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Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is a non-ionic polysorbate surfactant obtained by ethoxylating lauric acid-esterified sorbitan derivatives with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide. It is available as a yellow or amber, oily and viscous liquid; it dissolves in water, ethanol and methanol, and does not dissolve in mineral oil or petroleum ether. Its hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of approximately 16.7 provides high solubility in aqueous systems. The term solubilizer in the product name reflects the best-known function of this substance: keeping water-insoluble essential oils, fragrance components and oil-soluble actives in clear aqueous solutions.
Also known as Polysorbate 20, this substance carries the oil phase in the hydrophobic core of the small micelles it forms above the critical micelle concentration. The polyoxyethylene chains form hydrogen bonds with water and keep the micelles in balance within the solution. The twelve-carbon chain derived from lauric acid determines the product's compatibility with light oils and fragrances. Commercial products are not a single molecule but a mixture of esters with different degrees of ethoxylation and fatty acid distributions. For this reason, hydroxyl value, saponification value, acid value, water content, peroxide value, and ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane residues are the key indicators of product quality.
Also referred to as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, the product is used as an emulsifier, solubilizer, wetting agent and dispersant in cosmetics and personal care, pharmaceuticals, food, laboratory work, textiles and various industrial applications. Its INCI name in cosmetics is Polysorbate 20, its food additive number is E 432, and in pharmaceuticals it is listed as an excipient of pharmacopoeial quality. Not every grade is suitable for every use; grade, purity limits and documentation must be evaluated separately for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food and laboratory applications. This product can be supplied from ATAMAN KİMYA; contacting ATAMAN KİMYA is recommended for product selection, technical information and supply requests.
WHAT IS POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER?
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is a non-ionic surfactant belonging to the family of polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters. Chemically, it is produced by esterifying sorbitol and its intramolecular dehydration derivatives, mainly with lauric acid, followed by ethoxylation with a total of approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide per sorbitol and its anhydrides. For this reason, it is also named polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate. The word solubilizer in the product name indicates the commercial and functional identity of the substance; chemically the same substance may also be offered by different sellers simply as polysorbate 20 or under the name Tween 20.
In terms of chemical class, it is an ethoxylated sorbitan ester. The hydrophilic part of the molecule consists of polyethylene oxide chains attached to the sorbitan ring; the lipophilic part is the twelve-carbon fatty acid chain derived from lauric acid. The idealized formula is given in most sources as C58H114O26, but the commercial product does not consist of this single structure alone. The ethylene oxide is distributed over four separate chains, some molecules contain fewer or more units, part of the fatty acid may come from myristic, palmitic, stearic or oleic acid, and side species such as diesters and isosorbide derivatives may also be present. In practice, the performance of the product is determined less by the idealized formula than by the composition of this mixture and its impurity profile.
In terms of physical appearance, it is a clear or slightly opalescent, oily liquid ranging from yellow to amber at room temperature and, in pharmacopoeial grade, from yellow to brownish yellow. Its odor is faint and characteristic. It is miscible with water, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and dioxane; it does not dissolve in mineral oil or petroleum ether. Its density is approximately 1.1 g/cm³, and in commercial grades its viscosity at 25 °C is on the order of hundreds of mPa·s. It is easy to ship, weigh and disperse in water as a liquid; these properties make it especially practical in cold-blend formulations that do not require hot processing.
The main function of the product is solubilization. Essential oils, fragrance oils, flavor components and oil-soluble actives that do not dissolve in pure water are taken up into the micelles when mixed with polysorbate 20 in a suitable ratio and added to water, giving a clear or slightly opalescent solution. The same structure allows it to act as a hydrophilic emulsifier or co-emulsifier in oil-in-water emulsions, as an emollient additive in cleansing products, as a mild detergent in laboratory buffers that reduces adhesion to protein surfaces, and as a supporter of protein stability in biopharmaceutical formulations. If the grade and intended use are not determined correctly, products sold under the same name cannot be used interchangeably.
COMMON PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL NAMES OF POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER:
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer
Polysorbate 20
Polysorbate 20 solubilizer
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate
Polyethylene glycol (20) sorbitan monolaurate
Polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate
POE (20) sorbitan monolaurate
PEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate
PEG-20 sorbitan laurate
Ethoxylated sorbitan monolaurate
Sorbitan monolaurate ethoxylate
Sorbitan monododecanoate, polyoxyethylene derivatives
Sorbimacrogol laurate 300
Polysorbatum 20
Sorbitan monolaurate polyoxyethylene ether
E 432
INS 432
FEMA 2915
Tween 20, Croda product name
Kolliphor PS 20, BASF product name
TEGO SML 20, Evonik product name
Eumulgin SML 20, BASF product name
ROKwinol 20, PCC Exol product name
Exvelia PS 20, PCC Exol product name
Sorbax PML-20, PCC product name
SURFACARE T20 EP, Surfachem product name
Alkest TW 20
Sorbilene L/4
Leunapon SML
The trade names in the list are product names of the respective manufacturers and may refer to different grades; not every trade name indicates the same grade class. For example, names such as ROKwinol 20 and Exvelia PS 20 describe pharmacopoeia-compliant grades, while names such as Eumulgin SML 20 describe a cosmetic raw material. Polysorbate 20 is not the same substance as polysorbate 80, polysorbate 60 or other polysorbates; their fatty acid compositions and hydrophilic-lipophilic balances are different.
CAS NO, EC / EINECS NO AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
Product name: Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer
Common abbreviation: PS 20, PS20
Chemical name: Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate; sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylated
INCI name: Polysorbate 20
Food additive number: E 432 / INS 432
CAS No: 9005-64-5
EC / EINECS No: 500-018-3
Molecular formula: C58H114O26, idealized structure
Molecular weight: Approximately 1228 g/mol, average value
Chemical class: Ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid ester, non-ionic surfactant
Main functions: Solubilizer, emulsifier, co-emulsifier, dispersant, wetting agent, antistatic agent and foam stabilizer
CAS number 9005-64-5 is the common registry number used for polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate. Because some catalog pages may show other numbers for polysorbate 20 or entries belonging to other substances, the identity of the product should be verified against the supplier's safety data sheet and certificate of analysis when ordering and checking documents. Some catalogs also list a value of 522.7 g/mol as the molecular weight, which belongs to a single ethoxylated molecular fragment; the average value for the product is around 1228 g/mol.
