Quick Search
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide, which is also the cosmetic ingredient (INCI) name, is a cationic polymer made up of biguanide units linked by hexamethylene bridges. Commercially it is mostly sold as an aqueous solution containing 20% active substance by weight, colorless to pale yellow and slightly opalescent in appearance. Its CAS number is most often given as 32289-58-0; it mixes with water in all proportions and shows strong antimicrobial activity even at low concentrations.
Also known as polihexanide, this substance binds through its positively charged biguanide groups to the negatively charged components of the bacterial cell membrane, disrupts membrane organization and stops growth. It is fast and broadly effective against bacteria; its effect on fungi is limited, and its effect on viruses and spores is weak. It works over a wide pH range, but it forms a precipitate with anionic surfactants and is incompatible with strong oxidizers.
Also known as polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, the product is used in cosmetic preservation, wet wipe lotions, contact lens solutions, wound cleansing, eye drops, pool water care and industrial hygiene. Use limits vary with the application and the country; the EU allows up to 0.1% in cosmetics and excludes applications that may lead to exposure by inhalation. This product can be supplied from ATAMAN KİMYA; for technical information and supply requests, contacting ATAMAN KİMYA is recommended.
WHAT IS POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE?
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide is a synthetic polymer made up of biguanide groups linked to each other by hexamethylene chains. Its chemical name is poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride; its international nonproprietary name is polihexanide, and its cosmetic ingredient name is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide.
The biguanide group forms when two guanidine units join through a shared nitrogen atom, and it has a strongly basic character. In neutral and acidic media these groups are protonated; the polymer behaves like a polycation carrying a positive charge in every repeat unit.
The commercial substance is not a single molecule but a mixture of molecules with different chain lengths. For the grade approved in the EU, the number-average molecular weight is defined as about 1,600 and the polydispersity index as about 1.8. This means that the chains carry on average about seven to nine repeat units.
The most common form on the market is an aqueous solution containing 20% active substance by weight. The solution ranges from colorless to pale yellow, is slightly opalescent and mixes with water in all proportions. The solid form is an off-white, dusty substance; it gives off an ammonia-like odor and is used less often.
The mechanism of action rests on electric charge. The cationic chains bind to the acidic phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the bacterial membrane. Because the mammalian cell membrane is less negatively charged than the bacterial membrane, selectivity is achieved at low concentrations; even so, the substance can cause serious effects in the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.
The substance is also described as the polymeric counterpart of chlorhexidine. Both carry biguanide groups and are cationic; however, polihexanide combines many biguanide units in a single chain. This structure increases the strength of membrane binding while limiting penetration into skin and mucosa.
The fields of use range from cosmetic preservative to pharmaceutical active substance. It is found at very low concentrations in contact lens care solutions and at about 0.1% in wound irrigation solutions. It has been approved as the active substance of an eye drop used to treat Acanthamoeba keratitis.
It must not be confused with polyhexamethylene guanidine. That substance is a separate polymer with guanidine groups and has a different regulatory record. Because the names are similar, the CAS number and the product name should be written together when placing an order.
The commercial product is usually a concentrated solution and is classified as a hazardous substance. Exposure by inhalation, eyes and skin, and release into the aquatic environment, must be strictly limited. The risk in finished products with low concentrations is much lower than for the concentrated raw material.
COMMON PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL NAMES OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE:
Poliaminopropil Biguanid
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide
Poliheksametilen Biguanid
Polyhexamethylene Biguanide
Poliheksanid
Polyhexanide
Polihexanide
Poli(heksametilen biguanid) hidroklorür
Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride
Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride
Poli(iminoimidokarbonil iminoimidokarbonil iminoheksametilen) hidroklorür
Poly(iminoimidocarbonyl iminoimidocarbonyl iminohexamethylene) hydrochloride
Poliheksametilen biguanid %20 çözelti
Polyhexamethylene biguanide 20% solution
Biguanid 20
Biguanid polimeri
PHMB
PHMB %20 çözelti
PAPB
Polihexanid
Polihexanida
Vantocil IB
Vantocil TG
Cosmocil CQ
Reputex 20
Purista
Prontosan
Lavasept
Akantior
Baquacil
Most of these names express the same substance with different spellings or with the conventions of different fields. Polyaminopropyl Biguanide is the cosmetic ingredient name, while polihexanide is the international nonproprietary name used in the pharmaceutical and antiseptic field. PHMB is the abbreviation most often seen in biocidal and industrial documents; PAPB is preferred in the cosmetic sector.
Poliheksanid and polihexanide are the Turkish and English spellings of the same name. Polihexanid is the German equivalent and polihexanida is the Spanish one. Poli(iminoimidokarbonil iminoimidokarbonil iminoheksametilen) hidroklorür is the Turkish form of one of the long systematic names used in the CAS registry system.
Trade names depend on the manufacturer and the application. Vantocil and Cosmocil CQ are manufacturer brands and mostly refer to the 20% solution. Reputex and Purista are brands used in textile applications, and Baquacil in pool water care. Prontosan and Lavasept appear in wound and tissue rinsing solutions, while Akantior appears in a product that has received a pharmaceutical license as an eye drop.
Some of these brands are not pure polihexanide but finished products prepared together with other components such as betaine. In the case of Prontosan, polihexanide is present at about 0.1% together with betaine. A brand name may therefore indicate the finished product rather than the raw material itself.
Two different grades are defined in EU biocidal legislation, and they are distinguished by number-average molecular weight and polydispersity index. One is stated with the values 1,600 and 1.8, the other with 1,415 and 4.7. When choosing a product, the supplier should confirm which grade is meant.
Several CAS numbers point to different records of the same family. 32289-58-0 is the hydrochloride record and the most common number in safety data sheets. 27083-27-8 is given as the hydrochloride of the polymer, and 28757-47-3 as the free base. For Cosmocil CQ and Vantocil products, the number 133029-32-0 is also seen.
Some seller pages give formulas such as C₈H₁₉N₅, C₉H₂₃N₅, C₁₀H₂₃N₅ or C₁₆H₃₄N₁₀ and molecular weights between 185 and 367. These are the values of a single monomer unit or of an incorrect fragment, not of the polymer. They should not be used as identity information for the product.
Polihexanide is a different substance from chlorhexidine, octenidine, benzalkonium chloride and polyhexamethylene guanidine. Although their modes of action are similar, their chemical structures, regulatory statuses and safety profiles differ.
