PRODUCTS

PIPERAZINE

Piperazine is used to produce epoxy hardeners, polyamide resins, corrosion inhibitors, and as a reagent in CO2 scrubbing (amine gas capture) systems.
Piperazine is historically used as an antiparasitic agent in veterinary medicine; a human-use drug is no longer marketed in many regions.
Piperazine is included in coatings, adhesives, and flooring materials; sometimes used as flavoring agent internationally.

CAS Number: 110‑85‑0
EC Number: 203‑806‑2 (commonly reported)
Molecular Formula: C₄H₁₀N₂ (hexahydro-1,4‑diazine)
Molecular Weight: ~86.1 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Piperazine, Hexahydropyrazine, Piperazidine, Diethylenediamine, 1,4‑Diazinane, piperazine, 110-85-0, Diethylenediamine, 1,4-Diazacyclohexane, Piperazin, Hexahydropyrazine, Piperazidine, Antiren, 1,4-Piperazine, Diethyleneimine, Pipersol, Eraverm, Dispermine, Lumbrical, Wurmirazin, Uvilon, Piperazine, anhydrous, Worm-A-Ton, 1,4-Diethylenediamine, Pyrazine hexahydride, Hexahydro-1,4-diazine, Pyrazine, hexahydro-, Piperazine (USP), 1RTM4PAL0V, Piperazine [USP], 1,4 Diazacyclohexane, DTXSID1021164, CHEBI:28568, NSC-474, DTXCID701164, FEMA NO. 4250, P02CB01, Vermizine, 1,4 Piperazine, piperazine phosphate (1:1), Ascalix, Ectodyne, Expelix, Wormex, Ins umuline rapide, 203-808-3, Vermex, Asca-Trol No. 3, MFCD00005953, Vermizine (TN), NSC 474, NSC474, Piperazine anhydrous, Eraverm (VAN), Piperazin [German], NCGC00094762-03, Upixon, Piperazin [Germany], CAS-110-85-0, PZE, CCRIS 5950, HSDB 1093, EINECS 203-808-3, UNII-1RTM4PAL0V, UN2579, BRN 0102555, piperizine, piperzine, piprazine, exahydropyrazine, Piperazine-, 7-piperazine, 4-diazacyclohexane, Piperazine,anhydrous, Piperazine, 99%, Tasnon (Salt/Mix), PIPERAZINUM, Exelmin (Salt/Mix), Vermidol (Salt/Mix), Piperazine - anhydrous, Vermizine (Salt/Mix), Spectrum_001113, PIPERAZINE [II], PIPERAZINE [MI], Spectrum5_001817, PIPERAZINE [FHFI], PIPERAZINE [HSDB], SCHEMBL238, WLN: T6M DMTJ, PIPERAZINE [VANDF], PIPERAZINUM [HPUS], EC 203-808-3, PIPERAZINE [MART.], SCHEMBL1640, SCHEMBL8372, Piperazine, p.a., 98%, Trimetazidine EP Impurity G, CHEMBL1412, NCIOpen2_000984, NCIOpen2_000988, NCIOpen2_001024, NCIOpen2_001031, NCIOpen2_001033, NCIOpen2_001071, NCIOpen2_001073, NCIOpen2_001111, NCIOpen2_001151, NCIOpen2_001231, NCIOpen2_001262, NCIOpen2_001269, NCIOpen2_004830, NCIOpen2_004834, NCIOpen2_004862, NCIOpen2_004874, NCIOpen2_004904, NCIOpen2_004910, NCIOpen2_004914, NCIOpen2_004942, NCIOpen2_004952, NCIOpen2_004954, NCIOpen2_004982, NCIOpen2_004992, NCIOpen2_004994, NCIOpen2_005022, NCIOpen2_005032, NCIOpen2_005034, NCIOpen2_005062, NCIOpen2_005072, NCIOpen2_005102, NCIOpen2_005108, NCIOpen2_005145, NCIOpen2_005182, NCIOpen2_005185, NCIOpen2_005187, NCIOpen2_005200, NCIOpen2_005575, NCIOpen2_005980, NCIOpen2_009422, PIPERAZINE [USP-RS], PIPERAZINE [WHO-DD], SCHEMBL77543, KBioSS_001593, 5-23-01-00030 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), BIDD:GT0273, DivK1c_000038, SCHEMBL215254, SCHEMBL524620, SCHEMBL524861, SCHEMBL908308, SPECTRUM1500490, Piperazine, analytical standard, orb1182253, orb2893579, SCHEMBL1663725, SCHEMBL6239923, SCHEMBL6575336, SCHEMBL8010246, PIPERAZINE [GREEN BOOK], HMS500B20, KBio1_000038, KBio2_001593, KBio2_004161, KBio2_006729, MSK7186, NINDS_000038, HMS1920H20, HMS2092A03, HMS3885L08, Pharmakon1600-01500490, PIPERAZINE [USP MONOGRAPH], BCP24060, HY-B0912, Piperazine, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, STR00051, Tox21_113564, Tox21_202242, Tox21_300104, NSC757283, s4574, STL169348, Piperazine [UN2579] [Corrosive], AKOS000269028, CCG-212753, CS-4381, DB00592, FP31694, LF-0561, NSC-757283, UN 2579, IDI1_000038, NCGC00094762-01, NCGC00094762-02, NCGC00094762-04, NCGC00094762-05, NCGC00094762-08, NCGC00254077-01, NCGC00259791-01, Piperazine, anhydrous, >=99.0% (T), BP-31252, SBI-0051485.P003, NS00008207, P0446, P0447, EN300-33920, C07973, D00807, AB00052073_03, Piperazine, BioUltra, anhydrous, >=99.0% (T), Q409292, SR-05000001700, SR-05000001700-1, BRD-K13249881-001-02-3, F0001-0226, Z1245537944, InChI=1/C4H10N2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h5-6H,1-4H, Piperazine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, TRIMETAZIDINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE IMPURITY G [EP IMPURITY], 31977-51-2, 1,4-Diazacyclohexane, Hexahydropyrazine, Piperazidine, Diethylenediamine, 1,4-Diazinane, Hexahydropyrazine, Antiren, Diethylenediamine, Diethyleneimine, Dispermine, Eraverm, Lumbrical, Piperazidine, Pipersol, Pyrazine hexahydride, Pyrazine, hexahydro-, Uvilon, Worm-A-Ton, Wurmirazin, 1,4-Diazacyclohexane, 1,4-Piperazine, 1,4-Diethylenediamine, Hexahydro-1,4-diazine, Piperazine, anhydrous, Asca-Trol No. 3, Piperazin, UN 2579, Vermex, Upixon, NSC 474, Diethylenediamine, Diethyleneimine, Dispermine, Antiren, Hexahydropyrazine, Piperazidine, Pipersol, Pyrazine hexahydride, Uvilon, 1,4-
Diazacyclohexane, 1,4-Piperazine, 1,4-Diethylenediamine, Piperazin (German), N,NDiethylenediamine, Hexahydro-1,4-diazine, Piperazidine, Pyrazine hexahydrate, Piperazin, (German), Piperazina (Spanish), Pipérazine (French), Other RN: 8017-90-1, 8027-81-4, 81546-15-8, 854880-15-2, 861800-35-3