The existence of an INCI name does not mean the product can automatically be used in every cosmetic formulation; for cosmetic use, cosmetic raw material grade and current regulatory conditions are required. Similarly, the E 432 number does not show that every food use is appropriate; permitted food categories and maximum use levels are defined in the relevant food legislation.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
The structure of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer consists of three parts.
The first part is the sorbitan ring formed by the dehydration of sorbitol. This ring is a tetrahydrofuran-type five-membered ring that arises when sorbitol, a six-carbon sugar alcohol, loses water within the molecule, and it carries several free hydroxyl groups.
The second part consists of the polyethylene oxide chains attached to these hydroxyl groups through ether bonds; a total of approximately twenty ethylene oxide units are distributed over four chains.
The third part is lauric acid, attached by an ester bond to the end of one of the chains; this twelve-carbon saturated fatty acid is the only distinct hydrophobic tail of the molecule.
This structure makes the molecule markedly bipolar. Because the ether oxygens of the ethylene oxide units form hydrogen bonds with the hydrogens of water molecules, the chains are strongly hydrated in aqueous media. The hydrophobic tail, in contrast, is incompatible with water and tends to avoid the medium so as not to disturb the structure of water.
When the surfactant concentration rises above a certain threshold, the molecules spontaneously assemble and form micelles with the tails inside and the hydrated heads outside. This threshold value is called the critical micelle concentration. For polysorbate 20, a range of approximately 15 to 75 micromolar has been reported in scientific studies; some suppliers give a value of approximately 0.06 millimolar. The differences depend on measurement method, temperature, salt and impurity level. The hydrodynamic radius of the micelles has been reported as approximately 3.5 nm at 25 °C.
In terms of ionic or covalent character, the molecule is built entirely of covalent bonds and carries no charge. It therefore releases no ions into water, is far less sensitive to electrolytes than anionic surfactants, and is not directly affected by pH changes.
Its acid-base character is close to neutral; the pH of its aqueous solution is generally between 5 and 7. Its polarity is high, but because of the fatty acid chain it shows amphiphilic behavior, that is, it likes both water and oil. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value is reported as approximately 16.7; some manufacturers give values between 16 and 17. This high value shows the suitability of the product for oil-in-water emulsions and solubilization applications rather than water-in-oil emulsions.
In terms of molecular stability, there are two weak points. The first is the ester bond; it is hydrolyzed in acidic or basic media or by the action of enzymes such as esterases and lipases, releasing free lauric acid and polyoxyethylene sorbitan. The second is the polyethylene oxide chain; in the presence of heat, light, trace metals and oxygen it can undergo autoxidation by a free radical mechanism, forming peroxides, aldehydes and short-chain acids.
These two pathways explain why the storage conditions and quality limits of the product matter. Because the saturated laurate chain contains no double bonds, it is more resistant to oxidation in this respect than polysorbate 80, which contains oleate; however, oxidation of the polyoxyethylene chain applies to both products.
The structural features related to solubility come from the same origin. Thanks to the polyethylene oxide chains, the product is miscible with water, ethanol, methanol and glycerin; as temperature rises, hydration weakens and the solution turns cloudy at a certain temperature. This temperature is called the cloud point and is reported as approximately 76 °C for polysorbate 20. Working below the cloud point is important for keeping solutions clear.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is an oily, viscous liquid, mostly yellow, amber or yellowish brown in color. Products of pharmacopoeial grade are described as clear or slightly opalescent. Commercial values vary according to manufacturer, grade and measurement method; the values below are typical values or limits reported in different manufacturer documents and official monographs.
General technical specifications:
Physical appearance: Oily viscous liquid, yellow to amber; clear or slightly opalescent in pharmacopoeial grade
Chemical character: Non-ionic, hydrophilic surfactant
Molecular formula: C58H114O26, idealized structure
Molecular weight: Approximately 1228 g/mol
CAS No: 9005-64-5
EC / EINECS No: 500-018-3
Purity (assay): Because it is a mixture, it is defined by oxyethylene content and fatty acid distribution rather than a classical purity value; in the food additive monograph the oxyethylene content is between 70.0% and 74.0% by weight; the lauric acid content is approximately 40% to 60% of the fatty acid fraction
Density: Approximately 1.08 to 1.12 g/cm³ at 25 °C; typical value 1.095 g/cm³
Water solubility: Reported as approximately 100 g/L; many manufacturers describe the product as easily miscible with water
pH (aqueous solution): Typically 5.0 to 7.0 in a 5% by weight solution; values between 6 and 8 have also been reported for a 50 g/L solution
Decomposition: Peroxide formation by autoxidation in the presence of heat, light, oxygen and trace metals; ester hydrolysis in acidic or basic media or by enzymes
Moisture: At most 3.0% by Karl Fischer method
Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, etc.): In quality documents at most approximately 10 ppm for total heavy metals; at most 2 mg/kg for lead in food additive grade
Reactivity: Incompatible with strong oxidizers, strong acids and bases, heavy metal salts, phenols and tannic acid
Other important technical indicators:
Hydroxyl value: 96 to 108 mg KOH/g
Saponification value: 40 to 50 mg KOH/g
Acid value: At most 2.0 mg KOH/g in pharmacopoeial grade
Peroxide value: At most 10.0 meq O2/1000 g in pharmacopoeial grade
Sulfated ash: At most 0.25%
Ethylene oxide: At most 1 ppm in pharmacopoeial grade
1,4-Dioxane: At most 10 ppm in pharmacopoeial grade; at most 5 ppm in some cosmetic raw materials
Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance: Approximately 16.7
Viscosity: Approximately 400 mPa·s at 25 °C; a range of 275 to 480 mPa·s is also seen in commercial grade documents
Cloud point: Approximately 76 °C
Refractive index: Approximately 1.467 to 1.473 at 20 °C
Flash point: Values above 110 °C and results up to 275 °C are reported depending on the manufacturer
Short description of physical properties
The most defining physical properties of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer are that it is a liquid, that it mixes readily with water, and its high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value. It has a flowable and pumpable viscosity at room temperature; at low temperature, cloudiness or slight crystallization may be seen. This is a reversible cloudiness that occurs during storage, and the product regains its homogeneity when heated to approximately 40 °C and mixed. Its density of around 1.1 g/cm³ reduces the risk of phase separation in mixtures prepared with water and ethanol.
The high flash point brings the product closer to the hard-to-ignite class, but this advantage is lost in formulations prepared with flammable components such as ethanol.