CAS NO, EC / EINECS NO AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
Product name: Poliaminopropil Biguanid / Polyaminopropyl Biguanide
Common abbreviation: PHMB; PAPB
Chemical name: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride
INCI name: Polyaminopropyl Biguanide
CAS No: 32289-58-0 (hydrochloride); 27083-27-8 (hydrochloride of the polymer); 28757-47-3 (free base)
EC / EINECS No: 608-723-9; 608-042-7 and 923-111-4 are also given in some sources. Because it is a polymer, many safety data sheets do not state an EC number
Molecular formula: (C₈H₁₇N₅)ₙ·xHCl, with C₈H₁₇N₅ per repeat unit
Molecular weight: Number-average about 1,600 g/mol; weight-average about 3,000 g/mol. The mass of a single repeat unit is calculated as about 183 g/mol
Chemical class: Cationic polymeric biguanide; polybiguanide
Main functions: Preservative, antimicrobial, antiseptic, disinfectant active substance, textile and surface hygiene additive
The cosmetic ingredient database records the substance under the name Polyaminopropyl Biguanide and with its preservative function. The United States Food and Drug Administration uses the UNII code 4XI6112496 for the substance, and the World Health Organization ATC system uses the code D08AC05.
Because of the polymeric structure, there is no single molecular formula. The notation (C₈H₁₇N₅)ₙ expresses the repeating unit, and the value of n is an average between about seven and nine. One assessment document gives a wider range for n, from 1 to 40; this reflects the chain length distribution.
In the hydrochloride salt, each biguanide unit may carry one chloride counter ion. The expression xHCl shows that this ratio can vary with the product. Calculations of molecular weight and active substance should therefore be made on the basis stated by the manufacturer.
The presence of an INCI name does not mean that the product can be used freely in every cosmetic product. In EU cosmetics legislation the substance is on the list of preservatives and is limited to a maximum of 0.1% concentration and to applications that do not lead to exposure by inhalation.
CAS and EC numbers are necessary to match the product with the correct substance, but they are not sufficient on their own. Under the same CAS number, grades with different concentrations, molecular weight distributions and impurity profiles are sold. In a request, the grade, concentration and documents should be written together with the number.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
The polymer chain is built from biguanide groups lined up one after another and separated by hexamethylene units. Each repeat unit contains a flexible bridge made of six methylene groups and one biguanide group. Amino, cyanoguanidine or guanidine end groups may be present at the ends of the chain.
In the biguanide group, two guanidine units join through a shared nitrogen atom, and the electrons are delocalized across the group. This resonance makes the group strongly basic. At neutral and acidic pH the group is protonated; the positive charge is shared over several nitrogen atoms.
As a result, the molecule is a polyelectrolyte carrying positive charge at regular intervals along the chain. Because the charge density is high, it forms strong electrostatic interactions with negatively charged surfaces, that is, with bacterial membranes, cell wall components, glass, cellulose and cotton fibers.
The hydrophobic region is the methylene bridge of six carbons. The length of the bridge determines how the polymer settles into the membrane and its surface activity. The substance is not surface active and its foaming tendency is low; its effect comes from charge interaction, not from lowering surface tension.
The molecule is highly polar. The logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient is reported as about -2.3; this shows that the substance stays in the water phase rather than the oil phase. The water solubility of the solid form is given as 426 g/L in one assessment document, and its solubility is about 41% in methanol and about 0.5% in ethanol.
Solubility comes from the charged groups in the structure. Each biguanide unit forms hydrogen bonds with water molecules and forms a soluble salt with chloride counter ions. The polymer is therefore poorly soluble in organic solvents and very well soluble in aqueous media.
The polymer is a covalently built molecule; its ionic character relates only to the charge of the biguanide groups. In terms of oxidation states, the nitrogen atoms are in a reduced form. Strong oxidizers therefore break down the biguanide groups and reduce the effect.
Stability is broad. A supplier document states that the product stays effective between pH 1 and 11. No significant loss was seen in a solution stored for 14 days at 54 °C, and the shelf life is given as at least two years. The glass transition temperature of the solid polymer is about 90 °C and its decomposition is at about 205–210 °C.
Anionic groups bind the polymer. Surfactants containing sulfate and sulfonate form a precipitate with the chain; with weaker anionic groups such as carboxylate, binding may remain more limited. This difference explains why some cationic-anionic mixtures work, but every system should still be tested separately.
The impurity profile is related to the structure. Residual hexamethylenediamine used in production, low molecular weight oligomers and guanidine-ended chains may be present. In the approved grade, the hexamethylenediamine content is limited to at most 0.4%.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
General technical properties:
Values may vary with the manufacturer, grade and measurement method; the information below is for general information purposes and does not replace manufacturer-specific TDS and SDS documents.
Physical appearance: Colorless to pale yellow, slightly opalescent, free-flowing aqueous solution; 20% active substance by weight. In solid form an off-white, dusty substance; ammonia-like odor
Chemical character: Cationic, polymeric biguanide; polycation in neutral and acidic media; not surface active, low foaming tendency
Molecular formula: (C₈H₁₇N₅)ₙ·xHCl
Molecular weight: Number-average about 1,600 g/mol, weight-average about 3,000 g/mol; in one supplier specification number-average 1,449–1,771, weight-average 2,687–3,285
CAS No: 32289-58-0; 27083-27-8; 28757-47-3
EC / EINECS No: 608-723-9; 608-042-7 and 923-111-4 in some sources
Active substance and purity: The commercial solution contains 20% active substance by weight. For the grade approved in the EU, a purity of at least 95.6% on a dry-weight basis is required. One assessment gives the ratio between biguanide and guanide groups as between 90/10 and 92/8
Density: About 1.04 g/cm³ at 20 °C in the 20% solution; a range of 1.035–1.046 is seen in documents. About 1.20 g/cm³ in the solid active substance
Viscosity: About 4–5 mPa·s in the solution; one safety data sheet gives a range of 1.2–10 mPa·s
Solubility in water: The solution mixes with water in all proportions. The water solubility of the solid active substance is reported as 426 g/L in one assessment document. About 41% soluble in methanol and about 0.5% in ethanol
pH (aqueous solution): About 4–5.7 in the commercial solution; about 5–5.5 at 10 g/L. It should not be taken as a single value without concentration and temperature
Boiling point: About 100–105 °C in the solution
Flash point: The aqueous solution has no flash point; the solution is not flammable
Low-temperature behavior: Below 6 °C a white, gelled solid may separate. The product should be stored above this temperature; frozen product should be mixed after thawing
Octanol-water partition coefficient: log Pow about -2.3
Vapor pressure: Not volatile
Glass transition and decomposition: In the solid polymer glass transition is about 90–91 °C and decomposition about 205–210 °C
Decomposition: In a fire or at high temperature carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride may form
Water content: About 3–5% in the solid active substance
Trace metals: One assessment document gives zinc at about 370–540 ppm, iron at about 14–40 ppm and lead below 2 ppm. These values are specific to the manufacturer and the batch and should not be regarded as a general specification
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions. It gives a precipitate with anionic surfactants; it is incompatible with strong oxidizers, strong acids and bases. Long-term contact with copper, iron, zinc and ordinary steels should be avoided
Short Description of Physical Properties
Commercial polihexanide is a free-flowing, low-viscosity solution with a density close to that of water. It is easy to pour, pump and dilute with water. The solution may be slightly opalescent; this is not a haze that spoils quality but the natural appearance of a polymer solution.
