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Polyvinylpyrrolidone, a water-soluble synthetic polymer with the structure (C₆H₉NO)ₙ obtained by polymerization of the N-vinylpyrrolidone monomer. It occurs as a white to slightly yellowish, hygroscopic powder or flake and dissolves in water, ethanol and many polar solvents. Its average molecular weight varies, depending on the grade expressed by the K-value, from a few thousand to over one million; properties such as density, viscosity and dissolution behavior also differ with this grade.
Povidone, a versatile excipient used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and industrial fields as a binder, film former, solubilizer and dispersant. In tablet granulation it holds particles together, it keeps amorphous solid dispersions of poorly soluble active ingredients stable, and in hair and skin care products it forms a transparent film. Its polar pyrrolidone groups interact with many substances and surfaces through hydrogen bonding.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, a polymer that serves as a dispersant, binder and viscosity modifier in many industries, from glue sticks to printing inks, from membrane production to detergent formulations, and from ceramics to battery materials. It should be selected according to criteria such as grade, K-value, moisture, residual monomer and peroxide level. This product can be supplied from ATAMAN KİMYA; for technical information and requests, contacting ATAMAN KİMYA is recommended.
WHAT IS POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)?
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a linear, non-ionic synthetic polymer produced by free-radical polymerization of the N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) monomer. It appears as povidone in pharmacopoeias and food legislation; in trade it is sold under the PVP abbreviation and under grade names that include the K-value.
Each repeat unit of the chain carries a five-membered lactam ring, that is, a pyrrolidone group, attached to the main chain. The carbonyl oxygen in the ring is a strong hydrogen-bond acceptor, while the methylene groups give the chain a limited hydrophobic character. This dual character allows the substance to dissolve both in water and in many organic solvents.
The most decisive property of the product is the K-value. The K-value is a number calculated with the Fikentscher equation from the viscosity of the polymer in dilute solution and is related to the average molecular weight. Commercial grades range from about 12 to 120; K 12, K 17, K 25, K 30, K 60 and K 90 are the best known.
As the K-value decreases, the chains become shorter, solutions stay fluid, and the product is mostly obtained as spherical particles by spray drying. As the value increases, the chains become longer, solutions thicken and films become tougher; high-K grades are often supplied as roller-dried plates or flakes.
For this reason, values such as density, bulk density, viscosity, solution pH and molecular weight are not given as a single number for Polyvinylpyrrolidone. Each property is determined separately according to the relevant K-value and the manufacturer’s grade.
The substance is a white to slightly yellowish powder, odorless or with a very faint odor. It readily takes up water; it dissolves in water, ethanol, methanol and chloroform, and does not dissolve in ether and hydrocarbons. Some high-K grades are also sold as aqueous solutions of 20 or 45 percent concentration.
It must not be confused with cross-linked, water-insoluble polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP, crospovidone). This is a separate substance; it is used as a tablet disintegrant and as a beer and wine fining agent, is referred to by the code E 1202, and does not replace soluble povidone.
Its main functions are binding, film formation, solubilization, delaying crystallization, dispersion and colloid protection. In many products such as tablets, hair styling products, glue sticks, inks, membranes and detergents, one or several of these functions are used together.
Production is based on polymerizing N-vinylpyrrolidone with a free-radical initiator in an aqueous or 2-propanol medium. After the reaction the solution is dried, residual monomer and by-products are reduced to a low level, and the product is milled and supplied in different particle sizes.
Name alone is not enough in selection. The K-value, grade (pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic or technical), moisture, residual monomer, peroxide and impurity limits and the manufacturer’s documents should be evaluated together.
COMMON PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL NAMES OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP):
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone
Polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer
Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)
Poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one)
Poly(1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one)
Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylene]
N-vinylpyrrolidone homopolymer
N-vinylpyrrolidone polymer
1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one homopolymer
2-pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, homopolymer
Vinylpyrrolidone polymer
Povidone
Povidone (INN)
Polyvidon
Polyvidone
Povidone K 30
Povidone K 90
PVP
PVP K 12
PVP K 15
PVP K 17
PVP K 25
PVP K 30
PVP K 60
PVP K 90
E 1201
Kollidon
Plasdone
Luviskol
Luvitec
Most of these names describe the same polymer in different spellings. Povidone is the general name used in pharmacopoeial and regulatory language; polyvidone is an older and less used spelling; PVP is the international abbreviation of polyvinylpyrrolidone.
The number in names such as PVP K 12, K 30 or K 90 indicates the K-value and denotes not a separate substance but a grade of the same polymer with a different chain length. As the number increases, the average molecular weight increases; viscosity, film toughness and dissolution behavior differ between grades.
Kollidon and Luviskol are trade names of BASF and Plasdone is a trade name of Ashland; Luvitec is also BASF’s series aimed at technical applications. In pharmaceuticals and food mainly Kollidon and Plasdone are offered, and in cosmetics and personal care Luviskol. The documents of products sold under these names differ by manufacturer.
Similar names may cause confusion. Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP, crospovidone, CAS No 25249-54-1) has a cross-linked, insoluble structure; products sold under names such as Polyclar and Divergan belong to this group. N-vinylpyrrolidone (CAS No 88-12-0) is the monomer of the polymer and is a separate substance.
Copovidone (a copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate, CAS No 25086-89-9) is also a different polymer; it is sold under names such as Kollidon VA 64 and Luviskol VA. Povidone-iodine (CAS No 25655-41-8) is a complex of the polymer with iodine and is used as an antiseptic.
When a request or order is written, the product name, the CAS number and the required K-value should be stated together. Because products of very different molecular weights are sold under the same CAS number, the CAS number alone does not fully define the product.
CAS NO, EC / EINECS NO AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
Product name: Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
Common abbreviation: PVP; pharmacopoeial name povidone
Chemical name: Poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one); 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one homopolymer
INCI name: PVP
Food additive number: E 1201 (INS 1201)
CAS No: 9003-39-8
EC / EINECS No: Because it is a polymer there is no single identifying number; some documents give 201-800-4, the number of the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone
Molecular formula: (C₆H₉NO)ₙ
Molecular weight: 111.14 g/mol for the repeat unit; the average molecular weight of the polymer varies with the K-value
Chemical class: Synthetic, non-ionic, water-soluble polymer; N-vinyllactam homopolymer
Main functions: Binder, film former, solubilizer, dispersant, colloid protector, crystallization retarder, viscosity modifier, tackifier, stabilizer
Polymers are excluded from the registration obligation under the European REACH regulation; the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone, on the other hand, is registered, and residual monomer limits are set separately in pharmacopoeias and food legislation. The current status should be confirmed with the supplier.
