PRODUCTS

PLAQUENIL

Plaquenil is a synthetic 4-aminoquinoline derivative, primarily prescribed for the prevention and treatment of malaria and for long-term management of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis.
Supplied as the sulfate salt, Plaquenil appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder, freely soluble in water, with a molecular weight of 433.95 g/mol, and is valued for its oral bioavailability, long half-life, and relatively favorable safety profile compared with older antimalarials.
First approved for medical use in 1955 and now included on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, Plaquenil is recognized as both an antimalarial and a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), making it an important therapy in global medicine.

CAS Number: 118-42-3
EC Number: 204‑249‑8
Molecular Formula: C18H26ClN3O
Molecular Mass: 335.88 g·mol−1

Synonyms: Hydroxychloroquine, 118-42-3, Oxichloroquine, Oxychlorochin, Hidroxicloroquina, oxichlorochine, Polirreumin, Hydroxychloroquinum, 2-((4-((7-Chloro-4-quinolyl)amino)pentyl)ethylamino)ethanol, CHEBI:5801, Dolquine, 7-Chloro-4-(4-(ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline, 4QWG6N8QKH, 2-(N-(4-(7-Chlor-4-chinolylamino)-4-methylbutyl)ethylamino)ethanol, 7-Chloro-4-(4-(N-ethyl-N-beta-hydroxyethylamino)-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline, NSC4375, 7-Chloro-4-(5-(N-ethyl-N-2-hydroxyethylamino)-2-pentyl)aminoquinoline, (+-)-hydroxychloroquine, Ethanol, 2-((4-((7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)amino)pentyl)ethylamino)-, DTXSID8023135, Hydroxychlorochin, 2-({4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl}(ethyl)amino)ethan-1-ol, Ethanol, 2-[[4-[(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)amino]pentyl]ethylamino]-, Ethanol, 2-((4-((7-chloro-4-quinolyl)amino)pentyl)ethylamino)-, 2-((4-((7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino)pentyl)(ethyl)amino)ethan-1-ol, 7-chloro-4-[4-(N-ethyl-N-beta-hydroxyethylamino)-1-methylbutylamino]quinoline, 7-chloro-4-[5-(N-ethyl-N-2-hydroxyethylamino)-2-pentyl]aminoquinoline, idroxiclorochina, Ethanol, 2-[[4-[(7-chloro-4-quinolyl)amino]pentyl]ethylamino]-, hidroxychloroquine sulfate, DTXCID403135, P01BA02, 204-249-8, Plaquenil, 2-((4-((7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino)pentyl)(ethyl)amino)ethanol, WIN 1258, 2-[4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl-ethylamino]ethanol, 2-[{4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl}(ethyl)amino]ethanol sulfate, Hydroxychloroquine (INN), Oxichlorochinum, MFCD00242707, HCQ, 2-[{4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl}(ethyl)amino]ethanol, 2-[4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentylamino]ethanol, Idrossiclorochina [DCIT], Idrossiclorochina, Oxichlorochine Sulfate, Hidroxicloroquina [INN-Spanish], Hydroxychloroquinum [INN-Latin], HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE [INN], Hydroxychloroquine [INN:BAN], 2-{N-[4-(7-Chloro-4-quinolylamino)pentyl]-N-ethylamino}ethanol, 2-({4-[(7-chloro(4-quinolyl))amino]pentyl}ethylamino)ethan-1-ol, Polirreumin (TN), NCGC00159483-02, EINECS 204-249-8, UNII-4QWG6N8QKH, BRN 0253894, R-Hydroxychloroquine?, Ercoquin (Salt/Mix), Spectrum2_001238, Spectrum5_001697, Z0188, (+/-)-hydroxychloroquine, SCHEMBL8170, CHEMBL1535, 5-22-10-00280 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), (.+/-.)-Hydroxychloroquine, DivK1c_000942, SPBio_001116, HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE [MI], GTPL7198, orb1298213, SCHEMBL29359553, SCHEMBL29430237, HMS502P04, KBio1_000942, HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE [VANDF], Win 1258-2, HYDROXY CHLOROQUINE SULFATE, NINDS_000942, 2-[4-[(7-chloro-4-quinolyl)amino]pentyl-ethyl-amino]ethanol, HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE [WHO-DD], BCP30197, IGA74976, BDBM50247975, BDBM50467780, SBB012559, STL429829, AKOS015997886, AT13123, CCG-208059, DB01611, DT-0016, HY-W031727, SB73036, IDI1_000942, NCGC00159483-03, NCGC00159483-06, DA-74343, ST072188, SY270913, SBI-0052759.P002, CS-0075751, NS00001228, C07043, D08050, EN300-122642, AB00053257_02, Q421094, BRD-A99117172-065-01-6, BRD-A99117172-065-02-4, BRD-A99117172-065-04-0, BRD-A99117172-065-05-7, F2173-0553, 2-((4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylamino)pentyl)(ethyl)amino)ethanol, 2-[(4-[(7-Chloro-4-quinolinyl)amino]pentyl)(ethyl)amino]ethanol #, 2-[4-[(7-Chloro-4-quinolyl)amino]pentylamino]ethanol, 7-chloro-4-[4-[ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]1-methylbutylamino]-quinoline, 7-chloro-4-[4-[ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]1-methylbutylamino]quinoline, 7-Chloro-4-[4-[ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1-methylbutylamino]quinoline, (+/-)-2-((4-((7-CHLORO-4-QUINOLYL)AMINO)PENTYL)ETHYLAMINO)ETHANOL, 7-Chloro-4-(4-(N-ethyl-N-beta-hydroxyethylamino)-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline, ETHANOL, 2-((4-((7-CHLORO-4-QUINOLINYL)AMINO)PENTYL)ETHYL)AMINO-, Oxichloroquine;Oxychlorochin;2-[4-[(7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentylamino]ethanol, Hydroxychloroquine, HCQ, (RS)-2‑[(7‑chloroquinolin‑4‑yl)amino]pentylaminoethanol (HCQ)