Piperazine (/paɪˈpɛrəziːn/) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CH2NH)2.
In term of its structure, Piperazine can be described as cyclohexane with the 1- and 4-CH2 groups replaced by NH.
Piperazine exists as deliquescent solid with a saline taste.

Piperazine is freely soluble in water and ethylene glycol, but poorly soluble in diethyl ether.
Piperazine is commonly available industrially is as the hexahydrate, (CH2CH2NH)2·6H2O, which melts at 44 °C and boils at 125–130 °C.
Substituted derivatives of piperazine are a broad class of chemical compounds.

Many piperazines have useful pharmacological properties, prominent examples include viagra, ciprofloxacin, and ziprasidone.
Piperazine is an organic compound that consists of a six-membered ring containing two opposing nitrogen atoms.
First used as a solvent for uric acid, the use of piperazine as an anthelmintic agent was first introduced in 1953.

Upon entry into the systemic circulation, the drug is partly oxidized and partly eliminated as an unchanged compound.
Outside the body, piperazine has a remarkable power to dissolve uric acid and producing a soluble urate, but in clinical experience it has not proved equally successful.

Piperazine was first introduced as an anthelmintic in 1953.
Piperazine compounds mediate their anthelmintic action by generally paralyzing parasites, allowing the host body to easily remove or expel the invading organism.

Piperazine is needle-like white or colorless crystals.
Piperazine is shipped as a solid or suspended in a liquid medium.
Solid turns dark when exposed to light.

Flash point of Piperazine is 190 °F.
Piperazine is used as a corrosion inhibitor and as an insecticide.
Piperazine is an azacycloalkane that consists of a six-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms at opposite positions.

Piperazine has a role as an anthelminthic drug.
It is a saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent, an azacycloalkane and a member of piperazines.
Piperazine is a conjugate base of a piperazinium(2+).

Piperazine is an organic compound that consists of a six-membered ring containing two opposing nitrogen atoms.
First used as a solvent for uric acid, the use of piperazine as an anthelmintic agent was first introduced in 1953.
Upon entry into the systemic circulation, the drug is partly oxidized and partly eliminated as an unchanged compound.

Outside the body, piperazine has a remarkable power to dissolve uric acid and producing a soluble urate, but in clinical experience it has not proved equally successful.
Piperazine was first introduced as an anthelmintic in 1953.

Piperazine compounds mediate their anthelmintic action by generally paralyzing parasites, allowing the host body to easily remove or expel the invading organism.

Piperazine is a cyclic organic compound possessing two nitrogen atoms in opposite positions within a 6-member heterocyclic ring that serves as a backbone for piperazine derivatives and acts as a gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist in nematodes, with potential anti-helminthic activity.

Upon administration, piperazine binds to the GABA inhibitory receptors in susceptible nematodes, thereby inducing chloride channel opening and hyperpolarization.
This results in paralysis of the worm musculature and allows normal peristalsis to dislodge the worm from the intestinal lumen, which causes the worm to be expelled from the body.

Unlike vertebrates where GABA is restricted to the central nervous system (CNS), the GABA receptors in helminths are also expressed in the peripheral nervous system.
Piperazine belongs to the family of medicines called anthelmintics.

Anthelmintics are used in the treatment of worm infections.
Piperazine is used to treat common roundworms (ascariasis) and pinworms (enterobiasis; oxyuriasis).
Piperazine works by paralyzing the worms.

They are then passed in the stool.
Piperazine is available only with your doctor's prescription.
Piperazine is no longer available in the United States.

Piperazine is only effective against the adult large roundworm.
Piperazine has no effect on any other species of worms, including tapeworms.
Piperazine can be given orally by mouth in each bird or added to the flock’s water source.

Treatment needs to be repeated in 7-10 days since the drug does not kill the large roundworm eggs.
If given by mouth: 50 mg/bird (if younger than 6 weeks of age), otherwise 100 mg/bird (if older than 6 weeks of age), or according to the manufacturer label.
Repeat in 7-10 days.

If added to flock water source: 3 mL per gallon of water, or in accordance with the manufacturer’s label.
Repeat in 7-10 days.
Piperazine is an anti-parasite medicine belonging to the family anthelmintics.

Piperazine is used to treat different parasitic infections (worm infections) in adults and children.
Parasitic infections are diseases caused by parasites (micro-organisms) that live in or on another host/organism.
Piperazine is mainly used in treating infections of the roundworms and pinworms caused by parasites.

Piperazine contains it as an active ingredient, which belongs to the class of GABA receptor agonist drugs.
Piperazine works by binding to the GABA receptors and causing paralysis of susceptible parasites.
Thus, Piperazine treats the infection.

Piperazine is a six-sided organic ring compound containing two opposing nitrogen atoms (see image).
The piperazines are a broad class of chemical compounds, all of which contain a piperazine functional group.
Piperazines were originally named because of their chemical similarity with piperidine, a constiuent of piperine in the black pepper plant (Piper nigrum).