The CAS number is necessary to match the product with the correct substance; however, it does not indicate a specific K-value or grade. Pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and technical grades are sold under the same number and cannot automatically be used in place of one another.
The existence of an INCI name does not mean that the product can automatically be used in cosmetics, nor does the existence of an E 1201 number mean that every food use complies with the legislation. For each application the grade, the level of documentation and the legal limits should be evaluated separately.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
The main chain is a saturated carbon–carbon backbone formed by polymerization of the vinyl group. An N-pyrrolidone ring is attached to every second carbon atom; the nitrogen in the ring forms, together with the carbonyl carbon, a tertiary amide, that is, a lactam structure.
Because there is no hydrogen bonded to the nitrogen atom, the molecule is not a hydrogen-bond donor; it behaves only as a hydrogen-bond acceptor through the carbonyl oxygen. In this way it forms strong bonds with hydroxyl-containing substances such as phenols, carboxylic acids and alcohols.
The high dipole moment of the amide group gives the chain a marked polarity. In contrast, the backbone and the ring methylenes form apolar regions. This balanced structure explains why the polymer dissolves in water, alcohols, chlorinated solvents and some amines and acids, and does not dissolve in ether and saturated hydrocarbons.
The polymer is non-ionic in structure; it carries no charge in solution. It can therefore be used together with surfactants, salts, most dyes and acids. The pH of solutions depends less on the polymer itself than on production residues and the K-value.
The chains are arranged irregularly and the substance is amorphous in structure; it shows no distinct crystalline melting point. Instead it has a glass transition temperature, and sources report that this temperature rises with increasing K-value, varying between roughly 120 and 174 °C.
The binding of water by the carbonyl groups is the reason the substance is hygroscopic. In ambient humidity the polymer absorbs water, becomes plasticized and its glass transition temperature falls. This effect directly affects stability in tablets and dry powder mixes.
The polymerization product may contain small amounts of by-products such as 2-pyrrolidone, formic acid and aldehydes at chain ends and outside the ring, together with residual N-vinylpyrrolidone. Limits for these components are defined in pharmacopoeias and are decisive in the choice of grade.
The tertiary carbon–hydrogen bonds adjacent to nitrogen are sensitive to oxygen. Hydroperoxides can form at these points during storage; for this reason a peroxide limit has been set for many products, and low-peroxide grades and oxygen-barrier packaging have been developed.
Under the action of strong acid or base at high temperature the amide bond can be hydrolyzed and the ring can open. Strong oxidizers shorten the chain or form by-products; compatibility with oxidizing substances is therefore important in use.
The calculated solubility parameter is in the range of approx. 22–23 MPa½. Good miscibility is expected with active ingredients and solvents whose parameters are close to this value; this property is exploited in amorphous solid dispersions.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
General technical specifications:
Because Polyvinylpyrrolidone is produced in different K-values, the list below contains fields in which, instead of a numerical value, it is stated how the property changes with the K-value. Values differ by manufacturer, grade and measurement method; the list provides general information and does not replace manufacturer-specific TDS and SDS documents.
Physical appearance: White to slightly yellowish, odorless or very faintly odorous, hygroscopic powder, spherical particle or flake; some grades are also available as an aqueous solution
Chemical character: Non-ionic, amorphous and linear vinylpyrrolidone polymer that dissolves in water and polar solvents
Molecular formula: (C₆H₉NO)ₙ
Molecular weight: The repeat unit is 111.14 g/mol; the average molecular weight of the polymer increases with the K-value and extends from a few thousand in low-K grades to over one million in high-K grades
CAS No: 9003-39-8
EC / EINECS No: There is no single number for the polymer; some documents show 201-800-4, the number of the monomer
K-value: Commercial grades are between about 12 and 120; the number on the label is a nominal value and an acceptance range is defined in pharmacopoeias. According to Ph.Eur. and USP, 85–115 percent of the nominal value is accepted for K 15 and below, and 90–108 percent above that
Purity (assay): Defined by the nitrogen content on the dry basis; the pharmacopoeial limit is 11.5–12.8 percent, and 11.5–12.5 percent appears in some supplier data sheets. These are specification limits that depend on the grade
Density: Varies with the K-value, the drying method and the manufacturer; no fixed number is given, and the data sheet of the relevant K-grade is taken as the basis
Bulk density: Varies markedly with the K-value, the particle structure (spray-dried spherical particles or roller-dried plates) and the degree of milling; the TDS value of the grade ordered should be consulted
Viscosity: The K-value itself is derived from viscosity; as the concentration and the K-value increase, solution viscosity rises markedly
Solubility in water: Dissolves very well; one SDS gives more than 30 g in 100 mL of water at 20 °C. It is also soluble in ethanol, methanol and chloroform; it is insoluble in ether and hydrocarbons
pH (aqueous solution): Depends on the concentration and the K-value. For a 5 percent solution the European Pharmacopoeia defines 3.0–5.0 for K 30 and below and 4.0–7.0 for above K 30; wider ranges such as 3–7 or 5–9 are given in some SDSs
Decomposition: Softens gradually on heating; decomposition is reported to begin above approx. 200 °C. Combustion products are carbon oxides and nitrogen oxides; one SDS gives the auto-ignition temperature as 420 °C
Moisture: At most 5 percent in pharmacopoeias; because the product is hygroscopic, moisture increases in open packaging
Heavy metals (Pb, Cu etc.): In pharmacopoeias total heavy metals are defined as at most 10 ppm; EU food additive specifications give at most 2 mg/kg for lead
Residual monomer and impurities: In Ph.Eur. N-vinylpyrrolidone is at most 10 ppm, hydrazine at most 1 ppm, peroxide at most 400 ppm as hydrogen peroxide, and aldehyde approx. 500 ppm; limits are also defined for 2-pyrrolidone, formic acid and sulfated ash
Reactivity: Stable under normal conditions. Incompatible with strong oxidizing substances; prone to peroxide formation and moisture uptake in storage; fine dust may form combustible dust
Brief Explanation of Physical Properties
The physical properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone cannot be summarized with a single value, because the product is not a single molecule but a polymer family defined by the K-value. Two products with the same CAS number may differ greatly from each other in viscosity, density, solution pH and molecular weight.
Low-K grades dissolve quickly in water, give fluid, low-viscosity solutions and form more brittle, less tacky films. High-K grades dissolve more slowly, give thick solutions and tougher, more flexible films; their binding effect and adhesion strength are higher.