Behavior in the cold is important. Because a gelled white solid may separate below 6 °C, product stored in unheated warehouses in winter may need to be warmed and mixed. If the product does not become homogeneous after thawing, it should not be used.
Small differences are seen between documents. The pH is given between 4 and 5.7 and the viscosity between 1.2 and 10 mPa·s. These differences come from solution concentration, measurement temperature and the manufacturer's process; the values should be checked against the product's own certificate of analysis.
Molecular weight is not a single number but a distribution. A product with a number-average of 1,600 and one with 1,415 and a broader distribution may behave differently. Two products carrying the same CAS number should not be assumed to have the same chain length distribution.
The polymer is not volatile and has a high molecular mass. When the aqueous solution dries, the active substance therefore remains on the surface. This property gives long-lasting effect in textile finishing; in wipe and surface applications it requires the residue issue to be evaluated separately.
HOW DOES POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?
The effect of polihexanide begins with the polycationic chain binding to the bacterial surface. In the bacterial cell membrane phospholipids, and in Gram-negative bacteria also lipopolysaccharides, carry negative charge. The positive biguanide groups in the chain approach and bind to these regions electrostatically.
Binding disturbs the organization of the membrane. The acidic phospholipids in the membrane gather together, membrane permeability increases, and small ions and metabolites inside the cell leak out. At low concentrations this disturbance stops growth, and at high concentrations it leads to cell death.
Membrane damage may not be the only mechanism of the effect. A molecular dynamics study suggests that polihexanide can pass through the membrane and, by interacting with DNA inside the cell, can condense the chromosome. This finding suggests that under some conditions the product can be lethal without completely disrupting the membrane.
Chain length and distribution are important variables affecting the effect. Number-average molecular weight and polydispersity index are therefore quality parameters that concern not only efficacy but also the safety and impurity profile.
Efficacy depends on concentration. In one review the minimum inhibitory concentration is given in the range of 0.5–4 mg/L and the minimum bactericidal concentration in the range of 1–32 mg/L. The width of the range comes from differences in species, medium and measurement method.
Components of the medium reduce the effect. Anionic surfactants, polyelectrolytes and proteins bind the polycation and lower the amount of free active substance. In media with a high organic load or in formulas with anionic components, an efficacy test must always be done.
In biofilms the effect is more complex. The polysaccharide matrix may retain the cationic polymer; even so, in a comparative study polihexanide showed an effect on biofilm similar to that of octenidine. In wound care this property is one of the reasons why the product is used in cleansing solutions.
The spectrum of activity is broad but not uniform. The effect on bacteria is strong. Results are weak for viruses; in a public health study, only a 1.4–1.6 logarithmic reduction was found for live SARS-CoV-2 at 0.1–2% concentration. In the EU biocidal dossier, virucidal and fungicidal claims were withdrawn.
Data on bacterial resistance are limited but noteworthy. In a 28-day experiment with Escherichia coli biofilms, 2.5 mg/L polihexanide caused mostly a temporary increase in tolerance to gentamicin. This finding is not proof of permanent resistance, but a warning that long-term exposure at low doses should be monitored.
In textiles the effect continues in a different way. Negative charges on the surface of cellulosic fibers such as cotton bind the polycation; the bound polymer stays on the fiber surface even after washing. In one study, cotton fabric treated at about 0.4% kept its antibacterial effect even after 52 washes.
In contact lens solutions the mechanism of action is the same, but the concentration is very low. Use as the sole disinfectant at about 0.0001% concentration, and together with alexidine or polyquaternium-1 at about 0.00005% concentration, has been documented. The low concentration is critical for tolerance by eye tissue.
IN WHICH SECTORS IS POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE USED?
Cosmetics and personal care
It is used as a preservative in makeup removal products, toners and micellar waters, facial cleansing products and wet wipe lotions. The use limit in the EU is 0.1%, and it is not used in products such as sprays that may lead to exposure by inhalation.
Medicine and pharmaceuticals
It is used as an active or auxiliary antimicrobial in wound rinsing solutions, wound dressings, contact lens care solutions and an eye drop. Use levels vary between 0.0001% and 0.1% depending on the product.
Pool and spa water
In chlorine-free pool care programs it is used together with hydrogen peroxide and a quaternary ammonium algaecide. In one pool application, 30–50 ppm of product, that is, 6–10 ppm of active substance, is targeted. In the EU this use is subject to biocidal product authorization.
Textiles
It is used in finishing processes that reduce bacterial growth and odor formation on fabrics. It binds to cotton and other cellulosic fibers through ionic interaction. Odor control is one of the main purposes in this field.
Hygiene and surface disinfection
It is used in hard surface cleaners, disinfectant wipes, sanitation of food-contact surfaces and veterinary hygiene. In the United States there is a residue exemption for use up to 550 ppm on food-contact surfaces.
Industrial preservation
It is used to prevent microbial spoilage in water-based products such as leather, paper, adhesives, paints and drilling fluids. These uses apply in some countries; in the EU no active substance approval has been granted for in-can preservative, leather and fiber preservative uses.
Special hygiene applications
Use has been reported in veterinary and animal care products, and also in air filter and deodorizer applications. These fields are smaller markets and the legislation varies by country.
IS POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE USED IN COSMETIC, FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS?
Cosmetics
Yes. Polyaminopropyl Biguanide is used as a preservative in cosmetic products. It is registered in the preservatives list of EU cosmetics legislation, and a concentration of at most 0.1% is permitted in the finished product.
The same list contains the condition that the product shall not be used in applications that may lead to exposure of the end-user's lungs by inhalation. It is therefore not used in products in spray, aerosol and powder form.
In its 2017 opinion, the scientific committee on consumer safety stated that it is safe up to 0.1% in all cosmetic products and did not recommend spray use. An earlier opinion did not find a level of 0.3% safe.
