activated that bromination and chlorination lead readily to polysubstitution.
The reaction affords 2- and 4-substituted derivatives.

The regiochemistry of halogenation changes in strongly acidic solutions where PhOH2]+ predominates.
Phenyl hydroxide reacts with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitroPhenyl hydroxide and 4-nitroPhenyl hydroxide while with concentrated nitric acid, additional nitro groups are introduced, e.g. to give 2,4,6-trinitroPhenyl hydroxide.

Friedel Crafts alkylations of Phenyl hydroxide and its derivatives often proceed without catalysts.
Alkylating agents include alkyl halides, alkenes, and ketones.

Thus, adamantyl-1-bromide, dicyclopentadiene), and cyclohexanones give respectively 4-adamantylPhenyl hydroxide, a bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) derivative, and a 4-cyclohexylPhenyl hydroxides.
Alcohols and hydroperoxides alkylate Phenyl hydroxides in the presence of solid acid catalysts (e.g. certain zeolite).
Cresols and cumyl Phenyl hydroxide can be produced in that way.

Aqueous solutions of Phenyl hydroxide are weakly acidic and turn blue litmus slightly to red.

Phenyl hydroxide is neutralized by sodium hydroxide forming sodium phenate or Phenyl hydroxideate, but being weaker than carbonic acid, Phenyl hydroxide cannot be neutralized by sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide.
C6H5OH + NaOH → C6H5ONa + H2O

When a mixture of Phenyl hydroxide and benzoyl chloride are shaken in presence of dilute sodium hydroxide solution, phenyl benzoate is formed.

This is an example of the Schotten–Baumann reaction:
C6H5COCl + HOC6H5 → C6H5CO2C6H5 + HCl

Phenyl hydroxide is reduced to benzene when it is distilled with zinc dust or when its vapour is passed over granules of zinc at 400 °C:
C6H5OH + Zn → C6H6 + ZnO

When Phenyl hydroxide is treated with diazomethane in the presence of boron trifluoride (BF3), anisole is obtained as the main product and nitrogen gas as a byproduct.
C6H5OH + CH2N2 → C6H5OCH3 + N2

Phenyl hydroxide and its derivatives react with iron(III) chloride to give intensely colored solutions containing phenoxide complexes.

Chemical Reactions:
A hydroxyl group is attached to an aromatic ring and Phenyl hydroxide is strongly activating ortho/para director, Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) possess considerable reactivity at their ortho and para carbons toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Reactions of the Aromatic Ring:
The -OH group in Phenyl hydroxide is ortho and para directing because it increases electron density at ortho and para positions due to resonance.
Thus Phenyl hydroxide undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions.

Halogenation:
Like -NH2 group, -OH group is so much activating that Phenyl hydroxide is rather difficult to prevent poly substitution.
If Phenyl hydroxide is required to arrest the reaction at the mono substitution stage, the reaction should be carried out in non-polar solvents like CCl4 and CS2 and at lower temperatures.

Natural Sources of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Phenyl hydroxide is a constituent of coal tar and is formed during the decomposition of organic materials.
Increased environmental levels of Phenyl hydroxide may result from forest fires.

Phenyl hydroxide has been detected among the volatile components from liquid manure.
Industrial sources of Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) and other related aromatics from a petroleum refinery, petrochemicals, basic organic chemical manufacture, coal refining, pharmaceuticals, tannery and pulp, and paper mills.

Nomenclature of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) are organic compounds containing at least one -OH group directly attached to the benzene ring.
Depending upon the number of hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring, Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol) can be classified as monohydric, dihydric and trihydric Phenyl hydroxides (Benzenol).

Monohydric Phenyl hydroxides:
The simplest member of the series is hydroxybenzene, commonly known as Phenyl hydroxide, while others are named substituted Phenyl hydroxides.
The three isomeric hydroxyl toluenes are known as cresols.

Dihydric Phenyl hydroxides:
The three isomeric dihydroxy benzenes namely catechol, resorcinol, and quinol are better known by their common names.