Density and bulk density likewise depend on the grade. Spherical, hollow particles give lower bulk density and good flowability; plate-shaped products show different flow and compaction behavior. Numerical values should therefore be taken only from the TDS of the relevant grade.
The glass transition temperature also rises with the K-value. This property is decisive in hot-melt extrusion, dry coating and amorphous solid dispersions; moisture, on the other hand, lowers this temperature, softens the product and can impair powder flow.
Differences between data sheets mostly come from the grade, the measurement condition and the production method. Pharmacopoeial limits are binding upper and lower values; the manufacturer’s typical values are for information and should be evaluated together with the batch certificate of analysis.
HOW DOES POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?
The action of Polyvinylpyrrolidone rests largely on the ability of the carbonyl oxygen in the pyrrolidone ring to form hydrogen bonds. This group bonds with water, alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids; the apolar backbone of the chain helps it adhere to surfaces and apolar regions.
As a tablet binder, the polymer dissolved in the granulation liquid wets the surface of the powder particles. During drying the solvent leaves, the chains remain between the particles and form a hard film bridge, and by hydrogen bonds they adhere to fillers such as lactose or cellulose.
In poorly soluble active ingredients the polymer acts as a matrix that delays crystallization. The active ingredient binds to the polymer chains by hydrogen bonds; the high glass transition temperature and solution viscosity restrict the movement of molecules, keeping the amorphous state and increasing the dissolution rate.
In film formation, as the solvent evaporates the chains entangle with one another and build a transparent, hard network. As chain length increases the entanglement becomes denser; the films of high-K grades are therefore more durable. When the film takes up water it softens and becomes tacky again.
As a dispersant and colloid protector, the polymer adsorbs onto the surface of pigments, carbon black or nanoparticles. The hydrophilic chain loops extending from the surface into the water form a barrier that prevents particles from approaching one another and prevents agglomeration.
In metal nanoparticle synthesis, the oxygen and nitrogen of the pyrrolidone ring coordinate with the metal surface. The polymer binds more strongly to some crystal faces and directs growth; this selective coating is one of the factors that determine particle size and shape.
When it forms a complex with iodine, the iodine binds to the carbonyl oxygens of the polymer and builds a stable structure with triiodide bridges. This complex releases iodine slowly; thus in povidone-iodine the antiseptic effect continues while irritation is reduced.
Hydrogen bonds formed with phenolic substances explain why the polymer binds polyphenols in DNA extraction protocols from plant tissue and limits dye transfer in laundry. In soluble polymer this interaction takes place in solution; in cross-linked PVPP it takes place in the solid phase.
In membrane production, when the polymer is added to the casting solution it raises viscosity and, by exchanging with water on entering the coagulation bath, helps pore formation. The remaining chains make the membrane surface hydrophilic and reduce protein adhesion.
The sensitivity to oxidation of the carbons adjacent to nitrogen in the chain is the molecular-level reason for hydroperoxide formation in storage. The peroxides formed can damage sensitive active ingredients in drugs and foods; this is why they are decisive in grade selection.
IN WHICH SECTORS IS POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) USED?
Because it is soluble, non-ionic and multifunctional, it has a wide field of use. The main sectors and functions are given below.
Pharmaceuticals
It is used as a tablet and granule binder, solubilizer, amorphous solid dispersion carrier, film-coating component, and excipient in eye drops and transdermal systems; it is also the basic polymer of povidone-iodine.
Cosmetics and personal care
It is found as a film former in hair sprays, gels and mousses, as a binder and dispersant in color cosmetics such as mascara and lipstick, as a water-resistance enhancer in sun products, and as a stain remover and binder in oral care.
Adhesives
It acts as a binder and tackifier in glue sticks, remoistenable tapes and water-based systems; when the dry film is moistened it becomes tacky again.
Paints, inks and coatings
It is used in dispersing and stabilizing pigments, in coatings of inkjet papers, and in controlling ink flow and gloss.
Membranes and filtration
It is a pore-forming, viscosity-adjusting and hydrophilizing additive in hemodialysis, ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes.
Detergents and cleaning
It is the main component of polymers that reduce dye transfer and soil redeposition in laundry detergents; its effectiveness depends on the type of detergent and dye.
Textiles
It is used to improve dye uptake, moisture absorption and antistatic properties in synthetic fibers and to apply finishing components in the same bath.
Ceramics and metalworking
It is found as a binder and dispersant in ceramic slurries and as a polymer that adjusts the cooling rate in metal quenching baths.
Batteries and electronic materials
It is studied and used to disperse carbon black and graphite in electrode slurries and to provide flexibility in binder systems; it is also examined as a stabilizer in solar cell films.
Nanomaterial synthesis
It is used as a surface coating agent in stabilizing, directing the growth of and dispersing metal nanoparticles such as silver, gold and platinum.
Agriculture
It is found as a binder and complexing agent in seed coatings and crop protection products.
Biotechnology and laboratory
It is used as a polyphenol remover in plant DNA and RNA isolation, as a component of Southern blot blocking solutions, and as a mounting medium.
Polymer production
It is added as a stabilizer in solution and emulsion polymerization to control viscosity and particle size.
Food and beverages
Use is very limited. E 1201 is an additive permitted only in certain food supplement tablets and sweetener tablets; in beer and wine fining it is not soluble PVP but cross-linked PVPP that is used.
For each of these fields, the grade, K-value, documentation and regulatory compliance should be evaluated separately.
IS POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) USED IN COSMETIC, FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS?
Cosmetic applications
Yes. In cosmetics it is known under the name PVP and is used as a film former giving gloss and hold in hair sprays, gels, mousses and styling products. It is a binder in mascara, lipstick and powder and a water-resistance enhancer in sun products.
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) found vinylpyrrolidone polymers safe in cosmetic use. Even so, product-level safety assessment, the residual monomer limit and the legislation on the final product remain the responsibility of the manufacturer.
In oral care it is used in toothpastes and whitening gels as a stain-holding and thickening agent. Because it is hygroscopic, hold on hair may decrease in humid air; it is therefore also used together with vinyl acetate copolymers for humidity resistance.
Food applications
To a limited extent. Polyvinylpyrrolidone is registered in the EU as the food additive E 1201; however, the permitted use is limited to food supplement tablets and sweetener tablets. It cannot be added directly to every food.
In its 2020 assessment EFSA concluded that an acceptable daily intake was not needed; JECFA, for its part, set a value of 0–50 mg/kg body weight in 1986. Quality, residual monomer and impurity limits are defined in the additive specifications.
The substance used for fining in beer and wine is insoluble PVPP, referred to by the code E 1202. It is used as a processing aid and prevents haze by binding phenolic compounds; it is not the same substance as soluble povidone.