Plaquenil is a synthetic 4-aminoquinoline derivative widely used as an antimalarial and immunomodulatory drug.
Plaquenil is primarily prescribed for the prevention and treatment of malaria, and for long-term management of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis, where it helps reduce inflammation, joint pain, and disease flares.

Plaquenil is typically supplied as the sulfate salt, appearing as a white to off-white crystalline powder, freely soluble in water, with the molecular formula C₁₈H₂₆ClN₃O·H₂SO₄ and a molecular weight of 433.95 g/mol.
Plaquenil's therapeutic effects are thought to arise from multiple mechanisms, including interference with lysosomal activity, alteration of toll-like receptor signaling, and modulation of antigen presentation, which together contribute to reduced immune activation.

Plaquenil has also been investigated for antiviral and anticancer properties, though its efficacy outside malaria and autoimmune disorders remains limited or experimental.
Clinically, Plaquenil is valued for its long half-life, oral bioavailability, and relatively favorable safety profile compared with older antimalarials, although long-term use carries risks of retinal toxicity, cardiac effects, and gastrointestinal disturbances, necessitating careful dosing and monitoring.

Plaquenil is a chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites.
Plaquenil appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa.

Plaquenil inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase.
Plaquenil is an antimalarial medication used to treat uncomplicated cases of malaria and for chemoprophylaxis in specific regions.

Plaquenil is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD).
Plaquenil regulates the activity of the immune system, which may be overactive in some conditions.

Plaquenil can modify the underlying disease process, rather than simply treating the symptoms.
Plaquenil is a quinoline medicine used to treat or prevent malaria, a disease caused by parasites that enter the body through the bite of a mosquito.

Malaria is common in areas such as Africa, South America, and Southern Asia.
Plaquenil is not effective against all strains of malaria.

Plaquenil is not effective against all strains of malaria, or against malaria in areas where the infection has been resistant to a similar drug called chloroquine.

Plaquenil, sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine.
Other uses of Plaquenil include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda.

Plaquenil is taken by mouth, often in the form of Plaquenil sulfate.
Plaquenil is in the antimalarial and 4-aminoquinoline families of medication.

Plaquenil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955.
Plaquenil is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

In 2022, Plaquenil was the 112th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5 million prescriptions.
Plaquenil has been studied for an ability to prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but clinical trials found it ineffective for this purpose and a possible risk of dangerous side effects.

Among studies that deemed Plaquenil intake to cause harmful side effects, a publication by The Lancet was retracted due to data flaws.
The speculative use of Plaquenil for COVID-19 threatens its availability for people with established indications.