Trihydric Phenyl hydroxides:
Trihydroxy Phenyl hydroxides are known by the common names called pyrogallol, hydroxyquinol and phloroglucinol.

Production of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Because of Phenyl hydroxide's commercial importance, many methods have been developed for its production, but the cumene process is the dominant technology.

Cumene process:
Accounting for 95% of production (2003) is the cumene process, also called Hock process.
Phenyl hydroxide involves the partial oxidation of cumene (isopropylbenzene) via the Hock rearrangement:
Compared to most other processes, the cumene process uses mild conditions and inexpensive raw materials.

For the process to be economical, both Phenyl hydroxide and the acetone by-product must be in demand.
In 2010, worldwide demand for acetone was approximately 6.7 million tonnes, 83 percent of which was satisfied with acetone produced by the cumene process.

A route analogous to the cumene process begins with cyclohexylbenzene.
Phenyl hydroxide is oxidized to a hydroperoxide, akin to the production of cumene hydroperoxide.

Via the Hock rearrangement, cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide cleaves to give Phenyl hydroxide and cyclohexanone.
Cyclohexanone is an important precursor to some nylons.

Oxidation of benzene, toluene, cyclohexylbenzene:

The direct oxidation of benzene (C6H6) to Phenyl hydroxide is theoretically possible and of great interest, but Phenyl hydroxide has not been commercialized:
C6H6 + O → C6H5OH

Nitrous oxide is a potentially "green" oxidant that is a more potent oxidant than O2.
Routes for the generation of nitrous oxide however remain uncompetitive.

An electrosynthesis employing alternating current gives Phenyl hydroxide from benzene.

The oxidation of toluene, involves copper-catalyzed reaction of molten sodium benzoate with air:
C6H5CH3 + 2 O2 → C6H5OH + CO2 + H2O

The reaction is proposed to proceed via formation of benzyoylsalicylate.
Autoxidation of cyclohexylbenzene give the hydroperoxide.
Decomposition of this hydroperoxide affords cyclohexanone and Phenyl hydroxide.

Older methods:
Early methods relied on extraction of Phenyl hydroxide from coal derivatives or the hydrolysis of benzene derivatives.

Hydrolysis of benzenesulfonic acid:
The original commercial route was developed by Bayer and Monsanto in the early 1900s, based on discoveries by Wurtz and Kekule.
The method involves the reaction of strong base with benzenesulfonic acid, proceeding by the reaction of hydroxide with sodium benzenesulfonate to give sodium phenoxide.

Acidification of the latter gives Phenyl hydroxide.

The net conversion is:
C6H5SO3H + 2 NaOH → C6H5OH + Na2SO3 + H2O

Hydrolysis of chlorobenzene:

Chlorobenzene can be hydrolyzed to Phenyl hydroxide using base or steam:
C6H5Cl + NaOH → C6H5OH + NaCl
C6H5Cl + H2O -> C6H5OH + HCl

These methods suffer from the cost of the chlorobenzene and the need to dispose of the chloride by product.

Coal pyrolysis:
Phenyl hydroxide is also a recoverable byproduct of coal pyrolysis.
In the Lummus Process, the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid is conducted separately.

Acidity of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Phenyl hydroxide is more acidic than aliphatic alcohols.
Phenyl hydroxide's enhanced acidity is attributed to resonance stabilization of Phenyl hydroxideate anion.
In this way, the negative charge on oxygen is delocalized on to the ortho and para carbon atoms through the pi system.

An alternative explanation involves the sigma framework, postulating that the dominant effect is the induction from the more electronegative sp2 hybridised carbons; the comparatively more powerful inductive withdrawal of electron density that is provided by the sp2 system compared to an sp3 system allows for great stabilization of the oxyanion.
In support of the second explanation, the pKa of the enol of acetone in water is 10.9, making it only slightly less acidic than Phenyl hydroxide (pKa 10.0).