Pharmaceutical applications
Yes. Povidone is an excipient with monographs in the European, American and Japanese pharmacopoeias. It is found as a binder in tablets, a solubilizer in liquids, a film former in eye drops and an adhesive in transdermal systems.
It is used as a carrier in amorphous solid dispersions to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble active ingredients. Povidone-iodine is a widely used active substance in the antisepsis of skin, mucous membranes and wounds.
In pharmaceutical use, the grade, residual monomer and peroxide level are important. Administration of high-K grades by injection is not considered appropriate, because high-molecular-weight chains that are slowly excreted by the kidneys may accumulate in the body. Povidone allergy is rarely seen.
The use of a chemical in one sector does not mean it can be used in other sectors. For pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic applications, the grade, documents and legal conditions should be verified separately with the supplier.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
Its industrial value rests on its solubility in water and many solvents, its non-ionic nature and its compatibility with a large number of substances. The headings below describe function, reasons for preference and limitations by application.
Pharmaceutical manufacturing
It is a binder in wet and dry granulation, a carrier in amorphous solid dispersions and a component that increases adhesion in film coatings. As a binder, K 25 and K 30 grades are mostly used at 2–5 percent of tablet weight; it can be used with methods such as spray drying and hot-melt extrusion.
Thanks to its high glass transition temperature it keeps the amorphous state stable; however, high-K grades are hard to extrude without a plasticizer. Its hygroscopicity may reduce stability under humidity. Alternatives are copovidone, hypromellose and hydroxypropyl cellulose.
Adhesives
It is used as a binder in glue sticks, remoistenable systems, skin-contact tapes and water-based adhesives. Because its dry film becomes tacky again when moistened, it gives good adhesion on polar surfaces such as cellulose and glass.
The concentration varies with the application; levels of 5–40 percent are cited for sticks and 1–15 percent for some tape systems. Too low a proportion does not form a continuous film, while an excess plasticizes the network and reduces cohesion. Polyvinyl alcohol, dextrin and acrylic dispersions are alternatives.
Paints, inks and coatings
It facilitates the dispersion of pigments and carbon black, supports gloss and flow stability in water-based inks, and helps dye uptake in the coating of inkjet papers. In some coatings it also prevents gelling.
In systems where water resistance is important, the water solubility of the polymer is limiting; in that case cross-linking or copolymers are considered. Alternatives are acrylic dispersants, polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose derivatives.
Membranes and filtration
In dialysis, ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes, the polymer added to the casting solution adjusts viscosity and helps pore formation during coagulation. The part remaining in the membrane makes the surface hydrophilic and reduces protein adhesion.
High-K grades give a more pronounced pore and viscosity effect. For adequate permanence, the washing out of the polymer from the membrane must be monitored. Alternatives are polyethylene glycol and some other hydrophilic polymers.
Detergents and laundry care
Vinylpyrrolidone-based polymers bind the dye released into the wash water and limit its transfer to other fabrics. In one study a mixture of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and chitosan gave good results with reactive, basic and sulfur dyes and was weaker with acid and direct dyes.
The effect depends on the detergent composition and the dye type; in the same study the polymer was not seen to change stain-removal performance significantly. Copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone and vinylimidazole are also used for this purpose.
Textiles
It is used to improve dye uptake, moisture absorption and antistatic properties in synthetic fibers. It makes it possible to apply some finishing components in the same bath.
An excessive proportion can cause stiffness in the fiber or residue in washing; its level is therefore determined by trial. Alternatives are polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic finishing agents and starch derivatives.
Ceramic, battery and electronic materials
It is used as a binder and dispersant in ceramic slurries and, in battery electrodes, in dispersing carbon black and active material. In one study the polymer was seen to adsorb on the carbon black surface and markedly change the structure and flow of the slurry.
In water-based electrode systems it is reported to give flexibility when mixed with polyvinyl alcohol. Because it is hygroscopic, electrode moisture should be monitored. Alternatives are PVDF, carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol.
Nanomaterial synthesis
In silver, gold and platinum nanoparticle synthesis it acts as a surface coating agent, stabilizer and, where required, a reducing agent. The molecular weight and concentration of the polymer affect particle size and shape.
The coating polymer remains on the surface after synthesis and may require washing in catalytic or optical applications. Alternatives are citrate, polyethylene glycol and various surfactants.
Agriculture and seed coating
It is used as a binder and complexing agent in seed coatings and crop protection products. It holds the active substance on the seed or leaf surface, reduces flaking of the coating and supports the distribution of pigment or dye.
When it enters the soil, its persistence depends on the grade used and the application condition. Alternatives are cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol and acrylic binders.
Polymer production
It is added in solution and emulsion polymerization to control viscosity and particle size and to keep the dispersion stable. As a protective colloid it delays the coalescence of latex particles.
The water resistance of the final product may be affected by the solubility of the polymer. Alternatives are polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose ethers and surfactants.
Laboratory and biotechnology
In plant DNA and RNA isolation it binds polyphenols and prevents contamination of the nucleic acids. It is an auxiliary substance used as a component of Southern blot blocking solutions and in aqueous microscopy media.
Here the product should be selected in analytical or molecular biology grade. Cross-linked PVPP or activated carbon can be used as an alternative; the choice depends on the tissue type and the protocol.
Povidone-iodine and antiseptics
The polymer is a carrier that carries iodine and releases it gradually. In this way the irritancy of iodine is reduced; it is used in products such as surgical scrubs, solutions and ointments. In Betadine-type products the povidone-iodine concentration varies between 0.25 and 10 percent.
Efficacy depends on the free iodine level, the duration of use and the organic load. Alternatives are chlorhexidine, alcohols and other iodophor systems.