This has led to the erroneous belief that piperazines are naturally derived from black pepper.
In reality, no piperazines occur naturally; they are usually artificially synthesized by reacting alcoholic ammonia with 1,2-dichloroethane.
Many piperazines are successful drugs

USES and APPLICATIONS of PIPERAZINE:
Piperazine is a cyclic diamine widely employed in multiple industrial and pharmaceutical contexts:
Chemical intermediate: Piperazine is used to produce epoxy hardeners, polyamide resins, corrosion inhibitors, and as a reagent in CO2 scrubbing (amine gas capture) systems.

Pharmaceutical role: Piperazine is historically used as an antiparasitic agent in veterinary medicine; a human-use drug is no longer marketed in many regions.
Other applications: Piperazine is included in coatings, adhesives, and flooring materials; sometimes used as flavoring agent internationally.

Piperazine is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV and is indicated for helminthiasis.
Piperazine was withdrawn in at least one region.

Piperazine is an anti-nematodal agent effective against the intestinal nematodes ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES (roundworm) and ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS (pinworm, threadworm).

Piperazine produces a neuromuscular block leading to flaccid muscle paralysis in susceptible worms, which are then dislodged from the gut and expelled in feces.

-Piperazine is used as an anthelmintic
Piperazine was marketed by Bayer as an anthelmintic in the early 20th century, and was featured in print ads alongside other popular Bayer products at the time, including heroin.

In fact, a large number of piperazine compounds have an anthelmintic action.
Their mode of action is generally by paralysing parasites, which allows the host body to easily expel the invasive organism.

The neuromuscular effects are thought to be caused by blocking acetylcholine at the myoneural junction.
This action is mediated by its agonist effects upon the inhibitory GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptor.

Its selectivity for helminths is because vertebrates use GABA only in the CNS, and the GABA receptor of helminths is of a different isoform from that of vertebrates.

Piperazine hydrate, piperazine adipate and piperazine citrate (used to treat ascariasis and enterobiasis) are the most common anthelmintic piperazine compounds.

These drugs are often referred to simply as "piperazine" which may cause confusion between the specific anthelmintic drugs, the entire class of piperazine-containing compounds, and the compound itself.

Two common salts in the form of which piperazine is usually prepared for pharmaceutical or veterinary purposes are the citrate, 3C4H10N2·2C6H8O7 (i.e. containing 3 molecules of piperazine to 2 molecules of citric acid), and the adipate, C4H10N2·C6H10O4 (containing 1 molecule each of piperazine and adipic acid)

-Piperazine Uses in Medicine Field:
Piperazine belongs to the anthelmintics medicine family.
These anthelmintics medicines are mainly used for the treatment of worm infections.

These include the infections caused by common roundworms like ascariasis and pinworms like enterobiasis and oxyuriasis.
When the piperazine enters the human body, it starts work to paralyze the worms and it will dispose of in the stool.

The dosage of piperazine should be determined by the physician.
Piperazine is a medication used to treat worm infections caused by roundworms or pinworms.

Piperazine is available in lozenges, powder, and syrup forms, available without a prescription.
Piperazine belongs to the class of anthelmintic medications.

This medication works by paralyzing worms in the digestive tract.
This prevents the worms from multiplying in the intestines and is excreted in the stool.

Piperazine is a large class of chemical compounds which all have a common piperazine function group in their structure.
Piperazine is also an anthelmintic; anthelmintics are used in the treatment of worm infections.
Although piperazine for human use has been discontinued, they may still be used for worm treatment in animals.

-Uses of Piperazine
Piperazine is used in the treatment of intestinal worm infections.
The detailed uses of Piperazine are as follows:
• Treats roundworm infections: Piperazine is effective in managing ascariasis caused by common roundworms.
• Treats pinworm infections: Piperazine is used to eliminate enterobiasis (oxyuriasis) caused by pinworms.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE of PIPERAZINE:
• Piperazine can be taken with or without food as directed by the doctor.
• Follow your doctor's instructions regarding the dosage and timing for better results.
• Measure the prescribed dose using a measuring cup and administer it orally.
• Shake the container well before each use.

MEDICINAL BENEFITS of PIPERAZINE:
Piperazine contains it as an active ingredient, which belongs to the class of GABA receptor agonist drugs.
Piperazine works by binding to the muscle membrane of GABA receptors.
This causes paralyzing of the worms and eventually leads to the death of susceptible helminths and thus prevents the growth of parasitic infections.