Since 2015 the substance has been classified as carcinogen category 2. This has been debated by consumer organizations and by some national authorities. The current regulatory situation and country requirements should be checked before the product is placed on the market.
Sensitization is low but documented. Prevalence is reported as about 0.5%. In patch test studies sensitization was seen at 2% concentration, and reactions were triggered from 0.2%. The concentration in the finished product is therefore expected to be kept at the lowest effective level possible.
Food
It is not used as a food additive and does not appear in the EU food additive list. Direct addition to food is not appropriate.
Its use is limited to the sanitation of food-contact surfaces and equipment. The EU biocidal approval contains conditions for disinfectants used in the food and feed area: maximum residue levels must be checked, risk must be reduced to an acceptable level in dipping and mopping applications, and the substance must not be incorporated into food-contact materials.
In the United States there is a residue exemption for use up to 550 ppm as a food-contact surface sanitizer. This use is of the nature of a processing aid; it does not mean that the substance is present in food as an additive.
Pharmaceuticals
Polihexanide is used as an active substance in the pharmaceutical field. An eye drop at 0.08% concentration, developed for the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis, was approved in Europe in 2024. The weight-average molecular weight of the active substance of this product is defined as between 2,300 and 6,000.
It is also used in wound cleansing solutions, contact lens care products and dressings. These are regulated as medicinal products, medical devices or antiseptics depending on the country, and each requires a separate quality and dossier.
Concentrations of about 0.12% for mouth rinse and about 0.02% for eye drops, prepared in pharmacies in Germany, are defined within the national formulary monographs. These monographs require the raw material to be of pharmaceutical quality.
In conclusion, a cosmetic-grade polihexanide raw material should not be used directly for pharmaceutical or food-contact purposes. For each field, a separate grade, documentation and regulatory compliance must be verified.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
The use of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide is based on the binding of the cationic chain to negatively charged microbial surfaces and fiber surfaces. In the applications below the active substance is generally taken as a 20% solution and used at very low concentrations. The legislation for each application is separate.
Cosmetic preservation and wet wipe lotions
The purpose is to prevent bacterial growth in water-based products. In this field polihexanide is used alone or together with other preservatives such as phenoxyethanol. Its fast action and colorless nature are reasons for its preference in wipe lotions.
One seller page gives a use range of 0.2–1.5% for the raw solution. This value is on a product basis, not on an active substance basis; since the active substance in the finished product cannot exceed 0.1%, the limit for the 20% solution is about 0.5%.
The limitation is that cellulose and nonwoven surfaces can retain the cationic polymer. Since free active substance in the wipe may decrease, the efficacy test should be done together with the wipe material.
Wound cleansing and antiseptic solutions
The purpose is to reduce bacteria and biofilm on the wound surface. Rinsing solutions in which about 0.1% polihexanide is present together with a surfactant such as betaine, and gauze dressings impregnated with polihexanide, are known products in this field.
In a comparative study its effect on biofilm was found to be close to that of octenidine. The reasons for preference are low tissue irritation and lasting effect.
The limitation is rare but serious allergic reactions. Anaphylaxis cases associated with solutions containing polihexanide have been reported; in these cases the chlorhexidine test was found negative.
Eye and contact lens products
The purpose is to reduce the microbial load at very low concentration and to provide disinfection in lens care solutions. In contact lens solutions the use of about 0.0001% concentration alone has been reported.
The approved eye drop for Acanthamoeba keratitis is at 0.08% concentration. This application requires pharmaceutical grade, sterile production and a medicinal product dossier; a cosmetic-grade raw material cannot be used for this purpose.
Pool and spa water
The purpose is to limit bacterial and algal growth without using chlorine. In one application, 30–50 ppm of the 20% product is added to obtain 6–10 ppm of active substance. The system is run together with hydrogen peroxide and a quaternary ammonium algaecide.
The reason for preference is the absence of chlorine odor and irritation. The limitations are precipitation with anionic substances, accumulation in filter sand and on surfaces, and the risk of release into the aquatic environment. In the EU, use depends on biocidal product authorization.
Textile finishing
The purpose is to reduce bacterial growth and bad odor on the fabric. It binds to cellulosic fibers such as cotton through ionic interaction. In one study, about 0.4% active substance on the fabric was targeted.
In the application bath, a 10–15% by weight polihexanide solution, polyethylene glycol 400 and a polyurethane binder were used, and the fabric was cured at about 130 °C. The cotton fabric remained antibacterial after 52 washes.
The limitations are that anionic detergents may remove the bound polymer over time, and labeling requirements for the treated article. In the EU there is no active substance approval for use as a fiber preservative.
Hard surface disinfection and food industry hygiene
The purpose is to reduce the bacterial load on equipment and surfaces. Polihexanide is used in wiping solutions and disinfectant wipes, and in some countries in food-contact surface sanitizers.
The EU approval requires safe working procedures and personal protective equipment for professional users. Ready-to-use wipes must be limited to areas not accessible to the general public, and in dipping and mopping applications the risk must be reduced to an acceptable level.
The reasons for preference are the low use concentration and the colorless, odorless nature. The limitations are the weak effect on viruses and spores, and incompatibility with anionic cleaners.
Industrial preservation
The purpose is to prevent the spoilage of water-based products during storage. For paints, inks, caulks, adhesives, wallboard, ceiling panels and polymer emulsions, a manufacturer document gives a use level in the range of about 0.05–0.25% for the 20% product.
It has also been used as an antimicrobial in leather, paper and drilling fluids. In the European Union no active substance approval has been granted for in-can preservative, leather and fiber preservative uses; therefore the legislation in force should be checked separately for products in which these uses are made.
The limitation is incompatibility with anionic dispersants and thickeners. Alternatives include the isothiazolinone group, organic acid salts and phenoxyethanol; each carries different legislation and compatibility characteristics.
THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN USING POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide is a substance that is effective at small concentrations but requires care in concentrated form. Quality, compatibility and legislation should be evaluated together.