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a polymer that is widely regarded as non-hazardous but requires attention in terms of quality and handling. The main points to take into account in use are:
• The right K-value should be selected: viscosity, binding power, film toughness and dissolution rate change with the K-value; an order should not be placed with the polymer name alone, and the required grade should be written explicitly
• The grade should be determined according to the application: pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and technical grades differ in residual monomer, peroxide and impurity limits; they should not be used in place of one another automatically
• The product should be protected from moisture: because it is hygroscopic it takes up water in opened packaging, cakes and its glass transition temperature falls; the packaging should be closed immediately after use
• When preparing solutions, the powder should be added slowly under stirring: if the powder is added quickly it gels on the surface and forms insoluble lumps; in high-K grades the dissolution time lengthens and the consistency increases rapidly
• Peroxide formation should be taken into account: hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides can increase during storage; low-peroxide grades and handling under nitrogen should be preferred for oxidation-sensitive active ingredients
• The choice of additives can change results: in one study ascorbic acid was seen to increase the peroxide effect, while propyl gallate and EDTA reduced oxidative degradation; compatibility should be tried separately in each formula
• It should not be used together with strong oxidizing substances: oxidizers degrade the chain and can form by-products
• Aqueous solutions are open to microbial growth: for solutions that will be kept, a preservative should be used or the solution should be prepared fresh
• Dust accumulation should be prevented: fine dust can form a combustible dust mixture in air; sparks and sources of static electricity should be avoided, equipment should be grounded, and cleaning with compressed air should not be done
• Dust should not be inhaled and contact with the eyes should be avoided. Dust can cause irritation; tightly fitting goggles, gloves and, where dust forms, suitable respiratory protection should be used
• The residual monomer level should be asked about: in pharmaceutical and food grades the N-vinylpyrrolidone limit is kept very low; in technical grades the value should be verified from the supplier’s document
• Environmental impact should be considered. The polymer is not readily biodegradable but is not regarded in SDSs as harmful to aquatic organisms; solutions and waste should be disposed of according to local legislation
• The regulatory status should be verified. For pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and contact-material uses, the declaration of conformity and the level of documentation should be checked separately
This information is for general information purposes and does not replace product-specific SDS and TDS documents.
INITIAL FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
The approaches in this section are short starting examples showing how the product can be evaluated in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and adhesive fields. Because Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a low-risk polymer, the proportions are given as approximate percentage values.
The examples are not validated commercial recipes, production instructions or final formulas compliant with legislation. The proportions are starting levels for laboratory preliminary trials, and the total of each formula is 100%.
The result varies with the K-value selected, the other components, pH, temperature and humidity conditions. In every application, technical evaluation, quality and regulatory checks should be made, and the proportions should be reviewed by experts.
EXAMPLE 1: ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF BINDER SOLUTION CONCENTRATION ON GRANULE AND TABLET HARDNESS IN TABLET GRANULATION
Purpose: To follow how granule strength, tablet hardness and disintegration time change as the concentration of the Polyvinylpyrrolidone binder solution used in wet granulation increases.
Starting approach (binder solution):
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (K 30): approx. 5.0%
Purified water: approx. 95.0%
Application approach:
• The polymer is added to the water under stirring and slowly; it is expected to dissolve completely without lumping.
• The model mix (lactose and microcrystalline cellulose) is moistened with the solution, granules are formed, dried and sieved.
• The binder proportion relative to the dry mix is varied in the range of approx. 2–5%; the K 30 and K 90 grades can be tried side by side.
• Granule flowability, tablet hardness, friability and disintegration time are measured.
• Moisture uptake and peroxide level are checked; for pharmaceutical grade the product and its documents are verified.
• During the work dust is not inhaled, and goggles and gloves are used.
EXAMPLE 2: ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF FILM-FORMER LEVEL ON HOLD AND HUMIDITY RESISTANCE IN A HAIR STYLING GEL
Purpose: To follow the effect of the Polyvinylpyrrolidone level in a clear hair gel on hold, gloss, tackiness and durability in a humid environment.
Starting approach:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (K 30): approx. 3.0%
Carbomer: approx. 0.5%
Triethanolamine (pH adjustment): approx. 0.5%
Glycerin: approx. 2.0%
Phenoxyethanol-based preservative: approx. 0.8%
Purified water: approx. 93.2%
Application approach:
• The carbomer is dispersed in water and allowed to swell; the polymer is dissolved in a separate container and added to the mix, and glycerin and preservative are added.
• The pH is brought with triethanolamine to the range in which the gel gains consistency; foam formation is kept to a minimum.
• The polymer proportion is varied in the range of approx. 1–5%; K 30 and a higher-K grade can be tried together.
• Clarity, consistency, hold on a hair tress, gloss, drying time and durability in a humid environment are compared.
• Where hold decreases in humidity, a vinyl acetate copolymer is considered as an alternative.
• For the final cosmetic product, safety assessment and compliance with the relevant legislation must be carried out separately.
EXAMPLE 3: ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF BINDER POLYMER LEVEL ON ADHESION AND HARDNESS IN A GLUE STICK FORMULA
Purpose: To follow the effect of the Polyvinylpyrrolidone level in a water-based glue stick on adhesion strength, stick hardness and remoistening adhesion.
Starting approach:
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (K 30): approx. 20.0%
Sodium stearate: approx. 8.0%
Glycerin: approx. 8.0%
Purified water: approx. 64.0%
Application approach:
• Water and glycerin are mixed warm; the polymer is added slowly and dissolved.
• Sodium stearate is added to the mix with heating and stirred until a homogeneous mass is obtained; the hot mass is poured into molds and cooled.
• The polymer proportion is varied in the range of approx. 10–30%; at a low proportion a continuous film does not form, and at a high proportion the stick becomes plasticized and adhesion strength may fall.
• Adhesion strength, stick hardness, drying time, ease of application and behavior in humidity are compared.
• A higher-K grade increases consistency and tackiness; the dissolution time lengthens.
• When working with the hot mass, gloves and goggles are used against the risk of burns.
SIMILAR PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES TO POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
When determining an alternative, function, solubility, moisture behavior, film properties, regulation and cost should be evaluated together; the aim is not merely to choose another polymer.
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) AND COPOVIDONE
Copovidone is a copolymer made up of vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate units and is sold under names such as Kollidon VA 64 and Luviskol VA. Manufacturers state that, compared with povidone, it is less hygroscopic, more plastic and has a lower glass transition temperature.
These properties are an advantage for tablet compression, film coating and hair hold in humid environments. Povidone, on the other hand, is preferred where higher binding power and solubilizing power are needed and in applications where the choice of K-values is wide.
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) AND POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
Polyvinyl alcohol is also a polymer that dissolves in water, forms films and bonds. It generally gives higher mechanical strength and barrier properties; its dissolution, however, may require heating.
In adhesives, coatings and electrode binders the two polymers are used together: polyvinyl alcohol provides adhesion and povidone provides flexibility. Plain polyvinyl alcohol does not take the place of povidone’s solubilizing and complexing function.
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) AND POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a water-soluble synthetic polyether; it is used as a plasticizer, solvent and solid dispersion carrier. Its low-molecular-weight grades are liquid or waxy and show no binding power.
Glycerin or PEG 400 can be added to povidone films as a plasticizer. Polyethylene glycol is an easily processed carrier that melts at low temperature; povidone, with its higher glass transition temperature, stands out in preserving the amorphous state.