Plaquenil is a medicine used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE/lupus).
Plaquenil is also an antimalarial medicine used to prevent and treat malaria and other parasitic infections.

Plaquenil is not clear how Plaquenil works in inflammatory conditions; however it is thought to have an action on the immune system.
In rheumatoid arthritis this action helps to reduce inflammation and thus reduce pain and swelling.

Plaquenilalso limits damage to the joints and helps to prevent disability in the long term.
Because Plaquenil acts to reduce the damage to the joints, rather than just relieve the pain, it belongs to the group of medicines called disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

Plaquenil belongs to the family of medicines called “antimalarials” (AMs), which are also classified as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, or DMARDs.
These drugs were initially used to prevent and to treat malaria but are no longer used for those purposes; more effective drugs have since been developed.

The antimalarial quinine was first used to treat cutaneous lupus in 1834.
Subsequent reports in 1928 and 1938 showed good results with another quinine-like drug in the treatment of both discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus.

In 1941, discoid lupus patients were treated successfully with Atabrine, a compound developed in Germany in the 1920s.
In the mid-1940s, both Plaquenil (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) had been synthesized.
In 1955 Plaquenil was shown to be effective for both systemic lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Plaquenil is an aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2.
Plaquenil is an aminoquinoline, an organochlorine compound, a primary alcohol, a secondary amino compound and a tertiary amino compound.

Plaquenil is functionally related to a chloroquine.
Plaquenil is a conjugate base of a Plaquenil(2+).

Plaquenil is a racemic mixture consisting of an R and S enantiomer.
Plaquenil is an aminoquinoline like [chloroquine].

Plaquenil was developed during World War II as a derivative of [quinacrine] with less severe side effects.
Chloroquine and Plaquenil are both being investigated for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.
The FDA emergency use authorization for Plaquenil and [chloroquine] in the treatment of COVID-19 was revoked on 15 June 2020.

Plaquenil is an Antirheumatic Agent and Antimalarial.
Plaquenil is a 4-aminoquinoline with immunosuppressive, antiautophagy, and antimalarial activities.

Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, Plaquenil may suppress immune function by interfering with the processing and presentation of antigens and the production of cytokines.
As a lysosomotropic agent, Plaquenil raises intralysosomal pH, impairing autophagic protein degradation; Plaquenil-mediated accumulation of ineffective autophagosomes may result in cell death in tumor cells reliant on autophagy for survival.

In addition, Plaquenil is highly active against the erythrocytic forms of P. vivax and malariae and most strains of P. falciparum but not the gametocytes of P. falciparum.
Plaquenil is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV (across all indications) that was first approved in 1955 and is indicated for malaria and rheumatoid arthritis and has 80 investigational indications.

Market Overview of Plaquenil:
The global Plaquenil market is projected to grow steadily, with an estimated value of around USD 4.2 billion in 2023 and expected to reach nearly USD 6.9 billion by 2032–2034, reflecting a CAGR of about 5–6%.
Growth is driven by the continued burden of malaria in Asia-Pacific and Africa, the rising prevalence of autoimmune disorders such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, and the drug’s established role in long-term immunomodulatory therapy.

Asia-Pacific remains the largest market, led by India’s strong manufacturing base and high malaria incidence, while North America and Europe show stable demand supported by established prescribing patterns for rheumatology and lupus care.
The COVID-19 pandemic caused a temporary surge in production and consumption, which has since normalized but highlighted the importance of supply chain resilience and regulatory oversight.

Ongoing challenges include safety concerns such as retinal and cardiac toxicity, pricing pressure from generic competition, and regulatory restrictions on off-label use.
Nevertheless, Plaquenil is expected to maintain a solid market position, with growth underpinned by its proven therapeutic indications and expanding access in emerging economies.

Uses of Plaquenil:
Plaquenil is a racemic mixture consisting of an R and S enantiomer.
Plaquenil is an aminoquinoline like chloroquine.

Plaquenil is a commonly prescribed medication in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Plaquenil is also used for the prophylaxis of malaria in regions where chloroquine resistance is unlikely.

Plaquenil was developed during World War II as a derivative of quinacrine with less severe side effects.
Chloroquine and Plaquenil are both being investigated for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

Plaquenil is a medication that treats autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
Plaquenil slows down your overactive immune system.