Density and bulk density should not be confused; since the product is a liquid, bulk density is not a meaningful parameter for this substance. pH measurement depends on concentration and measurement conditions; values given for different solution concentrations in different documents should not be compared directly.
Indicators such as water content, acid value, peroxide value, and residual ethylene oxide and dioxane are values that depend on the manufacturer and batch quality rather than fixed properties of the substance. For this reason, a binding specification should be requested in writing at the order stage and compared with the certificate of analysis for each batch.
HOW DOES POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?
The action of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is related to how a single surface-active molecule arranges itself at interfaces and in solution. An oil droplet that does not dissolve in pure water is energetically unfavorable because it disrupts the hydrogen-bond network of water molecules. Polysorbate 20 lowers the surface tension at this interface by orienting its hydrophobic tail toward the oil and its hydrated head toward the water. The oil phase can thus be dispersed as small droplets, and coalescence of the droplets becomes difficult because of the barrier formed by the hydrated polyoxyethylene chains. This is the basis of the emulsifier effect.
The solubilizing effect, on the other hand, is based on micelle formation. When the surfactant concentration rises above the critical micelle concentration, the micelles that form can host nonpolar molecules such as essential oils, fragrance components or oil-soluble actives in their hydrophobic cores. The solution is then a thermodynamically stable, clear or slightly opalescent system.
What is critical here is the presence of a sufficient amount of surfactant relative to the amount of oil. In practice, it is recommended to use several times as much polysorbate 20 as essential oil; if the concentration is insufficient, the micelles become saturated, part of the oil remains free and the solution turns cloudy. The order of addition is also important in application; the oil and the solubilizer are first mixed to prepare a single-phase premix, and this mixture is then added to the water under stirring.
In biotechnology applications, the mechanism takes on a different aspect. Polysorbate 20, added at low concentration to a buffer solution in the laboratory, coats hydrophobic regions on plastic and membrane surfaces and reduces the unwanted adhesion of proteins to these surfaces and to each other. The background signal in immunoassays is thus lowered. In therapeutic protein formulations, it is accepted to protect the protein from surface-induced denaturation and aggregation by occupying the air-liquid interface before the protein does. The evidence for this effect rests on interfacial competition by the surfactant; direct interaction between protein and micelle does not apply to every protein and is scientifically debated.
Degradation mechanisms must also be understood at the molecular level. Hydrolysis of the ester bond is accelerated by host cell-derived esterase and lipase enzymes, which may be present at very low levels, especially in biological products. When the released free lauric acid exceeds its solubility limit, it can form subvisible or visible particles.
Chemical hydrolysis is generally slow at neutral pH and under cold storage. Autoxidation of the polyoxyethylene chain proceeds by a radical mechanism; peroxides, aldehydes and organic acids form, the pH of the medium may fall, and proteins and some active substances may be oxidized. Heating, light and traces of iron or copper accelerate this process.
For this reason, the peroxide value may increase, and the formaldehyde level may rise with storage time, in products that contain no antioxidant, are exposed to air and are held at elevated temperature.
IN WHICH SECTORS IS POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER USED?
Thanks to its solubilizing, emulsifying, wetting, dispersing and surface tension-lowering functions, Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is used as an auxiliary substance in many sectors. The purpose of use varies by sector; the same product is the main solubilizer in one field and a low-concentration additive in another.
Main areas of use:
• Cosmetics and personal care: Solubilization of essential oils, perfumes and oil-soluble actives in aqueous and hydroalcoholic systems; as an emollient surfactant and co-emulsifier in shampoos, shower gels, toners, micellar water, body sprays, wet wipes and hair care products
• Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology: As a solubilizer, emulsifier and wetting agent in oral, topical and injectable formulations; as a protectant that reduces surface-induced instability in therapeutic protein and antibody formulations
• Food: As an emulsifier, dispersant, foam stabilizer and flavor carrier under the name E 432 in permitted categories
• Laboratory and research: In Western blot and ELISA wash buffers, blocking solutions, immunohistochemistry, cell lysis, solubilization of membrane proteins and PCR reaction mixtures
• Textiles: As an antistatic agent, dye and oil solubilizer and co-emulsifier in fiber lubricants and yarn finishing components
• Leather, rubber and elastomers: As an emulsifier in leather processing aids, and as a wetting agent in wetting and separating rubber bales
• Paints, coatings and polymers: As an emulsifier in emulsion polymerization, a lubricating component in paper coatings, and an antistatic additive in rigid PVC
• Metalworking and lubricants: As an emulsifier and wetting agent in water-based metalworking fluids
• Cleaning and detergents: As a detergent component, wetting agent and softening additive
• Agriculture: As an auxiliary substance in plant protection products
• Food packaging and adhesives: As an auxiliary substance in food packaging emulsifiers and adhesives
The expectations of the sectors differ from one another. Cosmetic and pharmaceutical manufacturers prioritize low residual ethylene oxide and dioxane limits, quality documents and traceability; laboratory users prioritize purity and peroxide level; and industrial users prioritize solubility, cost and process compatibility. It should not be assumed that a grade suitable for one sector is also suitable for another.
IS POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER USED IN COSMETIC, FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS?
Cosmetic applications
Yes. In cosmetics, polysorbate 20 is one of the most widely used solubilizing and emollient surfactants under the INCI name Polysorbate 20. Supplier sources state that the product enables perfumes and essential oils to dissolve in aqueous or hydroalcoholic systems, works as a hydrophilic emulsifier or co-emulsifier in oil-in-water emulsions, and gives mildness to cleansing products.
Toners, micellar water, body sprays, room sprays, shampoos, baby shampoos, shower products, wet wipes, sun products, deodorants and hair care products are typical examples of use. A cosmetic ingredient database reports that the product appears in a large number of product categories.
The use concentration varies by application. When used as a solubilizer, it is generally added at several times the amount of oil to be solubilized; in cleansing products and wet wipes, it is included at low percentages as an emollient additive. General use ranges of 0.1% to 5% are seen in sources, and values of 2% to 10% in some supplier documents; one manufacturer uses 1.9% in a sample baby shampoo formula.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review panel has concluded that polysorbates are safe at current use concentrations in cosmetics; the condition on which the decision rests is that the formulation is non-irritating. One source reports 4% as the highest cosmetic concentration in spray deodorants.
There are points to emphasize regarding safety. Because of the ethoxylation process, polysorbate 20 may contain trace amounts of ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane; strict limits apply to these residues in cosmetic raw materials, and some super-refined grades limit 1,4-dioxane to at most 5 ppm and ethylene oxide to at most 0.1 ppm.