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) AND CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES
Hypromellose (HPMC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) are cellulose ethers used as tablet binders, film coatings and gel formers. By swelling in water they can form gel structures and sustained-release matrices.
While povidone dissolves quickly and gives faster binding, cellulose derivatives are less hygroscopic and suitable for controlled release. It is reported that hydroxypropyl cellulose can also contain peroxides; compatibility should be tried in each formula.
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) AND CROSPOVIDONE
Crospovidone is cross-linked, water-insoluble PVPP. It is a disintegrant that swells in water and disperses tablets quickly; it also prevents haze in beer and wine by retaining polyphenols.
It does not show the binding, film-forming and solubilizing functions of soluble povidone. The two substances can therefore be present together in the same formula but do not replace each other.
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) AND VINYLPYRROLIDONE COPOLYMERS
Copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with monomers such as vinylimidazole, vinyl acetate or dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate give special functions according to the target use. They are used in dye-transfer prevention, hair care and cationic care products.
No alternative is a one-to-one substitute in every system. In each case performance testing and regulatory checks should be carried out, and the K-value and grade should be evaluated together.
QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
Even when sold under the same CAS number, the K-value, grade, moisture, residual monomer and peroxide level differ by manufacturer and product grade. For this reason it should first be clarified whether the product is of pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic or technical quality.
The main parameters that can be evaluated in the quality control and purchasing process are:
• K-value: The measured value is compared with the nominal number on the label. The measurement is calculated from viscosity with the Fikentscher equation; the solution concentration is selected as 5 percent, 1 percent or 0.1 percent according to the K-value range. Pharmacopoeias define the acceptance range relative to the nominal value
• Nitrogen content: The pharmacopoeial limit on the dry basis is 11.5–12.8 percent. Some suppliers give a range of 11.5–12.5 percent; the method and range should be clarified with the supplier
• Moisture: At most 5 percent in pharmacopoeias. Because it is a hygroscopic product, the moisture of the batch at delivery and after opening should be asked about separately
• Residual monomer: For N-vinylpyrrolidone there is a limit of at most 10 ppm in Ph.Eur. In technical grades the limit depends on the supplier specification; a document should be requested
• Peroxide: A limit of at most 400 ppm as hydrogen peroxide is defined. Low-peroxide grades exist for oxidation-sensitive active ingredients; the batch result should be verified from the COA
• Aldehyde, hydrazine and other impurities: Aldehyde is at about 500 ppm, hydrazine at most 1 ppm. 2-pyrrolidone is defined at most 3 percent and formic acid at most 0.5 percent
• Sulfated ash and heavy metals: Sulfated ash is at 0.1 percent, heavy metals at most 10 ppm. EU food additive specifications give at most 2 mg/kg for lead
• pH and solution clarity: pH is measured in a 5 percent solution; a range of 3.0–5.0 is defined for K 30 and below and 4.0–7.0 for above. A clear and colorless solution is an indicator of quality
• Appearance: It should be a white to slightly yellowish, free-flowing powder. Caking, darkening or moisture stains point to a quality problem
• Particle size and bulk density: They affect dissolution rate, powder flow and dosing accuracy. Because values depend on the K-grade and the production method, they should be compared with the TDS value of the grade ordered
• Viscosity: Solution consistency is interpreted together with the K-value; for liquid products concentration and dry matter are also checked
• Documents: Batch certificate of analysis, current SDS, TDS, pharmacopoeial compliance (Ph.Eur., USP, JP), declaration of compliance with food additive specifications, REACH information and, where required, pharmaceutical excipient quality documents
• Packaging and batch: According to suppliers, options range from small laboratory packs to 25 kg bags. Moisture-protective multilayer packaging, batch number and production date should be checked
• Shelf life: Varies by manufacturer; 60 months is given in one supplier data sheet. For a product kept a long time, moisture and peroxide level may be retested before use
Binding specifications should be kept distinct from typical values. Typical values are for information; the specification in the contract and the batch results in the certificate of analysis should be taken as the basis.
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
It is stable in dry, closed packaging; the most important storage factors are moisture, oxygen and heat. Storage conditions should be determined according to these properties.
• Temperature and location: Stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated place, away from heat sources and direct sunlight. Some suppliers state a room-temperature range; the TDS of the relevant grade should be taken as the basis
• Moisture: The packaging should be kept tightly closed. Product in an opened package should be closed immediately and should not be left open for a long time in a humid environment
• Packaging: Stored in its original packaging with labels intact. Synthetic and moisture-barrier packaging is preferred; for oxidation-sensitive grades, special oxygen-barrier packaging can be used
• Oxygen and peroxide: The peroxide level may rise in long-term storage. For sensitive applications, low-peroxide grades and handling under nitrogen are considered
• Incompatible substances: Should be stored apart from strong oxidizing substances. Should be kept away from heat sources, combustible materials and ignition sources
• Dust and fire safety: Fine dust can form a combustible dust mixture in air. Dust accumulation should be prevented, equipment should be grounded and cleaning with compressed air should not be done
• Stacking: Bags should be stacked on pallets in a balanced way, crushing and tearing should be avoided, and damaged packages should be set aside
• Solutions: Aqueous solutions should be kept in closed containers, and a preservative should be added against microbial growth or the solution should be prepared fresh
• Shelf life: Varies by manufacturer; retest conditions are found in supplier documents
• Transportation: Safety data sheets state that the solid product is not regulated as dangerous goods for road, air and sea transport; no UN number or hazard class is assigned
• Transport classification: Classification may depend on the product form and the date of the document. Solutions, complexes such as povidone-iodine and ready-made mixtures may be assessed differently. Before shipment the supplier’s current SDS and the applicable legislation should be taken as the basis
• During transport: Package integrity should be preserved, the product should be kept away from moisture and rain, and it should not be loaded together with oxidizing substances
SAFETY INFORMATION ON POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
In manufacturers’ safety data sheets Polyvinylpyrrolidone is mostly not classified as a hazardous substance. On the other hand, in the form of fine dust it can form combustible dust and can cause mild eye irritation; different statements may be seen from supplier to supplier.
The information below is for general information purposes and does not replace the manufacturer-specific safety data sheet. Each supplier’s own SDS should be taken into account.