Main points to consider:
• Quality and concentration: The percentage of active substance in the solution, the molecular weight distribution and the grade should be verified with the certificate of analysis. Because two different grades are defined in EU biocidal legislation, which one is required should be stated clearly
• Anionic incompatibility: Surfactants containing sulfate and sulfonate, anionic polymers and some thickeners can form a precipitate. Xanthan gum and natural liquid soaps have been reported as incompatible
• Compatible components: Nonionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants, glycols and some chelating agents are generally compatible. Phosphates and strong oxidizers are incompatible; every combination should be tested
• pH: The product is effective over a wide pH range, but one seller reports that the best performance is obtained at pH 6 and below. Contact with strong acids and bases should be avoided
• Thermal behavior: One seller reports that the product is stable up to at least 80 °C. Even so, in hot processes vapor and aerosol formation increases the inhalation risk
• Material compatibility: High-density polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and stainless steel are suitable. Contact with copper, iron, zinc, ordinary steels and some rubbers is not recommended
• Adherence to surfaces: Cellulose, glass and some plastics retain the cationic polymer. Loss of free active substance may occur in wipes, filters and pipelines
• Exposure: Processes that generate aerosol and vapor should be avoided. Toxicity by inhalation, serious eye damage and skin sensitization are the main concerns
• Environment: It is very toxic to aquatic organisms and is not readily biodegradable. Wastewater, spill and packaging management should be planned in advance
• Resistance and efficacy: Efficacy should be tested in the product's own formula and under real use conditions. Development of tolerance during long-term exposure at low doses has been observed in laboratory studies
• Legislation: The cosmetic, biocidal, pharmaceutical and medical device fields each bring their own requirements. Cosmetic and biocidal legislation in Türkiye and KKDİK obligations should be confirmed separately for each product
This information is for general information purposes and does not replace product-specific SDS and TDS documents.
STARTING FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
The examples below are starting approaches prepared to show how polyaminopropyl biguanide can be evaluated as a preservative or surface antimicrobial in low-concentration aqueous formulations. They are not verified commercial recipes, production instructions or final formulas compliant with legislation.
The ratios given are example starting levels for laboratory preliminary trials, and the total of each formula is 100%. The concentrated raw material should be used only by trained personnel, with appropriate protective equipment and without generating aerosol.
The examples do not include sprays, aerosols or heated processes. In every application, legislative compliance, efficacy testing and safety assessment should be carried out by experts.
EXAMPLE 1: EVALUATION OF PRESERVATION EFFICACY WITH POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE IN A WET WIPE LOTION
Purpose: To examine the level of the 20% polyaminopropyl biguanide solution in a water-based wet wipe lotion in terms of preservation efficacy, retention on the wipe material and pH stability.
Starting approach:
Polyaminopropyl biguanide 20% solution: about 0.4%
Glycerin: about 2.0%
Decyl glucoside: about 0.5%
Citric acid: about 0.1%
Demineralized water: about 97.0%
Application approach:
• A homogeneous solution is prepared by mixing water, glycerin and decyl glucoside; the pH is brought to about 5–6 with citric acid.
• The polyaminopropyl biguanide solution is added last, without foaming. The concentrated product is weighed using gloves and goggles, in a ventilated environment.
• The lotion is impregnated into the wipe material; because the material retains the cationic polymer, free active substance is measured in the liquid squeezed from the pack.
• The active substance in the finished product must not exceed 0.1%. pH, appearance and odor stability are monitored with a preservative efficacy test and at 4, 25 and 40 °C.
• No anionic surfactant or anionic thickener is added. A separate dermatological safety assessment is made for the eye area and baby products.
EXAMPLE 2: EVALUATION OF SURFACE HYGIENE WITH POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE IN A PROFESSIONAL SURFACE WIPING SOLUTION
Purpose: To examine the effect of the polyaminopropyl biguanide level in a hygiene solution applied by wiping on hard surfaces on bacterial reduction, surface residue and material compatibility.
Starting approach:
Polyaminopropyl biguanide 20% solution: about 0.5%
Alkyl polyglucoside: about 0.5%
Demineralized water: about 99.0%
Application approach:
• The nonionic surfactant is dissolved in water; the polyaminopropyl biguanide solution is added slowly and without foaming.
• The solution is applied not as a spray but with a wiping cloth or wipe. It is not mixed with anionic detergents or cleaners containing hypochlorite.
• Bacterial reduction is monitored with surface and suspension tests, and residue and material compatibility on stainless steel, PVC and painted surfaces.
• It is not used on copper, zinc and carbon steel surfaces. Rinsing and residue limits are evaluated separately on food-contact surfaces.
• The product is treated as a biocide; professional use, labeling and product authorization obligations should be verified according to the legislation of the target country.
EXAMPLE 3: EVALUATION OF THE PRESERVATION SYSTEM WITH POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE IN A MAKEUP REMOVING WATER
Purpose: To examine the preservation efficacy of polyaminopropyl biguanide and the clarity of the solution in a spray-free makeup removing water composed of a nonionic surfactant.
Starting approach:
Polyaminopropyl biguanide 20% solution: about 0.4%
Propanediol: about 3.0%
Poloxamer 184: about 1.0%
Citric acid: about 0.1%
Demineralized water: about 95.5%
Application approach:
• Poloxamer 184 and propanediol are dissolved in water; the pH is adjusted to about 5–6 with citric acid.
• The polyaminopropyl biguanide solution is added last; the solution is observed for clarity, precipitation and foaming.
• The active substance in the finished product must not exceed 0.1%. The preservative efficacy test, pH and storage stability at 4, 25 and 40 °C are monitored.
• The product is used with a cotton pad and is not offered as a spray. An irritation and sensitization assessment is made for use around the eyes.
SIMILAR PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES TO POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
An alternative to Polyaminopropyl Biguanide does not simply mean choosing another antimicrobial. The application, spectrum of activity, compatibility, safety and regulatory status should be evaluated together. The substances below can take on the same function, but they are not interchangeable in every application.
POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE AND CHLORHEXIDINE
Chlorhexidine is a cationic bisbiguanide antiseptic that is a close chemical relative of polihexanide. It is mostly used as the digluconate salt and is common in oral care and skin antisepsis. The mechanism of binding to the bacterial membrane is similar.
Because polihexanide carries many biguanide units in a single chain, it binds to surfaces and fibers and penetrates less into tissue. Chlorhexidine, as a single molecule, dissolves more easily and has wider clinical experience. The allergic reactions to the two can be independent of each other.
POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE AND OCTENIDINE
Octenidine dihydrochloride is an antiseptic carrying two cationic centers. It is used in mucosal and wound antisepsis. In a comparative study its effect on biofilm was found to be similar to that of polihexanide.
As a cosmetic preservative, octenidine is less common. Polihexanide has a wider industrial field of use, longer experience and more suppliers as a raw material.
POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE AND BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE
Benzalkonium chloride is a cationic surfactant in the quaternary ammonium group. It is found as a preservative in disinfectants, eye drops and cosmetic products. Its effect against enveloped viruses is more pronounced than that of polihexanide.
Polihexanide is not surface active and does not foam; it may therefore be preferred in wipes and sensitive formulas. Benzalkonium chloride, on the other hand, provides cleaning and wetting properties. Both are incompatible with anionic components.
POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE AND POLYHEXAMETHYLENE GUANIDINE
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a guanidine polymer in the same family as polihexanide. It is used as a disinfectant in some regions, but its regulatory status and safety profile are different. Cases of lung injury have been reported in South Korea after it was inhaled as a humidifier disinfectant.
This example shows why exposure by inhalation is critical with cationic polymeric antimicrobials. The two substances should not be regarded as chemical equivalents, and their regulatory records should be examined separately.
POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE AND PHENOXYETHANOL WITH ETHYLHEXYLGLYCERIN
Phenoxyethanol is a nonionic preservative widely used in cosmetics. Ethylhexylglycerin supports its effect. In EU cosmetics legislation the upper limit for phenoxyethanol is 1%.
This mixture is also compatible with anionic surfactants and does not form a precipitate. Polihexanide, on the other hand, is effective at very low concentration but is more restricted in terms of compatibility. The choice depends on the charge of the formula and the target market.
POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE AND ORGANIC ACID SALTS
Organic acid salts such as sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate are preservatives that are active at acidic pH. As the pH rises above about 5.5, their effect decreases markedly.
Polihexanide works over a wider pH range and is used at very low concentration; however, because of anionic incompatibility and the limit value in cosmetics, it may not be suitable in every formula. Organic acid salts are more widely accepted and more broadly compatible alternatives.
POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE AND OXIDIZING DISINFECTANTS
Hypochlorous acid, chlorine compounds and hydrogen peroxide are strong oxidizing disinfectants. Their effect against viruses and spores is much stronger than that of polihexanide.
On the other hand, they do not leave a lasting film on surfaces and are quickly consumed by organic matter. Polihexanide provides lasting effect and low odor. Because oxidizers break down biguanide groups, the two systems should not be combined in the same solution; in pool applications they are used in separate programs.
It should not be assumed that all alternatives can replace one another in every application. The choice should be made according to the target microorganism, medium, pH, compatibility, legislation and total cost, and confirmed with an efficacy test.
QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
The main parameters that can be evaluated in the quality control and purchasing process:
• Grade and identity: Cosmetic, biocidal, pharmaceutical or technical grade should be clearly stated; the CAS number and molecular weight distribution should be written together
• Active substance concentration: The commercial solution is mostly 20% by weight. The concentration should be given in the certificate of analysis together with its method
• Molecular weight distribution: Number-average and weight-average molecular weight and the polydispersity index are monitored. In one supplier specification number-average 1,449–1,771 and weight-average 2,687–3,285 are given
• Purity: In the grade approved in the EU a purity of at least 95.6% on a dry-weight basis is required. The ratio between biguanide and guanide groups is monitored
• Appearance and color: A colorless to pale yellow, slightly opalescent solution is expected. Marked darkening, sediment or foreign matter should not be accepted
• pH and density: pH is measured with the concentration stated, and density with the temperature stated. Density is about 1.04 g/cm³ in the 20% solution
• Viscosity: About 4–5 mPa·s is expected; the measurement temperature should be documented
• Impurity profile: The hexamethylenediamine content is limited to at most 0.4% in the approved grade. Other oligomers and by-products should be asked about from the supplier
• Trace metals: Metals such as zinc, iron and lead may be requested in the batch analysis. In one assessment zinc was reported at the level of hundreds of ppm
• Low-temperature behavior: The tendency to gel below 6 °C should be asked about and it should be confirmed that the product becomes homogeneous after thawing
• Microbiological efficacy: A preservative efficacy test is used in cosmetics, and the relevant EN methods in biocidal applications. Examples include ISO 11930 for cosmetics and EN 13697 and EN 1276 for surface and suspension tests
• Packaging and batch: The batch number, production date, shelf life and packaging integrity should be checked
• Documents: SDS, TDS, batch-based certificate of analysis, quality declaration and, depending on the application, regulatory documents should be requested
• Regulatory status: In EU biocidal supply it should be checked whether the active substance supplier is on the relevant list, and in cosmetics the permitted limits
The manufacturer's typical values should be separated from the binding specification. Typical values are for information; acceptance limits should be written in the purchasing contract.
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide solution should be stored in a cool, dry and ventilated place, in its closed original packaging. Because it has been reported that the solution may separate a gelled white solid below 6 °C, areas with a risk of freezing should be avoided.
After thawing, the product should be mixed and its homogeneity checked visually. A seller document gives the shelf life as at least two years. The period depends on packaging and storage conditions; products that wait for a long time should be retested.
High-density polyethylene, polypropylene or stainless steel is suitable as packaging. Contact with copper, iron, zinc and ordinary steel may affect product quality and the life of containers. The packaging cap should be closed after each use.
Incompatible substances are anionic surfactants, strong oxidizers, strong acids and bases, and phosphates. It should be stored separately from these substances, and from food and feed. Because it is very toxic to aquatic organisms, secondary containment and protection from the sewer should be provided.
In dangerous goods transport, the liquid product is mostly carried as UN 3082 and the solid product as UN 3077, under class 9, packing group III, as an environmentally hazardous substance. A marine pollutant classification is also included. The classification may vary with the product form, concentration and applicable legislation.
During transport, the packaging should be undamaged and leak-proof, labels and documents should be complete, and the risk of freezing at low temperature should be managed. Drivers and warehouse staff should know the methods to be applied in case of spills and contact.
SAFETY INFORMATION OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide is a substance classified as hazardous in concentrated form. Because the classification may differ by source and supplier, the current product-specific SDS should be taken as the basis.
Main safety topics:
• Classification: The harmonized classification includes harmful if swallowed, serious eye damage, skin sensitization, organ damage after prolonged or repeated exposure, suspected carcinogenicity and very toxic to the aquatic environment. For toxicity by inhalation, a harmful category is given in some documents and a fatal category is proposed in some assessments
• Acute toxicity: Oral LD50 values are about 500 mg/kg for the active substance and about 2,500 mg/kg for the 20% product. The inhalation LC50 is reported as about 0.37 mg/L
• Skin: The concentrated solution may be irritating. Sensitization has been observed; in patch tests sensitization at 2% concentration and reactions from 0.2% have been reported
• Eyes: It may cause serious and lasting damage. On contact, the eyes should be rinsed with plenty of water for a long time and a physician consulted
• Respiration: Inhaling aerosol and vapor may cause inflammation of the lungs. Lung effects were seen in animal studies at 0.25 mg/m³ and above
• Carcinogenicity and genotoxicity: It is classified as carcinogen category 2. It is assessed as not genotoxic; liver vascular tumors were seen in animals at high doses
• Occupational exposure: There is no official occupational exposure limit. One manufacturer applies its own internal limit of about 0.012 mg/m³
• Fire: The aqueous solution is not flammable. In case of fire, an extinguishing agent suitable for the surroundings is used; decomposition products are carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides and hydrogen chloride
• Personal protective equipment: Chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles with side protection or a face shield and protective clothing should be used; respiratory protection if aerosol may form
• Spills: It should be collected with absorbent material, its entry into waterways and the sewer prevented, and the waste handed to an authorized facility
• Environment: It is very toxic in the aquatic environment. The predicted no-effect concentration is given as about 0.743 µg/L in water. It is not readily biodegradable; it binds strongly in soil and sludge
• Waste management: The product and its packaging should be disposed of according to the hazardous waste legislation in force
• In case of exposure: If there is contact with the eyes, skin, respiratory tract or digestive system, plenty of water, fresh air and medical help are needed; vomiting should not be induced
This section is intended as general information for the general reader and does not replace the product-specific official SDS.
WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN BUYING POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE?
To choose the right product, the product identity must first be clearly defined. Because polihexanide is sold under more than one CAS number, abbreviation and trade name, ordering by name alone increases the risk of a wrong product. The grade, concentration and purpose of use should be written together.
The main points to be evaluated when buying:
• Correct identity: The product name, CAS number, concentration and molecular weight should be confirmed together. Wrong formula and molecular weight information on seller pages should not be taken into account
• Concentration and form: It should be stated whether a 20% aqueous solution or a solid active substance is wanted. Price comparison should be made on an active substance basis
• Quality grade: Cosmetic, biocidal, pharmaceutical or industrial grades are not interchangeable. The grade and documents suitable for the target application should be requested
• Molecular weight distribution: Number-average and weight-average molecular weight and the polydispersity index should be obtained, and consistency between batches should be asked about
• Impurity profile: The supplier specification should be requested for hexamethylenediamine and other residues
• Technical specifications: The percentage of active substance, pH, density, viscosity, appearance and, if needed, trace metal values should be written with acceptance limits
• Packaging and logistics: The packaging material should be compatible, and measures should be taken for shipments at risk of freezing in winter months. The conditions of dangerous goods transport should be clarified in advance
• Technical support: It is important that the supplier can give support on compatibility, concentration selection and efficacy testing
• Batch consistency: A certificate of analysis and a batch number should be requested for every batch
• Product documents: SDS, TDS, certificate of analysis and, depending on the application, regulatory compliance documents should be requested
• Legislation: The cosmetic, biocidal, pharmaceutical and medical device fields should be evaluated separately. For products aimed at the EU, the 0.1% limit in cosmetics and the scope of the biocidal active substance approval should be checked
• Total cost of supply: Besides the unit price, the cost per active substance, transport, storage, insurance and waste management should be considered together
The price of polihexanide varies with concentration, grade, level of certification, packaging, order quantity and the raw material market. Low-priced offers should be examined carefully in terms of identity or molecular weight distribution.
SUPPLY OF POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE FROM ATAMAN KİMYA
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide is a multi-purpose product evaluated as a cosmetic preservative, an antimicrobial active substance, a surface hygiene component and a textile finishing additive.
On the ATAMAN KİMYA website this substance appears under the names Polyaminopropyl Biguanide, PHMB, Polyhexamethylene Biguanide 20%, Poly(hexamethylene) biguanide hydrochloride, Vantocil TG and Polyhexanide.
The current product pages are of the nature of general product introductions. Details specific to the product, such as grade, concentration, packaging, stock, origin or document information, are not included on the pages.
Vantocil TG is a brand name; a request for the branded product should be confirmed separately. Since different CAS numbers and formulas may be seen on the pages, it should be stated clearly whether the requested product is a solution or a solid and with which CAS number it is requested.
For this reason, it is important that companies looking for polihexanide for cosmetic, biocidal, pharmaceutical or sensitive applications clearly confirm with ATAMAN KİMYA before ordering which grade the product is and with which documents it is supplied.
Companies that want information about the supply of polyaminopropyl biguanide from ATAMAN KİMYA can request information on product suitability, current supply status, packaging options and price quotation by sharing their fields of use and technical needs.
The current stock status, origin, grade, concentration, molecular weight distribution, regulatory compliance, analysis values, packaging and the conditions related to the purpose of use of the product should be confirmed with ATAMAN KİMYA before ordering.
Sharing the following information in a quotation request makes it easier to evaluate the right product:
• Sector of use and final application, for example cosmetic preservative, wet wipe, textile or surface hygiene
• Cosmetic, biocidal, pharmaceutical or industrial grade requirement
• Target product category and country of use
• Requested form and concentration, for example 20% aqueous solution
• Requested CAS number and molecular weight distribution
• Limits requested for hexamethylenediamine, trace metals and other impurities
• Estimated order quantity
• Requested packaging type and size
• Requested technical documents: SDS, TDS, certificate of analysis and regulatory documents
• If available, the TDS or analysis information of the current product
For ATAMAN KİMYA contact information, the contact page on the company's website can be used.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE
What is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
It is a cationic polymer made up of biguanide units linked by hexamethylene bridges. It is used as a preservative in cosmetics, as an antiseptic in medicine and as an antimicrobial in industry, and it is mostly sold as a 20% aqueous solution.
What does Polyaminopropyl Biguanide mean?
Polyaminopropyl Biguanide is the cosmetic ingredient name of polyhexamethylene biguanide. The name points to the biguanide units of the polymer chain and the hexamethylene bridges; in the pharmaceutical field the same substance is known as polihexanide.
What is the CAS number of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
The most common number is 32289-58-0 for the hydrochloride. 27083-27-8 for the hydrochloride of the polymer and 28757-47-3 for the free base are also used. Which number is wanted should be confirmed with the supplier.
What is the EC / EINECS number of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
It is most often given as 608-723-9. 608-042-7 and 923-111-4 are also seen in some sources. Because it is a polymer, some safety data sheets do not state an EC number.
What is the chemical formula of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
The notation (C₈H₁₇N₅)ₙ·xHCl is used for the repeat unit. The number-average molecular weight is about 1,600 g/mol and the weight-average molecular weight is about 3,000 g/mol. The formula of a single repeat unit does not represent the whole product.
What is the INCI name of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
It is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide. The presence of an INCI name does not mean it can be used without limit in cosmetics; in the EU, applications are permitted up to 0.1% at most and only those that do not cause exposure by inhalation.
Is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide used in cosmetics?