Thus, the greater number of resonance structures available to phenoxide compared to acetone enolate seems to contribute little to Phenyl hydroxide's stabilization.
However, the situation changes when solvation effects are excluded.

Hydrogen bonding:
In carbon tetrachloride and in alkane solvents, Phenyl hydroxide hydrogen bonds with a wide range of Lewis bases such as pyridine, diethyl ether, and diethyl sulfide.
The enthalpies of adduct formation and the −OH IR frequency shifts accompanying adduct formation have been compiled.
Phenyl hydroxide is classified as a hard acid.

Tautomerism:
Phenyl hydroxide exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with its unstable keto tautomer cyclohexadienone, but the effect is nearly negligible.
The equilibrium constant for enolisation is approximately 10−13, which means only one in every ten trillion molecules is in the keto form at any moment.

The small amount of stabilisation gained by exchanging a C=C bond for a C=O bond is more than offset by the large destabilisation resulting from the loss of aromaticity.
Phenyl hydroxide therefore exists essentially entirely in the enol form.
4, 4' Substituted cyclohexadienone can undergo a dienone–Phenyl hydroxide rearrangement in acid conditions and form stable 3,4‐disubstituted Phenyl hydroxide.

For substituted Phenyl hydroxides, several factors can favor the keto tautomer:
Additional hydroxy groups (see resorcinol)
Annulation as in the formation of naphthols
Deprotonation to give the Phenyl hydroxideate.

History of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Phenyl hydroxide was discovered in 1834 by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who extracted it (in impure form) from coal tar.
Runge called Phenyl hydroxide "Karbolsäure" (coal-oil-acid, carbolic acid).

Coal tar remained the primary source until the development of the petrochemical industry.
The French chemist Auguste Laurent extracted Phenyl hydroxide in its pure form, as a derivative of benzene, in 1841.

In 1836, Auguste Laurent coined the name "phène" for benzene; this is the root of the word "Phenyl hydroxide" and "phenyl".
In 1843, French chemist Charles Gerhardt coined the name "phénol".

The antiseptic properties of Phenyl hydroxide were used by Sir Joseph Lister (1827–1912) in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery.
Lister decided that the wounds themselves had to be thoroughly cleaned.
He then covered the wounds with a piece of rag or lint covered in Phenyl hydroxide.

The skin irritation caused by continual exposure to Phenyl hydroxide eventually led to the introduction of aseptic (germ-free) techniques in surgery.
Lister's work was inspired by the works and experiments of his contemporary, Louis Pasteur in sterilizing various biological media.

He theorized that if germs could be killed or prevented, no infection would occur.
Lister reasoned that a chemical could be used to destroy the micro-organisms that cause infection.

Meanwhile, in Carlisle, England, officials were experimenting with sewage treatment using carbolic acid to reduce the smell of sewage cesspools.
Having heard of these developments, and having himself previously experimented with other chemicals for antiseptic purposes without much success, Lister decided to try carbolic acid as a wound antiseptic.

He had his first chance on August 12, 1865, when he received a patient: an eleven-year-old boy with a tibia bone fracture which pierced the skin of his lower leg.
Ordinarily, amputation would be the only solution.

However, Lister decided to try carbolic acid.
After setting the bone and supporting the leg with splints, he soaked clean cotton towels in undiluted carbolic acid and applied them to the wound, covered with a layer of tin foil, leaving them for four days.
When he checked the wound, Lister was pleasantly surprised to find no signs of infection, just redness near the edges of the wound from mild burning by the carbolic acid.

Reapplying fresh bandages with diluted carbolic acid, the boy was able to walk home after about six weeks of treatment.
By 16 March 1867, when the first results of Lister's work were published in the Lancet, he had treated a total of eleven patients using his new antiseptic method.

Of those, only one had died, and that was through a complication that was nothing to do with Lister's wound-dressing technique.
Now, for the first time, patients with compound fractures were likely to leave the hospital with all their limbs intact.