Main safety topics:
• Hazard classes: In many SDSs it is not classified as a hazardous substance under GHS and CLP. Some documents contain a statement about forming combustible dust; one data sheet contains a different classification statement based on animal experiments with injection
• Acute toxicity: The oral LD50 in rats is reported as very high, approx. 100,000 mg/kg; the dermal LD50 is above 12,000 mg/kg. No skin irritation has been seen in rabbits; mild eye irritation is reported
• Skin and eye contact: Generally does not irritate the skin. In case of eye contact, rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, and obtain medical help if irritation persists
• Inhalation: Dust may irritate the respiratory tract; it is stated that lung tissue may be affected by repeated and prolonged dust exposure. The person should be moved to fresh air, and medical help obtained if symptoms persist
• Ingestion: The mouth should be rinsed, plenty of water given, and a health facility or poison information center (114 in Türkiye) contacted if discomfort persists
• Fire and explosion: Difficult to ignite in bulk; however, a fine dust cloud can be ignited by a spark and static electricity increases this risk. In a fire, water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide are used. Combustion products are carbon oxides and nitrogen oxides
• Reactivity: Stable under recommended conditions. Incompatible with strong oxidizing substances; hygroscopic
• Personal protective equipment: Tightly fitting goggles, gloves and protective clothing should be used. Where dust forms, particulate-filter respiratory protection and local exhaust are recommended
• Spills: Should be swept up without raising dust and collected in a separate container; compressed air should not be used. Wetted polymer makes the surface slippery; after a spill the area should be washed with plenty of water
• Monomer: N-vinylpyrrolidone used in production is classified as a category 2 carcinogen. Residual limits are kept low in product grades; workplace limits apply separately in facilities working with the monomer
• Environment: The polymer is not readily biodegradable; in SDSs it is not regarded as harmful to aquatic organisms. It should not be released into streams and sewers in high loads
• Waste: Residual product and contaminated packaging should be disposed of according to local legislation; recycling or controlled incineration is considered where appropriate
• Exposure and help: If symptoms persist, or if there is doubt about ingestion, inhalation or eye contact, a health facility should be contacted with the product label and SDS
WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN BUYING POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)?
To choose the right product, identity must first be clearly determined. Because polyvinylpyrrolidone can be confused with cross-linked PVPP, copovidone, povidone-iodine and the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone, a request that says only “PVP” is insufficient.
In a request, the product name Polyvinylpyrrolidone, the CAS number 9003-39-8 and the required K-value should be stated together.
The main points to consider when buying:
• Purpose of use and regulation: Whether the product will be used in a pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic or technical application should be clarified; the regulatory conditions of the relevant country should be verified with the supplier
• K-value: Because viscosity, binding power and film properties depend on the K-value, the grade should be stated clearly
• Grade: Pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and technical grades may differ in residual monomer, peroxide and level of documentation
• Technical specifications: K-value, nitrogen, moisture, residual monomer, peroxide, aldehyde, heavy metals, pH and particle size should be requested explicitly
• Form: The requirement for powder, spherical particle, flake or aqueous solution should be stated; dissolution rate and dust formation depend on this choice
• Packaging and logistics: Net quantity, moisture-barrier packaging, pallet arrangement and storage conditions should be determined
• Batch consistency: The certificates of analysis, K-values and physical appearance of consecutive batches should be compared
• Shelf life: The production date and remaining shelf life of the product delivered should be asked about
• Documents: SDS, TDS, COA, pharmacopoeial compliance, REACH information and, where required, food and cosmetic compliance declarations should be requested
• Supplier’s technical support: Information support on selecting a grade suited to the application, solution preparation and storage should be evaluated
• Origin and manufacturer: Transparency of manufacturer information and traceability may be requested
• Total cost of supply: In addition to unit price, the K-value, grade, dose, packaging, storage and waste-management costs should be calculated together
Price comparison should not be made on price per kilogram alone; the K-value, grade, level of documentation and security of supply should also be taken into account.
SUPPLY OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) FROM ATAMAN KİMYA
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a product evaluated as a binder, film former and dispersant in fields such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, adhesives, inks, membranes and detergents. There are product pages on the ATAMAN KİMYA website under the names Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), PVP K30, Povidone K-30, Povidone K-90 and Povidone (PVP) K 90.
Companies planning a purchase are advised to clarify the K-value suited to the intended use, the grade, the technical specifications, regulatory conditions and the necessary documents before ordering.
Companies wishing to obtain information about supply from ATAMAN KİMYA can request information on product suitability, current supply status, packaging options and price quotation by sharing their fields of use and technical needs.
The current stock status, origin, grade, K-value, packaging, transport classification and the regulatory conditions for the intended use of the product should be confirmed from ATAMAN KİMYA before ordering.
Sharing the following information in a quotation request makes it easier to assess the right product quickly:
• Sector of use and final application
• Requested product name or grade: Polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP K30, Povidone K-30, Povidone K-90 or equivalent
• Required K-value or viscosity range
• Requested form: powder or solution
• Limits for moisture, residual monomer, peroxide and impurities
• Grade: pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic or technical
• Regulatory status for the intended use
• Process or application method used
• Estimated order quantity
• Required type of packaging
• Requested technical documents
• TDS or COA information of the current product, if available
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP)
What is Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
A water-soluble, non-ionic synthetic polymer produced from the N-vinylpyrrolidone monomer. It is used as a tablet binder, film former, solubilizer and dispersant in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, adhesives, inks, membranes and detergents.
What does Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) mean?
The name comes from the words poly (many), vinyl and pyrrolidone, and denotes the polymer formed by linking vinyl units that carry a pyrrolidone ring in a chain. In pharmacopoeial and regulatory language the same substance appears under the name povidone.
What is the CAS number of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
The CAS number is 9003-39-8. This number covers all K-values; grades such as K 30 and K 90 are sold under the same number, so the K-value should be stated separately in the order.
What is the EC / EINECS number of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
There is no single EC number for the polymer. Some documents give 201-800-4, the number of the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone; the CAS number is taken as the basis for identifying the product.
What is the chemical formula of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
The polymer, whose repeat unit is C₆H₉NO, is shown as (C₆H₉NO)ₙ. The molecular weight of the repeat unit is 111.14 g/mol; the average molecular weight of the polymer depends on the K-value.
What does the K-value mean for Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
The K-value is a number calculated from the viscosity of the polymer in dilute solution and related to the average molecular weight. As the K-value increases, the chains lengthen, the solution thickens, and film and binding properties increase.
What is the INCI name of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
The INCI name is PVP. The existence of an INCI name does not mean that the product can automatically be used in cosmetics; the grade and legal conditions should be evaluated separately.
Is Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) used in cosmetics?
Yes. It is used as a film former in hair sprays, gels and mousses, a binder and dispersant in color cosmetics, and a water-resistance enhancer in sun products. Vinylpyrrolidone polymers have been found safe for cosmetic use by the CIR.