Plaquenil can also prevent and treat malaria by killing the parasite that causes it.
Plaquenil treats autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

Plaquenil works by slowing down an overactive immune system.
Plaquenil may also be used to prevent and treat malaria.

Plaquenil works by killing the parasite that causes malaria.
Plaquenil belongs to a group of medications called DMARDs.

Plaquenil may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.
Plaquenil is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD).

Plaquenil can decrease the pain/swelling from arthritis and prevent joint damage.
Plaquenil was first used to prevent and treat malaria but was found to have benefits in autoimmune diseases, like lupus and other conditions.

The mechanism of action of Plaquenil is not clear, but it is thought to interfere with communication in the immune system.
Plaquenil is also used to treat symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and discoid or systemic lupus erythematosus.

Plaquenil is used in the treatment of arthritis to help relieve inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain and also to help control the symptoms of lupus erythematosus (lupus; SLE).
Plaquenil was originally used to prevent and to treat malaria.

An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, Plaquenil is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.
Plaquenil has a role as an antimalarial, an antirheumatic drug, a dermatologic drug and an anticoronaviral agent.

Plaquenil is a derivative of chloroquine that has both antimalarial and antiinflammatory activities and is now most often used as an antirheumatologic agent in systemic lupus erythematosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Medical uses:
Plaquenil treats rheumatic disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and porphyria cutanea tarda, and certain infections such as Q fever and certain types of malaria.
Plaquenil is considered the first-line treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus.

Certain types of malaria, resistant strains, and complicated cases require different or additional medication.
Plaquenil blocks the effects of some chemicals released in autoimmune diseases, and is used to treat inflammatory conditions.
Plaquenil is widely used to treat primary Sjögren syndrome but does not appear to be effective.

Plaquenil is widely used in the treatment of post-Lyme arthritis.
Plaquenil may have both an anti-spirochete activity and an anti-inflammatory activity, similar to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Production of Plaquenil:
Plaquenil is produced synthetically through a multi-step chemical process starting from 4,7-dichloroquinoline, a chloroquine precursor.
The synthesis generally involves substitution of one chlorine atom in 4,7-dichloroquinoline with a side chain derived from 2-[(ethylamino)methyl]ethanol, introducing the hydroxyethyl group that distinguishes Plaquenil from chloroquine.

This is typically achieved through nucleophilic substitution reactions under controlled conditions, followed by neutralization and purification steps.
The final compound is usually isolated and converted into its stable sulfate salt (Plaquenil sulfate), which appears as a white crystalline powder suitable for pharmaceutical formulation.

Large-scale production follows Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards to ensure purity, stability, and safety, with quality control testing for identity, residual solvents, crystalline form, and pharmacopoeial compliance.
Industrial synthesis is carried out primarily by generic drug manufacturers in countries such as India and China, which have become leading suppliers to the global market due to their extensive API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) capacity.

Action Mechanism of Plaquenil:
Plaquenil increases lysosomal pH in antigen-presenting cells by two mechanisms:
As a weak base, Plaquenil is a proton acceptor and via this chemical interaction, its accumulation in lysozymes raises the intralysosomal pH, but this mechanism does not fully account for the effect of Plaquenil on pH.

Additionally, in parasites that are susceptible to Plaquenil, it interferes with the endocytosis and proteolysis of hemoglobin and inhibits the activity of lysosomal enzymes, thereby raising the lysosomal pH by more than two orders of magnitude over the weak base effect alone.

In 2003, a novel mechanism was described wherein Plaquenil inhibits stimulation of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 family receptors.
TLRs are cellular receptors for microbial products that induce inflammatory responses through activation of the innate immune system.

As with other quinoline antimalarial drugs, the antimalarial mechanism of action of quinine has not been fully resolved.
The most accepted model is based on hydrochloroquinine and involves the inhibition of hemozoin biocrystallization, which facilitates the aggregation of cytotoxic heme.

Free cytotoxic heme accumulates in the parasites, causing death.
Plaquenil increases the risk of low blood sugar through several mechanisms.

These include decreased clearance of the hormone insulin from the blood, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased release of insulin from the pancreas.