There are also views that polysorbates may increase skin permeability and that caution is therefore needed in baby and young children's products. Reports of allergy and sensitization are rare; in most documents the product is not classified as irritating or sensitizing, although some older safety data sheets show eye irritation and skin sensitization classifications.
Technical or laboratory grades are not suitable for cosmetic use; the safety assessment and labeling requirements of the final product must be checked against current cosmetic legislation.
Food applications
Polysorbate 20 is defined as a food additive in the European Union under the number E 432 and in the Codex system under INS 432. Its functions are technological purposes such as emulsifier, dispersant, foam stabilizer, thickening regulator and flavor carrier.
Its use is possible only in permitted food categories and at the set maximum amounts. For example, in the European Food Safety Authority's assessment, the maximum permitted levels for polysorbates range from 500 to 10,000 mg per kilogram depending on food category; 3,000 mg/kg applies in fine bakery wares, and the quantum satis principle applies in food supplements.
The Codex General Standard for Food Additives gives separate upper limits for many categories such as dairy-based drinks, creams, fat emulsions, ice cream, chocolate cream, chewing gum and beverage concentrates.
In terms of safety assessment, the European Food Safety Authority in 2015 set an acceptable daily intake of 25 mg per kilogram of body weight per day as a group for the polysorbates E 432 to E 436; this value is higher than the old Scientific Committee value of 10 mg/kg from 1985.
The Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives had also set a similar range of 0-25 mg/kg in 1973. The European Food Safety Authority recommended a review of the current specification limits for toxic elements such as arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury. In the United States, while there is a separate direct food additive provision for polysorbate 60, polysorbate 20 is not included in this provision; some sources state that polysorbate 20 is reported under synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants and indirect food additives.
The current legislation of the target market, food grade documents and the product's conformity to the food additive specification must be checked; cosmetic or technical grade products must not be used in food.
Pharmaceutical applications
Yes. Polysorbate 20 is a pharmaceutical excipient defined in official monographs such as the European Pharmacopoeia, the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, and the Japanese Pharmaceutical Excipients. In pharmaceutical formulations it is used as an emulsifier, solubilizer, wetting agent and stabilizer. Supplier documents for pharmacopoeial-grade products indicate uses such as solubilizing oil-soluble components in topical creams and ointments, oral liquids and suspensions, and injectable formulations. It is also used as a wetting agent in ear drops.
In the biopharmaceutical field, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80 are the two most frequently used surfactants in therapeutic protein and monoclonal antibody formulations. The aim is to prevent surface-induced denaturation and aggregation of the protein at air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces. However, degradation of the product is monitored separately, particularly because of ester hydrolysis by trace host cell-derived enzymes, the formation of subvisible or visible particles by released free fatty acids, and peroxide generation through oxidation.
For this reason, in pharmaceutical grade, high-purity products with a controlled fatty acid distribution and a low peroxide value are preferred. A product to be used in pharmaceuticals must comply with the relevant pharmacopoeial monograph, good manufacturing practice and documentation; products sold as cosmetic raw materials are generally not sold for pharmaceutical use.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
The industrial use of polysorbate 20 rests on four basic functions: solubilizing oils and fragrance components in water, providing emulsion stability in oil-water systems, wetting solid or fiber surfaces, and reducing static charge. The main applications are discussed below in terms of purpose, function and limitations.
Fragrance, flavor and essential oil solubilization
The purpose is to keep essential oils, fragrance oils or flavor components that do not dissolve in water clear and stable in a water-based product. By carrying the oil within its micelles, polysorbate 20 makes it possible to reduce or eliminate the alcohol content in room sprays, laundry sprays, body sprays, toners and oral care products.
The most important factor affecting performance is the oil-to-solubilizer ratio; application sources state that the amount of solubilizer should be at least two to five times that of the oil, and that the upper limit may be approached for hard-to-solubilize oils such as citrus oils. As a limitation, at high oil loads or in multicomponent mixtures the solution may become cloudy; the polarity of the oil composition, the alcohol content and the order of mixing determine the result. In some cases, stronger solubilizers such as hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate are preferred.
Textile and fiber processing
The purpose is to give lubricity to fibers and yarns, reduce static electrification, and ensure the dispersion of lubricant and dye components in the aqueous bath. Polysorbate 20 is used as an antistatic agent and co-emulsifier in yarn finishing and fiber lubricant compositions, and as an oil and dye solubilizer in dye carrier systems. Its non-ionic nature allows it to be used together with anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants. As a limitation, exceeding the cloud point at high temperature and oxidative degradation should be taken into account.
Rubber, leather and polymer applications
It is used as a wetting agent for wetting rubber bales and preventing them from sticking together, as an emulsifier in leather processing aids, and as a stabilizer and emulsifier in emulsion polymerization. It is mentioned as an antistatic additive in rigid PVC processing and as a lubricating component in paper coatings. In these applications, if migration of the product into food-contact packaging is involved, compliance with the relevant food contact materials legislation must also be examined separately.
Metalworking, detergents and agriculture
It is used as an emulsifier and wetting agent in water-based metalworking fluids, as a wetting agent and softening additive in detergents and cleaning products, and as an auxiliary substance in plant protection products. Its advantage is low sensitivity to hard water owing to its non-ionic nature, and being reported as readily biodegradable. Its limitation is that its own foaming tendency must be evaluated in processes requiring strong foam control.
Laboratory and biotechnology
The purpose is to allow proteins to work without unwanted adhesion to surfaces and to each other, to gently permeabilize cell membranes, and to reduce background signal. It is reported to be used typically at 0.05% to 0.5% by volume in Western blot and ELISA wash buffers, at 0.05% in blocking solutions, in the range of 0.005% to 0.5% in the disruption of mammalian cells, and at 2% in the preliminary extraction of membrane proteins.
The product is also used to keep purified protein derivative solutions stable for the tuberculin skin test. For this purpose, molecular biology or laboratory grade should be selected; cosmetic solubilizer grades may not provide adequate assurance in terms of nucleases, peroxides and impurities.
POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN USING POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is generally regarded as a low-hazard substance; nevertheless, grade, storage, formulation compatibility and degradation control are decisive for the result.
