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Propyl gallate is a kind of ester formed through the condensation of gallic acid and propanol.
Propyl gallate appears as a fine white to creamy-white crystalline powder.
Propyl gallate has long been used as a kind of antioxidants to be supplied to foods especially animal fats and vegetable oil, being especially effective with polyunsaturated fats.
CAS Number: 121-79-9
Molecular Formula: C10H12O5
Molecular Weight: 212.2
EINECS Number: 204-498-2
Synonyms: PROPYL GALLATE, 121-79-9, propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, n-propyl gallate, gallic acid propyl ester, propyl ester of gallic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, n-propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester, E310, E-310, INS 310, INS-310, FEMA 2947, Tenox PG, Progallin P, Nipagallin P, Nipanox S1, Sustane PG, propyl gallate NF, propyl gallate FCC, propyl gallate USP, propyl gallate EP reference standard, propyl gallate WHO-DD, propyl gallate antioxidant, UNII-8D4SNN7V92, 8D4SNN7V92, CHEBI:10607, DTXSID5021201, DTXCID901201, EINECS 204-498-2, 204-498-2, HSDB 591, CCRIS 541, NSC 2626, NSC-2626, RefChem:176492, Propylester kyseliny gallove;propylesterkyselinygallove;Sustane PG;Tenox PG;tenoxpg;FEMA 2947;FEMA 2974;PROGALLIN P
Propyl gallate as an anti-oxidant, can protect the food and oils from the attack of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals, having an effect similar to the superoxide dismutase.
Propyl gallate can also be applied to ethers, emulsion, waxes, and transformer oil as the antioxidants.
Propyl gallate is a synthetic antioxidant used mainly to prevent oxidation of fats and oils in foods, cosmetics, and some pharmaceuticals.
Propyl gallate is the propyl ester of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid).
Propyl gallate is commonly labeled as E310 in food applications.
Propyl gallate consists of a benzene ring with three hydroxyl (–OH) groups and a propyl ester group.
This structure allows it to easily donate hydrogen atoms and neutralize free radicals.
This gives it strong antioxidant activity.
Physically, it appears as a white to pale cream crystalline powder.
Propyl gallate is slightly soluble in water but more soluble in fats and oils.
It is odorless or nearly odorless.
Propyl gallate provides antioxidant properties, protecting fats, oils, and fat-containing foods from rancidity.
Propyl gallate slows down oxidation reactions caused by oxygen exposure.
This improves shelf life.
Propyl gallate is especially effective in lipid-based systems, such as vegetable oils and animal fats.
Propyl gallate helps preserve flavor and prevent off-odors.
This maintains product quality.
Propyl gallate can act as a synergistic antioxidant, working with other compounds like citric acid or tocopherols.
This enhances overall oxidative stability.
This improves formulation efficiency.
Propyl gallate shows moderate heat stability, allowing it to survive typical food processing conditions.
However, prolonged high heat may reduce its effectiveness.
This affects processing limits.
Propyl gallate is synthetic but functionally similar to natural plant polyphenols, such as those found in tea and grapes.
This is due to its phenolic structure.
This explains its antioxidant behavior.
Propyl gallate is best described as a phenolic antioxidant used to prevent oxidation of fats and oils, thereby extending shelf life and maintaining quality in food, cosmetic, and industrial products.
Propyl gallate is a synthetic antioxidant used to prevent rancidity in foods (meats, oils, gum) and stabilize cosmetics, typically at concentrations of 0.1% or less.
It acts by inhibiting oxidative degradation, preserving product quality, and is recognized as safe, though it can cause sensitization.
Propyl gallate, is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol.
Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation.
As a food additive, it is used under the E number E310.
Propyl gallate also provides protection during food processing, especially in steps involving mixing, heating, or exposure to air.
Propyl gallate helps reduce oxidation that can occur during manufacturing.
This improves process stability.
Propyl gallate is particularly useful in deep-frying oil systems, where repeated heating accelerates fat breakdown.
It slows the formation of polar oxidation compounds and rancid flavors.
This extends oil usability.
Propyl gallate can help maintain color stability in fat-containing foods, preventing discoloration caused by oxidative reactions.
This preserves visual appearance.
This improves product quality.
Propyl gallate is used in butter, margarine, and shortening, where it helps maintain freshness during storage.
Propyl gallate protects sensitive milk and vegetable fats.
This improves shelf life.
Propyl gallate is applied in meat and processed meat products, where it helps reduce oxidation of animal fats.
This slows down flavor deterioration and off-odor formation.
This improves sensory stability.
Propyl gallate is used in nut-based products and spreads, which are highly prone to oxidation due to natural oil content.