WHAT IS THE MECHANISM OF PIPERAZINE?
Piperazine is a medication that has garnered significant attention due to its usage in treating parasitic worm infections.
The mechanism of action of piperazine primarily revolves around its ability to paralyze parasites, facilitating their expulsion from the host's body.

To delve deeper into the specifics, Piperazine is essential to understand the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of this compound.
Primarily, piperazine targets the neuromuscular system of parasitic worms, particularly nematodes.

The drug exerts its effect by mimicking the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that inhibits neuronal activity in these parasites.
GABA usually acts on GABA receptors, which are chloride ion channels, leading to hyperpolarization and subsequent relaxation of the muscle.

Piperazine enhances the effect of GABA at these sites, causing an increased influx of chloride ions into the muscle cells.
As a result, the muscle cells become hyperpolarized, leading to muscle relaxation and paralysis of the worm.

Once paralyzed, the worms lose their grip on the intestinal wall and are expelled from the body through peristalsis, the natural movement of the digestive tract.

This expulsion is assisted by the normal bowel movements of the host, effectively clearing the infection without causing significant harm to the intestinal lining or inciting severe inflammatory responses.

Pharmacokinetically, piperazine is absorbed rapidly when taken orally and distributed throughout the body's tissues.
It is metabolized primarily in the liver, where Piperazine undergoes various biochemical transformations.
The metabolites, along with a fraction of unchanged piperazine, are then excreted through the kidneys.

Due to this excretion route, caution is advised in patients with renal impairment, as accumulation of the drug could potentially lead to toxicity.
One of the notable advantages of piperazine is its relatively low toxicity to humans.

However, Piperazine is essential to adhere to prescribed dosages and duration of treatment to avoid potential side effects, which may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and, in rare cases, neurological symptoms such as dizziness and tremors.

These side effects are generally mild and transient, resolving upon discontinuation of the drug.
Piperazine's effectiveness against a variety of parasitic worms, coupled with its relatively benign side effect profile, has made it a valuable tool in the fight against parasitic infections.

Piperazine's mechanism of action, focusing on the neuromuscular paralysis of worms, sets it apart from other antiparasitic agents, offering a unique approach to managing and eliminating these infections.

Understanding the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of piperazine not only highlights its therapeutic potential but also underscores the importance of proper usage to maximize benefits and minimize risks.

ORIGIN AND NAMING of PIPERAZINE:
Piperazines were originally named because of their chemical similarity with piperidine, part of the structure of piperine in the black pepper plant (Piper nigrum).
The -az- infix added to "piperazine" refers to the extra nitrogen atom, compared to piperidine.
It is important to note, however, that piperazines are not derived from plants in the Piper genus.

SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE of PIPERAZINE:
Piperazine is formed by the ammoniation of 1,2-dichloroethane or ethanolamine.
This reaction is mainly used for production of ethylene diamine, but piperazine is a side product.

The piperazine is separated from the product stream, which, in addition to ethylenediamine, also contains various derivatives containing CH2CH2NH subunits, e.g. diethylenetriamine, aminoethylpiperazine, and other related linear and cyclic chemicals of this type.
Piperazine can also be synthesized by reduction of pyrazine with sodium in ethanol.

As confirmed by X-ray crystallography, piperidine is a centrosymmetric molecule.
The ring adopts a chair conformation and the two N-H groups are equatorial.

REACTIONS of PIPERAZINE:
Its basicity is that of a typical amine.
The pH of a 10% aqueous solution of piperazine is 10.8–11.8.
The two pKb's are 5.35 and 9.73 at 25 °C.

Piperazine readily absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air.
Carbon dioxide produce a series of carbamates.

Some of the relevant equilibria are:
HN(CH2CH2)2NH + CO2 ⇌ H2N+(CH2CH2)2NCO−2

2 HN(CH2CH2)2NH + CO2 ⇌ HN(CH2CH2)2NCO−2 + HN(CH2CH2)2NH+2
H2N+(CH2CH2)2NCO−2 + CO2 ⇌ HO2CN(CH2CH2)2NCO2H

As a basic amine, piperazine forms a variety of coordination complexes, usually binding to metals as a unidentate ligand (bidentate binding would require the boat conformation).