Main points to consider in use:
• A grade suitable for the intended use must be selected. There are significant differences between cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, laboratory and technical grades in terms of residue limits, fatty acid distribution and documentation
• Oxidation must be monitored. Heat, light, oxygen and traces of iron or copper accelerate autoxidation of the polyoxyethylene chain; peroxide value and formaldehyde level can increase with storage time
• The product should not be exposed to air for longer than necessary, and opened packages should be closed tightly again
• The temperature limit must be taken into account. Because the cloud point is approximately 76 °C, the solution may turn cloudy in hot processes; trials should be performed before autoclaving, especially in buffers containing metal cations
• Reversible cloudiness that forms at low temperature does not impair the quality of the product; it is eliminated by heating to approximately 40 °C and mixing
• Incompatibility with strong oxidizers, strong acids and bases, heavy metal salts, phenols and tannic acid may be seen; formulation compatibility tests should be carried out
• The oil-to-solubilizer ratio must be determined by experiments. Too little solubilizer leads to cloudiness, while too much can cause foaming, stickiness or taste problems
• Attention must be paid to the order of mixing. The oil and the solubilizer should first be mixed together, and the mixture should then be added to the water
• A bitter or soapy taste may occur in oral care products; the use concentration should be assessed sensorially
• In biopharmaceutical formulations, trace host cell-derived enzymes can hydrolyze the ester bond and lead to free fatty acid particles
• Because of the possibility of increasing skin permeability, caution should be exercised in baby and children's products
• That the product to be used for cosmetics, food or pharmaceuticals meets the relevant grade and regulatory requirements must be verified with documents
• The manufacturer's technical data sheet, safety data sheet and certificate of analysis should be reviewed
This section has been prepared for general information purposes and does not replace the official safety data sheet.
STARTING FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
The examples below are starting approaches prepared to show how Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer can be evaluated in the formulation and process development process. They are not validated commercial recipes, production instructions or final formulas compliant with legislation.
The ratios given are example starting levels for preliminary laboratory trials, and the total of each formula is 100%. The grade of the product to be used, the composition of the essential oil or fragrance oil, the alcohol content and other raw materials can change performance significantly. For each application, laboratory trials, performance tests, occupational safety and relevant regulatory checks should be carried out.
EXAMPLE 1: EVALUATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL SOLUBILIZATION RATIO WITH POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER IN A ROOM SPRAY
Purpose: To examine the effect of the ratio of essential oil to polysorbate 20 in a water-based room or pillow spray on solution clarity, stability and sprayability.
Starting approach (Formula A, B and C):
Essential oil or fragrance oil: approximately 1.0%
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer: approximately 3.0%, 4.0% and 5.0%
Ethanol: approximately 5.0%
Preservative: approximately 0.5%
Demineralized water: approximately 90.5%, 89.5% and 88.5%
Application approach:
• The essential oil and Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer are mixed until homogeneous and single-phase.
• Ethanol is added to this premix and mixed.
• The resulting mixture is added little by little to the demineralized water under stirring.
• The preservative is added and the solution is homogenized.
• The clarity of the solution, its appearance after 24 hours and 4 weeks, and its spray characteristics are evaluated.
• Results are compared across the three ratios; the upper ratio may be needed for hard-to-solubilize oils such as citrus oil.
• Alcohol-containing sprays are flammable; work should be done away from fire and heat sources, and the skin and respiratory sensitivity of essential oils should be evaluated separately.
EXAMPLE 2: EVALUATION OF FRAGRANCE SOLUBILIZATION CONCENTRATION WITH POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER IN A CLEAR FACIAL TONER
Purpose: To examine the effect of polysorbate 20 concentration in an alcohol-free facial toner on the dissolution of the fragrance oil, clarity and skin feel.
Starting approach (Formula A, B and C):
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer: approximately 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0%
Fragrance oil: approximately 0.2%
Glycerin: approximately 3.0%
Preservative: approximately 0.8%
Demineralized water: approximately 95.0%, 94.0% and 93.0%
Application approach:
• The fragrance oil and Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer are mixed until single-phase.
• Glycerin and water are mixed in a separate container.
• The oil premix is added to the water phase under stirring.
• The preservative is added, the pH is measured and adjusted if necessary.
• Clarity, fragrance intensity, cloudiness formation during storage and skin feel are evaluated.
• Results are compared across different concentrations.
• Cosmetic grade raw material should be used; the safety assessment, labeling and regulatory compliance of the final product should be checked separately.
EXAMPLE 3: EVALUATION OF POLYSORBATE 20 CONCENTRATION IN A LABORATORY WASH BUFFER
Purpose: To examine the effect of polysorbate 20 concentration in an immunoassay wash buffer on background signal and surface adhesion.
Starting approach (Formula A, B and C):
Polysorbate 20, laboratory grade: approximately 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.50%
Phosphate-buffered saline components: approximately 1.0%
Pure water: approximately 98.95%, 98.90% and 98.50%
Application approach:
• The buffer components are dissolved in pure water and the pH is adjusted.
• Polysorbate 20 is added slowly and mixed gently so as not to form foam.
• The solution is cleared by filtration and sterilized if necessary.
• Background signal and target signal are compared in the wash steps.
• Results are evaluated at different concentrations.
• In this application, a laboratory grade with controlled peroxide and impurity levels should be preferred over a cosmetic solubilizer; solutions should be prepared fresh and protected from light.
SIMILAR PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES TO POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
The alternative to Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer varies according to the application. In determining an alternative, the targeted function, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, solubilizing power, irritation potential, regulatory status and cost should be evaluated together.
POLYSORBATE 80
Polysorbate 80 belongs to the same polysorbate family, contains oleic acid as its fatty acid, and has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of approximately 15. It is used more often in the emulsification of heavier oils and creams, and in food in ice cream, cream and fatty products. Polysorbate 20, being more hydrophilic, stands out in the solubilization of light oils, essential oils and fragrance components. Because of its unsaturated oleate chain, polysorbate 80 may be more sensitive to oxidation.
HYDROGENATED CASTOR OIL ETHOXYLATE
Known as PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, this substance is the product most often compared with polysorbate 20 for solubilizing essential oils and perfumes in cosmetics. It is stated to provide stronger solubilization, particularly in perfume-containing systems that require clarity and at higher oil loads, and to have a low odor; polysorbate 20, on the other hand, may be prone to cloudiness at high oil loads. Because both have an ethoxylated structure, this substance is not considered an alternative for those seeking a polyethylene glycol-free solution.