Propyl gallate helps preserve natural flavor and aroma.
This improves freshness.
Propyl gallate can be found in flavoring oils and emulsions, where it protects volatile lipid-based flavor compounds.
This reduces aroma loss over time.
This improves product consistency.
Propyl gallate is also used in cosmetic oils and creams, where it prevents rancidity of plant oils and lipid-based ingredients.
Propyl gallate helps maintain odor and texture stability.
This improves product longevity.
Melting point: 146-149 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 312.03°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.210
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
refractive index: 1.5140 (estimate)
FEMA: 2947 | PROPYL GALLATE
Flash point: 187℃
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: ethanol: 50 mg/mL
form: powder
pka: 8.11(at 25℃)
color: White to light beige
Odor: bland
biological source: synthetic
Water Solubility: 0.35 g/100 mL (25 ºC)
Merck: 14,7859
BRN: 1877976
Major Application: diagnostic assay manufacturing; hematology; histology
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: PERFUMING; ANTIOXIDANT
InChI: 1S/C10H12O5/c1-2-3-15-10(14)6-4-7(11)9(13)8(12)5-6/h4-5,11-13H,2-3H2,1H3
InChIKey: ZTHYODDOHIVTJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CCCOC(=O)c1cc(O)c(O)c(O)c1
LogP: 1.8
Propyl gallate is an antioxidant.
Propyl gallate protects against oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals.
Propyl gallate appears as a white to creamy-white crystalline odorless solid.
Propyl gallate is a white to nearly white odorless crystalline powder that has slightly bitter taste and darkens in the presence of iron salts.
It is an irritant that can cause skin dryness, dermatitis, and sensitization, inhalation may cause chemical pneumonia
Propyl gallate is an antioxidant with antimicrobial activity.
Propyl gallate is hepatoprotective in vitro and in vivo, preventing CCl4 induced lipoperoxidation and reduction in polysomes in rat liver.
Propyl gallate increases expression of HIF-1α, EPO, and VEGF mRNA levels and the number of normal neurons in rat brains after 8 minutes of forebrain ischemia.
Propyl gallate in combination with potassium sorbate is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against S. aureus strains known to produce enterotoxins in food.
Propyl gallate is commonly added to foods to prevent autoxidation and microbial growth.
Propyl gallate also shows strong activity in preventing lipid peroxidation, which is one of the main causes of rancidity in fats and oils.
It interrupts free radical chain reactions in early stages.
Propyl gallate is particularly effective in vegetable oils, animal fats, and fried food systems, where oxidation is rapid due to high unsaturated fat content.
It helps maintain flavor and odor quality.
This improves sensory stability.
It exhibits synergistic effects with other antioxidants, especially citric acid, ascorbic acid, and tocopherols (vitamin E).
These combinations provide broader protection against oxidation.
This enhances antioxidant efficiency.
Propyl gallate is often used in packaged snack foods, such as chips and crackers, where it helps prevent rancid off-flavors during storage.
It protects fats in low-moisture environments.
This improves product freshness.
Propyl gallate can help stabilize emulsified fat systems, such as dressings and sauces.
It reduces oxidation at oil–water interfaces.
This improves emulsion stability.
Propyl gallate is used in cosmetic and personal care products, where it protects oils, creams, and active ingredients from oxidative degradation.
It helps prevent color and odor changes.
This improves product shelf life.
Propyl gallate is sometimes applied in pharmaceutical formulations, especially those containing lipid-based carriers.
It helps protect sensitive active ingredients from oxidation.
This improves formulation stability.
Propyl gallate shows good solubility in fats and oils, which allows it to distribute evenly in lipid systems.
This ensures effective protection throughout the product.
This improves performance consistency.
Propyl gallate is more effective in low-moisture and oxygen-exposed systems, where oxidation risk is higher.
However, its activity can decrease under prolonged high heat or alkaline conditions.
This defines its stability limits.
Propyl gallate is a lipid-phase antioxidant that protects fats and oils from oxidation, improves shelf life, and preserves flavor, color, and quality in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical systems, especially when used with synergistic antioxidants.
Propyl gallate may be included in industrial lubricants and technical oils, where oxidation resistance is important.
Propyl gallate helps extend functional lifetime of oil-based materials.
This expands industrial applications.
Propyl gallate is a powerful lipid-soluble antioxidant used to prevent oxidation, preserve flavor, maintain color, and extend shelf life in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial fat-containing systems.
Uses:
Propyl gallate is an antioxidant that is the n-propylester of 3,4,5-tri- hydroxybenzoic acid.
Natural occurrence of propyl gallate has not been reported.
Propyl gallate is commercially prepared by esterification of gallic acid with propyl alcohol followed by distillation to remove excess alcohol.