History of Plaquenil:
Plaquenil was first synthesized in the 1940s as a derivative of chloroquine, which itself had been developed earlier as a safer synthetic alternative to quinine for malaria treatment.
Researchers at Sterling Drug (later acquired by Sanofi) modified chloroquine’s structure by adding a hydroxyethyl group, creating Plaquenil, with the goal of reducing toxicity while maintaining antimalarial efficacy.

Introduced into clinical use in 1955, Plaquenil quickly gained favor because it was less toxic to the eyes and central nervous system compared to chloroquine, making it safer for long-term therapy.
While initially employed almost exclusively as an antimalarial, physicians soon discovered Plaquenil's effectiveness in treating autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis, leading to its adoption as a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) through the 1960s and 1970s.

By the late 20th century, Plaquenil had become a standard therapy for lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, valued for its immunomodulatory effects and relatively mild side effect profile.
In the 21st century, Plaquenilcontinued to be widely prescribed for autoimmune diseases and malaria prophylaxis, but gained unprecedented global attention during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, when it was investigated as a potential antiviral.

Although initial emergency authorizations were granted in some countries, large clinical trials later showed limited or no efficacy against COVID-19, leading regulators such as the U.S. FDA and EMA to restrict its use for this indication.
Despite this controversy, Plaquenil remains a critical medicine today, included on the World Health Organization’s Model List of Essential Medicines, and continues to play a major role in the long-term management of malaria and autoimmune disorders.

Handling and Storage of Plaquenil:

Handling:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing; prevent dust generation.
Use only in well-ventilated areas or under local exhaust/containment (weighing hoods, enclosures).

Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling.
Wear appropriate PPE (see PPE section).
Wash hands and exposed skin thoroughly after use and at shift end; remove contaminated clothing before leaving the work area.

Storage:
Store in tightly closed, properly labeled containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place.
Protect from light and humidity; keep desiccant in original containers if supplied.

Recommended storage: ambient 15–25 °C (per label/compendial guidance).
Keep away from strong oxidizers/acids/bases; segregate from food and feed.

Stability and Reactivity of Plaquenil:

Stability:
Stable under normal temperatures and dry, light-protected storage conditions.

Reactivity:
Not strongly reactive; may degrade with strong oxidizers or at elevated temperature; prolonged moisture exposure can affect quality.

Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Under fire/thermal decomposition may release HCl, NOx, CO, CO₂ and irritating organic fumes.

Incompatibilities:
Strong oxidizing agents; strong acids or bases; powerful acylating/alkylating reagents.

First Aid Measures of Plaquenil:

General:
Ensure own safety first; remove exposed person from source; seek medical advice if symptoms persist.
Show this sheet to the provider.

Inhalation (dust/aerosol):
Move to fresh air, keep at rest and warm.
If cough, dyspnea, or throat irritation occurs/persists, obtain medical attention.

Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with plenty of water and mild soap for ≥15 min.
Get medical advice if irritation or rash develops.

Eye Contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for ≥15 min, lifting upper/lower lids; remove contact lenses if easy.
Seek ophthalmologic attention if irritation persists.

Ingestion:
Rinse mouth; do not induce vomiting.
Give small amounts of water if conscious.
Call a physician/poison center promptly—report substance and amount.

Firefighting Measures of Plaquenil:

Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Water spray/fog, dry chemical, CO₂, or alcohol-resistant foam.
Avoid high-pressure water jets that may disperse powder.

Specific Hazards:
Combustible solid; dust can form explosive mixtures in air if dispersed.
Thermal decomposition yields toxic/irritant fumes (see above).

Protective Equipment for Firefighters:
Full bunker gear and SCBA.
Cool containers with water spray.
Prevent contaminated runoff from entering drains/waterways.

Accidental Release Measures of Plaquenil:

Personal Precautions:
Evacuate non-essential personnel; avoid breathing dust and contact with skin/eyes.
Provide adequate ventilation; eliminate ignition sources.
Wear gloves, goggles/face shield, protective clothing; use a particulate respirator if airborne dust may occur.

Spill Cleanup:
Avoid dry sweeping; HEPA-filter vacuum or damp wipe to minimize dust.
Collect into sealable, labeled containers for disposal.
Wash area with mild detergent/water; prevent washings from entering drains.

Environmental Precautions:
Prevent release to sewers/surface waters.
Notify authorities in case of large spills.