POLOXAMERS
Poloxamer 188 and 407 are copolymers composed of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide blocks. They are considered as alternative surfactants in oral care products because of their milder taste and mouthfeel, and to polysorbate 20 and 80 in biopharmaceutical formulations. They are generally effective at lower concentrations than polysorbate 20 and do not contain an ester bond sensitive to esterase and lipase-derived hydrolysis; however, they too can be oxidized and may not provide the same protective effect for every protein.
POLYGLYCEROL ESTERS AND VARIOUS PEG-FREE SOLUBILIZERS
Polyglycerol esters such as polyglycerol-10 laurate and some ready-made blends are tried in the search for solubilizers that contain no polyethylene glycol derivatives. However, experience shows that these alternatives do not provide the same solubilizing power for every essential oil, may require high alcohol, or may require a higher use rate and cost. The substitution decision should therefore be verified by trials.
SUPER-REFINED AND HIGH-PURITY POLYSORBATE 20 GRADES
Super-refined and high-purity grades with the same chemical identity but lower residual ethylene oxide, dioxane and peroxide levels are preferred, particularly in pharmaceutical and sensitive biological formulations. Grades with a controlled fatty acid composition are being developed to reduce the risk of free fatty acid particles. It cannot be said that super-refined grades are more stable under all conditions; in some studies they have been reported to behave as more sensitive to oxidation.
It should not be assumed that all of these alternatives can replace one another in every application. The selection should be verified by trials, evaluating technical performance, regulations and cost together.
QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
Even when sold under the same name, Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer differs greatly in quality and documentation level depending on the field of use. Pharmacopoeial grade is evaluated against the official monograph, food additive grade against the food additive specification, cosmetic grade against cosmetic raw material requirements, and laboratory grade against peroxide and impurity limits. For this reason, in purchasing and acceptance control, the target grade class should be determined first and the parameters then selected according to this class.
Main parameters that can be evaluated in quality control and purchasing:
• Physical appearance and color: Oily liquid, yellow to amber; Gardner color value is given with limits such as at most 2, 4 or 6 depending on the supplier
• Hydroxyl value: 96 to 108 mg KOH/g
• Saponification value: 40 to 50 mg KOH/g
• Acid value: At most 2.0 mg KOH/g in pharmacopoeial grade
• Water content: At most 3.0% by Karl Fischer method
• Sulfated ash or residue on ignition: At most 0.25%
• Peroxide value: At most 10.0 meq O2/1000 g in pharmacopoeial grade; should be monitored throughout storage
• Fatty acid composition: Lauric acid approximately 40% to 60%, myristic acid 14% to 25%, palmitic acid 7% to 15%; caproic acid at most 1%, caprylic and capric acid at most 10% each, stearic acid at most 7% to 11%, oleic acid at most 11%, linoleic acid at most 3%
• Oxyethylene content: 70.0% to 74.0% by weight in food additive grade
• Residual ethylene oxide: At most 1 ppm in pharmacopoeial grade; lower limits such as 0.1 ppm in super-refined grades
• 1,4-Dioxane: At most 10 ppm in pharmacopoeial grade; 5 ppm in some cosmetic raw materials
• Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol: At most 0.25% in total in food additive and super-refined grades
• Heavy metals and toxic elements: Total heavy metals at most approximately 10 ppm; lead at most 2 mg/kg; limits for arsenic, cadmium and mercury according to supplier and regulation
• pH: Together with the measurement concentration; 5.0 to 7.0 in a 5% solution
• Viscosity: Range of approximately 275 to 480 mPa·s at 25 °C, typical value approximately 400 mPa·s
• Density and refractive index: 1.08 to 1.12 g/cm³ and 1.467 to 1.473 at 25 °C
• Identification: Infrared spectrum, fatty acid composition, and the bromine test to distinguish it from polysorbate 80
• For biopharmaceutical and laboratory use: Additional parameters such as peroxide, free fatty acid, nuclease and host cell-derived enzyme activity
• Documents: Batch-specific certificate of analysis, safety data sheet, technical data sheet, regulatory statements appropriate to the grade class, and halal, kosher and plant-origin certificates if required
• Packaging and batch information: Batch number, production date, expiry or retest date should be traceable on the packaging
• Active oxygen and bulk density: Not applicable parameters for this product
Not all of these parameters are mandatory in every application. For example, for a room spray, peroxide value and fatty acid distribution may be basic acceptance criteria; for a pharmacopoeia-compliant product, all monograph tests are mandatory. The manufacturer's typical values and binding specification values should be distinguished from each other. Some manufacturers state explicitly that typical values are not guaranteed; the limits should therefore be requested in writing and compared with the certificate of analysis for each batch.
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is a chemically stable product; however, it may lose quality over time through the effect of heat, light, oxygen and moisture. Storage conditions should be set so as to limit autoxidation of the polyoxyethylene chain and hydrolysis of the ester bond.
• Temperature: It should be stored in a cool environment. One manufacturer of pharmacopoeial grade specifies a range of 5 to 25 °C for long-term storage and 0 to 30 °C as the extreme acceptable range; a cosmetic raw material manufacturer recommends below 30 °C
• Light: It should be kept away from direct sunlight and heat sources
• Moisture and air: The package should be kept tightly closed, and contact with air after opening should be minimized. Where possible, reducing the headspace or using a protective gas such as nitrogen can limit peroxide formation
• Freezing: It should be protected from freezing. The reversible cloudiness that forms at low temperature is eliminated by heating to approximately 40 °C and mixing
• Packaging: The product is generally supplied in high-density polyethylene drums, jerricans or intermediate bulk containers of up to 1000 kg. Options such as 220 kg drums, 880 kg pallets or 1000 kg containers are seen depending on the manufacturer. Glass or plastic bottles are used for laboratory quantities
• Incompatible substances: It should be stored apart from strong oxidizers, strong acids and bases, heavy metal salts, phenols and tannic acid
• Ventilation: Normal storage ventilation is generally sufficient; in heated or sprayed applications, vapor and mist formation should be controlled
• Shelf life and retest: 12, 18 or 24 months are reported depending on the manufacturer. For pharmacopoeial grade one manufacturer states 12 months, a cosmetic raw material manufacturer 18 months, and various cosmetic and technical suppliers 24 months. The exact shelf life and retest conditions should be taken from the manufacturer's document
• Formaldehyde increase: One manufacturer states that the formaldehyde level in the pharmacopoeial-grade product may increase with storage time
In terms of transport, the product is not classified as a dangerous good under ADR, IMDG and IATA in the safety data sheets reviewed and has no UN number. Because the transport classification may depend on product form, mixture and applicable legislation, the supplier's current safety data sheet should be checked before shipment. During transport, it is important that the packaging is not damaged, that it is protected from excessive heat and freezing, and that precautions are taken against slippery floors in case of spillage.