Propyl gallate is a known inhibitor of Tyrosinase, a polyphenol oxidase, which is an important enzyme in pigment biosynthesis in various organisms.
It has also recently been seen to boost biodiesel li pid biosynthesis in cultures.
Propyl gallate is widely used in the food industry as an antioxidant, especially in fat- and oil-containing products.
It helps prevent oxidation and rancidity.
This improves shelf life and product quality.
In edible oils and fats, it is used to slow down oxidative degradation.
Propyl gallate protects unsaturated fatty acids from breaking down.
This maintains flavor and freshness.
Propyl gallate is applied in fried and snack foods, such as chips and crackers.
It helps prevent development of rancid off-flavors during storage.
This improves sensory quality.
In margarine, butter, and shortening, propyl gallate stabilizes fat components.
Propyl gallate reduces oxidation during storage and use.
This improves product stability.
Propyl gallate is used in processed meat products, where it helps protect animal fats from oxidation.
Propyl gallate slows down spoilage-related flavor changes.
This improves taste and shelf life.
In nuts, nut butters, and seed-based products, it helps prevent oxidation of natural oils.
Propyl gallate maintains aroma and prevents rancidity.
This improves freshness.
Propyl gallate is applied in emulsified foods, such as sauces and dressings.
It stabilizes fat phases and reduces oxidation at interfaces.
This improves product consistency.
Propyl gallate is also used in flavoring oils and food additives, where it protects volatile lipid-based compounds.
It prevents loss of aroma and taste.
This improves product quality.
In cosmetics and personal care products, it is used to protect oils and fat-based ingredients.
Propyl gallate helps prevent rancid odors and degradation.
This improves product shelf life.
In pharmaceutical formulations, it is used in lipid-based systems to protect active ingredients.
Propyl gallate reduces oxidative degradation of sensitive compounds.
Propyl gallate is used wherever protection against fat and oil oxidation, flavor preservation, and shelf-life extension are required in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.
Propyl gallate is also used in packaged processed foods, where long storage times increase the risk of fat oxidation.
Propyl gallate helps maintain product freshness throughout distribution and retail storage.
This improves shelf stability.
Propyl gallate is applied in instant and convenience foods, such as ready-to-eat meals and dehydrated products.
It protects lipid components during long shelf life.
This improves product durability.
Propyl gallate is used in bakery products containing fats, such as cakes, pastries, and cookies.
It helps prevent oxidation of shortening and butter fats.
This improves flavor retention.
In frozen food products, it helps reduce oxidative changes in fats during long-term freezing storage.
Propyl gallate preserves taste and aroma after thawing.
This improves product quality.
Propyl gallate is used in dairy fat systems, such as cream-based desserts and dairy analogs.
It protects milk fats from oxidative deterioration.
This improves sensory stability.
Propyl gallate is applied in nutritional supplements, especially lipid-based vitamins and omega-3 products.
Propyl gallate helps protect sensitive unsaturated fatty acids.
This improves nutrient stability.
Propyl gallate is used in flavor emulsions and essential oil systems, where it protects volatile fat-soluble aroma compounds.
It reduces loss of fragrance over time.
This improves product consistency.
In cosmetics and skincare products, it is used to stabilize plant oils, butters, and lipid-based actives.
It prevents rancid odors and color changes.
This improves product shelf life.
Propyl gallate is also used in industrial applications, such as lubricants and technical oils, where oxidation resistance is required.
It helps extend functional oil lifespan.
Propyl gallate is used wherever fat oxidation control, flavor protection, nutrient preservation, and shelf-life extension are needed across food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial fat-containing systems.
Safety Profile:
Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes.
Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.
Mutation data reported. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials.
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Propyl gallate is considered a regulated food antioxidant, but it is also one of the additives with more documented sensitivity concerns compared to many others.
Propyl gallate is approved for use within strict limits in food and cosmetics.
Its safety depends strongly on dosage and individual sensitivity.
One of the main concerns is allergic-type reactions or hypersensitivity, especially in sensitive individuals.
These may include skin irritation, rashes, or contact dermatitis in topical products.
Such reactions are uncommon but well documented.
In some cases, it may contribute to mild gastrointestinal discomfort when consumed in higher amounts.
This can include nausea or stomach upset.
These effects are generally dose-related.
There are reports that propyl gallate may act as a potential irritant to mucous membranes, especially in concentrated form.
This is more relevant in occupational or high-exposure settings.
Normal food levels are considered safe.
In rare cases, Propyl gallate has been discussed in relation to possible intolerance or pseudo-allergic reactions, particularly when combined with other additives.
However, evidence in typical dietary exposure remains limited.