Yes. It is found as a preservative in makeup removal products, toners, micellar waters and wet wipe lotions. In the EU it is not used in products that may lead to exposure by inhalation, such as sprays and aerosols.
What is the difference between Polyaminopropyl Biguanide and chlorhexidine?
Both are cationic biguanide antiseptics. Chlorhexidine is a single molecule, while polihexanide is a polymer made up of many biguanide units. Polihexanide therefore binds more strongly to surfaces and penetrates less into tissue; allergic reactions can be seen independently of each other.
What is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide used for?
It is used to stop microbial growth and to reduce the bacterial load on surfaces. Cosmetic preservative, wound cleansing, contact lens solution, eye drop active substance, pool water care and textile finishing are the main examples.
In which sectors is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide used?
It is used in cosmetics and personal care, medicine and pharmaceuticals, pool and water care, textiles, surface hygiene and food industry equipment sanitation, veterinary hygiene and the industrial preservation of water-based products. The legislation is different in each sector.
How does Polyaminopropyl Biguanide exert its effect on bacteria?
Positively charged biguanide groups bind to negatively charged components of the bacterial membrane and disturb membrane organization. Some studies suggest that the polymer also enters the cell and interacts with DNA.
What is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide good for?
It prevents microbial growth in water-based products, reduces the bacterial load on surfaces, limits odor formation in fabrics and supports antimicrobial action in wound and eye care. Its effect on viruses and spores is limited.
How does Polyaminopropyl Biguanide work in wound care?
In wound rinsing solutions it reduces bacteria and biofilm; products in which it is used together with surfactants such as betaine at about 0.1% concentration are known. Because rare but serious allergic reactions have been reported, its use should be under the supervision of a physician or health professional.
Is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide soluble in water?
Yes. The 20% solution mixes with water in all proportions; the water solubility of the solid active substance is given as 426 g/L in one document. It is very slightly soluble in ethanol and better soluble in methanol.
How much polyaminopropyl biguanide is used in cosmetics?
In the EU the active substance in the finished product is at most 0.1%. For the 20% solution this corresponds to about 0.5%. The actual use level is determined by the preservative efficacy test and is usually below this limit.
Is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide a hazardous substance?
In concentrated form, yes. It is harmful if swallowed, causes serious eye damage, can sensitize the skin, can damage organs in long-term exposure, is suspected of causing cancer and is very toxic to the aquatic environment. The risk in dilute finished products is much lower.
Why can Polyaminopropyl Biguanide cause allergy and respiratory risk?
The cationic polymer can bind to proteins and trigger an immune response, and sensitization has been reported. Because it can cause inflammation in the lungs when inhaled as an aerosol, spray use is not recommended.
Is Polyaminopropyl Biguanide registered under REACH?
Polymers are mostly assessed separately under REACH, and the ECHA record could not be verified first-hand in this study. The substance has been evaluated as an active substance in EU biocidal legislation and has been included in the cosmetic preservatives list. The registration status should be confirmed with the supplier.
What is the physical appearance of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
The 20% solution is a colorless to pale yellow, slightly opalescent, free-flowing liquid. Its density is about 1.04 g/cm³. The solid form is off-white, dusty and has an ammonia-like odor.
What is the UN number of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
It is mostly UN 3082 for the liquid product and UN 3077 for the solid product. It is carried under class 9, packing group III, as an environmentally hazardous substance. The classification may vary with the product and the legislation.
Why are hexamethylenediamine and trace metals important in Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
Hexamethylenediamine is a limited impurity left over from production; in the approved grade it is expected to be at most 0.4%. Trace metals and oligomers are monitored in batch analysis for safety, quality and compatibility.
What does the price of Polyaminopropyl Biguanide depend on?
It varies with concentration, grade, molecular weight distribution, level of certification, packaging, order quantity, transport conditions and the raw material market.
Is there an alternative to Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
Yes. Chlorhexidine, octenidine, benzalkonium chloride, phenoxyethanol with ethylhexylglycerin, organic acid salts and oxidizing disinfectants can be evaluated depending on the application. They are not interchangeable in every application.
How should Polyaminopropyl Biguanide be stored?
It should be stored in a cool, dry and ventilated place, in its closed original packaging and above 6 °C. It should be kept away from anionic surfactants, oxidizers, strong acids and bases, and from copper, iron and zinc.
Which documents should be requested when buying Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
SDS, TDS and a batch-based certificate of analysis are the basic documents. Depending on the application, a quality declaration, regulatory compliance, molecular weight distribution and impurity information should also be requested.
Which technical specifications are important when buying Polyaminopropyl Biguanide?
Active substance concentration, CAS number, molecular weight distribution, pH, density, appearance, hexamethylenediamine and trace metal content, low-temperature behavior and grade are important.
POLYAMINOPROPYL BIGUANIDE – TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Chemical name: Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride; polyaminopropyl biguanide
Common name: Poliaminopropil Biguanid, Poliheksametilen Biguanid, Poliheksanid, Polyhexanide, PHMB
CAS No: 32289-58-0; 27083-27-8; 28757-47-3
EC / EINECS No: 608-723-9; 608-042-7 and 923-111-4 in some sources
Molecular formula: (C₈H₁₇N₅)ₙ·xHCl
Molecular weight: Number-average about 1,600 g/mol; weight-average about 3,000 g/mol
Chemical class: Cationic polymeric biguanide; antimicrobial
Physical appearance: Colorless to pale yellow, slightly opalescent, free-flowing 20% aqueous solution; solid form off-white powder
Key properties: Density about 1.04 g/cm³, viscosity about 4–5 mPa·s, pH about 4–5.7, mixes with water in all proportions, not volatile, incompatible with anionic surfactants
Main functions: Preservative, antimicrobial, antiseptic, disinfectant active substance
Important fields of application: Cosmetic preservative and wet wipes, wound and eye care, contact lens solutions, pool water care, textile finishing, hard surface hygiene, industrial preservation
Critical parameters for quality control: Active substance concentration, molecular weight distribution, purity, hexamethylenediamine, trace metals, pH, appearance, low-temperature behavior, preservative efficacy test
Storage: In a cool, dry and ventilated area, in closed original packaging, above 6 °C; separate from anionic substances, oxidizers and metals such as copper, iron and zinc
Legislation: Limited in EU cosmetics to at most 0.1% and to applications that do not cause exposure by inhalation; classification harmful if swallowed, serious eye damage, sensitization, organ damage, suspected carcinogenicity and very toxic to the aquatic environment; UN 3082, class 9 for the liquid; the scope of the biocidal approval varies with the product type; REACH and KKDİK status, Türkiye legislation and use permits should be confirmed with the supplier and current legislation.