One example is the polymer [CoCl2(piperazine)]n, which features tetrahedral cobalt centers linked by bridging piperazine ligands.
Piperazine is easily N-alkylated.
Depending on conditions mono- or dialkyl derivatives are obtained

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS of PIPERAZINE:
The chemical structure of piperazine is C₄H₁₀N₂.
Piperazine is the organic compound, which is consist of six membrane ring with the presence of two opposite nitrogen atom.

Piperazine is an anthelmintic drug and they are mainly used for the treatment of intestinal roundworm infections in domestic animals and human beings and also can treat pinworm infections in human beings.

The physician usually suggests piperazine citrate for treating disease.
The intake of piperazine will act on the worms and they are paralyzed and eliminated through the stool.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE of PIPERAZINE:
Piperazine can be freely soluble in ethylene glycol and water.
But they remain insoluble in diethyl ether.
Piperazine is a weak base component, which has two pKbs of 5.35 and 9.73 at 25 °C.

The 10% of piperazine present in the aqueous solution will have a pH between 10.8–11.8.
Piperazine can absorb carbon dioxide and water from the air.

Many piperazines are occurring in nature in various forms.
Also, piperazine can synthesize by reacting alcoholic ammonia with 1,2-dichloroethane or by the action of ethylene glycol and sodium on ethylene diamine hydrochloride or by reducing pyrazine with the presence of sodium in ethanol.

A form of piperazine is commonly available in industries in the form of hexahydrate C₄H₁₀N₂·6H₂O.
The piperazine used in industries has a melting point of 44 °C and it can boil at 125–130 °C.
Usually, piperazine is available in the form of two common salts.

The piperazine citrate uses are predominant for pharmaceutical and veterinary purposes.
The chemical structure of citrate of piperazine is 3C₄H₁₀N₂·2C₆H₈O₇.

Citrate contains 3 molecules of piperazine to 2 molecules of citric acid.
The chemical structure of adipate is C₄H₁₀N₂·C₆H₁₀O₄.

Adipate contains 1 molecule of piperazine and adipic acid.
Piperazine can synthesize with the co-product of the ammoniation of 1,2-dichloroethane or ethanolamine.

These are the only routes for the using in commercial industries.
The piperazine are usually separated from the product stream, which contains, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and other related cyclic and linear chemicals.

PIPERAZINE DERIVATIVES AS DRUGS:
Many notable drugs contain a piperazine ring as part of their molecular structure.
They may be used as antiparasitic drugs.

*Other examples include:
Diethylcarbamazine, a derivative of piperazine, is used to treat some types of filariasis.
Most of these agents can be classified as either phenylpiperazines, benzylpiperazines, diphenylmethylpiperazines (benzhydrylpiperazines), pyridinylpiperazines, pyrimidinylpiperazines, or tricyclics (with the piperazine ring attached to the heterocyclic moiety via a side chain).

Piperazine is also a fluid used for CO2 and H2S scrubbing in association with methyl diethanolamine (MDEA).
Piperazine belongs to the family of medicines called anthelmintics.
Anthelmintics are used in the treatment of worm infections.

*Piperazine is used to treat:
common roundworms (ascariasis) and pinworms (enterobiasis; oxyuriasis).

Piperazine works by paralyzing the worms.
They are then passed in the stool.

Piperazine is available only with your doctor's prescription.
piperazine, anthelmintic drug used in the treatment of intestinal roundworm infection in humans and domestic animals (including poultry) and against pinworm infection in humans.

Piperazine is administered orally, in repeated doses, usually as the citrate salt.
Piperazine's action causes worms to be paralyzed and then eliminated in the stool.
Piperazine app. 68% is an aqueous solution of a cyclic amine with various applications.

*Piperazine Chips.
Piperazine chips are used mainly as a building block for medical drugs and in the synthesis of polyamides and urethane systems.
In addition, piperazine chips serve as an intermediate for epoxy systems.

Piperazine is an anthelmintic with activity against nematodes.
Piperazine induces a reversible flaccid paralysis in the nematode parasites.

This is provoked by hyperpolarisation of the cell membrane followed by suppression of spontaneous spike potentials.
The paralysed nematodes are subsequently expelled from the gut lumen by normal peristaltic actions.