SAFETY INFORMATION FOR POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is generally regarded as a substance of low acute toxicity and is not classified as a hazardous substance in most of the safety data sheets reviewed. Oral lethal dose values in rats have been reported at approximately 36,000 to 40,000 mg per kilogram. Nevertheless, classification may vary by supplier; while an older safety data sheet includes serious eye irritation and skin sensitization classifications, most current documents have no classification. For this reason, each supplier's own safety data sheet should be taken as the basis.
Main safety topics:
• Skin contact: Generally not irritating; mild irritation or, rarely, allergic contact dermatitis may be seen in sensitive persons. Contaminated clothing should be removed and the skin washed with soap and water
• Eye contact: May cause mild eye irritation; rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes
• Inhalation: Vapor pressure is low in normal use. Respiratory tract irritation may be seen in operations producing mist or aerosol; the person should be moved to fresh air
• Ingestion: Low acute toxicity is reported. Vomiting should not be induced, the mouth should be rinsed and medical help sought if necessary
• Fire: The product is hard to ignite; reported flash points are high. Water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical powder or carbon dioxide may be used in a fire. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are formed during combustion. Firefighters should use breathing apparatus
• Reactivity: Incompatible with strong oxidizers; decomposition products may form when heated in air for a long time
• Personal protective equipment: Protective gloves, safety goggles and, if necessary, protective clothing are recommended. A respirator is not required in normal use
• Spills and accidents: Spilled product should be collected with an inert absorbent material and placed in closed containers. Large quantities should be prevented from entering sewers and waterways. Spilled product makes the floor slippery
• Environmental risks: Reported toxicity values for fish and water fleas are generally above 100 mg/L; the product is reported to be readily biodegradable, although some documents give lower effective concentrations for algae. The water hazard class is given as 1 in one document
• Waste management: Unused product and waste should be disposed of in accordance with local legislation through licensed waste management organizations
• After exposure: If symptoms persist, medical help should be sought and the safety data sheet shown to health personnel
No country-specific occupational exposure limit value for Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer was stated in the documents reviewed. Good hygiene practices should be followed, and for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food uses the safety assessment of the final product should additionally be carried out. In therapeutic proteins, particle and oxidation risks associated with polysorbate degradation are also monitored separately.
WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN BUYING POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER?
To select the right product, the identity of the product must first be clearly established. Because the polysorbate family includes more than one product, a request that says only polysorbate is insufficient. The request should state Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer as the product name, CAS number 9005-64-5 and the INCI name Polysorbate 20 together. It should be remembered that names such as Tween 20, E 432 or Macrogol may indicate different grades and documentation levels.
Main points to consider when buying:
• Grade class: It should be clarified which of cosmetic, food additive, pharmacopoeial, laboratory or technical grades is required
• Specification: Hydroxyl value, saponification value, acid value, water, peroxide value, fatty acid distribution, and ethylene oxide and dioxane limits should be requested in writing
• Suitability for intended use: A product selected for solubilizing essential oils may not be suitable for a biopharmaceutical formulation or as a food additive
• Packaging and logistics: Drum, jerrican or container options, storage temperature and shipping conditions should be evaluated
• Batch consistency: Particularly in pharmaceutical and laboratory applications, fatty acid distribution and peroxide level should be consistent between batches
• Shelf life: Remaining shelf life and expiry date should be checked at the time of receipt
• Documents: Technical data sheet, safety data sheet, certificate of analysis and regulatory documents appropriate to the grade class should be obtained before ordering
• Supplier technical support: Trial samples, formulation support and documentation support should be evaluated
• Regulation: The current legislation of the relevant country should be checked for cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical use
• Total cost of supply: Packaging, logistics, waste, documents, testing and storage costs should be evaluated together with the unit price
Price may vary according to grade class, fatty acid distribution, purity, residual ethylene oxide and dioxane level, packaging, order quantity, origin, raw material and energy costs, certification and current market conditions. The current price should therefore be evaluated through a quotation together with the product specification and delivery terms.
SUPPLY OF POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER FROM ATAMAN KİMYA
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is an important surfactant evaluated for functions such as solubilization, emulsification and wetting in cosmetics, personal care, pharmaceuticals, food, laboratory work, textiles and various industrial applications. It is important that companies planning to buy the product clarify the grade, technical specifications and required documents appropriate to the field of use before ordering.
Companies wishing to obtain information about the supply of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer from ATAMAN KİMYA can request information on product suitability, current supply status, packaging options and price quotation by sharing their fields of use and technical needs.
The current stock status, origin, grade class, technical specifications, packaging and specifications of the product should be confirmed with ATAMAN KİMYA before ordering.
Sharing the following information in a quotation request makes it easier to evaluate the right Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer product:
• Sector of use and final application
• Requested grade class: cosmetic, food additive, pharmacopoeial, laboratory or technical
• Type and amount of the oil or fragrance oil to be solubilized or emulsified
• Formulation or process information in use
• Requested fatty acid distribution, peroxide, ethylene oxide and dioxane limits
• Estimated order quantity
• Desired packaging type
• Requested technical documents
• If available, technical data sheet or certificate of analysis information of the current product
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER
What is Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is a non-ionic, yellow to amber, oily and viscous liquid surfactant consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan derivatives esterified with lauric acid. It is also known as polysorbate 20, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate or Tween 20. It is used especially to solubilize essential oils, fragrance components and oil-soluble actives in water, to make oil-water emulsions stable, and to wet surfaces.
What does Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer mean?
The name polysorbate refers to sorbitol-based polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters; the number 20 at the end indicates that a total of approximately 20 ethylene oxide units are present. The word solubilizer describes the main function of the product, that is, keeping water-insoluble substances in solution.
What is the CAS number of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
The CAS number for polysorbate 20 is 9005-64-5.
What is the EC / EINECS number of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
For polysorbate 20, the EC number is listed as 500-018-3 in many supplier documents and catalogs.
What is the chemical formula of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
Its idealized molecular formula is C58H114O26 and its average molecular weight is around 1228 g/mol. The commercial product is not a single molecule but a mixture of esters with different degrees of ethoxylation and fatty acid compositions.
What is the INCI name of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
The INCI name used in cosmetic products is Polysorbate 20.
Is Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer used in cosmetics?