Exposure Controls / Personal Protective Equipment of Plaquenil:

Engineering Controls:
Use local exhaust (LEL) or containment for weighing/dispensing; consider closed transfer where possible.
Provide eyewash stations and safety showers in handling areas.

Respiratory Protection:
Not usually required with adequate engineering controls.
If dust/aerosol may exceed nuisance or OEL levels, use a NIOSH-approved P100 (or equivalent) particulate respirator; for higher risk, use an APR with appropriate cartridges per risk assessment.

Hand Protection:
Chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile, neoprene, or butyl rubber).
Change regularly and on contamination.

Eye/Face Protection:
Tight-fitting safety goggles; add a face shield for bulk handling/splash or high-dust tasks.

Skin/Body Protection:
Lab coat or disposable protective gown; chemical-resistant apron for large-scale operations. Closed footwear.

Hygiene Measures:
No eating/drinking/smoking in work areas.
Wash hands/forearms after handling.
Remove PPE carefully to avoid contamination; launder work clothing before reuse; dispose of single-use PPE appropriately.

Identifiers of Plaquenil:
Substance Name: Plaquenil
CAS Numbers: 118-42-3
EC (EINECS) Number: 204-123-3 (base)
Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₂₆ClN₃O
Molecular Weight: 335.87 g/mol
InChI: InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3O/c1-2-21(3-4-22)13-5-6-14-23(24)18-10-9-16-15(12-18)17(19)11-20-16/h9-12,20,22,24H,2-6,13-14H2,1H3
InChI Key: XPYUFAMZMBTFKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CCN(CCO)CCCCNC1=CC2=NC=C(C=C2C=C1)Cl
PubChem CID: 3652
DrugBank ID: DB01611
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:5801
KEGG ID: D08050
UNII (FDA): 4QWG6N8QKH
ATC Code: P01BA02 (antimalarial, aminoquinoline derivative)
Regulatory Status: Approved drug; included on WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
UN Number (Transport): Not classified as a dangerous good under UN transport regulations

IUPAC Name: 2-[4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl
CAS Number: 118-42-3
EC (EINECS) Number: 204-123-3
UNII (FDA Unique Ingredient Identifier): 4QWG6N8QKH
PubChem CID: 3652
ChemSpider ID: 3525
DrugBank ID: DB01611
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:5801
KEGG Drug ID: D08050
ChEMBL ID: CHEMBL43
WHO INN: Plaquenil

Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₂₆ClN₃O
Molecular Weight: 335.87 g/mol
SMILES: CCN(CCO)CCCCNC1=CC2=NC=C(C=C2C=C1)Cl
InChI: InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3O/c1-2-21(3-4-22)13-5-6-14-23(24)18-10-9-16-15(12-18)17(19)11-20-16/h9-12,20,22,24H,2-6,13-14H2,1H3
InChI Key: XPYUFAMZMBTFKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Properties of Plaquenil:
Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₂₆ClN₃O
Molecular Weight: 335.87 g/mol
Physical State: Solid (crystalline powder)
Color: White to off-white
Odor: Odorless to faint odor

Melting Point: ~240 °C (decomposes)

Solubility:
Water: Freely soluble (sulfate salt); ~20 mg/mL at 25 °C
Organic solvents: Sparingly soluble in ethanol; insoluble in nonpolar solvents
pH (aqueous solution, 1%): ~4.5–5.5 (slightly acidic, sulfate form)

Substance Name: Plaquenil (commonly marketed as the sulfate salt)
Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₂₆ClN₃O
Molecular Weight: 335.87 g/mol

Form: Crystalline solid
Color: White to off-white powder
Odor: Practically odorless
Taste: Slightly bitter

Autoignition Temperature: Expected >400 °C
Hygroscopicity: Low; stable under normal storage

Water: Freely soluble; ~20 mg/mL at 25 °C
Ethanol (95%): Slightly soluble
Chloroform: Slightly soluble
Ether / Nonpolar solvents: Practically insoluble
pH (1% aqueous solution, sulfate): ~4.5–5.5 (slightly acidic)

Log P (octanol/water, base): ~3.87–3.9 (lipophilic)
pKa values: ~8.3 (secondary amine), ~9.7 (tertiary amine)
Vapor Pressure: Negligible at room temperature
Refractive Index (saturated solution): ~1.52