*Indications.
Nematode infections in horses, cattle, swine and poultry.
Horses: Strongylosis spp., Oxyurosis spp., Trichonema spp. and Ascaris spp.

Cattle: Ascaris spp., Nematodirus spp., Ostertagia spp., Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum spp.
Swine: Oesophagostomum spp. and Ascaris spp.

Poultry: Ascaris spp. and Capillaria spp.
Piperazines have been described as ‘failed pharmaceuticals’, as some had been evaluated as potential therapeutic agents by pharmaceutical companies but never brought to the market.

One piperazine that has been commonly used as NPS is 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) though other piperazine derivatives have also been reported.
These include among others 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP), 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazines (TFMPP), 1-benzyl-4-methylpiperazine (MBZP), 1-(4-fluorophenyl) piperazines (pFPP) and 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl) piperazine (MT-45).

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PIPERAZINE:
Appearance: White to colorless crystalline solid or needles; deliquescent and absorbs moisture/CO₂ from air
Odor & Taste: Ammoniacal, acrid odor; tastes saline
Density / Specific Gravity: ~1.1 g/cm³ (solid)
Melting Point: ~106 °C (anhydrous); hexahydrate melts at ~44 °C
Boiling Point: ~146 °C (sublimes)
Water Solubility: Very high – ~150,000 mg/L at 20–25 °C
Log Kₒw: –1.24 (hydrophilic)
pKₐ Values: ~9.7 and ~5.3 (primary and secondary amines)
Vapor Pressure: ~39 Pa at 20 °C

Hygroscopicity: Strong; absorbs CO₂ and water, forming carbamates and hydrates
Molecular Formula: C4H10N2
Molecular Weight: 86.14 g/mol
XLogP3: -1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 86.084398327 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 86.084398327 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 24.1 Å²

Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 26.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Chemical formula: C4H10N2
Molar mass: 86.138 g·mol−1
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Melting point: 106 °C (223 °F; 379 K)
Boiling point: 146 °C (295 °F; 419 K) Sublimes
Solubility in water: Freely soluble
Acidity (pKa): 9.8

Basicity (pKb): 4.19
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −56.8·10−6 cm3/mol
Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): C4H10N2
CAS Number: 110-85-0
Molecular Weight: 86.14
Beilstein: 102555
EC Number: 203-808-3
MDL number: MFCD00005953
UNSPSC Code: 12352100

eCl@ss: 39160301
PubChem Substance ID: 24898556
NACRES: NA.21
Assay: 99%
Bp: 145-146 °C (lit.)
Vapor pressure: 0.8 mmHg (20 °C)
Physical state: crystals

Color: colorless
Odor: weakly amine-like
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/range: 109 - 112 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 145 - 146 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): The substance or mixture is a flammable solid with the category 1.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 14 %(V),
Lower explosion limit: 4 %(V)
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: 320 °C at 1.013 hPa - DIN 51794

Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 12 at 150 g/l at 20 °C
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: ca.0.9 g/l at 20 °C - soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water log Pow: -1.24 at 25 °C - Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Vapor pressure: 0.21 hPa at 20 °C

Density: 1.1 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
PHYSICAL STATE: White flake Ammonia like odor
MELTING POINT: 108 C
BOILING POINT: 145 - 146 C
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.1

SOLUBILITY IN WATER: 150 g/l at 20 C
SOLVENT SOLUBILITY: Freely soluble in glycerol
VAPOR DENSITY: 3.0
AUTOIGNITION: 340 C
pKa: 9.73 (Dissociation Constant at 25 C)
log P: -1.50E+00 (Octanol-water)
VAPOR PRESSURE: 0.16 (mmHg at 25 C)
HENRY LAW CONSTANT: 2.20E-09 (atm-m3/mole at 25 C)
OH RATE CONSTANT: 1.69E-10 (cm3/molecule-sec at 25 C Atmospheric)
NFPA RATINGS: Health: 2 ; Flammability: 2 ; Reactivity: 0
STABILITY: Stable under ordinary conditions

FIRST AID MEASURES of PIPERAZINE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PIPERAZINE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PIPERAZINE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PIPERAZINE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of PIPERAZINE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PIPERAZINE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available