Yes. The cosmetic grade product, under the INCI name Polysorbate 20, is used in the solubilization of essential oils and perfumes in aqueous systems, and in products such as toners, micellar water, shampoos, body sprays and wet wipes. Conditions of use and the safety assessment of the final product should be checked against current cosmetic legislation. Technical and laboratory grades should not be used in cosmetics.
Does Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer have an E code?
Yes. Polysorbate 20 is defined as a food additive under the number E 432 in the European Union and INS 432 in the Codex system. Its use is possible only in permitted food categories and within the set limits.
What is the difference between Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer and polysorbate 80?
Both are ethoxylated sorbitan esters. Polysorbate 20 contains lauric acid and polysorbate 80 contains oleic acid. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of polysorbate 20 is approximately 16.7 and that of polysorbate 80 approximately 15. Polysorbate 20 is more often preferred for solubilizing light oils, essential oils and fragrance components, and polysorbate 80 for emulsifying heavier oils. Because of its unsaturated oleate chain, polysorbate 80 may be more sensitive to oxidation.
What is Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer used for?
It is used as a solubilizer, emulsifier, co-emulsifier, wetting agent, dispersant, antistatic additive and foam stabilizer. It is found in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, laboratory work, textiles and various industrial fields.
In which sectors is Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer used?
It is used in sectors such as cosmetics and personal care, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, food, laboratory and research, textiles, leather, rubber, paints and coatings, metalworking, detergents and cleaning, agriculture, and food packaging.
How does Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer solubilize essential oils in water?
When the surfactant concentration rises above the critical micelle concentration, the molecules form micelles. The hydrophobic tails form an oil core inside the micelle; the essential oil settles in this core. The hydrated polyoxyethylene chains remaining on the outside keep the micelles in balance in water. The oil is thus carried in a clear or slightly opalescent solution.
What does Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer do?
It keeps oils and fragrance components that do not mix with water in solution, makes oil-water mixtures stable, lowers surface tension, wets surfaces and reduces the adhesion of proteins to surfaces.
How does Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer work in protein formulations?
By occupying air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces before the protein does, it reduces denaturation and aggregation of the protein at these surfaces. This effect rests on interfacial competition. At the same time, the product is monitored separately because of degradation, free fatty acid particles and peroxide formation.
Is Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer soluble in water?
Yes. It mixes readily with water, with a reported solubility of approximately 100 g/L; it also dissolves in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and dioxane, and does not dissolve in mineral oil or petroleum ether. Solutions may become cloudy above approximately 76 °C.
How much Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer is used in essential oil solubilization?
The use rate varies according to the type, amount and alcohol content of the oil. Application sources generally report a solubilizer-to-oil ratio between two and five times, and higher for hard-to-solubilize oils such as citrus. The starting examples on this page are for laboratory trials only; the exact ratio should be determined by the formulator's trials.
Is Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer a hazardous substance?
It is generally regarded as a low-hazard substance and is not classified as a hazardous substance in most of the safety data sheets reviewed. However, mild eye and skin irritation may occur, rare sensitization has been reported, and classification may vary by supplier. The current safety data sheet should always be checked.
Why can Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer oxidize and form particles?
The polyoxyethylene chain can undergo autoxidation by a radical mechanism under the effect of heat, light, oxygen and trace metals, forming peroxides and aldehydes. The ester bond, on the other hand, can be hydrolyzed particularly by trace esterase and lipase enzymes, releasing free lauric acid; if these fatty acids exceed their solubility limit, they form particles. For this reason, the product should be stored cool, closed and away from light.
What is the physical appearance of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
It is an oily and viscous liquid, yellow to amber. In pharmacopoeial grade it is clear or slightly opalescent. Its odor is faint and characteristic. Reversible cloudiness may form at low temperature.
What is the UN number of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
In the safety data sheets reviewed, no UN number is stated because the product is not classified as a dangerous good. The supplier's current safety data sheet should be checked before shipment.
Why are peroxide, ethylene oxide and dioxane important in Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
Peroxide shows the oxidation level of the product; high values can lead to degradation of proteins and sensitive actives. Ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane are residues and by-products from the ethoxylation process; they are limited in cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical applications. For this reason, the results of these parameters should be seen in the certificate of analysis for the relevant grade.
What does the price of Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer depend on?
Price varies according to grade class, fatty acid distribution, purity, residual ethylene oxide and dioxane level, packaging, order quantity, origin, raw material and energy costs, certification and current market conditions. Pharmaceutical and super-refined grades may be higher priced than technical grades.
Does Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer have an alternative?
There are alternatives depending on the application. Polysorbate 80, hydrogenated castor oil ethoxylate, poloxamers and polyglycerol esters may be evaluated according to the relevant functions. None of them replaces another in every application.
How should Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer be stored?
It should be stored cool, away from light and in tightly closed packaging, away from strong oxidizers and heat sources. Contact of opened packaging with air should be minimized, and it should be protected from freezing.
Which documents should be requested when buying Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
The technical data sheet, safety data sheet and batch-specific certificate of analysis are the basic documents. Depending on the field of use, pharmacopoeial compliance, cosmetic raw material statement, food additive grade certificate, and halal or kosher certificates may be requested.
Which technical specifications are important when buying Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer?
Hydroxyl value, saponification value, acid value, water content, peroxide value, fatty acid distribution, ethylene oxide and dioxane residues, heavy metals, color and grade class are important.
POLYSORBATE 20 SOLUBILIZER – TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Chemical name: Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
Common name: Polysorbate 20 Solubilizer, Polysorbate 20, Tween 20
CAS No: 9005-64-5
EC / EINECS No: 500-018-3
Molecular formula: C58H114O26, idealized structure
Molecular weight: Approximately 1228 g/mol
Chemical class: Ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid ester, non-ionic surfactant
Physical appearance: Oily viscous liquid, yellow to amber
Key properties: Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance approximately 16.7, readily soluble in water, cloud point approximately 76 °C, density approximately 1.1 g/cm³, pH 5.0 to 7.0 in a 5% solution
Main functions: Solubilizer, emulsifier, co-emulsifier, wetting agent, dispersant and antistatic additive
Important application areas: Cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, food, laboratory, textiles and industrial applications
Critical parameters for quality control: Hydroxyl value, saponification value, acid value, water, peroxide value, fatty acid distribution, ethylene oxide and dioxane residues
Storage: In cool, light-protected, tightly closed packaging; away from strong oxidizers and heat sources
Regulation: INCI Polysorbate 20; food additive E 432 / INS 432; listed in pharmacopoeias as a pharmaceutical excipient; no UN number