Before antiseptic operations were introduced at the hospital, there were sixteen deaths in thirty-five surgical cases.
Almost one in every two patients died.
After antiseptic surgery was introduced in the summer of 1865, there were only six deaths in forty cases.

The mortality rate had dropped from almost 50 per cent to around 15 per cent.
Phenyl hydroxide was a remarkable achievement.
Phenyl hydroxide was the main ingredient of the Carbolic Smoke Ball, an ineffective device marketed in London in the 19th century as protection against influenza and other ailments, and the subject of the famous law case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company.

Second World War:
The toxic effect of Phenyl hydroxide on the central nervous system, discussed below, causes sudden collapse and loss of consciousness in both humans and animals; a state of cramping precedes these symptoms because of the motor activity controlled by the central nervous system.

Injections of Phenyl hydroxide were used as a means of individual execution by Nazi Germany during the Second World War.
Phenyl hydroxide was originally used by the Nazis in 1939 as part of the mass-murder of undesirables under Aktion T4.

The Germans learned that extermination of smaller groups was more economical by injection of each victim with Phenyl hydroxide.
Phenyl hydroxide injections were given to thousands of people.

Maximilian Kolbe was also murdered with a Phenyl hydroxide injection after surviving two weeks of dehydration and starvation in Auschwitz when he volunteered to die in place of a stranger.
Approximately one gram is sufficient to cause death.

Occurrences:
Phenyl hydroxide is a normal metabolic product, excreted in quantities up to 40 mg/L in human urine.
The temporal gland secretion of male elephants showed the presence of Phenyl hydroxide and 4-methylPhenyl hydroxide during musth.

Phenyl hydroxide is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
Phenyl hydroxide is ingested from the plants the beaver eats.

Occurrence in whisky:
Phenyl hydroxide is a measurable component in the aroma and taste of the distinctive Islay scotch whisky, generally ~30 ppm, but Phenyl hydroxide can be over 160ppm in the malted barley used to produce whisky.
This amount is different from and presumably higher than the amount in the distillate.

Biodegradation:
Cryptanaerobacter Phenyl hydroxideicus is a bacterium species that produces benzoate from Phenyl hydroxide via 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Rhodococcus Phenyl hydroxideicus is a bacterium species able to degrade Phenyl hydroxide as sole carbon source

Handling and Storage of Phenyl Hydroxide:

Handling:
Handle Phenyl hydroxide with care, using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and protective clothing.
Avoid direct contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.

Use in well-ventilated areas to prevent inhalation of vapors.
Avoid inhalation of dust, vapor, or mist.

Ensure containers are properly labeled and securely closed when not in use.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.

Storage:
Store Phenyl hydroxide in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances, such as strong oxidizing agents.
Keep containers tightly closed and sealed until ready for use.

Store away from sources of heat, sparks, and open flames.
Protect from light and moisture.
Store in a corrosion-resistant container with a resistant inner liner.

Reactivity and Stability of Phenyl Hydroxide:

Stability:
Phenyl hydroxide is stable under normal temperatures and pressures.
Phenyl hydroxide can polymerize upon exposure to heat or strong acids and bases.

Reactivity:
Reacts with strong oxidizing agents, leading to the risk of fire or explosion.
May react violently with acetyl chloride, nitrobenzene, and aluminum chloride.
Incompatible with bases, reducing agents, and certain metals.

Decomposition Products:
When heated to decomposition, Phenyl hydroxide emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

First Aid Measures of Phenyl Hydroxide:

Inhalation:
Move the person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen.
Seek medical attention immediately.

Skin Contact:
Immediately wash the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Seek medical attention immediately, as Phenyl hydroxide can cause severe burns and systemic toxicity.

Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
Seek immediate medical attention.

Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water and give the person plenty of water to drink.
Seek immediate medical attention, as Phenyl hydroxide ingestion can be life-threatening.

Firefighting Measures of Phenyl Hydroxide:

Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Use alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide (CO2), dry chemical, or water spray to extinguish fires involving Phenyl hydroxide.