Is Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) used in food or pharmaceuticals, and does it have an E code?
Yes, to a limited extent. It is registered in the EU as a food additive with the code E 1201, and the permitted use is limited to food supplement and sweetener tablets. In pharmaceuticals it is a common excipient with a pharmacopoeial monograph.
What is the difference between Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and PVPP?
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a linear polymer that dissolves in water. PVPP (crospovidone, E 1202), on the other hand, is cross-linked and insoluble; it is used as a tablet disintegrant and as a beer and wine fining agent and does not take the place of soluble povidone.
What is Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) used for?
It is used for binding, film formation, solubilization, delaying crystallization, dispersing pigments and particles, and colloid protection. Tablets, hair products, glue sticks, inks, membranes and detergents are the main product examples.
In which sectors is Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) used?
It is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care, adhesives, paints and inks, membranes and filtration, detergents, textiles, ceramics, battery and electronic materials, nanomaterial synthesis, agriculture, biotechnology and laboratories.
How does Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) perform its binding function?
It dissolves in the granulation liquid, wets the powder particles and, during drying, forms film bridges between the particles. Hydrogen bonds formed by the carbonyl groups provide adhesion to fillers such as lactose and cellulose.
What does Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) do?
It gives hardness to tablets, hold and gloss to hair products, tackiness to adhesives, pigment stability to inks and coatings, and pores and hydrophilic character to membranes; it helps dissolve poorly soluble active ingredients.
How does Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) work in hair styling products?
As the solvent evaporates it forms a transparent, hard film on the hair strands; the strands stick together and take shape. Because it is hygroscopic, hold can decrease in humid air; in that case vinyl acetate copolymers are preferred.
Is Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) soluble in water?
Yes, it dissolves very well. It is also soluble in ethanol, methanol and chloroform; it is insoluble in ether and hydrocarbons. The dissolution rate slows as the K-value increases and the solution consistency rises rapidly; the powder should be added slowly under stirring.
How much Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is used as a tablet binder?
A range of 2–5 percent of tablet weight is mostly used; 0.5–5 percent is given in some sources. The actual amount is determined by trials according to the K-value, the active ingredient, the granulation method and the target hardness.
Is Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) a hazardous substance?
In most SDSs it is not classified as a hazardous substance. Its acute oral toxicity is very low. Fine dust can form combustible dust and can cause mild eye irritation; work should be done with suitable protective equipment and without raising dust.
Why can Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) take up moisture and form peroxides?
It is hygroscopic because the carbonyl groups bind water by hydrogen bonding. The carbons adjacent to nitrogen, in turn, tend to react with oxygen; hydroperoxides can form in storage. This is why moisture-barrier packaging and low-peroxide grades are important.
Is Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) registered under REACH?
Polymers are excluded from the registration obligation under REACH; the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone, on the other hand, is registered. The current regulatory status of the product and the supplier’s notifications should be confirmed with the supplier.
What does the physical appearance of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) look like?
It is a white to slightly yellowish, odorless or very faintly odorous, hygroscopic powder. Low-K grades are mostly spherical particles, and high-K grades may be in plate or flake form; some grades are sold as aqueous solutions.
What is the UN number of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
For the solid product, safety data sheets state that it is not regulated as dangerous goods; therefore there is no UN number or hazard class. For solutions or complex products, the situation should be checked from the supplier’s SDS.
Why are residual monomer and peroxide important in Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
Residual N-vinylpyrrolidone is a monomer with a carcinogen classification; its limit is very low in pharmaceutical and food grades. Peroxides, on the other hand, can degrade oxidation-sensitive active ingredients; the limits should therefore be verified from the COA.
What does the price of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) depend on?
The price varies with the K-value, grade (pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic or technical), form, packaging, order quantity, origin, certification, monomer and peroxide limits, raw material costs and logistics conditions.
Is there an alternative to Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
Yes. Copovidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, hypromellose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and vinylpyrrolidone copolymers can be alternatives depending on the application. None is a direct substitute in every system.
How should Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) be stored?
In a cool, dry and well-ventilated place, in its closed original packaging, away from moisture, heat and oxidizing substances. An opened package should be closed immediately and dust accumulation should be prevented.
Which documents should be requested when buying Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
SDS, TDS and batch-specific COA are the basic documents. In addition, pharmacopoeial compliance, REACH information and a supplier declaration for pharmaceutical, food or cosmetic use may be requested.
Which technical specifications are important when buying Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)?
K-value, nitrogen content, moisture, residual monomer, peroxide, aldehyde, pH, solubility, particle size, bulk density, form, shelf life and packaging are important.
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) – TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Chemical name: Poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one); 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one homopolymer
Common name: Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Povidone, PVP, Kollidon, Plasdone, Luviskol
CAS No: 9003-39-8
EC / EINECS No: There is no single number for the polymer; some documents show 201-800-4, the number of the monomer
Molecular formula: (C₆H₉NO)ₙ
Molecular weight: 111.14 g/mol for the repeat unit; the average molecular weight varies with the K-value
Chemical class: Synthetic, non-ionic, water-soluble N-vinyllactam polymer
Physical appearance: White to slightly yellowish, odorless or very faintly odorous, hygroscopic powder, spherical particle or flake; some grades are aqueous solutions
Key properties: Soluble in water, ethanol, methanol and chloroform; insoluble in ether and hydrocarbons. K-value approx. 12–120; density, bulk density, viscosity, pH and glass transition temperature vary with the K-value and the manufacturer. Nitrogen content 11.5–12.8 percent; moisture at most 5 percent
Main functions: Binder, film former, solubilizer, dispersant, colloid protector, crystallization retarder, viscosity modifier, tackifier
Important application areas: Tablet and pharmaceutical formulations, povidone-iodine, hair and skin care, glue sticks and tapes, inks and coatings, membranes, detergents, textiles, ceramics, battery materials, nanomaterial synthesis, laboratory
Parameters critical for quality control: K-value, nitrogen, moisture, residual N-vinylpyrrolidone, peroxide, aldehyde, heavy metals, pH, particle size and documents appropriate to the grade
Storage: In a cool, dry and ventilated area, in closed moisture-barrier original packaging; separate from moisture, heat and oxidizing substances
Regulation: Not classified as a hazardous substance in most SDSs; fine dust can form combustible dust. As E 1201 it is permitted for limited food use in the EU, its INCI name is PVP, and it has a pharmacopoeial monograph in pharmaceuticals; cross-linked PVPP (E 1202) is a separate substance. Conditions of use and transport should be confirmed with the supplier and current legislation.