Firefighting Precautions:
Wear full protective gear, including a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Avoid inhaling combustion products, which may include toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

Specific Hazards:
Phenyl hydroxide is combustible and can form explosive mixtures with air at elevated temperatures.
Containers may explode if exposed to fire or excessive heat.

Accidental Release Measures of Phenyl Hydroxide:

Personal Precautions:

Evacuate the area and provide adequate ventilation.
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing.

Environmental Precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not allow the product to enter drains or waterways.

Containment and Cleanup:
Absorb spills with inert materials (e.g., sand, earth) and place in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Clean contaminated surfaces thoroughly.
Dispose of according to local, state, and federal regulations.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of Phenyl Hydroxide:

Exposure Limits:
OSHA PEL: 5 ppm (skin)
ACGIH TLV: 5 ppm (skin)

Engineering Controls:
Use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations below exposure limits.
Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are readily available.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Respiratory Protection:
Use NIOSH-approved respirators if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation occurs.

Skin Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves, long sleeves, and pants to prevent skin contact.

Eye Protection:
Wear chemical safety goggles or face shields.

Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling and before eating or drinking.
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in areas where Phenyl hydroxide is handled or stored.

Identifiers of Phenyl Hydroxide:
CAS No: 108-95-2
Molecular Formula: C6H5OH or C6H6O
Molecular Weight: 94.11

CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7
Molecular Formula: C₆H₅OH
Molar Mass: 94.11 g/mol
IUPAC Name: Phenyl hydroxide
Synonyms: Benzenol, Carbolic Acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenylic Acid
UN Number: 1671 (for Phenyl hydroxide, molten)
Chemical Structure: A benzene ring with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to it.

Molecular Formula: C6H6O
Molecular Weight: 94.11 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless to light pink crystalline solid
Odor: Sweet, medicinal, or Phenyl hydroxideic odor
Melting Point: 40.9°C (105.6°F)
Boiling Point: 181.7°C (359.1°F)
Density: 1.07 g/cm3
Solubility: Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and many organic solvents

Chemical formula: C6H6O
Molar mass: 94.113 g/mol
Appearance: Transparent crystalline solid
Odor: Sweet and tarry
Density: 1.07 g/cm3

Properties of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Melting point: 40.5 °C (104.9 °F; 313.6 K)
Boiling point: 181.7 °C (359.1 °F; 454.8 K)
Solubility in water: 8.3 g/100 mL (20 °C)
log P: 1.48
Vapor pressure: 0.4 mmHg (20 °C)

Acidity (pKa):
9.95 (in water),
18.0 (in DMSO),
29.1 (in acetonitrile)

Conjugate base: Phenoxide
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 94.11 g/mol
Density: 1.07 g/cm³
Melting Point: 40.5 °C
Boiling Point: 181.7 °C

Molecular Weight: 94.11
XLogP3: 1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 94.041864811
Monoisotopic Mass: 94.041864811
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 46.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Boiling Point: 181.8°C
Melting Point: 40.9°C
Vapour Pressure: 0.36 mm Hg at 20°C
Flash Point: 78.9°C

Specifications of Phenyl Hydroxide:
Appearance: Colorless to light pink solid or liquid (depending on temperature).
Odor: Strong, distinctive Phenyl hydroxideic odor.
Purity: Typically ≥ 99% (by GC or HPLC).
Melting Point: 40.5°C (104.9°F).
Boiling Point: 181.7°C (359.1°F).
Density: 1.07 g/cm³ at 20°C.
Water Content: Typically ≤ 0.1% (Karl Fischer method).
pH (1% Solution): Approximately 6-7.
Color (APHA): Typically ≤ 10 (on the APHA scale).
Refractive Index: Approximately 1.548 (at 20°C).
Flash Point: 79°C (174°F).
Autoignition Temperature: 490°C (914°F).
Vapor Pressure: 0.7 mmHg at 20°C.
Vapor Density: 3.2 (air = 1).
Solubility: Miscible in water and many organic solvents (e.g., ethanol, ether).